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ARCHAEOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE MILITARY ORDERS This page has been left blank intentionally Archaeology and Architecture of the Military Orders New Studies Edited by MATHIAS PIANA Augsburg, Germany and CHRISTER CARLSSON Stockholm, Sweden © Mathias Piana and Christer Carlsson 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Mathias Piana and Christer Carlsson have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East 110 Cherry Street Union Road Suite 3-1 Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-3818 Surrey, GU9 7PT USA England www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows: LoC data has been applied for ISBN 9781472420534 (hbk) ISBN 9781472423351 (ebk-PDF) ISBN 9781472423368 (ebk-ePUB) III Contents List of Illustrations vii Preface xi Introduction: History and Archaeology 1 Anthony Luttrell PART I: THE HOSpitaLLER ORDER/ THE ORDER OF MALta 1 The Cabrei of the Order of Malta as an Archaeological Source: Some Notes on Piedmont 7 Elena Bellomo 2 Varne Hospitaller Commandery: An Archaeological Field Project 19 Christer Carlsson 3 The Search for the Defensive System of the Knights in the Dodecanese (Part II: Leros, Kalymnos, Kos and Bodrum) 29 Michael Heslop 4 Fall and Rise of the Hospitaller and Templar Castles in Syria at the End of the Thirteenth Century 69 Benjamin Michaudel PArt II: THE TEMPLAR ORDER 5 I Templari nella Tuscia Viterbese: Vecchie Considerazioni e Nuove Prospettive di Ricerca. Storia ed Architettura 83 Nadia Bagnarini 6 Templar and Hospitaller Establishments in Southern France: The State of Research and New Perspectives 107 Damien Carraz 7 A Bulwark Never Conquered: The Fortifications of the Templar Citadel of Tortosa on the Syrian Coast 133 Mathias Piana vi Archaeology and Architecture of the Military Orders Part III: THE TEUTONIC ORDER 8 Renewed Research at Montfort Castle 175 Adrian J. Boas 9 Originality and Adaptation: The Architecture of the Teutonic Order in Italy 193 Giulia Rossi Vairo 10 The Architecture of the Castles in the Prussian State of the Teutonic Order 219 Tomasz Torbus Index 251 List of Illustrations 1.1 The commandery of Murello in a cabreo from 1684. Archivio di Stato di Torino 14 1.2 The church of S. Giovanni Battista and the castle of Murello in a cabreo produced in 1716–17. Archivio di Stato di Torino 15 1.3 The area of Murello in a cabreo from 1783 17 2.1 Varne Hospitaller commandery is situated close to the Oslo Fjord some 50 km south of Oslo 20 2.2 The stone core of the wall was partly well preserved and the medieval masonry could be studied once the walls had been cleaned 23 2.3 The south-east corner of the commandery church during excavation. The remains of a demolished pillar from the church’s vault system are clearly visible in the centre of the picture. The plaster on the wall continues behind the pillar, a sign that the pillar belongs to a secondary system of vaults 24 2.4 The results of the georadar survey in Varne in October 2009. The present manor house is situated in the northern part of the plan while the remains of the former commandery church can be seen in the centre. The outlines of the newly discovered 50 m long building are located just to the south of the seventeenth-century manor house. The older building is partly covered by the younger structure and a number of internal walls in the medieval building can be identified (Published with permission from The Swedish National Heritage Board, Contract Archaeological Service (UV)) 26 3.1 Map of Hospitaller islands of the Dodecanese 30 3.2 Map of Leros with sight lines 31 3.3 The castle of Panteli 35 3.4 Map of Kalymnos with sight lines 38 3.5 The castle of Pera Kastro or Chrysocheria 43 3.6 Map of Kos with sight lines 44 3.7 The castle of Kastelli Kephalou 54 3.8 Cr. Buondelmonti – maps of Kos and Bodrum from a fifteenth century manuscript 57 3.9 The tower of Drakissa 58 3.10 The castle of Bodrum 60 3.11 The Hospitallers’ defensive system – sight lines between Leros and Rhodes 60 4.1 Margat castle, the central courtyard from the south 70 viii Archaeology and Architecture of the Military Orders 4.2 Krak des Chevaliers, southern gate defended by a portcullis and slot machicolations 71 4.3 Krak des Chevaliers, western front defended by box machicolations 72 4.4 Ṣāfīthā, Templar keep (master tower) 72 4.5 Krak des Chevaliers, arrow-slits with aiming devices at their bases 73 4.6 Krak des Chevaliers, continuous corbel machicolations 78 4.7 Krak des Chevaliers, three-storeyed parapet 78 5.1 Viterbo, S. Maria in Carbonara, domus, prospetto orientale 86 5.2 Marta (Viterbo), Castell’Araldo, parte delle mura della struttura difensiva 90 5.3 Civitavecchia, San Giulio, torre, prospetto orientale 95 5.4 Valentano, S. Maria del Tempio, chiesa e domus 100 5.5 Bagnoregio, S. Maria in Capita, facciata della chiesa 102 6.1 Richerenches (Vaucluse), a Templar house: interior elevation of the south wall (© Jean-Marc Mignon, Service Archéologique du Conseil Général de Vaucluse) 116 6.2 Montfrin (Gard), plan of the Templar commandery (© Sophie Aspord-Mercier) 119 6.3 Ruou (Var), plan of the Templar commandery (© Robert Thernot, INRAP, 2004) 122 6.4 L’Argentière-La-Bessée (Hautes-Alpes), cemetery of the Hospitallers: rock tomb with a deposit of two pégaus (twelfth–thirteenth centuries) (© Stefan Tzortzis, 2000) 126 6.5 Marseilles, hospital of the Holy Sepulchre: Muslim burials (thirteenth century) (© Francis Cognard, INRAP) 129 7.1 The layout of the Crusader town 140 7.2 Ground plan of the Templar citadel 140 7.3 South-east section of inner enclosure wall, twelfth-century wall with thirteenth-century addition (above white line) 142 7.4 North-east corner of outer enclosure wall, showing gate tower to the right 143 7.5 Tower at south section of inner enclosure wall 144 7.6 The gate tower of the citadel, ground plan of upper floor 146 7.7 The southern sea tower, viewed from the west 147 7.8 Interior of the hall at the northern sea wall, looking south. To the left, blocked postern in earlier wall 148 7.9 The Templar palace, ground plan of the great hall at the upper floor 149 7.10 Templar chapel, west façade (left), interior looking east (right) 150 7.11 Templar keep, northern gallery from the east, showing north façade of pre-Templar donjon to the left 153 7.12 Ground plans of pre-Templar donjon (top) and of later expansion to Templar keep (bottom) 155 List of Illustrations ix 7.13 Templar keep, south façade (left), interior of northern outbuilding showing north section of apron-wall with main entrance to building (right) 156 7.14 Templar keep, chamber at first floor of southern outbuilding showing the south-east corner of the keep’s apron-wall 157 7.15 Templar keep, ground plan showing outbuildings (top) and plan of first floor level (bottom) 158 7.16 Templar keep, section (N–S) of north gallery and forebuilding 159 8.1 Cornelius Van de Velde’s illustration of the castle, 1851 176 8.2 South slope of Montfort after the 1926 expedition (© The Metropolitan Museum of Art, archives of the Department of Arms and Armor) 178 8.3 General view of the castle from the north-east 181 8.4 The keep viewed from the south 184 8.5 Basement of the central domestic wing 185 8.6 The Great Hall 188 8.7 The outer moat 190 8.8 The outer fortifications at the end of the excavations in 2012 192 9.1 The tower of Monterazzano 203 9.2 The castle of La Margana 205 9.3 Torre Alemanna 208 9.4 The house of Risalaimi 209 9.5 The commandery of Canseria 215 10.1 The castle of Toruń (Thorn), ground plan 227 10.2 The castle of Elbląg (Elbing), ground plan 229 10.3 The castle of Zamek Bierzgłowski (Birgelau), portal 230 10.4 The castle of Radzyń Chełmiński (Rehden), ground plan 231 10.5 The castle of Radzyń Chełmiński (Rehden), view from south-west 232 10.6 The castle of Świecie (Schwetz), view from south 235 10.7 The castle of Nidzica (Neidenburg), east towers viewed from west 236 10.8 The castle of Neman (Ragnit), ground plan 237 10.9 The castle of Lidzbark Warmiński (Heilsberg) 239 10.10 Marienburg, the ‘High Castle’, ground plan of original stage 241 10.11 ‘Summer’ and ‘Winter Refectories’; ground floor (bottom) displaying the ‘Palace of the Grand Master’ (left) and the ‘Grand Refectory’ (right)” 242 10.12 Marienburg, the ‘Summer Refectory’ 243 10.13 Cēsis (Wenden), entrance façade of the commandery castle, temporary seat of the Livonian Land Master 244 This page has been left blank intentionally Preface Due to the many new studies on archaeology and architecture presented during the fifth Military Orders Conference at Cardiff in 2009, there arose the idea of publishing a volume exclusively focusing on articles in this field, free from the usual restrictions on extent for contributions to the conference volume. 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    Biweekly $7.95 August 15, 2018 Thinking Critically, Living Faithfully PUTTING DOWN ROOTS Small-town pastors who stay THE ANNUAL CHRISTIAN CENTURY LECTURE 7 p.m. | November 8 A THEOLOGY OF Reception to follow Arts Club of Chicago ACCOMPANIMENT $35.00 “I was a middle-aged lady, set in my ways, when I decided to be baptized. And when that water poured over my head, I realized the big problem with my new religion: God actually lives in other people. I couldn’t be a Christian by myself. I couldn’t choose who else was my brother or sister. “That’s a really different story from the one that’s sold to us every day, which insists each one of us is individually of Miles Sara courtesy Photo responsible for managing our own economic and political salvation.” SARA MILES Journalist and author Sara Miles served as director of ministry at St. Gregory of Nyssa Episcopal Church in San Francisco for ten years. She is an organizer for Faith in Action Bay Area, training congregations to accompany immigrants at risk of deporta- tion. Her books include Take This Bread, the story of her adult conversion to Christianity and her involvement in food min- istry at St. Gregory’s, and City of God: Faith in the Streets. To register, visit christiancentury.org/event From the publisher Peter W. Marty California law permits anyone to apply for a The wedding experience one-day permit to become a deputy commis- sioner of marriage. In states like Colorado and ear Pastor Marty: I have been asked by my Wisconsin, a couple can solemnize their own Dfriend to become ordained so I could marry wedding, which sounds plenty efficient.
  • 2009170-4082 Seaford Head Community College Approv

    2009170-4082 Seaford Head Community College Approv

    Archaeology South-East ASE An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment at The Seaford Head Community College, Seaford, East Sussex NGR 548741, 098701 TV 487 987 Lewes District Seaford Parish Prepared for NPS South East Ltd Richard James BA, MIFA Project No. 4082 Report No. 2009170 November 2009 An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment at The Seaford Head Community College, Seaford, East Sussex NGR 548741, 098701 TV 487 987 Lewes District Seaford Parish Prepared for NPS South East Ltd Richard James BA, MIFA Project No. 4082 Report No. 2009170 November 2009 Archaeology South-East, Units 1 & 2 2 Chapel Place Portslade East Sussex BN41 1DR Tel: 01273 426830 Fax: 01273 420866 [email protected] www.archaeologyse.co.uk Archaeology South-East Seaford Head Community College, Seaford _____________________________________________________________________ Summary A Desk Based Assessment has been prepared for a site at Seaford Head Community College, East Sussex in advance of a proposed new sports hall development. The Site is currently occupied by a hard play area adjacent to existing school buildings. A review of existing archaeological and historical sources suggests that the site has a moderate potential for containing archaeological deposits of prehistoric, Romano-British and post-medieval date. The evidence has been reviewed and recommendations for further mitigation are offered. _____________________________________________________________________ i Archaeology South-East Seaford Head Community College, Seaford _____________________________________________________________________