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Ancient Irish Castles Compared with Scottish Types

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ANCIENT IRISH CASTLES, COMPARED WITH SCOTTISH TYPES3 4 . III. ANCIENT IRISH CASTLES COMPARED WITH SCOTTISH TYPES. FLEMINGS B . YJ , F.S.A. SCOT. e thirteentth n I h centur e Anglo-Normath y n invader d firmlha s y established themselves, with their law institutionsd san n Irelandi , d an , thoroughly Normanised and encastled their conquered possessions. These Castles may be divided into two classes—the scientific planned fortificatio a massiv f o n e donjo r citadelo n , standin n extensiva n i g e court of several acres, surrounded by embattled walls with towers, entere barbicaa y db n gateway, with drawbridge l surroundeal d an , y b d e Normaa moatth f o , n period—in whic e hav w hn Tri i e m Castln a e excellent exampl second,d e ;an lessee th r castl keepr eo singla , e massive tower of the Anglo-Irish period, of which the ruins now existing show they were so numerous as to have formed the residences of the principal inhabitant e islande th write Th f o s. r possesse 0 sketches25 s , most unpublished mand ,an y without either nam historyr eo thesf o , e structures. e lastOth f , Balleybur Towe a fai s ri r examplee castlth f eO proper. , few, if any, exist in their original condition or are inhabited (Cromwell's campaign account e ruineth r fo ds conditio f most)o n w d onlfe an ,a y e toweth of r type inhabitedar e , e labourinchieflth y b y g class, r theo e generallar y y utilise s cattla d e r storinstallsfo r o g, farm produce, lumber, etc., by the adjoining farmer. This keep, in its earliest erection, which seem o havt s e been generae fifteentth n i l h and sixteenth centuries, retains more markedly the Norman features, and all subsequent erections show the added English influence, evidently following closely the architectural changes in England down to Queen Elizabeth's reign, when these characteristics, with the native combina- tions, had developed into a type as distinctive for Ireland as the Tudo Baroniad an r l type t thaa s t period wer Englanr efo Scotland dan d 4 4 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , DECEMBE , 190814 R . respectively. There is no mistaking the architecture of an Irish keep of e perioth d before name r tha df fo eithe o t r Scotlan r England.do 1 The general features of the tower type are rectangular 40 x 30 feet, s massivit d an e foundations arising fro ma batte f abouo r 2 fee1 o tt t about 60 feet in height, with mid-height flanking turrets, and a larger machicolate e pendinon d g over d thuan ,s protectin e doorwayth g e th , latter pointed, its lintel of two large stones, the basement and upper- most flat vaulted lightformee e th ,th n si r mere slits, whil othere eth e th , principal apartment wels i , morr o l lighteo e tw mullione y db d windows. The narrow stair is within the thickness of the two walls forming the anglecharacteristicThe . batterthe sof , mullioned windows crowand , - stepped, coronated battlements, supporte n lear o tongudo f eshape- d corbels, form distinctive features from those represente e Scottisth n i d h type, and markedly so in the entire absence of external sculptured armorial panels with dates r initial o ,s builderit f so a commo, n feature n Scottisi h towers e apartmentTh . d interioan s r wall d chimneysan s , etc. of the Irish towers are, however, more skilfully arranged and perfectly built, and show great taste in the sculptured chimney-pieces, wall recesses d windowsan , . erectioe Th f thino s typ fortifief eo d residenc Irelann ei d seem havo st e continue a dcentur y later than similar structure n Scotlandi s a d an , Scottish antiquary's experiences mislead him in estimating their ages. There is an absence in Ireland of the " mansion" residence, so numerous in Scotland, which replaces the fortified tower discarded in the early seventeenth century (1603), on the accession of James VI. to Englise th h crown. Trim Castle (Gg. 1), ancient name Ath-Trium (" Ford of Bourtrees "), admittes i archaeologisty db e onlth ye b castl o st n Irelan i e d deserving that name, and is regarded as the finest specimen of an Anglo-Xorman principaa s fortresswa t I l stronghol. f "Tho d e Pale.erectione Th " s cover a triangular area of about 3 acres, and the outer walls are 486 yards in circumference, with eight circular towers placed at equal 1 Contras difference th t . 19 sketches e typef d th o e an n si , ,18 figs, 17 . ANCIENT IEISH CASTLES COMPARED WITH SCOTTISH TYPES5 4 . distance largo themtw n si e d gatan , e tower n nort o sd sout an h h sides respectively e north-wesTh . t boundar s formerlwa y y washee th y b d river Boyne (which flows through the town), now a marsh. The west or Town Gate tower occupies the centre of that wall. It is greatly ruined, has grooves for a portcullis, and over the archway of the passage an apertur fee2 f to e square, name e "th dMurde r Hole n Irelandi " , Fig . Iris1 . h type, Trim Castle, South Gateway. through which the garrison could throw stones, or from which lead, etc. could be poured on its assailants. The extramural ruins bear indications of an added drawbridge, and probably a barbican beyond. The lower half of the tower is rectangular, the upper octagonal, and its ruins about 20 fee passage t th high d fee0 e4 an , t deep, southe througTh Gat. hit e Tower is circular, but with Gothic-shaped doors, and has grooves for a portcullis d ruin an f ,pointeo s d arched buildings a stai; r descending through them crosse moae stona sth y b te arch, wit barbicaha n beyond, 46 PROCEEDINGS OF. THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 14, 1908. and a drawbridge e moat,Th s .waterit s supplied froe Boyneth m , surrounds two sides of the wall, and that river bounds the third. The citadel, donjon,r o squara e structure, stand centre courtyare th th n f si e o d or s externallbawni t I . n faii y r condition e insidth t s almosi e bu , t s composei gone t I . f foudo r narrow square towere angleth a t a f ss o massive rectangular building whole th d e foran ; m20-sidea d figuree Th . lower wall of the tower proper is 12 feet in thickness, and side ones 4 fee6 o tt thick, with interna p abou to fee0 l6 e n heightti t stair th o t s . On the summit of each angle of the centre tower a square turret of 17 feet high complete apexe th s . These square turrets have curved arched internal supports, and the sketch shows the manner of their junction. Inserted in the south wall of an upper chamber is a single stone, with small Gothic-shaped recesses (aumbreys probably) a singula d an , r small triangular aperture right throug e windowe wallTh th h . n thii s s chamber have remain f mullionso s . No sculptured stone with heraldic bearing s wallsit s i seesn o .n Hug e Lacyd o accompanieh wh , d " Strongbow" on the invasion, and then held Meath, erected the earlier part of this castle, upon what had been an ancient mote, in 1173. Irise Th h typ mors ei e pronounce e kee th f Auchanure o pn di Castle (fig. 2). It is a roofless but otherwise complete rectangular tower of six storeys, 40 feet by 28 feet, with a batter of about. 12 feet at the base. The stair formed in the internal south-east angle is entered by a pointed doorway, the lintel two enormous stones. It has flanking square turrets mid-height, and a machicolated gallery on the battlements immediately over the doorway, numerous loops in its walls, and, an unusual feature, also gun-loop three th en si interna lcommandind wallan f so g each landing floor p staircasee e usuato oth fth ,e l Th principa. l apartment s largha , e mullioned windows and a wide chimney. The castle buildings stand on wha s virtualli t n islana y d forme a stream y b d , which separates into two branches immediately above it, surrounds its walls, forming a deep fosse, and reunites (no doubt artificially) immediately below the rock, and the entrance is by that part of the rock which joins the mainland, under which this brance streath s tunnellef mo hha a passaged e Th . ANCIENT IRISH CASTLES COMPARED WITH SCOTTISH TYPES7 4 . stream thus enclose a sfortifie d walled n irregulacoura f o t r trianglr eo quadrangle of 178 feet on south and 158 feet on east sides. It stands on the banks of Lough Corrib, at the point of the stream's embouchure into it, and is distant about 2 miles from the village of Ouchterard. It is stated Fig . Auchantir2 . e Castle, Irish type. to have been erected by the chief of the O'Flahertys, of princely rank, in earle th y sixteenth century e purpos e circularTh th .f o e , dome-roofed, small two-storey structure in the court is presently a subject of conjec- ture t I seem. a watcs h tower, with guardroo vaultes it mn i d basement (which has loops) ; as a sentinel's position, 011 the gallery encircling its top, e whola vieth s f w o es surroundinha it cour d an t wale gon l wallse Th .
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