Bulletin Number Seven

~1t==~======:=====, BULLETIN NUMBER SEVEN

of the

In this Issue:

FROM MY CAVE NOTEBOOKS By ALEXANDER WETMORE

TECHNIQUE OF CAVERN PHOTOGRAPHY By GEORGE F. JACKSON

COMPOSITE OBSER VA TIONS ON CAVE LIFE By JAMES H. BENN

CACAHUAMILPA CAVE OF MEXICO By VICTOR S. CRAUN •

WASHINGTON, D. C. ~-I -~----~ BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Issue Number Seven December. 1945. 1000 Copies. 88 Pages Published intermittently by The NatioI].al Speleological Society, 510 Star Building, Washington, D. C., at $1.00 per copy. Copyright, 1945, by The National Speleological Society.

EDITOR: DON BLOCH 654 Emerson St., Denver 3: Colorado ASSOCIATE EDITORS:

DR. R. W. STONE, . DR. MARTIN H. Mm~1A" FLOYD BARL~GA OFFICERS AND COMMiTTEE CHAIRM.EN

*WM. J. STEPHENSON *DR. MAR TIN H. MUMA LEROY \VI. FOOTE J. S. PETRIE President Vice-President TreaS1lrer Correspondillg Secretary 7108 Prospect Avenue 1515 N. 32 St. R. D. 1 400 S. Glebe Road Richmond. Va • . Lincoln. Neb. Middlebury. Conn. Arlington. Va. MRS. KATHARINE MUMA FRANK DURR W. S. HILL R ecording Secretary Financial Secretary The NEWSLETTER 1515 N. 32 St. 2005 Kansas Ave. 2714-A Garland Ave. Lincoln. Neb. Richmond. Va. Richmond. Va. Archeology Fauna Hydrology Publicity *ELOYD BARLOGA • JAMES FOWLER DR. ALFRED HAWKINS GEORGE M. BADGER 2600 Nash St. 6420 14th St. 208 Boscaron St. 1333!.f:z Ohio Ave. ArIing~on. Va. Washington, D. C. Winchester, Va. Long Beach, Cal. Records Bibliography ~ Library Finance Mapping ROBERT MORGAN MRS. BETTY BRAY LERoy W. FOOTE E. EARL PORTER 5014 Caledonia Road R. D. 2 R. D. 1 2602-3rd Ave. Richmond, Va. Herndon, Va. Middlebury, Conn. Richmond, Va. Other Board Members Bulletin ~ Publications Flora Memhetship "DR. JO E MORRISON DON BLOCH CARROLL E. Cox *SAM ALL'EN U. S. Nat. Museum 654 Emerson St. 7501 Hopkins Ave. 1226 Wellesley Ave. Washington, D. C. Denver 3, Colo. College Park, Md. Steubenville, O. ·· DR. R . \VI. ' STONE 3115 N. Front St. Commercial Caves Folklore Paleontology Harrisburg, Pa. GORDON CURRY " CLAY PERRY DR. ALFRED BURRILL "Florence \Vlhicley Hoover Co. East Acres Nat. Resources Museum 1630 R St .• N. \VI. N. Canton, O. Pittsfield, Mass. Jefferson City, Mo. \VI ashington. D. C. • George Dare Equipment ~ Safety Formations ~ Mineralogy Photography J599-A Quarrier Sr. *DR. R. J. HOLDEI'; HUGH STABLER ELTON BROWN Charleston 1, \VI. Va. 3719-35th St. Dept. Geology, V.P .. I. 6123 Broad Branch Road Mt. Rainier, Md. Blacksburg, Va. Washington, D. C. ·'Dr. H. \VI. Jackson 'Box 257 Exploration General Geology Programs ~ Activities Blacksburg, Va. WENTWORTH CART.!!I< *DR. CLYDE MALOTT DR. JAMES H. BENN "James Beard 477 Holly Ave. Dept. Geology, U. of Ind. U. S. Nat. Museum 36 Kenwood Ave., N. S. St. Paul, Minn. Bloomington, Ind. Washington, D . C. Pittsburgh, Pa.

*1945 Board of Governors

CONTENTS LISTED ON OUTSIDE ' BACK COVER

. ,,~ .. ..

IN THE NEXT ISSUE: Notes on Undeveloped Caves of Virginia, by William M. McGill; Caves of the Sewanee Area, by Henry T. Kirby-Smith; Formations in the Sewanee Area, by Harvey M. Tem­ pleton, Jr.; Portfolio of Carlsbad Cavern Photographs; and Caves of the British Isles, by Frank So­ lari and Robert E. Morgan; etc.

PRINTED BY WASHINGTON COLLEGE PRESS, TAKOMA PARK, MARYLAND BULLETIN of the

Number Seven December 1945

FROM MY CAVE NOTEBOOKS L'tlIldo Fourtcen cavcs located at varying dis­ By ALEXANDER \'V'ETMORE ':. tanccs from thc town. Mlny of thcsc caves· are unnamed, bur a few ". This ,rtide WlS lCtu,lI y , letter to Robert Morgln, luthor havc local designations. of "C,ves in World History," BulIl'1i1l N U1IIv /'r Fir" of t!l" N ,S,S, Ic s interest seemed so general, however, lnd the d:HJ so c:ncnsivc Ca vcs of Caguana. that its presentation as a special article in this iss ue see med entirely CueVl de bs Golondrinas. warranted. Cueva de 1a Ceiba, on Haciendl Jobo. The list of cavcs clrried in BULLETIl': 5 of rhe Speleo­ Cave on property of Don Gen 'acio T or- logical Society l1:1s bccn intercsting to me, as while nor ll10-ln important cayc for foss il s. a speleologist r hlve visited a good many (;1 \ ' CS, prin­ Ca yc on propcrty of Don Sex ro Llgo. cipall y in search of bats and othcr crcatlln:s , This San Juan RegionCucva de Fari; ncar Pueblo \'iejo-im­ moves me to after yeu the fo ll owing inforn1:1 rion on portln t for bats. caves in Puerto Rica which I note is omittd in your Cucn de Trujillo Alto- :I good b:lt recent list from tI·,c West Indies, cave. Dr. H. E. Anthony, in his "Mammals of Porto Rico, Piedr:1 dc Ia Cueva, O ld Loiza, home of Living and Extinct," publishcd in thc S~ientific Survcy Noctilio. of Port~ Rico and thc Virgin Isbnds, Volumc 9, Part 1, Quebradillas Two nameless caves. by the New York Academy of Scicnces, 1925, pp. 9 Ll(eS Cucva dc Pajita. and 10 gives the following information. Corozal Cueva dc Corozal-a b:H cave. LIST OF CAVES WHERE MATERIAL \ 'V'AS COLLECTED i\'lcrovis Thirteen ca YC S visited, eighr of rhem San German Cavc of Monte Grandc. nameless . Two Caves :It PCi10S Lejos. C ue\'a Lucerl. One unnamed cave. ClIcn de Achatillo. Only bats and a vcry fe\\' scraps of Cueva de Miguel. Isolobodon sec ured at Sln Germari. Cueva Clara- an important, cave. Cabo Raja Shell-mounds only; fragments of Iso lo- C ue va dc Catedral-:lI1 imporr3nt C:I\'e. bodon. Cayey An unnamed cave with many bats.

Circlllll stallces be)'olld aliI' cO lltrol ba l"l' cOlllbilll d 10 "/Jill/V' BlIlIl'lill N lllllb('/" Sl'n 'lI lat c ill 1l1Iblicatio ll . It is to he boll N{ tbat ' t/x I"alll ,(: alld illtnl'st of t/x COII/{'lIl s, b01L'(,I '('/", will sO lll l'wbat lIIa/~1' 1111 for tbat facl, Alld for slI ch incougmities liS 11111.1' /)(' fall lid, bere 1I.lId Ibere, dlle to f/x \\7 Ill' ba~ ' ill!:!. terlllilllltl'd wbill' t/JI' IJIII,li­ r ation /l'a s ill l,rl'ss-bal'l' a good grill lit tbelll witb 1I S, ill tbe /woll'ledgr tbat , tbll ll/' God, it is all 0 1'(,1' , TI)(· EDITOR

BULLETIN S EVE i':, N, S. S. [1 ] Page 2 B U L LET ' N N U :- 1 13 E It S EVE N

T o summan zc res ults, it might be statcd t hat th e AGUAS BUENAS Utuado and thc Morov is regic ns wcre by all odds t hc J anuary 12, 19 12 richcst in foss il-bcaring caves. Bats were most :lbu ndant and varicd in spccics in t he Sa n J uan region . I n all , some The ca\'e was abou t two h u ndred feet above a va ll ey 54 ca ves wcre cx p lorcd. and ill a c li ff of w hite limcstone. T he ri ver t hat h ad fonned it was not run ning a lit in t he v al le y hav ing I am ~ i v in g you also t he enclosed information from fou nd a lower exi t. T hc cave itse lf was d ry as it my notcbooks regarding certain caves tlut I h ave v isited d raincd below, and I had hard work at fi rst to get enough m y elf on t hat is land. watcr for m y acct ylene li gh t. T herc were a number of long galle ri cs connected by narrdw passa geways. O ne CUEVA DE MOLLFULLEDA wa s so sm all t hat T could just w ri ggle t h rough by lyin g lEAR TRUJILLO ALTO, PU ERT O RICO dow n. Ba ts were common h ere bu t they were a II of one December 26, 19 11 specics, ArtibclI S ja lll ai cc lI sis. I sh ot about t hirty-scvcn T he CI V(' had a small opening in the sid e of the hill and a ll told ;Ind coul d ha vc gotten any n um ber of othcrs. descended almost vcrticall y for twen t y feet or m orc. A r T hey h llng sing ly or in bunches head down from t he the entrance was a rath cr large, well-lighted chambcr roof, and getting t hem w it h t he acctylenc li gh t was w ith dark lanes going off on ei ther sidc. The ceili ng was an easy m attcr as it t h rcw a brigh t circlc of li gh t from ten to t hi rty-five feet high, and h ad sm all c ircula r show ing everything . openings a f oot across and :t. foot or m ore deep, perfec tl y I n one pool of water i found a large crab t hat was cylindrical in shape. A sj:ream of water flowed t h ro u ~ h eating a b3t and t hough t it worthw hi le ta king as it was and t he tota l length was perhaps 200 feet; H eit hcr end in t he decpes t portion far from any li g h t. It h ad t he were c hanibcrs which were partia ll y open abovc. bat in t hc water and had eaten about half of it. It was well able to c li mb and might poss ibl y ha\'c capturcd the Immed iatcly on cntering I noti ced t he pec u li ar muskv animal itsclf. odor of bats and S3W several large ones darting abou t t he A pec uli ar c ri c ket 1\' :1 S com mon here a l ~o. It was the roof with a g rcat c hattering and a loud fl u ttering of size of an ordinary cricket, li gh t brown in color and W1n .s s' 1 shot one after severa l attem pts and it provcd had antennae from fivc to ninc inchcs long. Thcse it to be Arli/J(,{ls j rT l/laic('l/sis. T hey were seen in no othcr vibrated continuall y to tcll w hen it was near somc put of t he cave, and I succeeded in getting a ni " t he object. I n j um p ing, and t he in sect made enormous one. leaps wit h its strong h ind legs, rhcy migh t sen 'c to It was dar k in her\: so I wcn t on back to a h ouse, apprise it of an approaching obstacle so t hat it would be borrowcd a hntern, and t hen C:l m e back to do some prepa rcd to li gh t. T hcir notc was a low cree-crcc-cree more ex ploring . t\ stone t h rown into one of t he dnk and could be ·hea rd on every side though t he insccts corridors produced a g reat flapping so I went on out t hcm se lHs were hard to fi nd. therc, wading t h rough a few inches of water to get E/\ST EL YUNQUE LUQILLO aro und ;1 point of rock. Here 'were q uite a n umber of BA SE OF DE the hrge /Jr llciJY /lby //a CrT{ 'e/'l/al'1{l/l. T h ey clung to March 4, 19 12 rough ph ccs o n t he wall .Ind fl u ttered back and forth T he R io Mamcyes bclow t he Hacienda Catalina had w ith ;1 loud c hattering and a fl apping of t hcir wings ;1 LIpid fa ll and ran down over cnormous bou lders with w h ic h rhey appea red to strike together 111 some way , nUIl\' w:ltcrhlls. Ba c k abou t t\Yo mi les it forkcd, T hese too wcre confincd to t his part of thc cave, over and [ wen t up t he west branc h. T hcre was onc fall the watcr. here abou t 100 feet h igh . Here was a cave too, a sm all In a c hamber at t hc farther cnd werc g re:lt numbers onc perhaps sc \'en ty fcet long and eigh t feet h igh. 0" snnll bars. T hey wcre fluttering abou t w ith muc h Tn t he ca ve were a g rcat number of ArlibclI s; fifteen sCJ ul"lking .Ind I sho t a number of t hem. I had 35 bats wcrc col lcc tcd . T hcy hung fro l11 t he roof :lS usual in and I\·.IS pack ing t hem lip to go homc w hcn I noticcd squcaking bunchcs, f1u ttcrin g back and forth. It was q ll .lnti ti es ot droppin gs cO lll ing out of a hol e immcd i­ too c losc q uartcrs to sheot so I ki ll ed t hcm w ith thc fl at ately over m C' , }\t ~ shot in there bats fa irl y ra ined out. of:J mac hcte. After going t hc leng th of t hc cavc twice I p icked up sixty all told and no doubt others csca ped thc\' a ll left and d id not rcturn. T he entrance to t hc me. ca\'c was iii a srre;lm , ;lnd g uano, soft from rhc warer. NATIONAL SP ELE OLOGICAL SO C I ETY Page 3

was knee deep; the whole cave was very dirty, showing above the level of the little valley and ran in for a long occupancy. distance of 100 feet. The floor sloped so abruptly that there was considerable wash in it with no pockets that LA IGLESIA DE LA MORA, NEAR COMERIO I could find to hold old bone deposits. As we entered July 30, 1912 I flushed a barn owl that flew back in an'd ' then came The cave was at an altitude of about 1200 feet in a out over my head. Beneath one ledge was a considerable limestone formation near the summit of a hill. The deposit of pellets where I gathered a series to show the slopes leading to it were steep and the trail winding, food preference of the bird. while the entrance was a small hole above a slippery A few feet away we dug a hole two feet in surface of worn limestone. A narrow passage led up­ diameter dow n to rock at a depth of eighteen inches. ward to a series ot'three small chambers. At one side an The soil was mixed with bat' guano and was black. A t opening admitted a view of the valley and on the other the depth of a foot I found a few bones but as these an arched opening led into three huge domed chambers included the lower jaw of Rattus I considered them of of great size. The first one was lighted by an opening in no importance. Other holes yielded nothing. the roof but the other was pitch dark. ' A few good sized bats fluttered about or clung to the The three small chambers at the entrance showed roof where they were protected in deep pot holes. I many signs of Indian occupancy. A weather worn noted their skulls in the owl pellets but in the deeper projection of rock was rudely sculptured into a lizard holes they would be safe. They had a scent gland on the two and a half feet long, so old however that the detail forehead beneath a fold of thin translucent skin that of the eyes, feet, etc. had disappeared, if there had exuded an oily fluid. ever been any, leaving only the general form. On one MaRNE LA SELLE, HAITI w all were figures representing an eye and a U, while an­ other place had a rude human figure and near it a cross April 15, 1927 with many other designs that were indistinct. ' With two young Haitians I went up to investigate One of the most curious things was a large stone the sink hole 'above camp that the n atives call " Trujin." at the end of a passage to the outside that was supported This is near the base of Morne La Visite at about 6500 between two others in such a way that when struck it feet altitude. rang like a bell; this is supposed to be an ancient signal. . The sink has abrupt walls fifty feet high and is One of the small rooms, almost circular in shape, had 50 feet wide by 1 50 feet long. Its center is spanned by the peculiar quality of magnifying all sounds so that a an arch so that above it is divided inLo t'wo parts. cockroach running on the wall made a loud rustling, There are extensive stalactitic formations along the ~md talking below became almost deafening. The side walls. Great tree ferns grew on the bottom and scratch of a match cracked like a revolver. there were several species of ferns on the walls. In the outer one of the large cha'mbers, going out even \Y/e cut a small pine growing n earby w ith nuh1erous to where 'it was light, were many of the large bats branches, trimmed off the branches a foot from the A,·tibC''/tS living in little pot-holes in the roof. tnlllk and lowered the trunk into the hole. The In the inner chamber where it was pitch dark were branches form ed a ladder that made descent easy. I was thousands of the big ba't Brachypbylla cllvemamm that the first one to go down, with Dr. Ekman second. did not venture out in the li ght at all. The rustle of To my surprise the Haitian boys followed us. The their wings made a loud roaring, and their squeaking, floor of the sink was of rough limestone boulders con­ shriller and higher than that of A,·tibe1/.s, added to the cealed benea th decaying ferns and was difficult. I nOI se. They hung in large bunches on the roof and moved carefully because of the possibility of a hidden ' shooting without particular aim I alwats g;t fi ve or cavity. It all proved however to be solid. six at a shot. Below t he stalagmite w here I h ad see n an owl resting L' ACUIL, HAITI I found a considerable deposit of bones from pellets and farther down discovered a nes t contai ning two young April 4, 1927 in a little cavity leading out from the floor. A djacen t \XI' e drove this morning to a point three miles west of were many more bones. I collected a considerable L'Acuil between Miragoane and Petit Goave where number but found only rats and an occasional bat there was a cave in a limestone cliff two hun.dred and skull among mammals. There were a small number of fifty yards north of the road. The cave was fifty feet birds including remains of crossbills and the cloud swift. Fag e 4 BULL E TIN NU lvlB E K S EVEN

After making this collection I had started out when \'ery loose. In digging it rose in a powder. At the my attention was drawn to a hollow . thirty inches long fa r end was a chimney admitting light with fig tree by a foot w id e behind some hanging stalactites six feet roots descending through it. At one side was a ledge f rom the floor in such a position that it was completely on which owls had rested giving us their prey in the sheltered. Climbing up to this a wea thered skull caught form of bones. Miller's excavation lay below this. The my eye, and on pi cking it up I discovered that it was original digging of the Geological Survey explorers was that of one of the extinct rodents for w hich I had been nca r [he center. I examined the place with the greatest sea rching. Careful digging reveal ed many other bones, of interest as the type locality of my T yto ostoiog{/, among them several skulls of Nesopbontes . I picked and in imagination saw this great bird resting on the out so me of the better m aterial and scooped out prac­ ledge, or flying on soft wings up through the chimney, ticall y all of the ea rth into two sacks and brought it to range the nearby hillsid es and savannas in search of along. ll1is material ,vas all at the surface as the soil its prey. was nowhere more than three inches deep and in most (Parties from the Smithsonian Institution later ex­ places was less. Ncso lJ/J olI/ es lay exposed at the surface. plored the bone deposits in this cave thoroughl y.) T he material , however, was all extremely old and was BASSIN ZIME, NEAR HINCHE, HAITI \' ery frag il e. It was without q ues tion an ancient owl's nest site though I found nothing .to indicate definitely April 24, 1927 whether it ha d belonged to the extinct giant barn-ow l W e rode across the lev el Sa vane where shoots of Tyto os tologa or to the sm:1 11 er T. glau cops. T he green are beginning to show, and entered a se ries of soil was all loose and the bones were not brecciated . The gullies where we passed at times along narrow, crooked, bones were in such condition that I am satisfied that they fe nced ra vines betwee n field s. After two or more miles are not modern in the se nse that they must have lain we came to the Samana River, a stream of moderate in their prese n t situation for more du n 100 yea rs. size dut at this point comes down over a great, smooth The si n k itse lf is wet so that diggin g in the bottom rock surface CIt a steep pitch for a distance of 1 50 fee t showed nothing. T he mere chance of the elevated site to empty into a pool 50 yards across. prese rved t hc bones that I collected. \'(fe climbed up one side into a large, chambered cave My suppos ition f rom later study has bee n that the t hat harbored numcrous bats and a colon)' of cliff old nest site described above ma y probablr have been sw allows. O ne narrow, nearly perpendicular cleft led rhat of the extin ct spec ies. (Sec, " The Birds of Haiti down to the water below, and was filled with bats. and the Dominic:1n Republi c," U. S. N:1t. Mm. Bull. \\'1 a tel' flo'wed through the ca Ve, and it was ,vet through­ 15 5, 193 1, pp. 236 -2 39. ) ou t, so tha t we fo u nd no bones . The en trance was L'ATALYE. NEAR ST.MTC HEL, HAlTI large and was artistica ll y decorated with growing ferns. A bove was a narrow gorge for the river with a small April 2 1, 1927 natural bridge of rock. T he water had peculiar greenish Returned tak in g a sid e road to the caves nea r St. white color due to lime content apparently, and below Michel. T o find these we fc ll owed [he map given me by S fee t was opaque to vision. I saw two kinds of fish, Mr. G . S. Miller, Jr. w hich W:1 S very :1cc urate. \'(!c and was told [hat they grew to fair size. Natives have cl imbed up a slope over a limestone ridge t hrough hot, a superstit ion, I am told, that he who enters the elr y sc rub past a small ca ve, and [hen to a larger on e. Bass in De/ve r leaves, as he is pulled under by a spirit.

The rough openin g la y 111 a sli ght depress ion bese t w ith However, we enjoyed a swim and came out greatly harsh stones. refreshed by it. O n enterin g the air W 'IS cool and pleasa nt. Stalag­ SAN LORENZO, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC mitic columns di vided the ca vern, k nown as the G rotte March 11, 1927 San Francisco, in to two parts. One projec ting point had a crud e rese mblance to a sea ted human form on a From the sea the line of hills on the south side of pedestal an d was a Voodoo shrinc. On the rock bes ide Sa mana Bay is even in altitude clear through to San it were t wo smal l ca lab:1 shes, onc two and one-half and Lorenzo Ba y. From a di stance the shore line also t he other rhrec in ches in di ameter, filled w i.th clear appears even, but on nearer approach it is found that water, and sca ttercd nca r were seeds and other small it is composed of innumerable projecting shoulders, articles. separated by tiny bays, some with sandy beaches in T he so il in t he cave was reddish ochre in color and front, with groves of coconuts, and others, lower, NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 5

covered with mangroves. In many places erosion has a tiny crevice in the surface rocks. From air and soil left little islands behind, so that the 'whole coast line is these rain drops gathered carbonic acid (carbon dioxide) dotted with islets rising fifty to one hundred feet in which, acting on the limestone, dissolved and ate it the air. Islands and rocky coast line are undercut by away. In time a small stream may have entered the waves, with a bench five feet from high water with a crack through the rocks and thus added the cutting second line of undercutti~g above it. The second and abrasive action of running water to the solvent ac­ comes evidently from storms. The rock is limestone. tion of the carbonic acid. Gradually, after the passage \'V'herever there is soil there IS abundant vegetation. of years, a cave was formed, its size depending almost The entire coast line is one of the most picturesque entirely upon its age and the hardness of the limestone I imaginable. in which it was formed. At San Lorenzo Bay I found William Simmons, Many of the older caverns possess curious crystal­ colored, of Samana, with two other men, living in a line formations that are the result of the slow, constant large cave near the entrance to the bay. Simmons spoke drip of water for perhaps centuries. Water, seeping fair English, and when I complimented him on it through the rocks above a cave roof, becomes charged said "Yes, sar, I Amurrikan from Samana." Simmons with calcium carbonate, and when it comes slowly, has worked here for many years, and told me that he a drop at a time, through a ceiling, it hangs suspended knew of 28 caves in this immediate vicinity, so that therefrom and begins to evaporate. Finally, it falls, the whole area seems to be honeycombed. I was in leaving behind it on the roof a tiny particle of car­ three of large size and two smaller ones. Near the bonate, which crystallizes there, eventually forming entrance in two near the sea were great deposits of an icicle-like pendant or stalactite. When the drops shells and crab remains, very evidently old Indian kitchen of water fall to the floor, they also deposi t there some middens. The shells were small conchs and clams. In of their carbonate. These, in time, produce the for­ one cave I saw such deposits six feet thick in an ex­ mations usually found rising from the floors of caves, cavation which had not yet reached bottom. There is stalagmites. These are almost always more rounded room here for much interesting archeological investiga­ and squat than the stalactites above. tion. In the cave at the. entrance of the bay I found The size of formations is sometimes thought to be a few fragmentary small bones which I collected bu t a clue to ,their age, and if the reader wishes to do a little mental arithmetic along this line let him con­ secured nothing of great importance. sider the. " Pillar of Constitution" in Wyandotte Cave, (Subsequently I arranged to have the archeological Indiana, said to be the largest true stalagmite in the sites thoroughly explored by H. W. Krieger of the world. ' It is 35 feet hi gh and 75 feet in circumference, National Museum. Mr. amI Mrs. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., and the rate of growth is es timated to be about onc worked the area for animal bones.) cubic inch a century! TECHNIQUE OF CAVERN After their formation stalactites and stalagmites PHOTOGRAPHY often meet to form pillars, or columns, and if the growth continues long enough it may eventually fill By GEORGE F. JACKSON ':' completely the entire cave room. One of the most unusual, interesting and exciting There are many picturesque and magical variants branches of photography, and one that offers a multi­ of the more common calcite formations, but lack of tude of perplexing problems peculiar to itself, is the space will not permit their discussion here since they taking of pictures in the various caves of this country. are all, strictly speaking, either stalactites or stalag­ Often partially filled with beautiful and curious forms mites. of crystalline limestone, they contain handsome calcite As for the actual taking of cave pictures any fairly deposits and other lovely, weird, or eons-old formations good camera will do. I have used all kinds, from inex­ common only to these underground river channels. pensive box cameras to the very best miniatures. One Most of the caves of the world occur in regions un­ of the miniatures, a Leica, was used for Kodachrome derlaid by limestone, and are the result of a very slow work. This was the first time color had been tried in chemical and geological process. Despite the belief of a cave as 'far as I am awai·e. Most of the time I use a many, volcanoes, wind, geysers, or earthquakes do not 9 x 12 cm. with a good lens, because it is about as form caves of any extent. In the beginning there may versatile as any camera yielding a good-sized negative. have been a few drops of rain water filtering through I Except for close-up work the ground glass is seldom ". All photog"phs token by the outhor in Wyondorre C:n'c, Indiana . ~lsed, but when needed is quite an advantage, although Pa ge 6 B ULLE T I N NUMllER SEVEN

plored Regions" of \Vyandotte Cave, Indiana, one of the truly big caves in the world. This part of the grea t cavern is not entil'e1y unexplored, but it is so difficult of access that even those hardy souls calling themselves "explorers" seldom see it. The trip lasted twenty hours, and at times, went up sheer walls, through holes not over fifteen inches high, over deep pits on two-inch ledges, and required a 75 foot climb dow n a wet rope (carried for that purpose). Imagine try­ in g to carry several dozen fla sh bulbs, unbroken, t hrough places like that! Besides the camer:l and li ghting material, equipment for cave photography is quite si mple. A tilt-top tripod is a helpful aid, although at times, very irksome because of its ri gidity; w hile panchromatic fi lm, both . because of its color se nsitivity and speed is :l lmost a necessity. Most of m y cave shots are taken at f / 11 or f/ 16 in order to secure the necessa;'y depth of focus and yet admit as much light as possible to the negative. How­ ever, the kind of illumination bei ng used, and other fac tors, sometimes call s for w ide differences in lens apertures . Focusing in a cave is not the easy task it usually is au t-of -doors in t he sunshine, for there is seldom enough li ght to u se either ground gla ss or other types of finders \"(~ ry eas il y. Most of the tinie the outlines of the pic­ ture must be framed by someone holding a ,hand flash or other bright light w hile t he photographer adjusts his camera accordingly. Ccupled range finder focusing is :llmost an impos­ Se ll il/ g II fi fb I' Lrica fo r II Kodacbrome sbot. T be sibility even in well -li ghted chambers, or electrically­ /orlllilfiol/S iI/ fbe bllc/~g r ou llr/ lire highly-colored belic­ lighted caves, for it req uires more light than the filr's, II 1'111' 1' form of stillactite. Data: Cam era, Reco­ avera ge photographer im:lgines to see accurately the lIIar 33 , 9 x 12 r ill. Palliltomir-X film pach, one fea­ small image in that type of finder. s/JOOI/ flash light /JO lvd(' r 1I S('r/ for illumin.ation. "Straight" caye p~oto gra ph y calls for the flash to critical focusin g. is di stinctly diffi cult under the poor be placed behind :l nd slightly above the camera, and so li ghting conditions encountered . that the spread of li ght f rom it will not enter the lens, Perhaps contrary to popular belief, photoflash bulbs but many and yaried are the weird pictures secured by are not nearly as effic ient as loose flashlight powder. pl ac in g the flash in other, unorthodox positions. For Most of Ill y cave pi ctures have been taken with a nor­ example, a secondary flash behind a large pillar, . stone, mal g rade- smokeless isn' t as ac tinic-flashlight pow­ or other forma lion in the pi cture will outline it to der, chiefl y because it is eas ier to transport enough for perfec tion. Or, illumination sources above and in a good many shots in a ve ry small container, while the front of the camera (shielded from the lens, of course) , equivalent amount of fla sh bulbs would take up a c r far to one sid e, or below, will yield surprisingly great deal more space dun :1n y cave photographer can ee ri e res ults. One of the best pictures I have ever :lfford to spare. True, so metimes the smoke from one seen taken in a cave was merely a distorted shadow on fl:ls h wi ll spoil any other pic tures one may wish to take a wa ll . Another pec uliar shot was nude by pointing in the same room or passageway, but t he advantages of the ca mera ' straight up a high dome. The possibilities powder more t han make up for its disadvantages . for unusual photographs in a cave arc limited only As an illustration, consider an exploring trip in by one's imagination. whi ch [ participated, through t he so-called " Unex- fn caves where an electric system is used for display NATIONAL Sl'ELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Pa ge 7 of the beauties of the under-world, photography is plications. For exa mple, optical illusions are frequent much simpler, sometimes merely requiring the plug­ In a cave of any extent, and features that would be ging in of a flood light into the cave's lighting system. . slight outside take on measureless proportions. A hole But, in these caves, as else\vhere, the best and most a few feet deep becomes a vast pit, a small pool of water interesting shots are secured by leaving the beaten path seems a huge lake, a moderately-sized chamber looks and going into the less frequented by-ways. like an immense cavern. Apparently the absolute Once underground and aware of all the foregoing, blackness surrounding the li ght makes one lose all it would seem that actually manipulating the camera sense of proportion, hiding things ordinarily used for \Vould end the matter of cave photography. But nat­ purposes of comparison. Exaggeration runs rife in any ural phenomena being what it is, there are many com- ca ve, and an explorer honestly trying to estimate accu-

" Pillared Palace": T he formations hanging from rately heights and distances usually finds he has, quite un­ the ceilin.g are stalactites, those coming up from the consciously, added considerable to the actual dimensions. floor are stalagmites. When the two meet they form T yros exaggerate beyond all reasoning without knowing a stala'ctite-stalagmite, column,. or pillar. Data: Cam­ they are doing so. The blackness, the optical illusions, era; Recomar 33,9 x 12 em., f / 4.5 lens. Stop: f/11, the various fears that lurk in the back of one's mind, " ope1/.- flash-s!:mt" method used: one mustard teaspoon the uneasy sensation of being in an unknown world, of 110l"'l11.al grade flashligbt powder on each side of all tend to multiply greatly both distance and time, camera and gasoline lantem behi11d j}illar ill foreground. :lIld even experts in such matters do not rely upon Film: Suflerpan Suprem e, dev eloJ}ed in Agfa 47. t heir judgment but take careful measurements. Page 8 BUl.LETIN NUMB E R SEVEN

This isn't a group of w,ol'ms or a batch of pretzels cavity. A cave without a light is one of the darkest gone haywire, but a mass of the rare stalactitic for­ places on the earth, or rather, under it. Neither bat ~, mations known as "helictites." It was taken with the owls, nor cats can see any better than you can in a camera pointed straight up at the formations. This cavern without a light. It is true that mud is found in enlargement shows them in their actual size. many places. It would be strange to find water without it, but many caves, or parts of them are perfectly dry, and you may emerge from these with no more damage A common, and usually humorous, expenence IS that of stepping into a pool of water unexpectedly. than dusty shoes. Cave streams and springs are so clear and transparent Cavern scenery has no rival for sheer bea uty, for and free of reflections that they give no sign of their delicate formations of disconcerting and fairylike love­ presence. This, however, is true of shallow water only, liness abound, and daring and fantastic stalactites and deep water underground being discernible some dis ­ stalagmites arc colored every conceivable shade. Cave tance away. photography and cave exploration require talents in At tbe risk of shattering a lot of illusions, let me everything from archeology to mineralogy, natural assure the reader that neither snakes, reptiles of any history, physics, geology, chemistry and so on in an kind, nor hideous creatures li ve in caves. First, the endless list. temperature of all caves is roo cool for reptiles; and, Many photographers have told me that they would secondly, the average animal seems to be as helpless as not consider risking the loss or damage of their val­ a man in the total blackness found in any underground uable equipment by taking it into a cave. Undoubtedly N ATI ONAL SPE L E O LOG I CAL SOC I ETY

Close-nl) of belictde for1ll ations, showing dro ps of U)(I­ These helictites are a rare form of stalactite in Wyan­ ter on ends of several. Formations are m ade w ben water, dotte Cave, Indiana. Tbese formations (Ir e in the charged witb carbonate of lime, seeps slowly throngh "New. Discovery," found early in 1941 . cavern 1'00f, then drops to flo or, leaving behind a few j)articles of lime carbonate. When the w ater fl ows fast, it does not make a formation bnt conies the sediment " Subterranean W onderland," by Dorothy Ferrell (t1INlY 1/Jith it. The ajJproximate ra te of growth for these Hayden, in AMER ICAN FOREST S, for April 1945 formations in W Y01ulotte Cave is estimated at one cubic (p. 170). A n Atlanta,. Ga., writer and photographer, inch a centurJI . the author describes (accompanied w ith exquisite il­ lustrations) the "grandeur beneath the forest floQ r of Lookout Mountain," near Chattanooga, T enn. some of them would shudder in horror if they could Underground glaciers have been found under the see the spots into which I have dragged a 9 x 12 and ancient Ian beds of Modoc, Calif. a Leica, but there i ~ an old saying that "familiarity breeds contempt." However, the kind of cave, or part of cave to be explored often decides the kind of cameras COMPOSITE OBSER V A TIONS to be carried. ON CAVE LIFE It is foolish, of course, to risk valuable lenses and (with Special Reference to Blind Fishes) cameras in a wet muddy crack, or over a deep pit, where an accidental f all may m ea n a complete loss, By JAMES H . BENN possibly of the photographer along with the camera. So, if you try cave photography, usc some judgment \ '(fe humans, who pl ac~ ourselves highest among the in the kind of tools you carry. animate creatures because of our mental ability for Last fall, in exploring a little-known cave which observation, reasoning and conclusions, look ou t into was reached af ter a 12 5 -foot climb down a free hanging our universe and realize that our own world is an in­ rope, we carried only one small folding camera, and significan t unit in the great cosmos of many universes. I secured excellent res ults with it. I hardly dare mention fn coming back to ea rth, we see he.r as a comparative the fact that we had to be hauled out of this hole by universe with many lesser worlds, 'some of which may the manipulation of a block and tackle after about be seen only with the aid of the microscope. All t hese two and one-half hours spent in a vain attempt to lesser worlds, t hough related, function as complete units shinny back up the rope. It was worth it, though, fo r of environment for the creatures which exist therein. the thrill of the experience, and the pictures we knew Such a world and such a unit of environment, w ith its no one would duplicate! positive and negative characteristics, is t he cave; :1 Page 10 BULLETIN NUMBER SEVEN

little world, related to and yet so different from the that the volume of subterranean rivers may change with world to which we are accustomed. comparative rapidity, corresponding with freshets or Frequently this world within a world is connected drought in epigean (surface) waters. Underground with but a single pass age to the sunshine and air of the stream temperatures change but not commensurately world above. Along this passage, there is a rapid change with the variations that take place among surface waters. from external to internal environment, a region of \'V'ith an environment such as this-an environment darkening twilight through which all creatures must of little change, no light, no extreme temperatures, pass before entering the stygian fields within. It is true limited food supply (and consequently no over-popula­ that the majority of surface creatures never get beyond tion) and the absence of enemies except for parasites, the twilight region, but those that have done so form disease :lnd old age-it is no wonder that related cave a most remarkable and fascinating group to the student creatures have a tendency to look alike. The usual of nature. differences between species, such as protective coloration, In the absence of sunlight, there are no green plants, decoration and other recognition marks are absent and consequently no direct food-producing activity. There­ their identification may be made only by thorough fore, all food which reaches the inhabitants of caves ' detailed examination. 'must be imported direc tly or indirectly. As a result, the Life in the Twilight Region abundance of the fauna in different caves depends wholly upon the ability of the passage or openings to Before going further with a discussion of those denizens of the most remote and eternally darkened admit food to their various recesses. Another striking condition of caves is the constancy regions of caves, let us first give attention to the in­ of temperature (though this may vary considerably in habitants of the twilight region. As may well be under­ different caves), and their independence of severe stood, life is most abundant at the opening of any ·cave. seasonal. changes in the outside world. TQere are some This is reasonable because of the fact that surface caves in which ice is present in both winter and sum­ animals, both large and small, seek the shelter of caves mer and others in which ice never forms. as a haven to escape their enemies, to protect themselves against weather and to rear their young in a quiet, un­ Cave Environment disturbed place. The numbers and variety of such In the deep subterranean recesses, the environment is animals are many, among them being rodents, foxes, characterized by the lack of" severe air currents and the weasels, bears, some small birds, insects, reptiles (by absence of rain and snow. However, if moving water chance), bats, raccoons, cats and others, including early is at hand, this may perceptibly disturb the atmosphere. man. W.ith the exception of a few species, none of the It has been found that in the caves of Mitchell, Indiana, fort:going ~nimals shows any particular aJaptatiun for a current of air enters with a stream of water and life in caves and few are of permanent residence. It is escapes through its outlet" three-quarters of a mile interesting to note here that great numbers of both fossil below. In Mammoth Cave, air disturbances are not and recent remains of epigean animals have been trapped noticeable except near the top of the dome. Here a in natural pitfalls of caves, for instance, the Pleistocene current enters, following a cascade to the lowest part cave deposits of Cumberland, Maryland, where the bones and ascends, escaping about half-way up by means of pecc:H);, ca ve-bear, wild dog, etc., have all been found of a sid"e corridor. The greatest air movements in an intricate mass, and a cave on Charles Island in the may be noticed at the entrance to caves, the intensity of Galapagos Archipelago, which operated as a death trap the movement being proportibnal to the size of the for centuries in capturing the giant land tortoise entrance, size of the cave and to the rapidity and (Test1ldo galajJa goe-nsis). severity of outside b:Hometric changes. In small caves, About the entrances to caves may be found the usual :l ir movements are not strong about the openings, but in flora of the region. These, hdwever, give way to moss, :l great C:lve, where the entrance is small, a slight cur­ lichens and mold as the gloom deepens farther from rent may become a-n inrushing or outrushing gale, if the entrance. there is a rapid increase or decrease of barometric pres­ Animal life, likewise, lessens in number and variety sure or a sudden rise or fall of subterranean waters. At as light gives way to darkness. The fauna of this border other times, the in side and outside pressures may be so region begins to show adjustment to twilight existence balanced as to cause no perceptible air movement. by the increase in size of the eyes. Bats are an exception What is true of li ght, he:lt and plant. growth in caves in this case, having but minute eyes, some of which arc likewise appli es in general to underground W:lter, except totally sightless. This lack of conformity may result NATIONAL SP ELE OLOGICAL SOCIETY Pa ge 11

from the fact that they merely use caves as a shelter Blind Fishes during the day and go forth at night to secure their food. The blind fi shes arc by no means strictly confined to Perhaps a better exception to the rule is the cave mouse caves nor are they all of fresh water environment. (Peromyscus le1tcojms tornillo) found in the Carlsbad Along the coasts of Southe;n and Lower California lives Caverns of New Mexico. This small rodent lives its a blind fish, the goby. This creature inhabits the entire life, from birth to old age, in the dark recesses burrows of crustaceans beneath rocks that li e embedded of the great cavern. It differs only from the white- in sand between hi gh and low tide and in the deep, dark . footed mice outside in its larger, heavier body and shorter pools between crevices of projec ting rocks along the tail. Its eyes are apparently normal for it can see well main shore. Some authorities have advanced the when brought into the light. It is thought by some thought that the goby exemplifies the origin of the authorities that these animals have not been restricted to ca ve fish. cave life sufficiently long to have developed important In the fresh water caves of C uba, there are two blind physiological changes. A mystery of their existence is fi shes which belong to a marine famil y, the Brotulidae. how they find their 'way about, locate their food, mate This family is represented in various parts of the globe, :ll1d attend their young in the darkness of the cavern. and a number of its members are blind or 'with ~ery Although there arc blind lizards and snakes which minute eyes. Aside from those of the fresh water burrow in the ground, there are none of these reptiles caves of Cuba, the only other representatives of this which take up a life in caves by choice, nor do the family found in the vicinity of America are two marine .reptiles po ~ ~essing sight. It is true, as already alluded dwellers. ApbY01111S mol/is and Alexeteri()It par/aiti, to in the -I.:ase of the Galapagos tortoise, that reptile which haH been found at 955 fathoms and 2,736 remains have been found in ca ves bu t these instances meters respectively. :lrc not numerous. The writer, on sever:ll occasions, has Other blind, or partly blind, fishes living in the found the bones of m:lkes in smal1 limestone caves of depths of oceans bordering the American continents are: the Catskill Mountains but with no other evidence of ll}l/o/IS 1IIurrayi :lnd ljmops agassizii. The first-named livtng representatives in the caves, the assumption arose 11:l s been taken :l t depths of from 955 to 2158 fa thoms, that the remains were deposited there by chance. The and the latter at a depth of 1360 fa thoms. Eigenmann dead bodies may have been carried there by rodents. states that ljmolJS is the only vertebrate in which no Another supposition is that the creatures may have eves are found. This is most curious and leads one to ventured too far into the gloom while on an ill-fated s~ec ulate as to whether IJlll ops is an example of absolute hunting expedition and sought there:lfter, in v:lin, for 3nd nn31 degenerative evolution or whether the creature the entrance. was just nude that way. To the creationist, the last Salamanders, unlike the above reptiles, h:l ve been speculation would suffice but to the individual who found existing :lS true cave animals. Their natural looks for a cause of the effect, this problem inust still habitat being what it is-a li fe in damp earth beneath remain open. rocks and decaying logs, it is quite reasonable that A discovery pertaining to blind fishes is that of they should seck the environment of caves where often Carl L. Hubbs of the University of Michigan, who such conditions are found. Strange to say, two sala­ in 1922 took three blind fish (Lethops cO/l1/cctens) new manders, namely SJl r/rrpes maclllicauda ill1d S. strjl1egeri , to science, both as to genus and species, from deep found in Nonh America, have apparently normal eyes; crevices in the rocks of the intertidal area of the Cali­ the former is found in Indiana, Kentucky :lnd Missouri, fornia reefs. One of the spec imens was an adult; the and the latter in southwestern Misso uri. Two other other two were h3If-grown. This genus appears to be sa lamanders, with decidedly degenerate eyes, existing in more closely 'related to the blind goby (Typhlogobill .! . caves are: Typ1Jlotriton s/le/dells, from southwestern cali/or71l'lIsis) which occurs 3mong the rocky reefs of Missouri and TYllb/ol1l-ol g(' ratbblllli, from the caves of the mainland shore of so uthern California, than any Texas. Unlike the reptiles, there arc no blind epigea n other yet found. salamanders. The relation of Ll'thojls to T)ljJblogobills is interesting We shall now leave the last borderland of the twilight in that the blind gobies are brought into 31i gnment with region with its many interesting inhabitants and grope all reef fishes 3nd suggests their origin in the deep our way down into the limbo of abysmal blackness tidal areas of the reefs. It also suggests strongly that where d'wells one of nature's greatest mysteries-.the nearly all the species have been derived from species in ­ blind fish. habiting the reefs beyond t'idal limits and not from Pa g(' 12 B U L LET I NN U ,\I 13 E 1\ S EVE N ------lhe hole-inhabiting gobies of the bays and es tuaries of ca udal fin and position of \"(~ nt anterior to base of t he the upper tide levels. pee tora I fi ns. \'«'ith the di scovery of L('liJo/ls ('Oll lll'clcl7s, there arc Characters of Blind F ishes further indications that t he blind goby originated f rom The ge neral characters which iden t if)' these fis h .1 crevice-seekin g form in whi ch t he eyes had already are: in AlI1btyoL'Sis, the want of eyes and the prese nce of bcc ome reduced. The eyes of Lelbo/Is, both in the half­ ve ntral fi ns; in T y pblicbtbJ's, the want of eyes and g rown and in the a'du lt, show superfi ciall y a d istinction ve ntral fin s also; and in Ch%f!,as /('I', t he prese nce of bc tween pupil :lIld iris, and a trace of free orbi tal border. eyes and the want of ventral fl ns. It will be n oted thar The eyes of the adult exhi bil no apparent differentiation Typh/i cblb),s, being eyeless and depri ved of ventral fins, of struc ture; however, the tac t il e sense organs of t he hold s an intermediate position between the other two head are hi gh ly developed and larger dun in t he hal f - genera . The eyes of TY/lb /icblbys exhibit no visible gro wn specimens. t races of their prese nce, the orbit being fi ll ed by a In comparin g TYll h/ o,~()bill s with iJ lbo/'S, it has bee n Ill usc ular tiss ue. T he shape of the mout h and the found dut the you ng ha ve deve loped eyes but in the dentition of all three genera ;Ire in ;111 probabili ties alike. adult there is apparent differentiation in that t he vest ige ,Recently there has bee n brought to notice ;1 new blind of 'the eye is hidden be neath t he skin. The tactil e se nse (is h (A II () /Ilic/Jlbys jon/lllli ) from a subterranean stream organs of the adu lt head, however, arc exceedinglv well ­ in So utheastern Sa n Luis Potosi, Mexico, in a region developed as in L{' lhojls. drained by the Rio T ampaon of the Rio Panuco system, Agassiz on Blind Fishes so uthwest of Valles. Prof. Agassiz, on a tour of the South Cent ral states These fis h are apparently hardy and have descended to the Great Lakes region and to New York and f rom rather w arm water inhabitants. A lthough blind, Mass achuse tts, makes comment on the fishes related to this species of the Characin group have great appetites the blind cave fis hes: " 1 lu ve been successful in collect­ and take mosquito larvae, as well as dry food, 'with much ing speci mens, espec iall y fis hes, of w hich I have brou ght readiness. M1'. Innes has made their feeding h abits qllite home not less t han sixty species, mostly from t he great clear: ~ o u thern and western ri ve rs. Some of these are particu­ " They sense the sid es of the aquarium rather well, larl y interesting. I would mention foremost a n ew for when exci ted they only bump the sides occasionally genus, which I sh:tli call Chologasler, very similar in and in a state of calm usuall y t urn away about an inch general appearance to t he blind fish of Mammoth Cave, from t he gla ss . They were kept alone a few days to t hough p rovided with eyes ; it has like A1il. b I J ' ol~sis the insure them ge tting food, but it was later found that anal apertu re hI' ad vanced under the t hroat, but is they cat better in a community tank. A lmost immedi­ entirel y dep ri ved of ven tral fi ns, a very strange and ;Itely they se nse the placing of food ill the aquarium, l! nex pec ted CO Ill billa t ion of characters. I know bu tone Jnd lea rn quickly into w hich end of it the food is spec ies, Cb. CO flll(llI S A g. It is a small fi sh, sca rcely drO I)PcJ. A little splashing at the surface has become t hree in ches long, li vi ng in the ditches of the rice fields the dinner bell to the blind fish, w hich at once become in South Caroli na, r dcriye its specific name from the excited at t he sound, dash about, come to the surface for sin'gu lar form of the snout, w hich has two hornlike a time to feed on particles still floating, then scour \ prdject ions above." around on the bottom for the food that has sunk. Further comment on Cb% f!, astcr is found in the T hey rea 1I y get more to ea t than the other fishes in the description of T Jlflb/icbtb),.\ snblcrrall eoll s- G irard. tank, for they stuff themselves as though they did not T hi s blind fi sh taken from a w ell near Bowling G ree n, kno'w when a n ew opportunity to feed would present Kentucky by J. E. Younglove, resembles in general itself. Thqr ea t almost any kind of fish food, including appearance and in chief structural traits a blind fi sh the cereal preparations that mos t characins reject." ccc urring in Nbmmoth Cave (AmblyojJSis .sjJe/a(!ns). [t seem s strange that the cat-fishes are not more ft is in teresting to notc also dut the blind fis h from greatly represented among the blind cave fishes; the eyes I\bmmoth Cave rese mbles Cb%gastl'r cOfll ulus, a fis h arc not hi ghly organi zed nor are they adapted for finding which has full y developed eyes and .is found in the food. It has bee n found by H errick that most cat­ ditches of the rice fi elds in South C arolina. fis hes detect their food by means of the senses of touch The common traits of struc ture-possessed by all three and taste through organs situated over the body and of t hese ge nera arc: a body covered by cycloid scales, a in the barbels. However not m any cat-fishes are m et dorsal and anal fin oppostd to one another, a rounded with in caves and f ew are permanent res idents . . There NATION A L SP ELEOLOG I CAL SOC I ETY

is a species, G rOllitls lJ, igriitiuris Cope, whi ch has been under one heading certain observa tions up (i}]!J) i "lI ki c h _ r1 ~ found in a cave nea r Philadelphia and two described makes his deductions. ,<1.' '1/ ~ .. ) .( I from caves in Brazil. BIBLIOGRAPHY Among the blind cave fi shes of N orth America, the 'J" 'flo o f' T he foll owing bibliography has furnished the mlferial for this most well-known arc the Amblyo psidae . This family p aper : J •• L i / .') ': 4-, rQ constitutes eight genera, fi ve of which have mere "Cave Vertebrates of l'\. Amer.," Eigenmann, 1/" J. 1/ : ' " T he O rig in of the Bli nd GobI' of the California Recls," <: 't. ves tiges of. eyes and six genera li ving permanently in H ubbs, University oi .\i ichig Jn. 'rhe A merican .>1nrliit.a l·il>t, J:lJbl. . ca ves . &I I.XI, May-June, 1927. " ., I) )_ 'I "The First Known Bl ind Fish of the ramill' Ch:;/{cicf'Je ; a ~e ".. Genus f rom Mexico," C. L. H ubbs and wr. T,' Inne\(I Unll'l:lr!ie v '. ~l! i c s rlXvj '8 t.b. No. 2 17, p. 282, Ca\'es in ~ I i ss ouri . . I As has no doubt been true during the flo od state of "Chologastcr Cornu(lI ~, " Agas::, iz, Amer ..l our. SJi.L }.//f~i X'X'l. 1855, 135, Sou t h Caroli na. J If f. :-'nir!ir:J the Miss iss ippi Vall ey ( 1937), many fi sh have at times ~ ICho J ogastl: r Avitus," .J ord:l ll :llld Jt:Il Lin :, . Prnc. U,. S'1i'\tl1 f\lu ~ . bee n swept irito caves, but so far as ev idence shows, X I, J 888. p. 356, p I. 44, fib' 8, Di s t11~1 SW:ln')p, V a . . n ; ... ·if( J(j!. "Typhlich t h ys O sborni," Eig cnlllann, BioI. Bul!.1 ' loJ,,·»', ~~O~· . none have been able permanently to es tablish themselves. p. 65, figs. 3, 4. 'I . To do so, cav .: fis h must have alrea dy es tablished peculiar "Ambl yopsis spebcus." Dc Kay. N ew York raun;~ r; t:!j {f;~(~" 8 ~'! p. 187, ]VIammoth Cave, Ky. '. r! J !.l J IlAIT habits and methods for feeding and nuting w ithout ;'\Ial. Hist. of N icaragua," T homas Belt. . waiting for chance to place them in such an environ­ " Bull. N . Y. Zoo l og i ~al Societ)"," Vol. XXXI, No, 'iHn !. f 'JrIJ 'j " "An imal L ife of t he Carlsbad C3\'ern," b v Vernon Bail e\'. men t. " The Organism as a Whole," Loeb. ' . Fish, such as the crevice and hole fi shes of C ali fornia, "The Cave," J H. Benn. Bu l!. No.4 of the Nat. Spcl. Soc .. Sept. 1942. after many generations may dev el op ce rtain aptitude for life in darkness and in so doing prepare themsel ves CA VE OF THE RIVER S for continued ex istence in caves if and when the By C APT. J ACK PREBLE':' occasion should arise. However, the pos itive adaptive I t has been the pleas ure of one of the habi t does not account for the nega ti ve degenerative The N ational Speleological Society to mak changes that ha ve taken place among cave fis hes . rt interes ting trip to 'the famous River St yx, would seern, then, that the positive habit of the dark­ of Forgetfulness." seeking fi sh and their negative degenerati ve changes arc A lthough the writer's knowledge of aI the results of not a single cause, but a combination of and Roman m ythology is p ra cticall y non-e many causes w hich go parall el with the development still remains so mc yes ti gcs u[ [m'gorren of the en vironment itself. f rom time to time f rom so urces unknown Blind cave fi sh, viewed f rom this standpoint, ,l re not T here is a hazy recoll ec tion, howcyer, new inhabitants of the present subterranean streams. named P linius. or P liny, who conduc but are crea tures, already adapted by habit, left from the column in one of rhe old Roman ncwspa fa una of the river w,hen it still fl owed above ground. " f\ dvcnrures O ut of Doors." Someti The cave, with its fauna, de veloped cogether 'lnd t he wrote hi story, politics, or of ex ploration. absence of all other epigea n forms points CO the con­ Plinius is not to be mi sunderstood w clusion that the main factor for underground ex istence "Not far from the tow li (Benghas i) is the is a nega tive reaction to li ght. and the holy wood w here the Gardens F ish which depend on li ght CO sec ure food are at ,\ are situated. " Many disadvantage and can never become permanent cave w ith him: Benghasi has bee n known to ' dwellers. Some epigean fi shes, which are annuall y and modern tImes as E uhesperis, carried into cave regions, when found are alwavs in E I Uheisc i. poor condition and are unable CO establish themse lves From the town of Benghasi we started , in such an environment. It is strange that more jeep. Knowing nothing w hatsoeycr of t he ' .. of the fi shes which detect their food by the senses of T had voluntee red m y se rvic es as guide a couch and smell have not adapted themselves to cave li fe. A ny little ques tion concerning the fa mous l:j,,"e'r.limes tone hi ghly suggestive of sink holes i nd caverns. wide and 7 or 8 feet high . You enter and proceed for Then to t he opening in the ground that marked the site 200 feet before the roof juts down and you are forced of the famous River Styx. to stoop to miss it, as it drops alan~lingly to barely four feet overhead. T JUMPED Again we adv~nce and you can soon stand erect. \Ve leave the zone of twilight and enter the zone of absolute darkness where we hear the soft ripple of water. Then the river! \Vell, hardly a river but a good-sized " crick." Our rubberized boat, handily borrowed from a heavy bomber, was inflated, and fla shlights and gaso­ line lamps switched on or lighted. Away we go! Into the darkness :lI1d gloom! There is something terrible and mys terious about our whole trip of exploration. It has never been thoroughly explored. Just as a rock curtain in the SiJlb of Ga nd y C reek blocks off all f urther ex­ ploration in hi gh water, so did a rock curtain here curtail our journey. It is not known whether the River Styx is a river or a lake. It will tal.e so me of the human tadpoles from Martinsburg, \'spring gushing pure, sweet water from the rocks nea rest shore. We believe the River Styx find ~ its outlet in this sa ltwater lagoon. Fortunately for this writer, a brief description has been unearthed which deals with the River Styx. It Ius bee n translated from the German and reads in part: "One knows today that water is absorbed by rock formations and over long distances, again slowly fills up wells, etc. This originated the bi rth of legends. \Vho does not know of the water of Lethe whi ch so many

F"cts of Life, by H. W' . Hlll/r llllll///. ( I'arrllr 15 Rinehart, [lIC., New would like to drink? H ere the soul s of the dead u ~e d to )' 01'1< , MCMXXX). Cb. V I/-A Kubla Great Boys . .. Ricbard drink forgetfulness before they had to enter the world Hailibur/ol/ Plays 1'010 ... Marco al/(I Kubla K!Jlln Visit Caver'll: cf the dead , as the Greek myth tells us. Only Odysseus rrAbso/Jildy ~.f c a s ll" cll'ss 10 Mall ," sa),s Kub/a. rr ['11 bl'1 I ell;' 'm eaSitre and O rpheus-the one driven by adventure and the t brm !" St,ys i"larco .. . rr pour thousalld /Jtl1'(l Str ll gs , 862 1Jl.ctres, and 9 feet!" ( Double-join/ed tlmlllb ?tIuler camera pro'ves bell-dh'er is other by love-crossed the river but came ba ck w ithout not' / . S. Pr/rie. Ed. 1I0/e.) ac hie vi ng forgetfulness. NAT I ONAL SPELEOLOG I C AL SOC I E TY Page 15

All my longings, all my thoughts PRELIMINARY REPORT ON \'\fill I sink in the still stream of the Lethe. A CA VE SURVEY OF MARYLAND How many would like to drink of the water of the Lethe By MARTIN H. MUMA today, to forget certai n dreads and things? I did not do so . How easil y might I sllddenly have forgotten :ll so the ple:t s:t nt and beautiful things. A nd w hat then ' In December 1941 the author began a survey of "Being famous, however, h:!s :tlw:tys two sides . Maryland with the intention of locating, exploring, . Hardly had the Cyreiuican Lethe become well known studying and recording all of the caves of the state. (so famous that Herodotus made :t pilgrimage to the At t he present time several caves have been located pl ace) when other pbces claimed they 'we re the ori gin:tl :t nd cursory examinations have been made. Although Lethe. O ur river, however, passed with honors. Never­ theless it was rather p:tinful that other ri vers Lethe were the work has not progressed beyond the preliminary found in Thessa li a, Lydi:t, :lI1d e ther places. scages, a report of the findings at this time seems in " Immediately ad joining the pbce of unlimited for­ order as military obligations may force a temporary getfulness, only a few minutes away, t here are the discontinuation of the study. This report must then g:Hdens of unlimited youth, unlimited life, the H es­ be considered necessarily incomplete and inadequate perides G:trdens. The entrance to the \'\forld of the and to f ulfill merely the requirement that all caves De:td next to the G~r d en of Eden. The ancient worl d :t lso had its contrasts. and cave trips be reported to the society. "Here Hercul es broke the Golden Apple w hich For the sa ke of simplicity the caves have been di­ Mother Earth Iud presented en the wedding d:ty of vided into two types, deep caves, those extending to Zeus and Hera. Unlimited life, which they desired, total darkness regardless of size; and shallow caves, she g:tve with it. But this w:ts not so easy. For tlut t hose not extendin g to complete darkness . A ll animal ene Iud to be :t strong man and even Hercules did not life found will be or has been reported by the fauna (bre to keep and h:td to hand them back. The :tpples grew in one of God's ga rd em guarded by the Daughters committee. of the Night, the Hesperides, with t he ugly, hund red ­ DEEP CAVES hC:tded dr:tgon Ladon. " Today here is built the tasteful little castle of the Nine caves have been found in the state that fall C;ove rnor of t he province, surrounded by a wealth of into this group. veget:1tion . (Note: This castle was Gen. Rommel's He:tdqu:trters a few months ago.) Atbey's Cave "If one h:td not known that the Hesperides Gardens A small bu t interesting ca H loca ted on the A they used to be in this vicinity nobody would have arrived at the unlikely idea of looking for them here. I ca n farm about one mile east of Rush in A llegany County. only admire the E nglishman who, in 1821, re-discovered The entrance is about 300 feet so utheast of the road, t he Hesperidcs G:t rd ens and the "Dechcch el Kebir," steeply inclined and hardly larger t han a ground hog or "the bi g hole" as the Arabs c:tlled the en trance to the hole. It is not more than 200 feet in length and is River Lethe, or Styx. Even t he ancient peoples had composed of four cone-shaped rooms averaging 30 se:t rched for the place before it was known th:lt they were sicu:tted somewhere in Cyrenaica. The Continen t feet in height, 10 feet in diameter and are connected by h:td been ex plored w ithout success. T hey were thought small passages. Each occurs on a different level. to be on a Morreccan Island, la ter in the Canaries which Deposits consist mainly of flowstone in the form of already were c:t ll ed the " lucky islands." A lso in the draperies, blankets and bacon, although the first two Atlant ic, where so me like the Ronnns, used to believe rooms contain an abundance of the formation known unc cou ld he:!r the sizzling of the su n as it set into the sea." (End of translation). as c:tve coral. So, thus ended our fi rst venture at cave exploration Cr'),stal Grottoes in a foreign land. Never has it been possible for a This, the onl y commercial cave of the state, lie spclcologist to have such a wealth of historical and one mile south of Boonesboro in \'\fashington County. Illythological l11:tteri:t 1 :tt h:!nd and discard it, due to lack It is quite nicely decorated. J\[r. Pctrie has reported of dcvil-may-care spirits who deli ght in crawling this cave in his log of commercial caves. through and under l11ud and rocks. In the words of Hester Raines, " I'd give a purty penny-" to have some Dead Horse Cave of the w ild :lnd unLlmed spelunkers I love and admire The smaller of two C:l vcs loca ted on the farm of here with Ill e now. and we would take another crack Austin Twigg at T wiggtown in A ll egany County was at this Ri ver Styx. It shouldn't be so tough for those' given this name because of the unfortunate :lccident boys! of a farm animal. It is located :tbout Y.l mile so uth BULLETIN NU ]I'IBER SEVEN of the lI1Gnhouse with the vertical 'entrance at the County. The vertical entrance lies about 200 yards b0ttlVifLffmall sink. The cave is quite small being south of the farm house. A , report of this cave was approximately 100 feet long and contains no rooms made by the author' in BULLETIN No.4, page 24. of any size beyond the entrance ,room which is about SHALLOW CAVES .15 feet wide, 30 feet long and 8 to 10 feet in height. JUTtit!I"Jl:/:fcl{' and, upper parts of the cave are nicely Six caves of this group have been found in the ~8faI£etP with flow and drips tone but the first room state.' Archeological material has been taken from i ~ 1"lh2fl ~ '10 three. 1>511:::101 n:J ~ cJ tf{,lfU:{S;IRen,:J Beaver Run Cave '('liiWsihrqe:.is located about one mile south of Flint­ A small refuge type cave located on the north bank SUom(Jlm Mltgany County and lies 150 yards east of of Beaver Run about 5 miles east of Alesia in Baltimore 1{he1tJqfd:n The entrance is vertical and the cave's only County. The cave runs back about 20 feet to partial

[~1 :WI to u:t' I feet in height, 10 feet wide and 20 feet darkness and consists , of an entrance 3 feet high and kl1I.~p:tb.thlod"ated about 70 feet from the entrance. Air 2 fee t wide leading in to a room abou t 10 feet by 10 e:m-.fllnl!t;inltitate further possibilities which are blocked feet and 3 to 4 feet high. off by a travertine covered clay choke in the back end Archeological material excavated from the talus at o~ tno:Jfk>om\;1 the entrance has been turned over to the archeological OJ Fp)tIihu:it>tt~ consisting mainly of flows tone exist on committee. r4~~a ll~Q{hd £Ioor of the passage and room. Camel's Den lr. rnin r. lr.A Goat. Cave This is a refuge. ca ve liz mile southeast of Daniels r. n!1r.t 5fiJ ' ~ d A small cave inside the city limts of Cumberland in Howard County. It is about 15 feet deep, 6 to 8 in A ll egany County. The small horizontal entrance feet high and 6 feet wide. Natives have 'known of the cave for some time and is on the right side of Paca Street extended going out ha ve used it for beer and card parties on rainy days HOtl)(l.rbit}fH It is about 150 feet long and occurs in for many years according to the owner. Archeological two levels; most of the dimensions are crawling or slid­ ing. Air currents indicate more cave which is par­ material is supposed to have been removed from the cave by two different groups at an earlier date; how­ tially , blocked by wet clay fills. ever, the artifacts have never been reported to the au­ ' ~~$ l,f e WtIi!y rl deposits in the cave are £lows tone on the thor's knowledge. '~iltl!;lfG.1 tfl~tl ;: vert ical passage connecting the two levels. ,L/.;(.)·I ',>lb 'Jo Cavetown Quarry Cave "rOIJII. l ' I"IeJ1a'S Salt peter Cave ~o rl brr 11 Q] il This cave which is located in a quarry at Cavetown ,i 1;~iP rfW'E·ts have been made of this cave which is i~ Washington County has been completely reported Ipc a':fRi;.?~~ ~ tp'e farm of John Friend 3 miles northwest by Mr. W. J. Stephenso n in ,BULLETIN No.3, page 15. 9fi ~~S~ffihlS in Garrett County. The first report was I;ude ~ ,MJr 'J W. J. Stephenson in BULLETIN No.4, pages Mllrley's Branch Cave Yo 1ltnolT !Jth other by the author and his wife in BUL­ The entrance to this cave is on the left side of the b1lr,I~d'tio ~ r~' page 48 . road 1 mile south of Rush in Allegany County. It ftfll P rmll~ O(J ll v e is visible from the road as a stream which flows more than 1000 gallons a minute emerges from a rock face. An excommercial cave 1 liz miles north of Smith­ The cave divides 5 feet inside the entrance; the left burg on Route 34 in Washington County. It is branch which is dry runs about 20 feet perpendicular hiuhly decorated and was reported by Mr. Stephenson ~ ·)tl ,:'JJ r;n 'J[ . to the entrance and is lined with £lows tone, the right 111 BULLETIN No.3, page 36 . . ' ~l C\lJ OJ noJ ' branch runs about five feet paralld to the entrance SIJ"iWfiO/o /:i:dve and then dips down to the surface of the water. As A cave 1 liz miles east of Keedysville on the Snively the stream deepens at this point it is believed that the farm in Washington County. It was reported by Mr. cave may continue but diving equipment would be ~a rl Beilrdsley in BULLETIN No., 5, page 54. necessary for exploration. to rrnr;j 'JrlJ Tr.\'(lgM~?#1!) Ca'l/ l' Round Top Cavi? In ,llriSltj s ~ lhc largest cave known in Maryl,md. It is This cave is located within 100 feet of the top of 1~J\tc~kDw tIle Twigg farm at Twiggtown in Allegany Round Top Mountain :It Hancock, in Washington NAT IO NAL SPELEOLOG I C AL SOC I ETY Pa ge 17

\ County. The entrance is on the left of the road that of 42 inches 111 the deepest spot yet explored. (This runs up the mountain and is vertical with the single debris is made up of ba t gU:1I10, mussel shells, bones of room at the bottom of the 30 foot drop 15 to 20 feet small animals, ashes, burned earth, and some recent nut long, tapering out at both ends. shell s ev iden tl y carried in by rodents. It was in this There is a moderate a·mount of flow and dripstone on deposi t where t he artifac ts were found .) \Ve measured , the walls and fl oor of the room. back 30 feet at a time, marked the floor with white Sand Gave lime strips, and then worked the floor out in 10 foot Located about 4.4 miles S. E. of Loch Lynn in Gar­ sq uare areas. (Some places we could not get the full rett County this, the largest refuge cave in the state, 10 foot width becau e of the wet area next to the water is developed in sa ndstone. The entrance is approxi­ seepage. \Ve noted the a vera ge depth of the debris, and mately 100 feet long and v aries from 1 to 5 feet in I have prepared a small map showing the variation of height; the room is about 100 feet deep, 125 feet wide the solid rock floor and ·the depth of this debris and and varies in height from 1 to 15 feet. A small stream where the artifacts were encountered.) flow s out.of a crevice in the back end of the room and T he actual depth of the debris where ar~ifacts were disappears under the floor. found varied from 8 to 23 inches. The first four Minute stalactic formations, beli eved by Dr. Hoiden inches of debris was a fine dry dust and contai.ned to be siliceous were found in several ,places on the ceil­ nothing. T he fire pits seemed to be very close to the mg. rock bottom of the cave and, in some cases, directly A rcheological m aterial excavated from the floor on the rock . In some of the lower spots, we found 3 has been turned over to the archeological committee. red sa nd in some cases 8 inches deep. It was here where Several other caves, 2 in Garrett County, 3 in Al­ we were especially careful to examine it very closely legany County, 1 in Carroll County, and 1 in A nne for signs of artifacts, but none was found at this depth. Arundel County have been brought to the author's The m a jol~i ty of the finds were in the dark la yer of soil attention, but have not as yet been v isited. and debris, and scattered pretty well through it at no a verage depth. Some burned pieces of animal bone were SPRING CREEK CAVE ev ident in the fire pla~es. Many jaw bones, which we took to be of fox or perhaps wolf, were found in the By S/ SGT. W. R. ZIEG talus. \Vhile stationed in Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, I At the left side of the cave floor (facing the cave) , had the good fortune to discover several localities along is the only part of the floor that is workable ~ince, to the Big Piney and Gasconade rivers w hich were fruitful the right, there flows a small spring which soaks the Indian artifact hunting grounds. floor m aking it very difficult to work. \Ve did work \Vhile on a fishing trip a few miles from the cam.!, in one area of this wet material, however, but nothing discovered ·some small bird arrows on a rather high was found except two small bird points covered heavi.ly bench at the mouth of the Spring Creek where it emp­ with a calciulll deposit. . ties into the Big Piney river. The field had been The artifacts found in the cave were identical to all planted in corn but the crop was very late, and this those I have thus far found on all the fields in this left the fi eld barren and in fine condition for exploring territory. I'm speaking of stone :1rtifacts. The bone Some 65 or 70 perfect bird arrows were taken from this tools we fou nd were highly polished and, in each case, small field of not over an acre. were very similar if not exactly like those found in the Directly to the east of the small field is a high bluff . Mill er cave described in the Bulletin 76 Bureau of About 325 feet above the present creek bottom lo­ A merican Ethnology by Mr. Fowke. He examined cated in d ie side of this bluff, is the Spring Creek Cave. tlus cave in 1922 but took a test of the floor only at The opening of the cave is approximately 40 x 40 feet. 20 feet back. (I have met Mr. Miller upon whose The explorable part docs not extend far back intq the place this Miller cave is located, and he told m e that cliff. Other openings too small to admit a man may lead to larger room further back. It might be well to Mr. Fowke took over 700 pounds of material from m e ntio~ here that about 300 feet from the opening this cave. Miller said Mr. Fowke at that t ime did not of the cave, in the roof of one of the nll1nels, we found consider the cave worth spending much time on, as a vein of hem a ti te, and some· fine crystalJiza tion of he considered the debris too shallow to hold much this Illineral was noted. material. Spring Creek or Pillman cave he call s it in The floor of the ca ve is covered with debris to a depth hi s summary) . Page 18 BULL ET IN NU MBER SEVEN

Nedianal Speleological Sac/ely SPRING CREEK CAVE by WN. Zleq

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/0' CD A ~-+------~r-::--- ~ " or !Z!!Lt qn fhe st/rrqce. ~-s----- Tolvs - black t=ine ..5oii fn wllleh ~~:n'7'~~7)~g:;~'7i7/7T -prac -f i cql;f 171/ bone arh"t"qcls t?'lSUlrJr7':1Y7 wer £' TO vad . A Is 0 m q n y . pol.sherds C7nd slone -rools. 5cQ'/e Ashes - contqin!l15' mostly p/I?ces or qnimql bone 0110' potsherds, some rlint -Ioob. Pockefs or red ,Jqncf - B(7rr~/1. GP. A . h'I//) N.'\TIONAL SP ELE OLOGICAL SOC IETY Page 19

The following list is a complete record of the arti­ small animal bones and teeth. One very large facts I found in the cave: molar was found resembling a bear tooth. 26 spear points 2 Yz to 3 inches long Several pieces of broken bone tools which cannot 31 bird points (some notched the full length of the be identified point; some very small, Ys of an inch long) None of the material taken shows the. slightest re­ 2 stone awls (perfect) semblance to Folsom or Y.uma artifacts. In my own 16 bone awls (highly polished and complete) mind I am convinced that th'is js a ll rather recent ma­ 6 broken bone awls terial, and no traces of the older cultures are ·.present. 2 bone needles (none with eye) I have these artifacts stored in boxes at my home bo~ e needle (Large end of bone has hole through in A lliance, Nebraska, and will s ~it a bl y display them it but would have had to have been used on a when I return. I am stationed in an organization large weave to ge t it through the material) which will not draw overseas duty. Each artifact is 1 bone fishhook (perfect, not barbed) la beled as to where it was found, and a complete history 40 flat stone scrapers and knives (show work on is in m y possession of all my amateur fi ndings in the both sides of blade) state of Missouri. I also have a' large collection of 21 rejec ts (mostly spears and knives) anifacts from the area surrounding my place of resi­ 109 broken parts of artifacts (knives, awls, scrapers, dence, I expec t at some day to turn this collection etc.) over to the Nebraska Museum at Morrill Hall, Uni­ box of potsherds 18 in. deep, 16 in. long and 14 \'crsi ty of Nebraska. in. wide. (The pottery is mostly of a black, coarse material showing clea rly the markings MORE SUBTERRANEAN ADVENTURES of... the reeds on the ou ter surface. Some pieces By L. E . . WARD':· are red, however. It is of varying thicknesses Foreword up to over Yz inch in some cases. No complete Th,is large rock-bound room still remains a great pots were found, and thus far few pieces have mystery to those who.have endeavored to explore therein. been found that fit together. In no case have Nature thus .far has successfully guarded its sec rets more than 7 been found that fit together. beyond the breakdown that has sealed the main avenue Some of the potshe'rds are smooth on both sur­ at this point. The physical appearance of the dead-end faces. ) section of this chamber has been changed several times 8 human teeth. by the removal and repiling of rock, during the past jawbone with three teeth (human) 7 years, as new exploration projects were started and Several pieces of human skull. (We were especially old ones abandoned. D uring this period Mr. Parke and careful not to des troy any of the pieces of the the writer have managed to spend one or two weeks of skulls we found, but they all seemed to be our annual vacations each summer at the " di ggings," scattered pretty much through the debris; no and thus have bee n in a 'position to carefull y follow these two pieces were found close together, nor were interesting developments. It is now believed that pres­ they near the tee th or jawbones we found. ent operations will soon res ult in a successful penet ra­ Hundreds of pieces of turtle shell and mussel tion through the break-down, but at a lower level and shells were in the debris.) at a different location, recently discovered.

3 complete spoons made of mussel shell and well EXPLORA TION shaped. During the summer .pf 1936 an attempt was made 2 hammer stones to connect with the main avenue on the " other side" of hematite celt (perfect) the break-down, by forcing through a passageway near 1 large mill stone the ceiling at the· top of the barrier in Rock Hall. Great 4 well-worked grinding stones quantities of rock . and " bastard linlestone" were re­ 12 turtle-back scrapers with curved underside moved, but no opening was found, and work on this 1 highly polished bone bead parti cular project was finally stopped. ornament made of deer horn In 1937, a ~raw lw'

2 ornament ~ made of soft stone with hole bored In at the base of Rocky Mountain, was entered into, which one end ~:' Coor i nuing ~' A Subterranean Adventure in Diamond Cl\'crns," Numerous broken pieces of bone, and hundreds of Blllleli1l Six, ' .5.5., July 1944. Page 20 BU LLE TI N NU M B E R S E V EN ------resulted in the discovery of a large room, with a beauti­ had been completely filled with the material thus ex­ ful water-carved ceiling. A small opening, not over 2 ca vated and it was necessary to build a track and move feet in diameter, led to an adjoining avenue, turning the balance of the rock on a dolly to tbe main avenue sharply to the left, and with a low ceiling that slanted of the cave, whel:e it was deposited at the foot of the downward to meet the floor to our right. Another small break-down. At the end of this particular operation, opening at the end of this last chamber, but at a higher the once level floor had been lowered to a depth of 40 ele vation, invited inspection. One of the men managed feet :It the center, thus creating a deep pit embracing to squeeze his he:ld and shoulders through this hole. His the entir.e area of the room. A block and tackle arrange­ Ha sh li ght revealed a hi g~ dome-room, with large jagged ment was used to haul out large boulders from the rocks that pointed downward to the place of his en­ bottom, and w hile the development still held some trance. Further inspection or exploration was dis­ promise of success, it was finally necessary to abandon com·a ged when a boulder became di slodged from an this exploration project due to the ever present danger

L.. ge ll d: T he 1'opo

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overhanging ledge and struck the fla sh light £rom the of a ca ve-1I1. During the last stages, w hile following a upraised hand of our start1ed friend. It' \V:l S then small openin g downward, it was necessary for several decided thar it was impractical to make any further "wa tchers" to keep close observa tion of the sidewalls attempts to. "go around" the break-down in this direc­ :l nd overh:lngin g rocks, in order to detect the slightest tion, duc to the elemcnt of extreme danger ih volved. movement, so th:lt the man working in the bottom of die pit would ha ve time to make his escape before T be Pit I:trger rocks started to f all into the cavity. This par­ F urther work was done 111 this Iast-mcntioned room ticul:tr room and the large adjoining avenue, have now d u ri n g the su mmer of 19 38, when it was decided to go been seal ed :It :I point just below the head of the " Dino­ " downward " in an attcmpt to follow an indicated pas­ S:lur" in Roc k H:lII, the site of the entrance to the sageway that might take us under the break-down to origin:ll cr:lwhV:l Y that leads to these two r~oms. an :lvenu c beyond. During th:lt yea r and ex tending into the Lite summer of 19 39, cxc:l v:ltion :lctivities D ynamite Ii air' procecded with gre:lt vigor :I S e:lch succeeding operation In 1940 it was decided to try to enter into the main held forth its promise of immediate success. Shale rock avenue beyond the subterrane:ln break-down 111 Rock and limcstone ta ken from the ever-lowering floor of this H:lII, by following the downward passageway of a room, W:lS deposited in the brge :ldjoining chamber, sink hole on the surface. An air compressor was and bv the time the lowes t level W:l S reached, th:lt room mo ved to the site :lnd a lateral tunnel bbsted through NATIONAL SPEL E OLO G I CAL SO C IET Y Page 21

the limestone from the bottom of a 30 foot ·natural the distant past. After the rock had been cleared away shaft, which followed a water course that eventually at certain points, graveled walkways were laid out and turned sharply to the left. Several hundred charges of iron hand rails cemented into place. In doing this work, dynamite were exploded as new holes were' drilled in the considerable material was pulled away from the left limestone, and the blasted material hauled to the surface cave wall, at a lower level, and in so doing, a " Natural by means of a windlass. Bu t once again Nature thwarted Avenue," approximately 8 feet in width and 7 feet high, all efforts to gain entrance to the avenue below, and was discovered. This passageway was completely filled . these tun'nelling operations were finally abandoned. with layers of compacted stone and clay from the floor to the flat limestone ceiling. Tunnelling operations Sand Tunnel were started immediately and the excavated material In the meantime, back in the mam avenue of the deposited elsewhere in Rock Hall. Mr. Parke and the cave, a lower room was discovered through an opening writer visi ted the owner of these caverns during the in the floor nea r the right cave wall, about 30 feet latter part of August, 1942, when this avenue had been south of the concrete structure beneath Subterranean opened for a distance of 55 feet, and we took a hand Natural Bridge. Beyond this room, at a higher level, in these operations for several days. A lot of good a large tunnel-like passageway, fi lled by sand, and with exercise and sore muscles was our only reward, for when a perfect cave ceiling, came into view. Eight or ten it was time for us to leave, Nature was still stubbornly men ,~ere put to work cleaning away the sand from the "holding out." Tunnel work continued in this passage­ end of the tunnel as its course was followed to the way for :l period of approximately two weeks after our right. This compacted material was hauled back to a dep:lrture, when I was inform ed that excavation work large pit and there deposited. As this tunnel lengthened, had bee n stopped; that the avenue was then about 80 many difficulties were encountered, especially the prob­ feet in length; that a number of interesting domes and lem of "bad air," due to lack of circulation, and disposal some formation had made their appearance in the ceiling of sand over a long haul. A track and dolly arrange­ and that prospec ts looked better than ever, but that it ment was finally installed in order to speed up these would be necessary to build tracks and haul the ex­ operations, and in the fall of 1941, after the tunnel cavated m aterial' away in a dolly because it was im­ had attained a length of over JO O feet, the pick of one possible to continue carrying the clay and limestone of the workmen broke right through the end, and a back through the long tunnel-avenue by hand. "new avenue" was discovered, running at right angles to the main cave. This long avenue follows the course insjJecting Exploration Avenue of a waterway for a distance of about 600 feet. Its And this brings us to the tinle of the main narrative high creviced ceiling and water markings are most inter­ p:lrt of this story, as the members of our party were esting and considerable exploring remains to be done making ready to enter and inspect the new discovery therein, especially at the far end of the avenue. A great passa.geW:lY that undoubtedly connects with the main amount of work was done in widening and extending cave avenue around and .beyond the break-down called one crawlway at a point where the avenue sharply turns " Rocky Mountain." to the right. In August of 1942 this development was T he need for cave clothes, and especially old shoes, temporarily suspended, due to a new discovery that was became immed iately apparent, for during the last two made in Rock Hall, and which demanded immediate days p.revious to the halting of these operations, a frantic attention. attempt was made to break through the barrier at the A New Avenue end of the avenue, and in so doing, the excavated material was thrown back promiscuously and not taken Due to the fact that all attempts to go over, under away. As we made our way through this long rock­ and around the break-down at the far end of Rock Hall bound hall, it was necessary to stop several times in by following the right cave wall ended in failure, it order to assist a "fallen brother" in ex tricating one or was decided to grade and terrace the mountain of both feet from the thick layer of sticky clay that rock and clay at this location, so that , visitors might covered the floor; il} fact one of the boys lost a shoe ascend to a high level and view this interesting room that had not been securely tied, and this involved from that vantage point. Before these last operations com plica tions beyond description. were started, an indescribable chaos of huge rocks greeted the eye, evidence of formidable disturbances At tbe end of tbe jJassageway which were produced at some undetermined period in A number of times we stopped to examine small FaKe 22 BULLET I N NUMBE R SEVEN domes in the otherwise fl at limestone roof; also small building; also another avenue t hat turns left and goes clusters of form ation on either cave wall at ceiling level. up under a high hill in t he opposite direction, where it At the end of this avenue, 80 fee t from the en t rance, is an ticipated rooms of enormous p roportions w ill be it was noted that the general fl oor and ceiling elevation discovered. : had not materiall y varied. However, the passageway appea red to be t urning slightly to the right, w hich A -new ad/lcntnre jlia'/l.1/.ed . would indicate that the large break-down at the rear of By this_ time the members of our parry had become ..

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Rock Hall was bei ng by-passed. As we stood t here quite acclimated to the 54° te1upera ture of the cave; gazing at t he scene of the las t hurried attempt to break our clothes were a lit tle dirty and our shoes could through the end of t his weird tunnel-like a venue, a hardly be recognized as such . T h is happened, of course, number of hea ted arguments resulted from several ex­ before rationing went into effect. I t was suggested pressed opinio ns concerning geological t heories with that some good tough "ca ve crawling" would warm reference to t he existence of this natura l hall way, its us up, so we started back to the mouth of this probable course, together with confli cting speculations expl oration pass ageway in Rock Hall ; thence back relative to t he " unknown" that always lies just ahead through the cave to a point just beyond t he concrete of and onl y a few feet beyond the reach of t he explorer's bridge near "Monkey Mountain," w here we en tered a pick. It is belie,-ed by the management of D iamond new a ve nue under a ledge in the left cave wall , leading Caverns that t his passageway will con nect with a "cross to Sa nd T unnel. :lvenue" and that t hey will junction not too far from T he R iver Cavc where cxc:! v:ltion work will be resumed during the sum ­ mcr of 1943. In that event, several additional miles A brisk walk in t his long narrow tunnel-avenue, one may be added to t he caverns, as su rface studies indicate city block in length, had an invigorating effect on each the p rese nce of an avenue t hat surrounds the en tire one of LI S. Upon entering the new cave at the end of wooded section across t he way from the cave e n t~a n ce Sa nd T unnel, some time was spen t in examining an NATIONAL SPEL E OLOGI CAL SOCIETY Page 23 opening in the floor of the river bed. There is a 15 foot upright, until the passageway became so narrow that drop in the floor of a sub-avenue below, from which we were finally forced to quit. point an underground river winds its way through a Tnming back n\ltural tunnel for several hundred feet, the full extent Lou said he b eli eved that by breaking off some sharp of which has not as yet been explored. For some ve rtical ledges, we could go ahead farther, and possibly distance we then followed the left cave wall, while come into a large a venue. However, we had all taken wa lking on a ledge that projects over the watercourse a pretty bad beating, some of our clothing was torn in this main subterranean river cave avenue; thence and a number of bruises had been physically endured; to the opposite side, on a similar ledge, until we reached also we had not brought with us the necessary tools for a point where the channel turns to the right, where an such an undertaking. And so, with reluctance, it was inspection was made of the crawlway that had been 3greed that we "call it quits," so far as this trip was opened last August for a distance of approximately 60 co"ucerned. \'V' e were all tired, and the cold inescapable feet, but later temporarily abandoned in order to ex­ fact that we faced . a long torturous journey in making pedite exploration work in the newly discovered passage­ our way back to civilization, influenced, to no small way leading from Rock Hall. degree, our arriving at this decision. OmVlard Our return trip was interrupted from time to time Lou Klewer asked, "Where do we go from here?" I by c:lsual inspections of "exploration possibilities" en­ informed him that the answer was: " Just as far as it is route, which were duly noted for consideration at some physically possible for you to travel!" And so he was later date. It W:lS a weary, though happy group of selected to lead the party onward. For several hundred explorers that finally made their way, single file, from feet the going was comparatively easy, with only a few sa nd tunnel to the main avenue of the caverns. In overhanging limestone ledges to dodge in the otherwise fact we were all glad to lie down for a rest on a pile of high creviced ceiling overhead, as we slowly made soft sa nd before continuing our trip back to the out­ our way over the rough stones along the river bed. side world. Once we were back on the surface, how­ ever, a short period of relaxation was interrupted by the C1·awlwa·ys and Squeezes query: "Time's a wasting-where do we go from here?" Then, as though by an act of the magic hands of And so we were soon on our way again, our aches had nature, the wide avenue suddenly began to narrow, disappeared and the urge to explore was once more until sidewalls eventually scraped our shoulders; the upon us. ?everal other caves were visited during our ceiling started to lower and we soon found ourselves in two days' stay in the region and many interesting and a very tight place. At this point I informed my com­ thrilling experiences were enjoyed, but the memory of panions that two courses were open) if they cared to go our adventures in Diamond Caverns and the wondrous farther. One was by way of a long tight crawl under­ beauty of its colorful formation-filled avenues still neath a ledge directly ahead of us-the other being an linge rs with us and silently urges that we return another " overhead" parallel route through a passageway carved day, when a new chapter in its development will have by underground rivers in the limestone, both of which bee n written through the patient efforts and abiding were explored by George Parke and the writer in the faith of some intrepid explorer. late fall of 1941. At that time I selected the lower MYSTERY CAVE crawlway, and my experience therein caused me to sug­ gest that we try the "elevated" passageway recom­ A t 3 p.m., October 10th, 1943, after our combined mended by George. By this time Lou was again leading inspection and exploration trip in Diamond Caverns, us a merry chase, followed by Hinkleman, the writer, :1I1d while still in our cave clothes, it was decided Wood and \'V'hite. At times we found relief by coming that we visit Sand Cave on Route 70, where Floyd

[Q places in the narrow rock-bound passage channel Collins was trapped many years ago. Some time was where we could make it on our hands and knees, but spent benelth the high cliff and on the grounds where as we progressed onward, the journey required, more and 100,000 people gathered at the height of the excite­ more, that we employ the crawling "technique" of a ment, when the last futile efforts were being made to reptile. Finall y we dropped down through a small reach th'lt lone explorer. This place is now closed to opening to a lower level, which formed a junction the public, :til signs indicating its location have been with the crawlway that was avoided on this trip. removed, and the trap door over the 80 foot vertical F rom this last mentioned point, it was possi ble to walk shaft, leading to the sandstone crawlway below, is now Page 24 BULLETIN NUMBER SEVEN securely locked. Up until several years ago, vlSltors A new adventm"e planned. were brought to the foot of and taken beneath the It was now late in the afternoon and starting to get cliff by a guide, where they were shown the narrow, dark. Previous arrangements had been made to meet slippery crawlway through which Collins made his a friend of mine at Cave City, who agreed to take us dangerous descent-never to return. They were then through a "New Cave" that evening. \'{fe arrived at taken to the site of the man-made shaft, the trap door Cave City about 6: 15, where' we ate our supper. The was thrown open and a powerful gas light lowered gentleman we were expecting made his appearance at to the level of the crawlway, from which his body was seven o'clock and we were on our way once more, removed and later taken to Crystal C.ave, where his last driving through the darkness to a destination that was remains may be seen through the glass top of a metallic unknown to all the members of our party, except the casket. This . place-that made the "front page head­ writer ' and our guide. I had been telling the boys lines" of the Nation's newspapers for many days, is now about this new cave earlier in the day and they were all deserted and its location practically forgotten. very anxious to see it. The same guide had accompanied One of the members of our party had never been to George Parke and the writer, with two other men, on an Mammoth Cave, and expressed a desire to see the old earlier trip in July, and I was therefore quite eager to " Historic Entrance." After a short drive, our friend's surprise them with a new adventure-long to be remem­ wishes were satisfied. After inspecting the great natural bered.

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entranceway to this famous cave, we continued down­ ward over a steep narrow road to Green River, where spacious picnic grounds have been developed by the Park This thrilling experience can better be told by quot­ Authorities. The scenic beauty of this river, with its ing the following from an article prepared by Lou steep, densely wooded banks, hundreds of feet high, Klewer and published in his "Outdoors" column of the presents a living picture that would test the skiII of the Toledo Blade on October 13th, 1942, several days after most skillful artist to duplicate. our return to Toledo: NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIET Y Page 25

" Six of us left the car on a lonely road in the cave D(/nte's In}eY1lo. region' of Kentucky last Saturday night and headed "Now and then one of us would cut loose with a gasp across the field. There were Lyle Ward, George White, of amazement as the flashlights would disclose more Elmer Hinkleman, Harland \Vood af:ld I following our breath-taking bea uty, but on the whole, we were quiet, guide, with only the unerring sense of the native to lead drinking in the marvel of that geological fairyland as us to our destination. only true cave crawlers can. Before we left, we lit "We had heard of this secret cave we were headed some red railroad flares that showed us much more of the .for, but only Lyle had ever been in, and his tales of its cathedral-like cavern, giving the huge 190-foot vault beauty and its magnificent formations had filled us all an eerie, Dante's Inferno touch that was awe-inspiring in with a des ire to see it. Only seven persons in the histor y its grandeur. of the world had ever been in this cavern and while it " It was a silent group that finally snaked its way our may be opened to the public after the war, at the present of that mys tic cavern. We had visited other caves time its location is being kept a dark secret. during tha t week-end trip, including several sessions in "It was 'an adventurous hike down a long hill, across bea utiful Diamond Caverns and visits and exploring the valley and up through the woods. The stars were trips to Dynamite C.ave, Little Crappo, Dead Goat Cave, out in full force but only our flashlights kept us from and large Doyle Cave, the Passenger Coach and others, stumbling along the path. Then suddenly the guide but the hi ghlight of the entire trip was that after dark made a little turn and down before a pile of rocks. k~elt jaunt into the woods to see the m ys tic cavern whose He removed them carefully and finally disclosed a small existence has only been known for a little more than a opening just large enough for a man to wiggle through. year." " \Ve got down flat on our stomachs and crawled into In conclusion, it is needless to say that as a result of the opening. · The first thing we saw was a nest of a our first day's strenuous caving activities, little time ground squirrel with nearly a peck of acorns and wild was wasted in "hitting the hay" upon arriving at our grapes piled around it. Then some more crawling, cottages around 10: 3 0 that evening, nor is it necessary being careful not to disturb the nes t, and about 10 feet to explain why none of us awoke before nine o'clock farther on, through another small opening, we saw the the next morning-the beginning of another day, filled li ght of the guide. with new and thrilling experiences. A tight squeeze. SHORT CAVE " This was a tight squeeze around a large stalagmite and suddenly we were in a large room, a cave indescrib­ After ea ting our breakfast at Park City, Kentucky, ably beautiful. The floor of the cave was covered with on the morning of October 11 th, it was decided that we onyx . . The ceiling was hung with draperies of onyx, strike out over the hills in a southeasterly direction from huge ribbon stalactites, ordinary stalactites of all sizes Diamond Caverns, for the purpose of visiting Short and descriptions, ranging from tiny, pencil-like stalac­ Ca ve; to study the general topography of the land in tites five feet in length, to those that measured six feet that vicinity, and to examine some of its numerous sink through where they were attached to the ceiling. holes and geological outcroppings. "One of the most unusual sights to greet our eyes was \Ve walked along the ababdoned railroad bed of the along one side of the wall where there was a shelf about old Mammoth Cave Railway for some distance; ' then 18 inches below the ceiling . . Here, stalactites and stalag­ turned to the left and followed a "wagon trail" through mites, of pencil-thickness, had joined together to give a natural gully that tOok us up over a large wooded an appearance of a long bird cage with the colors of hill to levd land. From there on, it was simply a matter the bars ranging from a pure alabaster to the reddish- of following instructions that George Parke had written brown of that clay region. ' from memory coverin g a previous trip, which he called "On the way to the far end of this cavern, there were the "short route." \Vhen it was becoming apparent mounds at' flows tone, where the onyx dripping slowly tha't we were not going in the right direction, after for thousands and thousands of years, had · covered up following our written instructions for nearly a mile the limestone and the far end of the cavern turned over hills and deep valleys that gradually ceased to into a series of casc'ades, covered with the sa me flow­ appear familiar to me or to George White, who had stone. H ere and there were stalagmites, short and also made the trip to Short Cave several times in the stubby, of a beautiful, transparent onyx that glowed Plst, our "caravan" back-tracked for a distance at' like fire when our fla shlights were placed behind them. approximately a quarter of a mile, when Mr. White Page 26 BULLETIN NUMBER SEVEN assumed the responsibility of leading our party to the A TRIP THROUGH SHORT CAVE cave we wanted to inspect. This happened when he A numbet of expeditions to this cave have been made exclaimed: " Here is where we should have turned to by the writer, the last one taking place in the fall of the left, instead of going straight ahead!" 1941, when Parke, Earl Siemens and myself, from From then on, with \'\Ihite as our guide, the rest of us Toledo, together with a local man, passed through its proceeded to enjoy the autumnal scenery as we swung large entranceway to inspect this large subterranean along, in a care-free manner, stopping here and there to avenue. The mouth of the cave, by the way, enters the examine interesting sink holes in the hope of dis­ side of a steep hill, and is large enough to drive a 10-ton covering a new cave. One of the boys looked at his truck through, without touching either the top or sides watch and calmly remarked that we had been walking of such a vehicle. for nearly an hour, and so it was agreed that we must The difficulty in finding this entrance lies in the fact have circled past Short Cave and ' were probably some­ tha~ it is completely hidden from view by a thick where beyond that cavern. By this time it was realized growth of trees and vegetation, and it is entirely possible that we were lost, so far as finding our intended point that we may have passed by without recognizing the of destination was concerned, and thereupon a halt location; in fact we have always experienced some was called in order to enjoy a short rest period. Lou trouble in this respect when visiting Short Cave, except

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Klewer had insisted upon carrying a large coil of rope, when guided by a "native" from that immediate which by this time had become quite heavy, and he, locality. like t'he rest of us, was more than willing to sit: down The floor of the cave is flat, and, for the most part, and res t for a while. Hinkleman then stated: "Inas­ covered with a layer of clay from wall to wall. Its much as we aren't going to see Short Cave on this trip, average width is approximately 45 feet and the average I move that we let \'\Iard tell us about it." This I height throughout is about 40 feet, with small plus endeavored to do by giving them the following infor~a­ and minus variations at various points for its entire tion at that time, while we were all stretched out on length of approximately 1500 feet, or three double city the grass- so near and yet so far from the object of blocks. The temperature remains constant at 54°, and our search: the humidity is not many points short of " rain fall." NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 27

I am informed that at one time, before the days of extend for many miles beyond the other side of the refrigeration cars, the L. & N. Railway used this cavern break-down. for the storage of fruits and vegetables; also that mush­ Afte~ listening to my verbal description of and tales rooms were raised therein a number of years ago under about Short Cave, the members of. our party arose from ideal climatical conditions, and, further, that it was their respective resting places, and we started on our way used as a "cave home" by an old "recluse," a man with back to Diamond Caverns. After walking a short a "hermit complex," who set up housekeeping near the distance, we stopped at a ' farm house in order to check entrance and lived there for several years. An old our directions, but found no one at home, so we made stove, rusty bed springs and other miscellaneous items , our " calculations" by observing the position of the sun bear mute witnes~ to the confirmation of this story. at that time of the day and following a course that we believed would eventually lead us to the main highway. At the bend A new cave Several hundred feet from the entrance, this cave Another half hour's walk brought us to the side of a makes a gradual turn to the left, the reflected light from steep hill, overlooking a ravine, at the bottom of which the outside suddenly fades into total darkness, and from a long wall-like limestone outcropping was followed that point on progress is entirely dependent upon for some distance, when George White and Lou Klewer illumination from flashlights and lanterns. For the called back to the rest of us with the startling news that entire length of the cave, a wide ledge follows and is a they had found a "new cave." It didn't take long part of the right cave wall; its surface continues at for all of us to' assemble at the site of their discovery. elevations varying from 5 to 35 feet, and upon which We were now looking into a type of cave entrance that two membet:s of our party walked from the end of the is produced by the downward cutting of surface cavern back to the entranceway on our return to the erosion, whereby cave passages are thus intersected. outside. A few steps brought us to a lower level, under a high natural archway, at the top of which considerable The break-d01fn formation was noted. The avenue from this point, Our journey through this great underground hall leading directly under a steep hill, proved to be most was suddenly brought to an' abrupt stop. A gigantic interesting because of its weird limestone water carvings. break-down, composed of thousands of tons of rock, Our enthusiastic expectations, howev ~r, were brought extends from the floor to the ceiling, like the side of a to a sudden end, when, after walking about 30 feet, steep hill, and completely blocks the main avenue. we came to a small circular room with a rather high There are a number of interesting crawlways in the ceiling dome and a pit that appeared to be filled with back end of this cave, some of which have been explored. debris at the base of the cave wall facing us. There On one occasion, during the summer of 1940, George was little doubt in our minds regarding the existence Parke, \\'l"alter Stevenson, Charles Neville and the writer, . of a passageway under this cave wall, but being without entered a crevice in the right cave wall near the break­ the necessary equipment to remove the loose material down. A small water-carved opening in the floor invited that choked its opening, we were forced to abandon an inspection, which necessitated the use of a rope in further efforts to explore therein. There was nothing order to reach a platform-like ledge about 12 feet below. that could be done about this situation, except to resolve From that point we made our way downward by scaling that the next time we were in this vicinity, an attempt the wall of a canyon-shaped crevice that brought us to would be made. to open a passageway beneath the cave a level many feet beneath the floor of the main cave, wall in the hope of entering :11l avenue beyond. where a number of weirdly formed chambers were ex­ After we were once more back on the surface, we plored. One of the remarkable features in connection continued our long journey in the general direction with this cave is the flat, even surface of the high agreed upon when it was originally decided to turn back. limestone ceiling, wherein only a few broken depres­ All of the members of our party were getting rather sions are noted, that would indicate past internal tired, and some of us were starting to become a little disturbances. Having once visited this great subter­ doubtful as to whether we would ever find the main ranean a venue, one never ceases to ponder over the highway that afternoon, when, much to our relief, a strange, violent manner in which nature has sealed field of corn stalks was sighted at the top of a hill we the far end of this cavern, nor can you help wondering were climbing. Our spirits were even higher when we about the mysterious passag~ways that undoubtedly came to the far edge of the hill beyond the corn field, for l)age 28 BULL E TIN NUMBER SEVEN

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CiJill ('S (, \'(1 ails i:u{(·,-illg the ral'C A number of interesting sink hol es were examined After li ghting our iant.: rns and checking over our as we approached the base of t he hill ; also, further on, nas hlights, I informed the boys that the bes t way to we ird cypress lime tone "outcroppings" that resembled enter this cave was to start in " backwards," :ll1d then long, irreg ular C hinese walls, made their appearance. proceeded to illustrate by leading the way in this These pec uliar "wall s," se veral fee t i11 thickness, varied manner, which brought us, single file, downward in hei ght from 1 Yz to 4 feet, and their unexplainable through :l narrow crawlway into a long avenue. After NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 29

traveling "on all fours" for some distance we were able there wasn't much use trying to find an "extending" to walk upright over the rough, irregular rock-bound avemie at that high level; unless a passageway could be floor. At the far end of this "elevated" subterranean discovered that would lead to subterranean chambers chamber our progress forward was brought to an abrupt at a lower level. This question was answered when stop, for we were now standing at the edge of a I called their attention to an opening under a ledge perpendicular shaft-like opening. at the bottom of the left cave wall where we were A {ower (/v(,ll'Ite standing. One of the men remarked: "That's an open­ An exclamation from Harland \'V'ood was soon forth­ ing, without a doubt- but what is that large boulder coming: "Here is where the rope that Lou Klewer has doing in it? It would take a derrick to get it out!" been carrying will come in handy!" After securely I informed them that several years ago another party anchoring one end around a huge rock, the coiled rope was in this very same room, which included Walter was promptly thrown over the side of the steep cliff Stevenson, George Parke, Charles Neville and the writer; and fell with a dull thud to the floor of the cavern below, that at that time this large rock only partially choked a distance of about 20 feet. Because of my previous the entrance to the opening, and one of my companions experience in this " unique" cave, it was decided by m y was able to sq ueeze his head and shoulders in far enough companions that I should lead the way; that if I reached co throw a light downward, revealing a small con­ the lower level safely, they would have someone down tinuing passageway in that direction. In our haste co ther ~ to guide them in finding convenient "foot holds" lift and roll back the obstructing boulder, the rock while hanging onto the rope. After I had made a safe got away from us and fell to its present resting place, landing, this suggested procedure was followed until and no further attempts have been made to remove it. :dl the members of our party were assembled in this It is reasonable to believe that this passageway may lead lower crevice-like avenue, which was about four feet in co a large subterranean chamber at a much lower level; width. There were no foot-holds or ledges in either of perhaps connecting with a ceiling crevice or dome open­ the steep li mestone sidewalls for a distance of about in g at the top of a huge room a hundred or more feet 7 feet above the floor and this portion of our descent was in height. It is also possible that a cave at J still lower made entirely with the assistance of the rope, which level might be discovered, which would eventually join seems like a g reat distance when your feet are dangling and become a part of Diamond Caverns, in view of the in mid-air and you can't see where you are going. fact that surface indications point to the existence of a An Ancien.t Temple large avenue running from the entrance buildings in the After making our way through this narrow avenue general direction of this high hill; also another avenue for some distance, whi ch necess itated our cliii1bing over leading to this hill from a point just beyond the present end of Diamond Caverns, and which may be "inter­ huge rocks and passing through a number of tight squeezes, one of the boys remarked that the passageway sected" when exploration activities off Rock Hall have appeared to be circling to the left. This was true. The been completed. The lack of both equipment and time nece sitated our leaving this m ys terious room, but with sidewalls of the avenue had now taken on the appearance the high resolve that we would come· back to this place of towering slabs of petrified wood, of various colors, :lI1d the entire scene gave us the strange feeling that we so me other time :lJ1d attempt to remove the boulder from the passageway just described. were walking through an Ancient Hindu Temple. This illusion was f urther completed when we finally came A Cal '(' Is NaillI'd to a small natural "doorway," in front of which was On our return trip to the outside, several interesting strewn a great number of limestone blocks of variou s side avenues were entered into and explored, .and after we lengths and sizes, resembling the handiwork of stone­ had all reached the first level of the cave with the aid cutters. Upon passing through this small opening, we of the rope that had been left hanging over the canyo n found ourselves in a large cathedral-like room, at the wall, a number of railroad flares were thrown over the cop of which was a beautiful water-marked dome, ,, ~ hil e cli ff and tQ the far end of the avenue, which illuminated ahead of us; about 20 feet above the floor, the cave wall the first and second levels with a dazzling brightness. In formed a vertical cliff, beyond which a large " upper that in stant, one of the boys called our attention to the room" invited our attention. presence of a skeleton in an adjoining pit, with the EXjJloratio"ll . remark: "That looks like the last remains of a dead Lou Klewer then made the observing remark that goa t! It must have wandered in here and fell to its inasmuch as we were in a cave at the "top" of a hill, doom in the pit." Lou Klewer then exclaimed: " \Ve Page 3D BULLETIN N UMBER SEVEN will call this 'Dead Goat Cave'!" I informed them cave had agreed to meet us at Park City and guide us to that inasmuch as no name had ever been given the the place where he promised us we would be thrilled by cavern, that one would do as well as any other. a great experience.

Red Light 1I11(! Smoke THE OLD DOYLE CAVE By this time the white light of the flares had changed It was la te in the afternoon, on Oc tober 11 th, when to a brilliant red, which illuminated in an awesome we arrived at Park City, Kentucky, after having driven manner the strange, dead-like appearance of the water­ from Diamond Caverns following our trip through carved columns of rock which exten'ded from the Dead Goat- Cave. Our guide, John Vance, by pre­ lower level upwa rd, to form the further wall of the arrangement, was waiting for us, and we were soon opening to the avenue below, resembling great jagged ­ on our way-driving on Route 31-\\1 north for a shafts of petrified timbers. T hen one of the boys cried: distance of about one and one-half miles, when we were " It's time to get out! Here comes the smoke! " H e directed to turn left. An unimproved road was fol­ was referring to dense clouds of smoke coming from lowed for some distance into the hills and through a the fl ares, which had already partly engulfed us as we woods, until it seemed that the condition of the stood there looking backward at the beautiful sights roadway would no longer permit further progress­ thus revealed. A nd so ended our visit to Dead Goat when, much to our relief, we came to a typical Kentucky Ca ve, a5 we beat a hasty renea t to the entrance farmhouse, situated on a clearing. There we were at the top of this mys terious hill, wherein na ture has joined by a man by the name of Tom, who accompanied carved a mos t unusual cavern. us as we m ade our way through the woods to visit a cave that Vance had been telling us about, in most ::. :;. !;. :;. :;. ::. :;. ::~ ;.:. :;. glowing terms, and which he described as "A great

It was late 111 the afternoon when we returned to cave!" Diamond Caverns, an~ little time was lost in preparing Our two guides for our next and final adventure- a trip into an un­ Our No.1 Guide, John Vance, then asked his partner, explored cave, several miles away. 1 he owner of this Tom, if the ladder leading down into the "break-down,"

c;eoss SECrlON

OLD IlOYLE CliVE IfZnlLES NOICTH OF PlUcK CITY KY.

---_ ...... , ----- :fp/o re d... __- ,_tine ______./" {/"e ~i;~-.::... ------__~- ___40--.. "/4 v aO b'aze..sl.~~",aa....c.... ______---__ - - - ~-;-.. ~ --- - _... NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SO C I ETY Page 31

or cave entrance, was in good condition. We were a wouldn't change his mind and go along with us, shouted little startled to hear him reply that he wouldn't down to us from the edge of the opening above: " I'll go "guarantee" it, and even more disturbed when Vance into this cave with you on your next trip to the cave remarked: " I wouldn't go down on that ladder for a r.egion, after we have built a new ladder! Tom will million dollars, but 1 know that these boys from Toledo show you the way. I will just sit up here and smoke are all heroes and they will go into the cave with my pipe and wait for you fellows !" you." "You can show them the way!" Tom replied: 1\ LOll g Avenue ·" 1 don't know-I'm no cave man myself, but if your Our new guide informed us that it had been a long friends arc willin'g to risk it, 1 will go with them." Such time since he was last in this cave; that he thought an was our preliminary introduction to this cave as we a venue went to the left from where we were standing. approached its entrance. Vance was wearing an ordi­ A short walk in that direction, however, brought us to nary business suit and a black derby hat, while Tom a blank wall of limestone, so we made our way back was dressed in overalls, all of which confirmed the to the ladder and followed an upward trail to the right, arrangements that Vance evidently had in mind be­ which took us around a great ba~k of clay, extending fore we arrived at the site. from the top of the left cave wall to the narrow pathway Our two native friends were questioned concerning over Which we were walking, Then our trail took us the name and history of the cavern, but all that we could down a rather steep incline and into a large avenue, get from them was the fact that it had originally been about 30 feet in width and 45 feet in height, the ceiling discovered years ago by a man named Doyle; that it l nd floor of which were fairly fl at, the latter being was known as the Old Doyle Cave, and that a number covered by a heavy la yer of dry clay. This made our of years previous to our visit, they had done some trip easy and our party swung along at a fairly rapid exploring therein, but that no one had been in it since pace for a distance of approximately 300 fee t, when the tha t time. :1 ve nue suddenly made a sharp turn to the left, which we The Entrance followed for a short distance and then stopped. We Our pathway had now led us to the edge of a small had to stop, for we had come to the edge of ~ steep sink hole near a clump of trees, and we were informed cliff, with a sheer drop of about 25 feet. Another one that this was the entrance to the cave below. George of Vance's " ladders" was propped against the edge of \XThite took one look at the inky blackness of the cavity this perpendicular limestone wall, leading to the base and asked: "How are we' supposed to get down to the of a huge mountain of clay, that extended from the bottom?" " On that ladder," Vance replied, " if it will bottom of the wall below where we were standing, up· hold you. It is only about 22 feet to the floor of the ward and at an angle of nearly 45 degrees, for .. first level, and I don't think the ladder is too rotten. distance of approximately 50 feet before leveling off One of you can test it and the test of you boys will to form the floor of an upper avenue, 10 feet below then know it is O.K. I wouldn't go down there for the high cei lin g, far above and beyond us, on the other any money myself, but you fellows are all fearless ex­ side of the precipice. plorers. Tom, you lea d the way, and be sure to show The Jug them the 'jug' !" Harland \XT ood expressed a desire to explore the The Lllddp1' upper avenue. Tom had been telling us about making Leu Klewer and \ XT hite voiunv:ered to tes t the :l trip into that ave nue several years ago; that he had ladder, which consisted of two Lmg tree poles, to traveled in it until he was afraid he would lose his which had been nailed old wooden boards for crossbars. way, when he became panicky and retreated b'ack to After our two " human guinea pigs" had made a success­ its entrance. One of the boys then remarked thac f ul landing on the cave floor below, they called up to all that separa ted us from the other side was the us with the advice that the ladder w;s safe, provided pit below where we were standing, and then proceeded we were ,careful not to place our entire weight on any to cautiously place the weight of one foot on the top one crossbar, and further suggested that it would be rung of the ladder, which promptly fell into many advisable to hang onto both supporting poles at the same pieces. Tom then explained that it was a good thing time. we found out that the ladder was not safe, for directly When our entire party had at last assembled on the below it was a large circular opening in the limestone cave floor of a large, semi-circular room, Vance was floor at that level, into which one of us might have still stubbornly " holding out," and when asked if he fallen. H e further explained that this was the mouth of Pa ge 32 BULLETIN NUMBER SEVEN

the "jug" John Vance had mentioned. "What do you mean by a 'jug'?" asked Klewer. Tom then told about going into the opening, with the aid of a rope ladder, stating that the opening was shaped like the mouth of .a jug, and extended downward for a distance of about 15 feet; that it then suddenly opened into a large, circular vault-like room, like the bottom part of a jug, the floor of which was about 35 feet below the point where the chamber widened' out on either side of the small passageway above; that several side avenues were L01l KlewCT, in full cavil1 g regalia. noted, coming into this room' like the spokes of a wheel. We asked him if he explored any of those avenues. He replied: " No, my rope ladder wasn't long enough to reach the bottom. It was spooky down there, and I was alone-I took a good look with my flashlight, and got ou t of the place as quick as I could! " We asked him what equipment we would need to explore it, and he rep lied that we would have to have a 50-foot rope ladder. Ex jJloration possibilities After Tom's dramatic description of the " jug," Hinkleman got quite curious, and crawled out on a projecting ledge directly over the opening below. One of the boys grabbed him by a foot and pulled him back. He was then told that some day we would come back and g~ into the lower chamber, but with a rope ladder; that we were not desirous of fishing him out of the " jug," especially from that height. It was noted that Onyx Falls by constructing a long ladder, of safe design and struc­ ture, two purposes would be accomplished. It would take us safely down to the mouth of the subterranean vault; also that it would enable us to reach a high ledge above our heads to the left of where we were standing, and that this ledge would take us to the f urther end of the avenue and at a high elevation, near the ceiling, -thus furnishing a walk-way connecting with the "extension avenue" at the summit of the great mountain of clay ahead of us. We were told that much formation was found in the avenue when Vance and­ Tom explored a small portion thereof, and it was agreed that arrangements would be made to bring the proper eq uipment with us the next time we visited this cave, as the possibilities for exploration seem to be limitless. Upon reaching the surface we found Vance patiently Ca tbcdral Room waiting for us, and after a great deal of explaining why we didn't do more exploring, he shook his head sadly and stated that the next time we were down, the ladders and other equipment would be on hand. Passrnger Coach It was starting to get a little dusk, and Vance wanted to know if we wanted to make another crawl before (Continued on page 56) NATIONAL SP E L E OLO P I C AL SO C I E T Y Pa ge 33

A - Snl1l/JSO Il/S Pillar, i ll rt l-lan gil1 g Paradise"

13- Mmll-lIIolb Slalllelite ( alld 110 letters, /) Iease : . l /W 0 1ll it! Ed.) C- Groll/) /)ieI1lre, tll/

k ll <,{'lillg, LOll Kle lIJer , 1111.1 George \fIbile ( lIIbo look Ibe ill lerior cave /)ietu res all .l sk et eb ed Ibe 1II a/)s) .

D-SllblnTall eall Nlllural Bridge "-Slib lerrall call Pool

F-Drapes , ill "Hallgil1 g Paradise" G-Hallgillg Gardell s oj Bab),lolI H-13ell1d y Parlor BULLETIN NUMBER S EVEN

in the Mammoth Cave region for this purpose prior to advent of modern refrigeration; some food was stored experimentally in Luray Editorial • • • Caverns at the time of the last World War. ~ Dr. Holden ,,·rote us: "The old· issues of the B"lIetill .. .. abounded With maps and sketches. (More recently) I have missed the ~aps . ' . . ) ied (we should) publish the maps of all caves of which deuded desc riptions arc published." Any comments? ~ For sh~me POTHOLE . .. Out of 278 active, life, and student members of the Society sent ballots to vote for 1945 officers, Oldy 75 were returned marked. Not that your Ediror would have had the results any differen:; ~ut ~ Through the contactS of Frank Solari. N.S.S .. membe.r from thar's a hell of a note in his opinion, when so small an orgamZatlOll England who is likewise affiliated with several Enghsh cavmg so­ turns in so feeble a vote. @" 'Vallted /0 Buy: "Tell Years cieties, Ollr library l1:1s received, among other publications,# copics of Ullder /be Eartb, by Norbert Cas/eret. (L. \V. Foote, RFD #1 , Dall -Yr-Ogo! Caves. Swansea Valley (Wales). Official Guide. an Middlebu)")', COIII/ .) ~ Members publishing articles relating excellent 30-page illustrated handbook of the type we should have to spcleology are requested to advise the Editor in advance so that more of for our own caves in this country; and copies of Tbe Bril­ reprints ·ma), be ordered if ther arc of general interest. ~ isb Ca lle )". This latter is the unique speleological journal edited. Cia" Perry writes (5 / 14 / 44) of a cave (lIot Secret Caverns, he printed. published-and mostly written-by G. Platten. a,' Rother­ say;, bur neglects to say 1IJba / one then) "in Schoharie County, the field Fernhill Lane. New Milton. Hants. England. Platten s bulletlll one with the 'nameless waterfall'. is ,,:orth a loan from our library; it is a completely fascinating "Dr. Srone wrOte me that he had seen it. Did you know that they volume. Incidentall y. we have se nt him a set of N.S.S. BlIlIeti1lS. and turn the w>terfall on and off by electricity? It used to dry up and, -at his request-an article for his magazine on the Society. its for a time, they had a rope leading up to a pulley and attached to aims and work. a watergare. You just 'pulled the chain' to get a waterfall .. . . A Under "Object of the 'British Caver' ". Platte'! has a pie. we nice c,,·e, nevertheless." · ~ The Society will pay 50¢ each for cannot resist reprinting. "It is desirable that all discoveries on caves any Bulle/illS (Especially # 1, 2, 3) in reasonably good condition. should be recorded and available to all interested; yet we must .11 Copies are badly needed for Libraries and new members requestin;; acknowledge .nd regret that this is far from being realised: as m.ny them. \'(Trire or send direct to Corresponding Secretary. ~ of the reports of p.st . nd recent researches and discoveries in Caves Falllla, the natural history magazine published by the Philadelphia are only found in the pages of Journals of LClrned Societies. half­ Zoo, has a wonderfuly illustrated article in the March 1945 issue by forgotten books or even in the pages of newspapers. The B.C. is an our member Charles E. Mohr which you frankly shouldn't miss. attempt to collect. and give to all interested. all these scattered It's called "Descent to the Underworld." It's excellent; as is also accounts. and so keep the sport of Caving alive .... Now Cawn his map-feature (much data from NSS files) called "Caves-Where pull together and send me your NEWS." (Echo of sorrow from They Arc and How They Form." ~ \'(Te want someone 1IJbo n"lIetil, Editor tIlat so many members publish cave notes and stories can 1vrilc it authoritativel')" to contribute an article on HSpclco­ el sewhere--$ or?) ~ We are now. legally • . Tbe Natiollal phobia and \'(That to Do About It." Treat claustrophobia in caving Speleological Society. A certificate of incorporation was obtained scientifically. and then tell how to overcome it, 1IJbat /0 do 1IJbe1l in the District of Columbi. in March of this year. ~ The lost ill a callc. (If you wish to tackle this one, write the Editor: he OWl. Motion Picture Division. is collecting data for a so-called has something already written on the underlined part which you "theatrical short" on Picturesque Caves of the U . S. A. ~ Ed­ can have for the asking.) itor learns from 2/ 45 Newsletter about Magazille Digest article \'(Te want also an authentic story of "Caves in the History of "20th Century Cavemen. ... by Edith Sterns. But what iss ue of that Consumption." To include. of course, that story of the group of magazine? , ~ Please-when you or anyone you know gives a English (?) consumptives who built those stone houses in Mammoth talk or lecture with or ·without slides anywhere or any time. on Ca ve, and what came of their attempt at cures . . . speleology. se nd a brief note of it to the Editor. ' ~ Under Other suggestions for articles: saltpeter manufacture and caves; heading of "Speleols Print". Tbe For/ealt magazine again gives the caves in A n1 crican, English, or other nations' literature; caves in Society and its B"lIe/h' a plug-a nice plug. Quotes dates. price. t he Bible; caYeS used as "underground railway" hiding places before size, desc ription. how to order. and calls it "a valuable number- if the Civil \'(Tar; that whole country, Loessland, in China, which lives you care for caves .... (containing) .... maps, diagrams and in caves; most famous American speIeologists and their feats; au­ photos of the approaches to Hel1." ~ Back in June '44 the thenticated cases of people lost in caves; and round-up of classic \'(T.F.A. converted a 75-year-old limestone mine near Atchison; Kan­ legal cases in which caves have figured (for which we give you Stark sas into :1. natural refrigerator or "warecave," for Government-held v. U.S. 44 Fed. ( 2nd) 946, in which "evidence held not to show that lard, eggs, and other perishables. (U.S.D.A. Clipsheet, 9/ 23 / 44.) cave searched without warrant ever constituted defendanes home," N.S.S. has been nagging Federal officials about such under­ as a starter); etc., etc. ground potenrialities since the war started. Usc of caves for food storage is not new: the Louisville and Nashville R.R. used several The Editor

Dr. Martin H. Muma spoke in Baltimore, on January Try to get the best known local spelling of caves 25 last year, before the Maryland Natural History always, but do not let inconsistencies bother you. Society, on " The Timber Ridge Caves (of Md.) and Standardization in this matter is yet to come. (On Their Fauna." His new book COMMON SPIDERS this subject, see Introduction to 'Lawr~nce of Arabia . .. ) OF MARYLAND, was recently published. Colonel Strother (Porte Crayon, pseud.) : "a mediocre L. E. Wilson gave an illustrated talk on "Cave artist and author," Officer in Secession Army. M., Miss Photography" at the January 12, 1944 meeting of the Hunter, of Charleston. (See BULLETIN Number 3, Army Map Service Photographic Society. John Meene­ N.S.S., p. 37: "A Visit to the Virginian Canaan... ") han's color slides, shown at this meeting, received many . Frank Leslie's Illus. Newsp.: 6/ 22/ 61, p. 82. compliments.

Science News Letter for September 30, 1944, p, 217, , Acknowledging up to 19th Scratch of V.P.I. Grotto has item of interest for speleologists ... Grapevine. Keep it going... NATIONA L SPELEOLOGI C AL SO C I E TY Pa ge 35

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT now under way for an active Grotto in D. C . The V.P.I. Grotto now publishes its own grotto paper, (1944) "The Grapevine" which should be an inspiration to all other grottos. The Richmond Grotto has perfected In spite of the difficulties of maintaining a society J sys tem whereby a small fee is placed on each activity, such as ours intact during the present war, I take making it self-supporting. This should go far towards pleasure in reporting that our society has not only man­ sol ving problems of Grotto financing. aged to maintain its existence during the past year, During the last yea r the Comm ercial Cave operators but has been able to actually constructively grow. es tablished a trade organization "Cave Men of Amer­ This growth has been evidenced to some degree in all ica." Plans for cooperation are being worked out and aspects of the society. Our active membership has we be th look forward to friendly, mutual cooperation increased to 247, including 22 Life Members, besides as there is no conflict of interests between their or­ 28 Student members at last report still at V.P.I. . (with ganization and our Society. over 50 ex-student members in the service) and 1 In- . This past year the Bylaws were amended to provide stitutional Member (Alabama Geological Survey) . This for institutional membership and Alabama University total of 247 includes 16 members over $3 in arrears became our first institutional member. They were also in dues (owing back of 1944) and 17 others not known completely revised in a clear copy incorporating all to be in the service owing for all or part of 1944 dues. previous amendments. Copies will be available for During the year 58 ne";' active members have been members w ithin the next month. obtained, including 7 Life members. One active mem­ T his Annual meeting with its ambitious program ber, Lt. Robert McKee, and one ex-student member, of Dinner, Entertainment, and Education, was a fitting Don Covey, have been reported killed in action in the climax for the year. war theater. Respectfully submitted, Our organization has been substantially improved. W. J. Stephenson, The Board of Governors is now functioning efficiently President and has arranged its work so that a minimum number of meetings is now required. Our committees are still our weak spot in our organization but we are gradually finding the right men to head the committees, and the " Marble Cave (Colo.) is in an old crater. To enter functioning of many of them has shown improvement. where circular hole begins, it is necessary to crawl 60-70 This year we have established our Newsletter on a feet through old gas vent. When approached ,through firmer footing and we have at last a capable editor. this vent, the cave is about 60 feet below surface level The question of good mimeographing still remains to and is entirely sealed over the' circular hole that is about be solved. The improvement in the BULLETINS speaks 500 feet in depth vertically. Cave is dry until one gets for itself. Though our Editor has moved from Wash­ down 30 feet- then some little seepage. ington, he expects that with the aid of the entire mem­ " The cave, a volcanic fissure, is on the San Isabel bership in furnishing good material he will furnish us National Forest, 12 miles southwest of Westcliffe with constantly improved BULLETINS. (Colo. ), at eleva tion of 11 ,000 feet. Contact to be Our field work has been continued and though on a made with C:l sper H endrich, of Westcliffe, who can reduced scale its quality appears to be constantly im­ f urnish saddle stock for ride up mountain to caye--4 proving as our members become aware of the advantage miles frcm H endrich ranch." and satisfa.ction that comes from doing a good job in Paul Gilbert, District Forest R anger, rhe field instead of merely taking a cave-sight-seeing Gardner, Colo. trip. (Ranger Gilbert, who discovered this cave in 1920, Our effort to develop proper cave technique and made extensive investigations in it a decade later. About safety measures has borne fruit in an absence to date of 1932, the Denver Rock y Mountain News carried an serious accidents while working underground. accoun t of his trip.) Our Society has grown outside of our own country by the addition of two new members from Venezuela and four from England. Our Grotto organization Pac:!, lsbnd ef Tahiti, in French Oceania, has cave has become stronger with the continual growth of the with "cool, underground Lake. " (From "Mr. Bolton's Richmond Grotto and the V.P.I. Student Grotto and Birthday," by James Norman H:lII. Atlantic MOlltbl)l,

the establishing of a Cleveland Grotto. Plans are 1'. 173, no. 6, p. 7lf. ) Pa ge 36 BULLETIN NUMBER SEVEN

ELEMENTAL after the war to have them made up in quantity. The SPELEOLOGICAL EQUIPMENT author has experimented with a bag with six or seven pockets of varying sizes for various items and a main By W. J. STEPHENSON':' po·cket. Generally this bag is far too big and heavy II-PARTY EQUIPMENT for the average party. It was designed for a three man party and probably would be more suitable for a As most all cave work is done or should be done by party of five. It has the advantage, however, that only a party, there will be various items used which each one man has to carry it at a time, thus leaving the other individual does not need but yet are needed for success ­ people relatively free. The bag designed by the Society f ul cave work'. O nly those usually required in the is a smaller bag, approximately 12 inches long, 6 to 8 average party will be discussed in any detail. inches deep, 3 to 4 inches wide with 3 or 4 pockets, A partial list of such party items includes ropes, all closed with zippers. This bag should serve two or rope ladders, photographic equipment, mapping equip­ three men. ment, collecting equipment, miscellaneous scientific in­ Most of the usual party item.s are very specialized. str.uments such as thermometers, hydrometers, etc., For photographic equipment one is referred to the article miscellaneous general items, picks, geologist's hammers, by John Meenehan in BULLETIN 1. Mapping equip­ etc., first aid eq uipment, and last but not least-food. ment will be covered by a special article in the near (Water is usually no problem if one ha s been innoculated future. Collecting equipment will vary dependent for typhoid and is not adverse to drinking from d~ e on the purpose of the collecting. In general, each party clear pools and streams which are usually present in should have some small bot tles of alcohol or other abundance. If the cave is known to be dry, then water preservative together with a few canvas sacks of vary­ must also be added; one 'canteen per party should, how­ ing sizes. A small ri gid container with absorbent cotton ever, be ample.) is desirable for carrying delicate specimens. Each party This party equipment can be divided up or all carried should also have at least one small camera, a supply of by one man. Both procedures have their advantages fla sh bulbs, compass, tape, and a notebook. and the one chosen must depend in a large measure on Ropes and rope ladders cannot be carried very well the size and composition of the party and the objects in the pack. However, various rope holders ha ve been desired to be achieved. It is recommended that all party tried and all have some merit. Unless the cave is k~ow n equipment be ca rried in separate knapsacks and not to contain large drops or pits, a 1 00 t~ 150 foot coil carried on the person. Extra equipment carried on the of rope (usually carried over the shoulder) is sufficient person 1iI0t only interferes with climbing and crawling for the average party. Such a rope is always desirable but is more easily lost by falling out of pockets, etc. unless the cave is known in advance not to require Any ordinary knapsack slung over the back 'Yi ll it. Other ropes and ladders depend solely on the ca ve. generall y serve all right as a carrying mea ns, but when They should not be added to the party equipment unless one often has to crawl, such a knapsack is a tremendous there is good reason to believe they will be needed. The burden. A ll packs will often have to be taken off and same goes for all special items such as picks, tools, etc. pushed forward or dragged behind when crawling. Probably the most desirable type of pack for general Food should also be taken in only when definitely cave work is a pack which can be slung over tlie shoulder required. A ll food carried should be as li ght and by a ·single strap . Before the war, gas mask ba gs could nourishing as possi ble. O ne does not go into caves for be bought whi ch were very suitable. If such packs are the purpose of pi cnicking so that taste and quantity are not well sea led (zippers are preferable) the things may secondary items in food. If-food is brought on a trip drop Ollt w hen the bags are pulled or pushed during a it is usually better to leave it outside to eat upon crawl. Someone behind you would fi nd YO llr camera emerging and carry iron rations on the trip in the cave and S9 on. A suitable si ngle pack for a single person for emergency purposes only. may have onl y one pocket anc! a large flap. Such a First aid equipment is a very controversial problem. pack can carry ' fla sh bulbs, lunch and several other Some members of the Society who are M .D.s generally things. One disadvantage if each man has to carry his substantiate the belief that it is not necessary to carry own bag is that each person is burdened . The Society any first aid equipment in caves. One is either going has tried to design a bag for cave work and we hope to have a bad accident and an ambulanc.e will be needed, or will have very minor accidents that can wait till one ., Continuation of article from p. 34 in Bulle/hi Number Six, July 1944. gets out. The accidents ' that are most likely to occur NAT ~ 0 N A L 5 P f. L E O LOG [ C AL SO C. l E T Y Page 37

are sprained ankles, broken bones, or minor abrasions. tion," said Riel y, 111 a letter to W. J. Stephenson, Presi­ Sprained ankles from jumping on rocks can usually be dent, NSS., " and found, after organizing the CMA, treated on the spot by tying or bracing so that the person tha t several others had had such an idea. But no one can get out. A man so injured can be assisted out by had gone into action. I was greatly encouraged by the limping along supported on someone's shoulder. Broken results and kncw that we can accomplish much-es ­ bones need splints and probably a stretcher, except a pec iall y after the war, when we can get together in minor break of the arm or rib. To always carry enough large numbers." splints and material to make a stretcher and carry the Correspondence with Stephenson, who offered the man out is generally an impossibility. Tourniquets can new association the full cooperation of the NSS, indi­ always be improvised if needed. [f a serious accident ca tes tha t man y Societ y members are listed among the occurs, the best procedure is probably to have so me CMA's membership ; al so, that several new NSS mem­ of the party remain with the injured while the rest go bers ha ve come in through CMA, having heard of after proper help and aid. Complete first aid equipment the Society for the first time through newsletters from such as splin ts, stretchers, etc., should be carried in the the new ca vemen's group. Riely, incidentally, is one cars but in view of all present experience it is thought of the latter. needless to cany such equipment into a cave on a " The CMA," Riely further explains, " is really a routine trip. Probably the only exception to the general trade organization of commercial operators, the last rule for not taking first aid equipment into the cave among business men to organize a trade association. is in the case of stimulants and pain relieving drugs. Its purpose is to try to do jointly a number of things Morphine or its equivalent would be in va luable in case t hat none of us ca n do singly, and to further fellow­ of a serious accident while waiting for help' and getting ship and cooperation among its members. the patient out. Though it could be easily carried, it "It in no way conflicts with your group (NSS). encounters problems of first aid and medical rules tha r There are several ways in which we can cooperate, how ­ at present preclude it from being li sted as standard ever-one of which is making people cave conscious." equipment. Stimulants have In many instances been Initial mee tings of the Cave Men took place at Wyandotte on April 5 and 6 of last year. The follow­ found most desirable and useful. Cases of severe fatigue in g news story appeared soon after, heralding forma­ often present, especially where the exploration has caused tion of the group: partial or total immersion in cold cave water, may be temporarily or fully relieved by judicious use of stimu­ "Cave ,ncn were rhe first pl.'op lc ill Americ a to o rganize for reasons of coiJective security and now, centuries later, they arc lants. However, stimulants should never be used unless just about the lost group of people with a mutual interest to organize the party is defi nitely on the way out and the end of ill a moderll SC Il.) C of the word . the trip is near. H1vlanagers of the nation's largest caVes },cS[crday completed at \Xf ya nd orrc Cave, ncar Corydon, Ind., organizJtion of the Cave Jvi.:n If there is excess room 111 the pack one can take along of America-a group dedicated to t he fllrther in .~ of the lure of adhesive tape and bandages for blisters, etc. Outside of C3vcrns in the postwar period . (' R epresentatives of seventeen Caves in thirteen states attended this and stimulants or pain relievers, there is thought to the organization meeting at the \\'Tyandotte Hotel and elected 1. F. be no need for first aid equipment in the party. Smith, of the Ohio Caverns, \X' est Liberty, Ohio, as t he first pres­ id ent of the group. j. Frank Campbell , Chauanooga. T enn., mana­ It is hopcd that this brief article will encourage more ger of the Cave of the \\'Ti nds, Colorado, W lS el ected vice presideo L thought :lI1d study on the problems of equipment and 3nd Sam . L. Riel r, m3n:1. ger o f thl! \X/ y:tn dottc Cave, was elected ~ccrc[:lr y . [hat it will also encourage our members to write down uRicl )" instigator of the movement, s:l. id ycsccrdlY that the organization of cave man:tgers h:td been under consider:ttio n for e~ther their ideas in the form of an article for publication ,"voro l y,'ars, and rhat the purpose of the body ' will be, like that or as a me~1 ~~a ndum to the Equipment Committee to o f :tlly other tr:tdc o rg:tn iz:ttion, to further pl.1I1 S of mutual in terest help them in the task of preparing on so me further d;ltc. :l nd to benefit in :t n 3tion:t 1 manner the postwar period.' " Directors of the newly organized group include H. H . Ga ll oway. a complete manual on this subject. Burnett, T ex:t s, m:tn:t ger of t he Long Horn Caverns, Texas; ~ Vir g il C lymer, manager of the Howe Caverns, New Y o rk; C harl ~ s 1\11. Reis. St. Louis, Mo .• manage r of t he Onondaga Cave; Mrs. v.i!. P. Co". "Cave Me'f1, of A111,erica" Organize nunage r of t he G reat Onyx Cave, Kentuck), ; John T. Menisee. manager of the Looko ut 1\1"o untain Caverns, Tennessee; and Dr. Early in '.1944, Samuel L. Riely, Manager of Wy­ Robert Pohl , manage r of the Mammoth Onyx Cave, Kentucky. "States represented at the m eeting were Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, andotte Cave (Ind.), hatched an idea that he'd been \1issouri, Texas, Florida, New York, Virginia, South D akota. \'iTi, ­ se tting on for years-and an association of cave-owners consi n, Maryland, Tennessee and Colorado." and managers came into being. , It was named, appro­ On November 15 , 1944 the minutes of this first priately, Cave Men of America. meeting wel-e sent to CMA members. A "Spring " I had thought for years of such a trade organiza- Letter-I945," from Riel)', dated April 1, indicates Pag e 38 BULL ETIN NUMBER SEVEN

the organization is growing in size and interest to cave­ In laying a program for the Society. The programs of owners, and carries a wealth of trade gossip that makes the various committees of their own accord weave into good speleological reading . one another and are interdependent. The Finance Com­ . At the moment of writing, the Purposes of Organ­ mittee we recognize as a key committee. ization of CMA are se t forth as follows: The Finance Committee must consider the attitude of the public to the Society, the attitude of prospective "For the purposes of forming an associat ion of 'Cave lvlcn' or operators of American Caverns, as stated below, and because for grantors, the members' reaction to finance matters, and some time many of us have had in nlind such an organization, tbe many other relative considerations. We must think of association, hereafter call ed 'Cave l\1cn of America' was born. 'tTo unite for the purposes of furthering things of mu[u:l1 interest it as a long-term organization which in time will require and benefit in a national sense. large sums of money as it uncovers scientific evidence " To get to know each other personally and in a social way and by so doing, create better understanding of problems that m ay affect and makes it available. In solving the current prob­ us al l. lems we must not lose sight of the broader ones. qTh:a by uniting, we m ay be of mutual help in that we can, at times, accomplish t hings of m utual benefit that as a single operator The purpose of the form letter was to tap a new we would be unable to do. source of revenue. Many members would contribute "That in time we may be able, as a body, to convince the public and the government that caves arc educational rather than a lucre toward a "Fund" in preference to publishing the BUL­ attraction such as picture shows, amusement parks, etc., with LETIN . Members feel they are entitled to the BULLETIN whi ch we naturall y have to compete and should be se parated f rom, in the ge neral mind. as a right of membership, and may object to paying for it "That, w ithout giving :lnothcr CloVe :lny sec rets or sp-called tricks twice. A number of "Funds" could be started, each of operation t hat we may use or that have become a parr of our stock in trade, we may swap experiences and talk shop, to our for a definite purpose, but care should be taken not mutual help and ad vantage. to confuse the purposes to the members. "Th:1t, w itho ut binding cy ag reement, :ln y cave o r sec tion, or by any entangling alliance in way of adjusting rates or m ode of opera­ tio n or ~t hi cs, we can, by united effort and f raterniz ing as a national body, and w ith no idea of interfering w ith any sectional rivalry or conditions, be of mutual aid. Your suggestion to call the Fund an "Endowment "That, although we feel from the experience of some, that cooper;t­ Fund" or "Reserve Fund" is good. " Surplus" would lion pa ys, yet it is not the in tention of this association to 1ncdd ll! into the sections where anim osity may exist between local mem­ indicate an amount set aside from earnings as extra or a bers, which must be worked out according to t heir desires, unless surplus and, as you say, we do not have any extra now. t he assoc iation is call ed in to help settle some situation, by all concerned. An Endowment Fund could be one from which only " That although with a war on, some may think this rather pre­ the income was used, and a Reserve Fund in which the lnaturc, we feci that by starting now w ith a nucleus, g rowing from year to year, that by the war's end we will have developed principal was usable. One type of Fund would appeal into a more perfect organization, t hat w ill be in full bloom then, to some members, and another type to other members, and be ready to function to a better degree in solving postwar rrnhlcm., t hor may affec r us all mutually. I feel that we should finance not only our current ex­ " That by the reaction, so fa r, all have seemed heartil y in favor of penditures, but also start building a Fund for future such a group and although some are delaying membership until later, unt il the real purposes are clear, we feel the organization is use. If the membership takes such a long-term view, as mutuall y one t hat can go fa r in fellowship and se rvice to us all. I think they will, we can expect outside contributions "That no membership fee be lev ied, except for the one dollar ag reed upon to cover postage and printing of a secretary in getting out to such a Fund. The effort should come from inside tht' quarterl y reports, so as to leave no id ea that this is a project by Society first. :1ny o ne Tll:1jor group for personal gain. "That in f utufe, :1 l1 l1 l1 al Tlleeti ngs be arranged, at least in a regula.r As further inducement to build up an Endowment way, after the war and cessation of rationing, agreeable with Fund, names could be given to each individual account: invi{ :u ions received e:\ ch to pay his way, except for cave trjp, viz., " The Wm. Stephenson Endowment Fund," or p('f haps O f such other entertainmen t as operato r Ina ), want to J. provid e." "The J. S. Petrie Endowment Fund." The separate gifts Suggestions for Setting Up Funds could be published in the BULLETIN or even the total The form letter that I had in mind sending to the contributed by each, as an incentive to other members Finance Committee together w ith the questions to be and as encouragement to the contributing member. answered should have explanation. Competition would make it interesting to the members and profitable to all. In studying the problem of Society finances, I have Perhaps the BULLETIN could be used for the "educa­ tried to conceive what the Society should be to take its tional purpose" referred to in the form letter, If so, place in a scientific world, and what the Society should it should be held to strictly educational lines so that it do if it is to carry out the purposes for which it was will serve that purpose. The value of the BULLETIN organized, It is perhaps needless to say we should think is fully appreciated, and we should make every effort to of it as carryin g on indefi nitely for many years to come. publish it. My reference to the printing of photographs If so, we should of course take a long-term viewpoint and copy to go with it, was simply this: if we found it NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCI ETY Page 39 impossible at this time because of cost to print photo­ He was not like OUT . gangsters graphs in the BULLETIN, to publish a leaflet with one So handy with his gat, or more photos with copy, as supplementary to the But guns were not so lightly got BULLETIN. The leaflets could be punched for insertion W here he was living at. in a ring-binder, the pictures made suitable for albums Thc Cave Man was abstemious, or for framing. In this way we would be producing He looked not at the wine; something of interest to the public as well as to members, N or yet rejoiced all night to hoist which would be informative and educational. This is T he large aml foaming stein. something that could be prepareq and handled by a separate committee. If you wish me to clarify this But it must be remembered suggestion, I can make up a sheet with a photo and That in those early years, copy and send it to you. The world was dry, 1ne1t cou.ld not b1ty It is not my intention to make more work, as I know Such drinks as wine and beers, it must be a big task to publish the BULLETIN, but to present evidence of what we are doing and what we N a doubt he had his virtues plan for the' future, when we make an appeal for outside And merited high praise, assistance. I want to be able to say, "Here is the The rough old lad may well have had evidence and we want your support." $10,000 is not S011/ e VC1'y fetching ways. too large an amount to ask for, if we need it, but our Still it seems rather 'futile appeal should be as "air tight" as possible. His worth to dwell upon, Le Roy W. Foote, Chairman, For since B. c. .ten thousand three Finance Committee (1943) He bas been dea.d and gone.

Professor at American University, \\'fashingt,)fl , D , C. Several of the caves in Yellowstone National Park Contributed by R. \17 . StOIl C are veritable lethal chambers, being filled with poisonous gases which rise from the raging fires below. One of Cave Ca1,d Developed for Files these, aptly named The Devil's Kitchen, has been At a recent meeting of the V. P. I. Grotto it was boarded up for safety. (Remember the melodramatic decided that the notes we have been collecting on caves ending of Seton's Autobiography of a Grizzly? have not been entirely satisfactory. In an effort to correct this, I was appointed to get a standard form Caverse Corner that could be filled out by at least one person in every EACH NEW GROTTO cave we enter. I found that we already have such a form in our files; but it has not been used for some By Jay Espy time, and Dr. Jackson suggested that some changes may Find thce more spacious caverns, a my so1/.1, have beeen made since it was written. As the swilt seasons roll; I would appreciate any information that you could T..eaw thy low-vau.lted past; se nd me about this. Either a sample form or a list of Let each 1/C1/1 grotto, nobler than the last, the information that you consider most valuable would Shut thee fro1//. heaven with a dome more vast, be very helpful. Till thou at le1tgth art clear, Emmett Jefferson, Lea'L'illg thine out-grown l1.iche Blacksburg, Va. (1944) To Ti'me, alld )lester-yea1'. July, 1944 The suggestion of the V. P. I. Grotto to have one Adopted from Holmes' "The Chambered Nautilus" member ' fill in a blank at each cave to completely de­ CAVE MAN sc'ribe that cave is excellent. The Society has been working on this problem for quite a period of time, but By Dr. Geo. S. Duncan" has as yet been unable 'to obtain any satisfactory blank I do 110t doubt that the Cave Man, for universal use . . I myself favor an elaborate blank DesjJite his flare for fights, of the type which Dr. Jackson found for Y<:JU in his Was bl'ave and bold, a1~d good as gold files, especially if one person is to be made responsible According to his lights. for filling it in. I am enclosing several samples of Page 40 BULL E T I N NUMB E R S E VEN :'

shorter blanks. The ones on the 5 by 7 inch card, and ship. They should ei ther be filled in, in duplicate (it is half shee t of paper, have been designed more for a clear t hat the field notes should be recopied), or made filing system than for use in t he fie ld. ':. in duplicate by use of a carbon, one copy to be re­ I suggest that the V. P. J. Grotto undertake as a turned to the Grotto, and the other could be for­ grotto project the designing of suitable blanks for field warded to N. S. S. use. I think that a short blank and a long blank both Let me again express m y appreciation for the con­ should be made up. They should be sufficiently com­ structive work that the V . P. 1. Grotto is doing. I plete to all ow fu ll information for the society's files hope that you will take up the designing of this blank to be ga thered from them. I sugges t, also, that a com­ and keep us informed of your progress. mittee of the student members, and Dr. Holden and William J. Stephenson Dr. J ackson, mee t and des ign both a short and long blank fe r field use, that you mimeograph or type a few ':'As a result of this and other similar letters, the of them, and try them in the fie ld. T hen from your foll owing 5 x 7 inch card was developed and 4000 ex perience rev ise them and submit t he revised ones to printed up for use in our permanent files. The field the board of Governors for approval as our standard field data sheet is in the process of preparation. It is hoped blank. \'\T hen this is done these forms can be mimeo­ that an article on recording of cave data will be avail­ graphed or printed in quantity for the entire member- :lble for BULLE T IN No. S.

NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

WASHINGTON, D, C. Cave Name (s) State County Location ... .. Lat.-Long. . Owner . . Address Manager ...... __ .. Address Cave Type: Known length Depth Pattern Safeness Wet Dry Other SPELEOLOGICAL INTERESTS: Archeology Bibliography Biology ...... Folklore Formations .__ ..... __ . Geology Hydrology Mineralogy Paleontology Photography Statistics : Visited Explored Mapped Previously reported Photographed Other M aterial collected __ Other information ( Use back if necessary) Reported by Date

For Index symbols see Master ca rd. NATIONAL SPEL EOLOG I C AL $O C I E T\' Po .,oe 41

Museum at Richl1't01'td "Following are some of Mr. Klewer's outstanding services: At a meeting in March 1944 of the Virginia Arche­ ological Society, reported by Errol E. Emshwiller, it was "Assisted III planting 14,000 trees and helped im­ indicated that a subsequent one would be held together prove Boy Scout Reserva·tion from 1917 to present with members of both the State Conservation Commit­ time. This included release of 2000 rabbits and 3000 tee and the N. S. S. to discuss the possibilities of a per­ pheasants and 100.,000 fish in conjunction with game manent and temporary State Museum at Richmond to protectors. house archeological exhibits, and appointment of a "Aided III creating a fish hatchery near Monclova, State Archeologist to be curator of them. Ohio. A follow-up to this report, still hopeful, is contained in the following excerpt of a letter in December from. "Built and maintained 50 feeding stations. E. B. Sacry, Secretary of the . Virginia Archeological "Made 500 talks on conservation, bird life, wild life, Society: to Boy Scout Troops, school nature clubs and public "Our Society plans to publish a bulletin as soon as audiences, totalling 60,000 people. conditions return to normal. We are collecting infor­ "Assisted federal and state game protectors and mation from various members in the form of a survey of aboriginal sites, and will have this on hand to start. served as a Deputy Game Protector for Lucas County This information will be very valu able to the State of from 1924 to present time. Virginia, when the state' gets an archeologist, which we don't have now. " \\7rote a daily outdoor column for Toledo news­ " There are plans being made for a new Museum of papers for 20 years, advocating conservation of wild History, National History, Science and Archaeology. life and of natural resources." On December 21, our Society and the N. S. S. will held a joint meeting, arranged with Mr. Faust of the Rich­ Amen to This mond Grotto. Incidentally, Mr. Robert Morgan has joined our Society, and he is a fine fellow. The pur­ 1 feel we should keep the orga nization goi ng although pose of our joint meeting is to get to know each other our thoughts are and should be primarily on the grim better, and try and work together since the work the business of war. \\7e must continue 'to gi\'e our utmost N. S. S. is doing wiH dovetail with our own work. We have also invited the Richmond Chapter of the Arche­ support co our country and the men and women strug­ ological Institute of America to mee t with us." gling to bring victory. Nothing further in this direction has been reported. However we are sure that brighter days are ahead, Such a museum, however, should it occupy temporary 'a nd that w ith peace will come a new and greater headquarters in the State Finance Building as presently interest in our work in exploring " America's last contemplated, or have built for it a new and permanent; f ron tier." building, is much to be desired. State collected and privately donated archeological exhibits MUST, sooner Archie K. Cameron, or later, find museum status or th ~ r values are lost. Mgr. Mark Twain Cave, Hannibal, Mo. (1943)

Kle1.IJe1' Awarded Medal

From the October 1943 issue of Sconting recently I wish to state my appreciation of the se ntiments ex­ sent to us, we are advised that our erstwhile Publicity pressed in your letter. It is the unanimous opinion Commi ttee chairman, Louis A. Klewer (now overseas), both of the Board of Governcrs and myself that every­ is more noted than we knew. An article, " Hornaday thing must be subrogated to winning the war. We Gold Medal Award Made," reads: fee l, however, nearly a sacred duty to devote all of our remaining efforts to keeping the Society intact so "The National Executive Board at its meeting on that when our members in the Armed Forces return September 15 th approved the presentation of the Horn­ they will be able to continue their cave work where ~day A ward for Distinguished Services to Wild Life to they left off. In spite of the war, I believe the scientific Louis A. Klewer, veteran Scouter of Toledo, Ohio. aspect of the Society is being maintained even though This is only the sixth time in the history , of the Boy our field work is necessarily suffering. Scouts of America that the Gold Medal award has been made. The Presiden t. Page 42 BULLETIN NUMBER SEVEN

\'({hether the cave was used by the Aztecs and Toltecs Commercial Caves is not definitely known. But after close examination of the cave one may conclude that it may have been CACAHUAMILPA CAVE, MEXICO used by both . . A major indication lends proof of this, namely, the artificially closing of the mouth of the By VICTOR S. CRAUN ca ve. Thousands of tons of debris, possibly coming from the interior of the cave, has been deposited in \XI hen speaking of caves, the size seems to be the the mouth of the cave, filling it to within 8 or 10 feet of main point of interest of comparison. In making these the top of the opening: comparisons, two well-known caves are generally re­ When entering the cave from the opening, one must ferred to-the Mammoth Cave and the Carlsbad Cav­ ,descend by stairs to the cave level 100 feet below. On erns. These two caves are distinctive in themselves; the outside, from the embankment, one can see the but, by using them as mediums of cOI~parison, little cld river bed below at about the same level as the cave definite information can be acquired of benefit: These floor. This enormous fill could have been made by the C:l ves are generally considered the largest caves known. Toltecs for protection against their common enemy, Mammoth is not the large ~t cave in the world, as it is the Aztecs. These protective measures were not un­ thought to be, if the comparison is made as to its pits common with both the Aztecs and the Toltecs to pro­ and domes; but, if as to length of open cavities, it is tect their monuments (pyramids) and their cult~re. the longest cave known, having approximately 150 This is shown where gigantic tasks have been per­ miles of open cavities. If Carlsbad Caverns is used formed to cover their pyramids to make them appear for comparative purposes, the Big Room is supposed to as common buttes and mounds. This is the record of be the largest underground cavity known; but, as most of the pyramids in Mexico. The Teopanzolco to the length of the known open cavities, other caves pyra~lids, 2 miles out of Cuerna Vaca, are a fine have been explored far greater distances. example of concealment. The pyramids were so well A good picture of the Cacahuamilpa Cave could covered tha t they were ' only discovered by accident. not be presented by following closely to a comparison During the revolution in 1914, soldiers were digging with other caves. Every cave is different, and must into a high mound to set a piece of artillery to be used be described for its own distinctive features. in shelling C uerna Vaca, and struck a series of steps The cave IS 96 miles south of Mexico City, and is of the pyramid. T en years later a government scien­ reached over the beautiful Acapulco highway via ti t excavated one of the pyramids; others are still to Cuerna Vaca. About two miles of Cacahuamilpa is. be excavated. shown to visitors. Through the entire length of the However, no Aztec or Toltec artifacts have been cave shown, one can trace the bed of the enormous reported found in the cave. The cave was quite inac­ subterranea n river which was the abrasive agent that cessible, yet these early people were brilliant scientists, helped to cut out the primary cavern. The other agent was erosion by acidulated waters. Both agents played a great part in forming the cave, first the ero­ sion followed by the abrasive agents. I The cave has li ever been thoroughly explored, but the length is estima ted to be 25 miles. This is by no means an off-hand guess. The cave is a strilte and joint plane type; and; at Taxco, 25 miles southwest (the general direction of the cave), this same strilte and joint characteristic and the same subterranean ri ver bed, ha ve been reported. Until a few years ago, to reach the cave entrance it was necessary to drop down into a deep ravine, fol­ lowi ng an old trail or path, by holding to shrubbery on the side of the canyon, then ascend' by the same method by the trail to the mouth of the cave. Now, an easy grade, several stairs, and a high suspension Tbe fOlll/tain, i'l1 Mexico's giant Cacahuamilpa Cave, bridge, make the approach eas)'. a hr'alltijul flowstol1e formation tiS lighted for visitors. NATIONAL SP ELEOLOG I CAL SO C I ETY Page 43

La Gloria, Fantastic pel1dants, f/01vst011.e, al1d "rapids" il1 Mex iro's famolls Gn/bas De Cacalmamilpa.

li ving in areas near the cave, and no doubt knew the and stala gmites of the secondary fill; the vast cavities; cave thoroughly. The earliest modern record of any and the temperature. visitors to the cave is that of three Mexican generals The cave follows a straight course southwest as far who inscribed their names in the 3rd salon from the as it has been explored, and the floor is practically level entrance, in 1776. Many other names can be found in all of the 21 salons except where large piles of debris of la ter da tes. have fallen from the ceiling. Most of the salons are Th ~ present mouth of the cave is not the original large, with m any massive formations. Unlike many entrance. It may have been a few miles down the can­ other caves, it does not honey-comb or meander yon or at the mouth of the barranca. It appears that t hrough the entire distance, but follows one great the entire canyon was at one time a part of the cave, channel varying in width from 100 to 400 feet, with the roof having fallen in, the sides weathered, and the ceilings from 100 to 300 feet high. By comparison, talus carried away by water. Along the canyon walls, the largest room in Carlsbad Caverns is the Big· Room, stalactitic material and calcite crystal can be observed approximately 300 by 700 feet. The Big Room is not as part of the walls. rea ll y a cl ear cavity but has a great amount of secondary The four distinctive features of the cave are: the fi ll ; the lar ge~t room in Cacahuarnilpa may not be general direction of the cave; the massive stalactites quite so large, but it is an open cavity, the ceiling Pagl' 44 BU L L E T I N NUMBER SEVEN

estimated to be over 300 feet. Skyrockets have been whate ve r to do with the cutting out of the prunary se t ofr" from the floor but did not reach the ceiling. cave.

At one time, in the formation of the cave, the stal­ The evidence of the active subterranean flver 1S actites had a much f a~ t er growth than the stalagmites. easily noticeable throughout the cave. Outside the This was before the canyon roof caved in, and when the cave the river can also be traced. Under the suspension temperature of the cave was approximately 56 degrees. bridge one crosses to reach the entrance to the cave, is Since the cave has been in its present form, the growth the dry river bed w hich was one of the outlets to the has been almos t entirely on the stalagmites. This con­ subterranean river. Its elevation is approximately the dition was due to the different water volume precipi­ same as that of the cave leyel. The other outlet is the tation from the cap rock, and the change in the cave river ~ed at the bottom of the fill in the mouth of temperature during the two different stages of forma­ the cave. tion, before and after the canyon roof had fallen in. The old subterranean flver sought a lower level; Even though with the mouth of the cave 90 percent and, from the mouth of cave one may observe, closed at present, the temperature is 10 degrees higher 200 feet below, the roaring torrent of the Amacuzac than the average of other caves, being 64 °F. With river rushing down the canyo~, reaching the old cave the mouth of the cave unobstructed, as it was millions le vel before the' roof of the canyon had fallen in. From years before the debris was placed there, the tem­ the cave one can follow a newly completed trail, one­ perature would be 5 to 8 degrees higher, the ideal tem­ ha If mile to . Dos Bocas or " Two Mouths", the name perature under which the m assive stalagmites were given to the place wh~re two subterranean rivers emerge formed. Due to the rapid dripping of the water and meet to form the Amacuzac river. How far these through the cap rock, little was retained on the ceiling subterranea n rivers run into the mountain no one knows, to form the stalactites, and prac tically all was solidified but it is possible that they may connect with cavities on the floor forming stalagmites due to high t t;mpera­ and the D evil's Throat, the bottomless pit of horror, tures and the equalization of the atmospheric pressure. near Taxco. It is not unusual to find stala.gmites 20 feet in dia­ Very little coloring is found in the cave because of meter and 100 feet in height in many of the salons. the purity of the limestone cap rock. Most of the A great m any stalactites which were tormed before formations are pure w hite calcite, but occasionally the canyon roof caved in, and which have fallen from well-colored onyx can be observed. However, these the ceiling, caused by some seismic disturbance, are white calcite formations are covered in many places of great size. A part of a stalactite measuring 14 with a black substance which looks like soot, but its feet in diameter and 40 feet long is lying on the floo r. identity was not determined. Where the cave is alive, Since its fall from the ceiling, a stalagmite four feet the wate.r has kept these secondary formations perfectly in diameter and' 20 feet high has grO\vn on the fallen clean and white. stalactite. Another fallen stalactite 16 feet in diameter Like other caves, many of the formations have been . is known as the Aztec Calendar stone, as the distinct given names; but too great an emphasis has been placed climactic period ' ri ngs showing in the formation give on hfstoric characters, and one ruins his imagination the calendar effect. Most of the cave is dead, Lhat is, and temper in t ryin g to decipher them. no water is coming through the cap rock to continue Many features found in other noted caves can be t he building up of the secondary formations, except duplicated in Cacahuamilpa cave. Marvelous flow­ in a few sa lons. In these salons there is the rapid stone cascades blanket the walls in many of the dripping-almost a stream at some places-building salons. It has its organ and drum, each with magnifi ~ent up the stalagmites as it has been doing for millions of volume and resonance. Its lakes and fountains are years. worthy of mention, and lend fine atmosphere to the Another feature, although not peculiar to this surroundings . The cave also has its legends of trag­ cave alone, are the fine marine floo rs. They are found edi es and romances, all of 'which gives the proper cave in large areas in several of the salons. Another feeling to the visitor. unusual fea ture is the Paleozoic river bed. Several places along the route, a strata of river stones and sand, Reference: not solidified, three or fo~r feet thick is interstrati­ " 1\ '" Caverna de Cacahuamiipa en Automovil" by Saiazar Saiinas, Mexico Geological In stitute, Universidad Nacional Dc Mexico. fied between thick, sedimentary rock hundreds of feet Mexico C ity, D . F. Price: S 1.00 American. D o not se ;,d cllrrcn: y below the surface. This Paleozoic river had nothing lIn ies> 52.00 bills. NATIONAL SP E L E O L O G I C AL SO C I E TY Pa ge 45

and taking place in the form of concentric coatings Reprints • • • of the carbonate on the outer surface and at the same time from the top. There is thus formed around the ON THE FORMATION OF origirial tube a compact cylindrical mass, in its typical STALACTITES AND GYPSUM form co~stricted at point of attachment but thicken­ INCRUSTATIONS IN CAVES ing rapidly, and then tapering gradually into an elon­ gated cone. The material of the stalactite is not always By G E ORGE P. M E RRILL , wholly carbonate of lime, but in some cases thin inter­ C ltralor of Ib,. D,. jlil rlw m l of GI'O!ogy, vening coats of iron disulphide are met with; these u. S. Nalioll a! Museum are rarely more than a millimeter or so in thickness. During the season of 1893 work in connection with Such forms have been found in the caverns of Luray, the \Vorld's Columbian Exposition took the writer into in Virginia. The presence of a magnesian carbonate a considerable number .of the limestone caverns 6f the in these deposits has not been detected in any amount. castern United States and afforded him opportunity Through a crystallization which must be nearly con­ for observations regarding the methods of formation of temporaneous with deposition, or at least while the the interesting deposits noted in the title. The results stalactite is still saturated with the carbonated waters, of these observations are given herewith,'" il! ' having the mass of the material undergoes an arrangement seemed to me that, while no new principle is involved, which is sometimes distinctly fibrous (aragonite), the the subject as a whole has not received all the attention fibers radiating from the center outward, and not in­ it deserves. frequently being curved downward-that is, curved Stlll(lctites.-The manner in which the carbonate in such a manner tha.t when the stalactite is broken of lime in the form known as stalactite and stalagmite across it shows a concave and convex fracture, the is deposited is, in brief, as below: Water fil tering concavity being uppermost-toward the top of the through the roof of a limestone cavern, is, in virtue of stalactite. In other cases the structure is granular the carbonic acid it contains, enabled to dissolve a thi'oughout, through the development of calcite rhombs. small amount of the limc carbonate, which is again de­ In the stalactites from Weyer's Cave, Shendun, Vir­ posited when the excess of carbonic acid escapes either ginia, the entire center is sometimes occupied by large through' relief from pressure or the evaporation of the ( 10 mm.) rhombs of clear calcite, from which radiate watllr. Conditions favorable to either process are fur­ horizontally elongated forms of the same mineral. It nished by the w ater filtering through the roof and is safe to assume that such crystallizations are wholly dripping slowly to the floor beneath. In cases where secondary. the- water filters sufficiently slowly, or evaporation is It is a natural consequence of their method of de­ correspondingly rapid, the deposit of lime carbonate position that stalactites of the t)'pe described above are from the roof takes at first the form of a ring around as a rule nearly straight, and hang approximately per­ the outer portion of the drop, a natural consequence pendicularly from the roof. Exceptions to this rule cf the ev~poration of a suspended drop of liquid, as will be noted below. may readily be shown by laboratory experiments. This In the \1Vyandotte Cave, and to a less extent in process may go on until the ring becomes prolonged some others, a ' peculiar vernliform stalactite is found into an elongated cylinder, or tube, the diameter of which is quite at variance with those described above. which may not exceed five millimeters, though usually They occur in clusters or groups both on the walls ranging from five to ten, and of all lengths up to 50 and ceiling and are remarkable for their peculiar fan­ em. In exceptional cases this length may be exceeded, tastic twistings and tl:lrnings, which in extreme cases but owing to the delicacy of the material, the stalac­ are almost Medusa-like. Their appearance can best be tite usually breaks of its own weight and falls to the understood by reference to PI. I, the scale being in floor before a length of even 100 or 150 mm. is reached, inches. This shows a number of detached stalactites to becQme imbedded in the stalagmitic material there both simple and branching. The point of attachment forming. Lengths of even these dimensions are com­ is uppermost in the figures, with but one exception. paratively rare for the reason that the tube becomes In order that there be no misunderstanding I have placed shortly closed, either at its upper or lower end, usually the numbers always at the broken end. It will be ob­ the upper, and all growth from the extremity alone served that the processes of deposition already described ceases, subsequent deposition being wholly exterior, fail to satisfactorily account for these forms, in which the law of gravity seems to have been set at defiance. " Proceedings N"t ion"1 Museum, Vol. XVII-No. 985 <:r.:""'"" '"-l>- 0\

t;;;:> c r r t:1 "" z Z c ;::: t;:; r.1 ;;0

r.FJ t:1

r.1'" Z Pl. III-Irregular Stalactites, Luray Caves, Page County, Virginia Pl. 1-l1Tegular Stalactites, Wyandotte Calle, l-lldialla. NATIONAL SP E L E O L OGI C AL SO C IETY Page 47

In fig. 2, it will be noticed, the stalactite after growing which can, I think, be accounted for only on the irregularly downward for about 4 inches turned upward supposition that at the time of writing his thoughts and grew in this direction for half its length. No. 3 were fixed upon the peculiar gypsum efflorescences grew downward for an inch or so, and then in a nearly (to be described later) and which are thus formed. horizontal and upward direction for three or four It is probable that the various forms of distortion inches. Number 4 is a singularly contorted form, and departure from the straight tubular forms are to

having turned on itself and grown irregularly upward be accounted for in several ways. An examination of r . till its free, growing end, was within an inch and a half the Medusa-like forms of Wyandotte reveals the fact of the starting point, or point of attachment. This that they occur not as dependents from the naked stalactite weighs, entire, only some 21 grms. Number limestone of the roof, but are offshoots from a stalactitic 5, after growing downward a short distance turned crust which forms first, and which varies from a mere to the left for about the same distance and then threw film to several inches in thickness. They occur some­ out three branches, which, when the specimen was times singly, but more commonly in groups, or clusters collected, had grown upwards until they nearly touched of several, ranging in sizes from 3 to 10 mm. in di­ the roof. ameter. Closer inspection reveals the fact that while In the caverns of Luray, Virginia, are likewise oc­ in most cases tubular, the tube itself is of almost micro­ casionally found peculiar distorted forms, though of a scopic proportions, being as a rule less than half a mil­ nature quite different from those of Wyandotte, as limeter in" diameter. So small is it, in' fact, that capil­ rnay be observed by reference to PI. III. These lack larity, not gravity, is the controlling principle in giving entirely the vermicular forms characteristic of the last direction to the lime-carrying solution. A small spicule named, and may be best compared with the peculiar of calcite crystalizing on the extremity is as likely to wart-like excresences and knurly branches which some­ point any other direction as downward: ,the direction times appear on trees, as a result of injury from insects. of the next drop is controlled in part by the first, where Such have been called helictites (from the Greek heliks the same process is repeated. Or on the assumption a spiral.) that the stalactite increases in length by constant ad­ ditions to the tube, on all sides, it is easy to imagine The cause of these singular distortions of form has tha t the deposit takes place, for a _time, more rapidly not, so far as I am aware, been satisfactorily determined. on one side than on the other, perhaps partially closing Dr. Hovey, in his Celebrated American Caverns (p. the orifice or giving it a different direction. The es­ 185) ascribes the Luray forms to "lateral outgrowths, sential fact is, however, that it is to capillarity, and not having fungi for starting points," or, in other cases to to gravity, that is due the peculiar vermicular forms. crystals shooting from the side of a growing stalactite \'{Thy, at the outset, the stalactite should begin to form thus transforming it into some grotesque shape. In his through many small capillary tubes rather than through later writings he has seemed to incline more to the view one larger, as is ordinarily the case, I will not pretend to of considering them as "tricks of crystallization." Dr. say. It is to be noted, however, that in Wyandotte, C. S. Dolley" was inclined to regard these horizontal the roof forming limestones are nearly horizontal, while off-shoots as due to spider webs. He says: in Luray and many other caves they are highly tilted. "After some time spent in :1 v:l in sea rc h for an expbnarion of this an omalo us structure, w e happened to notice t wO spec imens, the This results in a more even percolation of the water incipient bral1 c h(!s o f w hic h werc directed tow ard one another; in the first instance, the roof being more homogeneous. srretched tightl y bet ween t he branches, and entering the hollow tip of eac h, was a delicate thread, bea ring :l suing of dew-like drops It is possible, therefore, that the water gathers in drops glistening brightl y in the candlelig ht. Further search revealed of smaller size, and very likely in smaller amounts. I Ilumero us spec imens in which the lime water t ri ckling down the stala ctite I11 Ct a similar fi lament, and being pa rtially di verted had have no other than hypothetical data for this last as­ fo rmed a drop at point of junction ; about this drop beautiful sumption, however. ;lra gonirc spi c ul es were forming the ho ll ow ho ri zont:t l branch, the drop of water in the end being retained in position by the filam o ~ t The peculiar warty and distorted forms shown on pI. piercing it and upon which it g radually pushed along as evaporation III, from Luray, I believe to be also due to the action of deposits the lime behind it." capillarity. In this case, however, the side excrescences Dr. Brezina in his "\'{Tie Wachsen die Steine" describes are of secondary growth, the stalactite having first distorted forms as due to currents of air, but inasmuch t "The Pillared Palace is entered by a broad doorway, flanked by as those of Wyandotte Cave radiate in every direction, stal acro-stalag mitcs, while ""ithin, ceiling , cornices, and shelves are it is obvious that they can not be thus accounted for. fringed wit h stalagmites and frosted with a neyer ending medl ey of strange, crooked, writhing, t w isting unsymmetrical sprigs of w hite Pro.f. Collett in describing these last, in 1878, speaks limestone, pushed Out of ,he solid rock, and still g rowing by p ro­ of their growing from the bottom outward,t an error pulsion f r0 111 the boltom ; o ne c1u "rcr is 1 realizltion in sto ne of the horrible, snaky tresses of IVledusa." J ohn Collen. in R ep. Geol. Su r. • 'P roc. I\ cad. of N at. Sc iences , 18 86, p. 35 I. ur Ind .. 187 8, p. 475 -76 Page 48 BULL E TIN NUJvLBEK SEVEN

formed, in part at least, in the ordinary way. Through lated community, there is full evidence that a dense a closing of the tube at the lower extremity, the water population had at one time occupied this valley. Near either oozed through the wall or perhaps ran down the place where Mr. Moore built his cabin, there are over the outer side until some slight irregularity being found clear indications of an Indian village. The stone met, it paused long enough for the necessary precipi­ hatchets, flint arrowheads, and broken pieces of their ' tation to take place. Such forms are, in brief? but rude pottery have been found there in abundance. But "tricks of crystallization" due to capill~rity. besides these, there are found in the counu-y, caves that Gypsmn incrustations and rosettes.-As is well seem to have been either places for depositing the bodies known, Wyandotte and Mammoth Caves yield in their of the dead, or of depositing their bones after the flesh older, dry, chambers, not stalactites of carbonate of had decayed. It is said tiut some of these bones are of lime, but incrustations of gypsum in botryoidal masses, an extraordinary size, and some have supposed tiut they acicular crystals, and sometimes in the form of beauti­ belong to an extinct race that once dwelt in this region. ful snow-white rosettes composed either of thin blades Of the great numbers of skeletons in ~hese caves, some or acicular crystals of gypsum grouped around a com­ idea may be formed from the following remarks, written in 1849, by a gentleman who had passed through the mon cent)r and curving outward. The individual country: blades are rarely more than a few inches in length, six and eight inches being the maximum of the single "There IS 10 Tazewell a cave, discove red not many curved blades. The method of growth of these forms years since, which contains a large number of human is plainly by additions to the bottom, or more properly, bones. I am sorry that I can not give the dimensions of to the end attached to the wall. They seem to have the cave, as this would enable us to form some estimate grown outward precisely as does the hoar frost in loose of the number of skeletons it contains. I was not in­ soil, where the moisture, rising by capillarity, freezes formed of its existence until after I had left its vicinity. as soon as a certain level is reached, so that the older This is my only apology for failing to examine in person ,lOd first formed portions are ever pushed upward so this gloomy cavern of the dead. \Vhen first discovered, long as ' the supply below is continued. 'As in the for­ the cave's mouth was walled up with stones, on the removal of which the entrance was easy. One who had mation of hoar frost, particles of earth are lifted upon been in it, told me it was crammed with bones filled up the tops of the ice spicules, so here the growing gypsum all around. Many of the skulls and other bones were having begun forming in a crevice not infrequently whole' at that time. His impression was that there had forces off pieces of the limestone of considerable size. been tons of bones in it." (1) The last formed crystals having pushed the first formed nearly an inch out of place, the line of separation be­ "NOTE 1. A stone fort, of great size, stood in Abb's tween old "and new being indicated by the smaller size Valley in Tazewell County, Virginia, and h ~s . but re­ of the later formed spic~les. As the crystals form and cently been removed. It would be an endless task to are pushed outward the); are in most cases in a con­ , dition of strain, which causes them to curl and twist in give a description of half the caves to be found in the a remarkable manner. The individual blades or spic­ county. There is much sameness about them. They ' ules are but slightly attached to the walls of the cave, are frequently the recepta~Ie of vast numbers of human and except under very favorable circumstances it is bones, of an extraordinary size, and thought to be those nearly impossible to remove a rosette in a condition of an extinct race, formerly inhabiting this region . at all satisfactory. -G. W. L. Bickley, 18 52. It looks like Dr. Brown had read Bickley. THE CAPTIVES OF ABB'S VALLEY A Legend of Frontier Life "If this had been a favourite hunting-ground, or a by favourite residence of the Indians, and the sepulchres The Rev. James Moore Brown, D.D. of their fathers were there, it is not to be wondered that

Printed for the Author by The McClure ,Co., Inc., those who first settled there did not find it a safe home. Publishers, Staunton, Virginia. 1942 Almost every year, and often more than on"e in the (p. 17) "If they (frontier fa milies in Abb's Valley year, they were alarmed by reports that the saV:l~CS were so uthwest of Bluefi eld , \Vest Virginia) formed an iso- approaching. " NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SO C I E TY Page 49

Long-eared Bats Like Cold Random Notes • • • In Sinnit's Cave, near Thorn Creek, W. Va., we found long-eared bats hibernating with the room temp-' SCIENTIFIC erature at 42 OF. Apparently these bats like it cold, and like relatively hi gh elevations. Note on Collecting Cave Spiders I have never seen these bats in caves having an en­ trance below the 2000' contour, and they seem to be The problem of the collection of cave fa una IS one in nearly all caves above that. requiring different techniques for the several animal W. J. Stephenson, groups. Often spec ialists on one group will n ry, each ~ l e tter ro Charles E. Mohr, 2/ 21 / 45) developing individual methods. In collecting cave spiders the equipment consists Notice and Description of Fossils in Caves simply of three vials ( homecpathic or shell) and a small and Crevices of the Limestone Rocks of Penn­ water-color paint brush. The three vials, one for each sylvania. of the three cave zones, should be about hal f full of seventy percent ethyl alcohol. However, substitutes "Crevices, depress ions, and caves of rocks communi­ including propyl, methyl, and butyl :llcohol may be cating with the outside become receptacles of the used for temporary prese rvation. debris of the surrounding country. The debris grad­ ually accumulates more or less rapidly or slowly during True cave spiders as a whole are sma ll , often less t han a long period of time, according to the readiness of :l quarter of an inch long, and vary in color from a pale, access and other circumstances. The materials mainly reddish brown ro :l li'ght yellow . Exceptions are found consist of the soil with fragments of rocks of the vicin­ in the cave orb-weaver and its near relatives, which are ity rogether with the remains of plants and animals of one-half inch or more in length and dark colored. the region, which may have fallen or worked in from Specimens found at the entrance or in the zo ne of partial above or have been conveyed in by various means darkness often arc more heav il y pigmented than those through lateral openings .. . . in rotal darkness. "The accumulation of material in caves, being less The small size and pale color of most spec ies neces­ li able to disturbance and the effects of the w'eather, sitate close observation to detect their presence. Such than when exposed outside, is in a condition f avorable places as overhanging ledges, stalactite clusters, and the to preservation for an indefinite period of time; and low er surfaces of cave lumber are mure pruJuclive lhan the subsequent examination of such accumulations has often led to the discovery of numerous remains of ani­ smooth walls and flow srone formations. Moisture is mals, which have given us more information of the also generall y required, although dry rooms cr passages character of the early inhabitants of the neighboring are often inhabited. country than we have ascertained from other sources. When a spider is loca ted, several methods of capture In vie,w of the k nowledge thus obtained, it is of the may be used. If the spec imen is brge it may be picked utmost importance that whenever such remains are up by hand and placed in the vial. If it is small, and is found they should be carefully collected and submitted res ting on the ceilin g or lower surface of a led ge, cave to those who are qualified to determine their nature and timber, or formation, the v ial may be placed over the relations. It is especially in the limes tone that caves ~ pider and then moved sli ghtly ro one sid e causin g the and crevices occur in which animal remains are de­ ,pecimen ro drop inro the alcohol. Small spiders on the posited, and it is. therefore to be particularly noted that 111 the . quarrying of limes tones such accumulations are Ivalls or back in among stalactites may be most eas ily to be looked for." caken by wetting the brush in the alcohol and rouching Joseph Leidr, :he specimeIl. If this is done carefully no injury will Annual Report of the Geological Survey of result: the spider simply sticks ro the wet brush and Pennsylvania for 1887, p. 1. may easily be transferred to the vial by redipping the brush in the alcchol. Many disappointing attempts may I Eye Degeneration of N esticus Pallidus be avoided by the knowledge that most spec ies will , Emerton in. Luray .Caverns upon being disturbed, immediately .drop ro the floor. The following observation is based on the variation of M. H. Mum:l the eyes of t wenty-fi ve spiders coll ected f rom Lur:lY Pag e 50 BULLETIN NUMBER SEVEN

Caverns, Luray, Virginia. Thirteen were taken on median eyes is not simultaneous. Reduction in size March 14, 1942, five on February 20, 1944 and seven apparently begins with the right eye as it is the smallest on February 27, 1944. Five of the specimens were on all specimens having eyes of unequal size. This immature, eighteen were adult females and two were variation in size and number of eyes indicates that this adult males. species is in the process of adapting itself to a troglic Specimens of the cave spider N es ticns jJaliidus Emer­ existence and therefore may not be considered a true ton often exhibit degenerate eyes. Occasionally a spider troglobite. lacks the anterior median eyes. No information is The data given above can be considered valid only a vailable, however, concerning the manner in which for spide'rs taken from this cave as the eyes of those the eyes reduce in size and disappear. The spiders taken from other caves vary considerably. For example, a from this ca ve while not completely lacking the anterior young male from Fountain Cave, Grottoes, Virginia has median eyes often have them reduced in size. As the the right anterior median eye smaller than the left anterior lateral eyes seemed fairly equal in size through­ while a female from Mt. Etna Cave, Cavetown, Mary­ out the series a comparison was set up using these as land has the left anterior median eye missing. the constant. The anterior median eyes were checked on this basis and the results are given in Table 1 below. The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance and Since 24% of the specimens had one eye larger than cooperation of the management of Luray Caverns the other it appears that reduction of the two anterior during the course of this study.

A.M.E.' more L e ft A.M.E. more A . ~I.E . less Right SPECIMENS than 1f.l s ize tha n '1\ size of than y, s ize of A.M.E. of A.L.E.' A.L .E . and right less A.L .E. missing Males J I Females 9 5 4 Yo ung Males 3 Young Females I I Total 13 6 5 I ' A. M.E. = Anteriol' Median Eyes Martin H . Muma ' A.L.E. = Ante rio r Later a i Eyes Be.rwyn, Md. (1944)

On the Collection of Cavern Insects " a lever, a spade, and a grappling iron.") Elzear Abeille De Perrin; " 1. Collecting Instruments. . .. a word concern­ Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Kentucky, ing the clothing to be used in cavern-work. .. a sort Vol. II, Part VIII. 1877. P. 6. of overalls of coarse linen, made in a single piece, fas­ tened at the ankles, the wrists, and the neck, and pro­ Warning to Cavemen tecting the whole clothiI}g. A cord in an inner casing In a clipping sent us, U. of Texas' Dr. V. T. Schu­ gathers the overalls in at the waist. The great pockets hardt, bacteriologist and researcher, says the tick orni­ of the garment, and in case of need, its bosom can be thodonts tnricata causes the rare malady relapsing made to hold all contrivances which can be used under fever. Further, that the ornithodores, which cause the such circumstances. When the search is over, the disease, "are found in shallow, limestone caves or ani­ hunter la ys it aside as the butterfly puts off the skin of mal burrows, where they lie in wait to fall on or cling the chrysalis, the protected garments having escaped tp animals or persons who enter." all injury from the work in the cavern.· It is even For this reason, wandering hikers, Boy Scouts, and well to have this garment lined with leather on those we add speleologists, are particularly likely to contract parts which cover the knees, the elbows, and the seat, the fev er. He advises: "Beware of ticks; make sure so that these parts may be soiled without danger of the insects do not cling .to the skin." abrading them upon rough surfaces. In certain cases, where one is obliged to be upon wet surfaces, this im­ CAVE NOTES provement will serve to arrest the danger of wetting the body. If I had not read of this prevention I should Caves of West Virginia have had my knees and elbows severely injured, as were I have spent considerable time in checking cave those of a fellow-traveller, in certain caverns where material in \'

in the southern part of Tucker County and northern during the Revolution, Tories banded together in this part of Randolph County, \Ves t Virginia. The group location to protect themselves from the W higs . In could make Davis, West Virginia their headquarters for 1916 remains of their camp could still be seen in this the trip, since I understand that the accommodations run. You will recall that the Tory factor sided with there are very excellent. From my search through the Britain during the Revolution and the Whigs stood for : tomes at the Library of Congress, I would suggest that separation from the mother country. Tory Camp Run the following material be investigated by the society: flows into the Dry Fork a few miles below the town of (1) Jordan's Cave. The recorqs in the Library of Harmon, West Virginia. Inquiry in this vicinity may Congress are not clear as to the exact location of this throw some light on the location of Tory Cave. In­ cave, although it would appear to be located in the cidentally, I have not been able to fi nd a reference in the vicinity of Gladwin which is a small town on' the Dry Library of Congress to Tory Cave and I am beginning Fnrk of Cheat River a few miles below the town of to think that it is merely a legend. If some of my Hendricks. This cave is believed to be well known, as other leads don't turn up some information, I'm in­ several references have been found in the Library of clined to forget the whole thing. <;:ongress as is indicated on the papers which I have given to you. Jordan's Cave is apparently not large 1. Attention is directed to the book entitled: THE (about one-half mile) although it has been stated to GREA T CAVE OF CHEAT RIVER by Prof. George be very interesting. Jordan. Published 1855 by H anzsche & Co., Baltimore, (2) Falling Spring. Falling Spring is described as a Maryland. stream which falls into a chasm and disappears. From In view of the possi bility that this cave would be one of the references I have read, the stream falls worthwhile to visit on a field trip of the Speleological into a cave which is sufficiently large for a person to Society, the book has been examined in detail and further enter. The spring is described as being located across references to the author have been found in the Library Dry Fork from Jordan's Cave which would place it of Congress. The preface of the book entitled THE on the west side of the river. GREA T CAVE OF CHEAT RIVER states as follows (3) Limestone MC!u.ntain Cave. Limestone Mountain in part: is located in the northeas t corner of the Parsons Quad­ " While traveling in the western part of Virginja, I rangle of U. S. Geological Survey map and is not far fell in company with a gentleman who informed me of from the town of Parsons, West Virginia. Inquiry a prodigious cave, si tuated not far from a river called the would have to be made concerning the location of this Black \Vater, being a fork of the Cheat River, in the cave since it is not given in the references I have found county of R andolph, Virginia, about 40 miles from in the Library of Congress. The references I have noted Beaverly and 76 from Romney." state that the cave is quite extensive. Apparently we It is difficult to get an accurate understanding con­ would have to travel on State Highway 72 which is cerning the exact location of the cave from the above shown to be passable but not improved. meagre description. Presumably the town referred to (4) Blowing Cave. This cave is described as being as Beaverly is now known as Beverly and by talking loca ted at the head of Elk Creek. I have not been with the natives in and around this tow n the location able to locate this creek with accuracy on the maps of the cave could be ascertained with accuracy. I do although I have. noted an "Elklick Run" flowing into not have a Geological Survey map of this general section Dry Fork at Hambleton, West Virginia, and another of West Virginia although I believe that the location "Elklick Run" flowing intq Dry Fork at Elklick, West of the cave could be found with fair accuracy on such Virginia. In all probability the cave is nea·r one of these a map. runs and, since they are not far apart, the cave could be found by talking with some of the people living around The book goes into grea t detail concerning the author's Hambleton, Hendricks or Gladwin. [Mr. Pillars' letter explorations .and the names he gave the many rooms is act)Jally dated 8-5-41. Ed.] which he found. I believe that a note concerning this While in the vicinity of Dry Fork, I believe that it publication and cave should be made in the records of would be worth while to visit Tory Camp Run (R an­ the N ational Speleological Society. It is poss ible that dolph County) since references have been found which ' t his cave is one of the commercial caverns now operating state that there is evidence in the run which perpetuates although its location would not seem to agree w ith any the memory of the Revolution. I understand that commercial cave about which I know. The author is Pa ge 52 BU LLET IN NUMB E R S E VEN very enthusiastic about the cave and states as follows: WEST VIRGINIA by Hu Maxwell; published in 1884 The wonders of the cave " places this cave among the by the Preston Publishing Co., Kingwood, \'Acme Publishing Company, Congress reference is found both to the Jordan publica­ Morgantow n, ·W. Va., in which the following referenrp tion of 1855 and "The Great Cave of Chea t Ri vel''' is made: although in this later publication . the cave is listed "Indian Cave. This cave is located on T wo Lick Run, as Jordan's Cave. 'Attention is directed to the following a tributary of the West Fork on the west side above publication: HISTORY OF TUCKER COUNTY, Milford in Union District, on a small stream call ed NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 53

Campbells Run." It appears that this is a small shelf across and about 100 feet high-" a sparkling show­ cave on the walls of which appear Indian sign writings. room full of endlessly varied rock crystals." 2. Book entitled HISTORY OF HAMPSHIRE Somewhere in this state is a cave which was gone COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA by Hu Maxwell and over with a fine tooth comb for unusual Indian writing H. 'L. Swisher published 1897. L. of C. call No. F 247; and relics-one of the eastern universi ties had an explor­

H 2M,!. Notes: Page 418 makes reference to "Cave on in g party out here several years ago to do the work Milslagle Farm on Timber Ridge" Hampshire County. (Harvard or Yale)-just enough information to be The cave was explored in part prior to 1897 by William tantalizing. Offcutt. More Montana Ca:ves 3. Book entitled HISTORY OF RANDOLPH Pryor Mountain caves (45 miles south of Billings).­ COUNTY by Dr. A . S. Bosworth published in 1916. There are four caves, two large and two small ones, L. of C. call No. F 247; R B • Notes: The following 2 7 that are definitely known. Claims have been made that statement is made which may give some lead as to the there are still others, either in the same section or farther location of " Tory" cave. south by the Big Horn river, which are much larger " Big and Little Tory Camp Runs are the only two and extend for long distances, but these reports have cbjects in Randolph that perpetuate the memory of the never been substantiated. Revolution. Little Tory Camp Run is a tributary ?f the The caves arc located in limestone reefs which form Dry Fork on the east side about a mile above the town of walls along several sides of the mountain, somewhat Harmon. Big Tory Camp Run is a tributary of the similar to the rimrock cliffs about Billings, except that same stream on the same side about two miles farther they are of calcareous instead of sandstone origin. One south and a short distance below the village of Job." of the large caves and the two small ones are on the 4. Book entitled HISTORY OF RANDOLPH cast side of the mountain at the top of the reef above COUNTY by Hu Maxwell. L. of C. call No. F 247; Crooked Creek, while the other is across the divide to R M • Notes: I think that this is the sa me' book which 2 4 the north on a similar slope above Sage Creek. you showed me in the Patent Office today. There is The largest and best known cave on the Crooked referen'ce to a large number of caves in the book. In Creek watershed is entered by a round opening about particular, I have noted Mingo Cave. This cave is the size of a window. It leads into a rOJund room about ncar the source of Mingo Run, a tributary of Tygarts' 60 feet in diameter and 8 or 9 feet high in the center, Valley River and about 3 miles from Elk River in the roof being dome shaped and continuous with the Randolph County. sides. The floor slopes downward, and at the back of Notes of in terest: The State of West Virginia was the roof is a passageway large enough for a man to cut off from Virginia during the Civil War and was crawl through. This passage leads almost straight down admitted to the Union on June 19, 1863. As originally and ends in another cavern similar in size and shape to constituted it consisted of 48 counties; subsequently, in the first. In one corner of this room is another opening 1866; it was enlarged by the addition of two counties, which may lead to still another subterranean rcom, but Berkely and Jefferson, which were also detached from it is too small to permit anyone to crawl through. Virginia. The floors of these caverns and the walls of the Miles D. Pillars, passage are covered with ice, from which they have been Washington, D. C. (1941) termed "ice caves." Stalactites have formed on the Montana Caves roof of the cavern. These are from 6 to 12 inches From some old 'unidentified clippings dug out of long and about as big around as a lead pencil, but the files a t the Mon tana state historical library at sli ghtly larger at the base. Helena: Inscription and Ghost caves near Billings, and One of the interesting things about the caves are the New Year cave.- The latter is also called Crystal cave air currents noticeable when one enters. In the principal and opens off the main shaft of the New Year Mine in cavern, this current appears to come from the depths of the Judith Mountains in Fergus county. Partially ex­ the earth and to blow outward. In one of the caves, plored, according to what little data I had been able however, the direction of the air current is exactly the to find, but I do recall Bruno Petsch, "ex" of Morrison opposite. It is probable there is a second opening to Cave, saying he was to do as complete a survey as the exterior much lower down the sides of the slope possible at the time I got the Morrison material, just through which the air enters. If this theory is correct, two years ago this time. Main chamber is 300 feet there is probably a series of caverns, one above the Page 54 BULLETIN NUMBER SEVEN other, and connected with passages too small to be "One of the caves was fou~d to have signs painted entered which lead down to the level of the c~eek. in it while the other had none. Neither white nor Indian There is no evidence of such rapid disintegration of se ttlers had any recollection of these. One Indian, The rock in Pryor Mountain caves as seems to be in the Boy, a member of Assinniboine tribe, remembered hear­ case-of Kentucky caves. Rock slides appe'ar impossible. ing of legends handed down for generations of a ~ar (Supervisor of Beartooth National Forest, U. S. Fore~t between his tribe and Blackfeet for possession of hunt­ Service might be able to furnish more material.) ing grounds south of the Little Rockies. "As a result of the Indian war the Blackfeet, who Z01·tmall country caves, Little Roc/?.ies had at one time claimed the sale right to hunting there, (east of Great Falls) were driven west into Big R ockies. According to The Following 'material from unidentified c1ippings­ Boy, a small band of Indians once lived in these caves " Three Indian cave,s, inhabited so long ago that not where they could spy on Assinniboine hunting parties. even a legend of their histcqr remains among the early If parties were not too large, the Blackfeet swooped white and Indian settlers, two of them having sign down, killing braves and stealing their horses and writing on the walls and with several rooms, have been supplies. Fortress caves were finally stormed by the discovered ncar Zortman by. \V. A. Armstrong, ranger Assinniboines and Blackfeet, who escaped from the in charge of the Little Rockies district. . battle and fled west. "Much discussion has arisen as to whether northern "The Boy was reluctant to talk about the signs for he tribes of Indians were in the habit of decorating the said they were bad med icine, and that bad luck would caves and cliffs with sign writing or whether this was follow him if he talked too much. Said only medicine the ,Vcrk of a wandering southern tribe. Mr. Arm­ men could read them properly. strong quotes an Assinniboine Indian who identifies the "He identified the signs as Blackfeet because the writing as the work of the Blackfeet tribe, but refuses drawing of a turtle was used, a sign which was never to translate it because he says it is ' bad medicine' and the ll sed by Assinniboines. Evidence of a large Indian work of the 'Great Spirit.' " village on the creek beneath the caves was found by The Boy, who said it had been the home of the Blackfeet because circles of rock, used only by that tribe, as a "Not to be outdone by the Dry Wolf and Tenderfeet method of fastening the edges of the tepee, were found." districts, the Little Rockies announces the discovery 0,£ Indian caves within its boundaries. There are three caves along the southern boundary, one of them about Lick Cree/?. Cave, Little Belt MOlmtai'l1s 14 mile west of Grouse Gulch, and two about ~ mile (45 miles ont of Great Falls) east of that point. The cliffs are almost perpendicular This cave is about 45 miles from Great Falls on the and rise to 200 feet. Two caves are easy to enter, the left-hand side of the Lick Creek road, half a mile from other having entrance 30 feet from base of cliff. Logging creek in the Little Belt mountains. "'During the summer of 1920, I noticed the most westerly cave entrance and thought it only a seam in The entrance is at the top of the ridge and has no the rock, as it is rather long and narrow and faces feature to mark its gateway. The doorway is a small toward a sp ur of rock and away from the south. But hole and opens into a room of average size . on gc.i ng up to it I discovered an outer chamber in Following a downhill slope of 35 degrees, the cave can which large fires had evidently been burned. In digging be followed for 2000 feet. First large room narrows in the ashes, many bones of buffalo and other animals down into smaller ones with adjoining chambers. Three were found. This outer chamber is enclosed on three hours of steady and difficult going should bring you to a sides and affords a very fine view of country for miles. sheer drop of 60 feet which can be nego tiated by rope. " 'A rather narrow opening from this chamber leads At bottom of drop is a veritable underground to inner cave, 30' in diameter. It is probably 100 feet cathedral-a room 200 x 300 feet, so lofty the ceiling high and the floor is 6 to 8 feet below the entrance. cannot be seen. Stalactites drip from ceiling in huge Remai ns of ladder found there. On the walls and roof icicle formation. Crystal and other types of formations of outer chamber and on walls of passageway between abound in the color of coral along walls and floor. two chambers are found many strange drawings, and Cave is accessible from improved road. Forest Service characters in some kind of red paint, some of which "was going to provide markers, etc. for tourists. are very plain and distinct.' NATIONAL SPI'.LEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 55

From an old unidentified newspaper, about an un­ There arc blocks of ceiling 50' x 50' covered with identified cave: helictites up there. We have already surveyed and plotted up the other high passage' that comes back down "A brand new room, 25 feet square, was discovered to the creek. Hess surveyed on up the creek 1 tOO' from by Forest Giddings, and proved to be the most beautiful point 0, the last; point explored, to the waterfall-the of all underground areas explored to date. prettiest thing I ever saw in a cave. About half of that " Snow white and rich, cream-colored stalactites and creek comes out of the top of a room and falls a good ~ talagmitc s abound in queerest of shapes, hanging from 80' to the floor. cei ling li ke fantastic icicles and rising from white There is another big passage leading off near the falls crystal floor in stump and mound formations. The that hasn't been touched. We did not have time to room is a regular gcm se t among the darker-colored gu in it. I am pretty sure that there is another entrance surrounding halls and passages. Over in one corner is somewhere, as the wind was so strong in one hole that a wide niche, about waist hi gh, with a trickling fountain it blew some of our lights out near the falls. poel of the clearest water imaginable in it, which shows limost pure white over its lime crystal bed." \X!e are going to have to start all over and draw that Dale White map to a larger scale to get the detail, and then reduce it Butte, Mont. ( 1944) to something we can work with. At present we have abollt 6000' of passages surveyed with an overall length of something over 2600'. This time we used Brunton pocket transits and chains. High Rocks Fissure Cave R . T. Watts On the left hand or east side of Route 220 from Blacksburg, Va. (1943) Cu~berland, Maryland to Keyser, West Virginia, about t hree miles north of Keyser, a pinnacle of rock may be see n high on the mountain sid e. The rocks may be Sewer Cave reached by going through Keyser tow~rd Fort Ashby, Going north from Lexington on U. S. 11, I took taking a dirt road behind the mountain, and walkmg the right hand road, just across the bridge. Following approximately three-quarters of a mile over the moun­ this road .7 of a mile I came to a series of sinks. All tain. but one had been filled in with rock. From the number A t the ba se of these recks is a small fissure cave. and position of these sinks, it would seem that a large cavern might exist. A t the bottom of the sink on the The cntl-a ncC is easy and traverse simple. The cave ri ght side of the road I found an entrance large enough ex tends for approximately 150 feet and is completely to admi t a large man. The entrance also admitted a dry. It is definitely a water worn cave, however, as is 6-inch pipe line from a near-by house. \XTithout a close ascertained by the erosion marks along the; wa ll s of the eXlminltion, I had no difficulty in finding that the pipe passage. There is very little ornamentation other than carried sewage. It was mainly because of this evidence a few sma ll groups of tiny stalactites. lnd the fact that I had on my uniform at the time, As hr as hUn:l is concerned a bat, PifJis/rC'/Il1s s1Ib­ which caused me to make no further exploration. I f/O /l'/lS s1Ibflo/lIlS, was seen on the ceiling; several spiders list this cave as of future interest, however, of the species Meto lII cnordii were noted in notches and (Tbc ('ollditiollS fOlllld ill this cave ore 0 glllrillg crevices on the side walls; and droppings of the Allegany l':roJlljJlc of jJrllctices which thr Society is trying to have wood rat, Nroto'll1o /) c/JIIs ,), II 'ollico, were found on the f}('rJllollc/ltly stofJfJed throughout 'the C01l1ltl')'. A 1'e­ floor. flOrt of OilY illstollel's whne sewoae is d1l1lJ.jJeci illto 0 cove The cave is quite small, but the view from the mouth n'ill bl' ofJPrcciotl'd by the Hydrology Committee. Ed.) of the cave and from the rocks above as well as the cave J. Showalter (1943) itself make t he trip to High Rocks well worthwhile. Katherine E. Muma Berwyn, Md. (1944) Bottomless Pit Owner: Natura l Bridge Co. Visited: June 6, 1943 Ne," River Cave Trip From Jct. of US 11 and State 249 at Natural Bridge \'V'e recently surveyed 731' of the high passage where go north (toward Lexington) 0.6 mile on US 11. Turn we had looked, but didn't dare go, on a previous trip. on State 743 on right (old road to Lexington) and go Page 56 BULLETIN NUMBER SEVEN

0.9 mi. to school on right. (1.5 mi. north of Nat. Br.) N ate on Howe Cave Park in back of school and head from east to 120° Following is quoted from a letter of November 9, across field. Enter wObds and bear to left toward crest 1943, from D . C. Robinson, Knox Cave, Altamont, of hill (cave near foot of tallest tree on ridge) . Woods N. Y. in regard to Howe Caverns, New York: are 145 yds. from school yard. "'Cave "List" of 1859,' Page 16, of the last N.S.S. Cave is at nearly exact crest of hill hidden in the BULLETIN, lists this cavern but not Howe Cave. Lester woods. At cave the hill slopes gently off in all Howe found Howe Cave in 1842 and opened it to the directions, cave being just a few yds. east of center of public in: 1845. Mr: Howe took in Ramsey and others crest of hill and a few yds. north of crest in nearly flat to form an associa tion and was then 'Taken in by being land and heavy woods. Is a small hole not over 8' in frozen out.' He said that he knew of a better cavern diameter. Though easily missed, can not help being which would drive the association out of business but found by diligent search of the crest. Is 310 yds. in died before telling of it. Part. of it is now open as the woods. cr 455 yds. from school yard. Secret Caverns. " The association went broke on this idea. Clay m Buck Hill Cave · the cave was easily moulded so they decided to mine it for brick. They went to expense of railroad into cave, Owner: Natural Bridge Co., Va. Visited: June 5, 1943 kilns, and everything for big business. Brick were burnt From Jet. of US 11 and State 249 (to Lynchburg) and sold and were very nice until exposed to water when at Natural Bridge head north on US 11 (toward Lexing­ lime caused them to slack and crumble. One of the to~). At 0.6 mi. turn into remains of old Pike on right chimneys made of these brick was on the farm where (State 743) and after 50 yds. bear sharp around to the I grew up. Limestone caverns clay can be made suit­ right good 0.2 mi. and park just front of Rev. Mr. able for ceramics or for modeling but by extra processing Tucker's house (on left). Cave is reached by taking It would be better to dry, press, and wax it against old log road (on left and to the east). This road starts moisture for souvenirs." in back of a trash dump 50 yds. past Mr. Tucker's house and can be reached by foHowing Mr. Tucker's (Continued /1'01n jJage 32) sou th fence line' (by garage to east corner) and then leaving. Klewer cried: "Let's go!" So we walked cutting through wood up hill and general SE until through the woods quite a spell and came to another old road is intersected. Follow up this old wood road break. This, John informed us, led to what he Ilalled until there is a sharp bend to the right nearly at the top "The Passenger Coach"-said it was a iong room with a of the hill. Cave is in a sink on left 15 yds. off road root shaped like a railroad coach, and with plenty of and nearly straight ahead at this bend. Distance from onyx in it. Said we would be welcome to take out all road where car is parked to cave entrance is approxi­ we wanted. This time Klewer and Hinkleman went in. mately 375 yds. approximately due east. Vance said 'the crawlway was very tight and was about 50 feet long. We had a fifty-foot rope with us Bell Cave ;lIld Hinkleman made a bet with John that the tunnel was longer than 50 feet, and to prove it, they dragged Visited: June 6, 1943. the rope in with them. Klewer stated afterwards that From bridge over North River on USll just north they wen t 30 feet beyond the end of the rope before of Lexington go 2.5 mi. east on State 631. Turn in at the avenue opened up; that it was, as Vance described it, gate to right on trail across field, direction 200° ; go shaped like a Passenger Coach, and that there was con­ . 25 mi. to old barn. 'Cave now lies at 220° to sinkhole siderable onyx formation therein . entrance; 235 ° to house (shack) entrance, and .15 mi. And thus came to an end, the last of a number of on past barn (same direction, 200° ) brings one directly interesting experiences during our two days' stay in the abreast of caves. Park car here. There is a small Cave Region of Kentucky. On our way back to Toledo entrance (short, steep, slippery slide to pit with over­ the next day, plans were made for one more trip-on the hanging edge unexplored) about 25 feet from where car 14th of the following month-a visit to Seneca Caverns is parked. Other entrances are about 200' and 350' on in Ohio. We had a lot of laughs going over our experi­ directions 290° and 250° respectively. From sinkhole ences during these two days of Kentucky Caving, and entrance to house entrance is 160' at 225 0 . the memory of this most successful expedition will live W. J. Stephenson in our minds for a long time to come. NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 57

ten months. At the present rate of growth and with Committee Reports the expected renewed interest at the close of the war, it is most certain that we will be able to publish REPORT OF THE FINANCE COMMITTEE BULLETINS more frequently. It is quite possible that within two or three years the income of the Society By LeRoy W. Foote, Chairman will permit us to publish two or three copies an­ As we re ... iew the short life span of our young organ­ nually. This is simply an estimate made after a care­ ·ization and see it emerge from comparative obscurity f ul study of the present trend and the prospects as to the brighter outlook it now enjoys, we are inclined they appear now. The quality of the BULLETIN is to look toward the immediate future where post-war being improved with each issue, and plans are being plans will unfold themselves and a fuller enjoyment made now for even greater improvement as income of of privileges will be possible. the Society increases. The financial growth of the Society is so linked up When it again becomes possible for more of us to with the growth in memberships that it is difficult to visit C:lves, it is expected there wiIl be a demand for comment on the financial future without encroaching good caving \!quipment. The Society is planning to on the field of the Membership Committee and activities :lc:quire various kinds of useful and much needed equip­ of those res ponsible for the Society's rapid growth. ment which will be made available to members desiring Shortly after the Society was organized on a national it. The amount of funds on hand for that pur­ scale, memberships began to spring up in various parts pose will determine the quantity and variety of equip­ of the country, each one of which became a potential ment we can purchase. nucleus for a Grotto or as a center of local interest for The Society is continually adding to the privileges the Society. Where memberships have increased and of membership. Two years ago a plan for Life Mem­ interest and activity have inspired the move, Grottoes berships was offered and it became popular almost im­ have been formed; and through their activities other media tely. There are twenty Life Members at present, members have joined, thereby adding to the Society's and new ones are being added to the list each year. grow th and income. The dues for this year being $45 and the cost for a new Trips made by the Richmond Chapter last year have member becoming only $10 greater each year than for been the source of many new memberships. As a the previous year until the cost reaches $100, makes result of these productive trips and numerous additions the plan most attractive. The earlier one takes out elsewhere we experienced the greatest growth in 1944 a Life Membership, the less it will cost him. One-half than for any previous year. This added income has of Life Membership dues are d e posit ~d on the Reserve more than offset the losses due to members entering Account. This additional income is helping the So­ the armed forces, for whom dues are waived for the ciety at a time when it is most needed. It is hoped duration. O ur income from dues, as shown by the that more members will take advantage of the plan Treasurer's Annual Report, has greatly exceeded ·our while the annual fee is still low. ex pecta tions. The Society is operating on a budget, and our bud­ Quite recently we have added new members to our get seems to work about as successful as budgets do rolls who reside outside the United States. \'Ve have anywhere- at least we come fairly close on some items. inquiries from England at hand, from persons seeking The financial outlook for the Society is bright, and membership in the Society, and plans are being made to reports from the Financial Secretary are most encour­ facilitate the handling of these international member­ aging. We can expect a continued illcrease ill illcome ships. Speleology is of universal interest and we are for the year ahead of us. glad to extend the privileges of membership to any who wish to join the Society. This rapid growth at REPOR T OF THE MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE home and the added prospects abroad enable us to fore­ see the possibilities of a greater expansion in member­ By Sam Allen, Chairman ships. The increased revenue resulting therefrom will permi t the Society to function much more ·sa tisfac torily \'Ve have as yet obtained but one member through in the interest of the members. correspondence alone- through Dr. Stone's recom­ The Society is dependent almost entirely upon mem­ menda tions. Our experience would seem clearly to bership due;, and it is from these that we have been indicate the personal approach is best. able to publish the BULLETIN at intervals of nine or As to work with younger members ... I have been Page 58 BULLETIN NUMBER SEVEN

deliberately dealing in futures. A question I always In line with overcoming these two problems, I would ask myself concerning a prospective member is: "What like to suggest something along ~hese lines: will he probably have to offer the club in the future?" 1. That a copy of the library's list of publications (we He may have but a short time for membership before already have printed in ' separate form) be sent to having to leave for armed service; but, when he comes each group in the Society, also to unusually active back-what will he have to offer? members. For instance, there is one young man leaving for the '2. At the same time, a letter explaining the library and emphasizing the fact that it belongs to all members Service next month. He has had afternoon and vaca­ of the Society. tion work experience in maintenance and repair of auto­ 3. To stimuate interest, ask each Grotto or group for matic equipment in a telephone exchange. He ,hopes suggestions on new books. Each issue of the BUL­ to be assigned to radar work or Signal Corps work. I LETIN could contain the name of the book chosen am especially interested in what he may learn about for the library from these lists, also credit to the communication equipment that may meet our needs. group suggesting it. It would stimulate interest and I hope that he may somewhere be in a position to be on perhaps enough rivalry to get it started. (Perhaps a small -book-review in a column headed, "In our the lookout for this type of equipment that we can use library" or "Spelio bibliographia" - something ' -perhaps even do a little experimenting while in the catchy anyway.) Service aimed toward perfecting something of value 4. A regular fund should be set aside for adding to the in speleological work. library. If the plan of having suggestions didn't As to obtaining members who have already developed work ,,'e could, through libraries, get suggestions. scientific interests . . . we are not interested simply The suggestions from members is infinitely better, as it arouses interest and may maintain it. in obtaining a large number of members on paper, or 5. From time to time, a book from the library should be persons with impressive titles. We are keenly interested, s~nt to a responsible person in each group without however, in men and women who will be actively inter­ charge since we send our selection. Groups which ested in the work of the Society-if not in actual field didn't use the library might be stimulated in this trips, then in other phases of the work. way. Probably the most valuable approach to. such persons These are only suggestions and I know you can is through recommendations of one who is personally improve on them. It does seem a shame to have such acquainted with the prospect, and who believes he good resources go unused. would be a valuable member. It will help also if sug­ gestions may be received through the person making Recent Additi011S to Speleological Library the recommendations as to the reaction of that person Bassler, R. S. Geologic Exhibits in the National Zo­ to our formal invitation to me~bership. We may thus ological Park, From Smithsonian Report for 1939, improve our approach to prospective members. rages 265 -279, Smithsonian Institution, \Vashington, We should set up a schedule so that an article con­ D. C. cernin,g membership will appear in all newsletters and BULLETINS, and thus keep before all members the need Brower, David R. Manual of Ski Mountaineering­ for searching out valuable new members. I"942, Compiled under the Auspices of National Ski Association of America, University of California Press, REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON Berkeley and Los Angeles, Calif. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LIBRARY Chamberlin, Ralph V. On Centipedes and Millipedes from Mexican Caves, Biological Series, Vol. VII, No.2, By Virginia Bray, Chairman The University of Utah, Salt Lake City ----On Nine North American Polydesmoid Milli­ In the past four months that I have been caring for pedes Proceedings of the Biological Society of \Y,T ashing­ the library, we have only had four requests for books. ton, Vol. 56, pp. 35-40 It seems to me that the library is fairly extensive and Dawkins, W. Boyd. Cave Hunting, Researches on includes much practical material, and also some ex- I the Evidence of Caves Respecting the Early Inhabitants tremely interesting reading along many lines. It of Europe, 1874, Macmillan and Co., London should certainly be more in use. Also, the fact that I am not in contact with a library and the new books vEigenmann, c. H. The Origin of Cave Faunas (Ab­ in the field, means that your library is a static thing stract) , Proceedings' of the Indiana Academy of Science, while the society is growing ahead. 1897, Indianapolis, Ind. NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 59

Field, Richard M. An outline of the Principles of Veno, Masuzo. Subterranean Crustacea from Kwan­ Geology-1935, Barnes and Nobel, Inc., New York tung, Zoological Society of Japan, Zoological Institute, Fishher, A. G., Mason, A. C.' and ' Twenhofel, W. S. Tokyo Imperial University S~rvey of Pokerville Cave, Blue Mounds, Wisconsin, Wilmarth, M. Grace. Lexicon of Geological Names Reprint from Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of the United States (including,Alaska) part 1 and 2, of Sciences, Arts and Letters, Vol. 32, pp. 243-250, 1940 1938, Geological Survey, Bul. 896, U. S. Dept. Interior Fowler, James A. Cave Salamander in Virginia, Pro­ ceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, Vol. 57, pp. 31-34 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE

Hawkins, Herbert L. Humanity in Geological Per­ ON PALEONTOLOGY spective, From the Smithsonian Report for 1939, pages 253-264, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. By Dr. Alfred Burrill, Chairman

Hubbs, Carl L. Notes on The Gobiod Fishes of Cali­ My reports'C on this year's (1944) work are in three fornia with Descriptions of Two New Genera, Occa­ parts. The last part, because we are a little bit behind sional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University on it, is the extracting from the large body of litera­ of Michigan, No. 169, Feb. 17, 1926 ture, materials about cave fossil discoveries which are ----The Origin of The Blind Gob)' of the Cali­ only slowly available from libraries near here. fcrnia Reefs, Reprinted from the American Naturalist, First part of the report consists of a scrapbook of Vol. LXI; May-June, 1927 local cave clippings from Missouri papers. This is part ----Speciation of Fishes, Reprint from the Amer­ of the Museum files; but you have people inter~sted in ican Naturalist, Vol. LXXIV, plges 198-211, May­ cave stor~es and history, in their fauna and geo­ June, 1940 logical beauties; and too, most of the national organ­ ization may not ever see what comes out here, so I ----and Innes, William T. The First Known Blind include them. , These clippings are mounted on sheets Fish of the Family Characidae: A New Genus from in a ring binder so that they may be removed by Mexico, Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, swinging the rings around to open at articles you want University of Michigan, Dec. i7, 1936 to take out and send to those members or chairmen Laudermilk, Jerry. Caves of the Giant Sloths, the whom you think will most benefit. If some are to be Desert Magazine, (19 57?) (No further identification.) photostated for the society library, or for or by the McGill, William M. Caverns of Virginia, 19'33, Uni­ Library of Congress, or re-printed in the society BUL­ versity of Virginia LETIN, as you decide, this may be done with our per­ Meinzer, Oscar Edward. Large Springs in the Uni'ted miSSIOn. States, Water-Supply Paper 557, U. S. Geological Sur­ Second part of report is also a binder devoted tp vey, Department of Interior, 1927 leaflets and clippings about caves in other states and Randall, E. O. The Serpent Mound, Adams County, foreign countries, as picked up in travel literature. I Ohio, 1907,: The Ohio State Archaeological and His­ would se nd this straight to Robert Morgan, but think torical Society, Columbus, Ohio you may find some other chairman may want ~o see. Resser, Charles E. Faunal Content of the Maryville Part of this list is a check-up on s~ch books and pam­ Formation, Publication 3676, February 13 , 1942, phlets, not in this sending, which appear to be already listed either by Mr. Morgan, or by the Librarian in Smithsonian Institution, \XTashington, D. C. BULLETIN no. 5 of the Society. Rickard, Chauncey. The Old Stone Church and Fort­ ress, 1933, Schoharie County Histori~al Society, Scho­ The lists of fossils, and of caves where cave earth harie, New York is so deep that it needs further excavation, and some lists of cave literature from members of my committee Sloane" Roscoe C. and Montz, John M. Elements of Topographic Drawing, 1943, McGraw-Hili Book Co., ';- Dr. Burrill's reports were sufficiently extemive as Inc., New York and London to be requested for study also by the fauna, archeologi­ Studebaker, Bert. Smoke Hole--A Wisconsin Man cal, and 1'ecords committees! It is ' regretted that lack , Travels East, The Highway Traveler, Vol. XV., Au­ of space prohibits the publication of these reports ill gust-September 1943, No. 4 full 1mtil a later issue of the BULLETIN. Pa ge 60 BULL E TIN NUMBER SEVEN are included as part three of my report. I consulted H. H. T. Jackson of the old Biological Survey as to Cave -Log + + + common names, when stuck; but perhaps you will let my committee advisers Drs. Bassler and Clark see them, NEWCASTLE MURDER HOLE if they wish to. The Virginia Polytechnic Institute and the Grotto REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FLORA a t Blacksburg were host to the speleologists from Wash­ By Carroll E. Cox, Chairman ington, D , C. and Richmond, Virginia, the last two The Flora Committee was authorized by the Board days of October, 1943 . Two carloads from Washing­ of Governors of the National Speleological Society SIX ton traveled about all night to get to Blacksburg Sat­ months ago. urday morning, October 30th. Those in this group The objectives of the committee have been (1) to were: Dr. and Mrs. J. Morrison and Mr. and Mrs. prepare a bibliography on cave flora, (2) to maintain Robert Bray; and Don Bloch, Dr. Martin H. Muma, a collection of cave plants, (3) to see that cave plants \'\falter Weed, James -Fowler, and Hugh Stabler. collected by members of the society are identified and After most of the ladies had their fill of " caving," properly preserved, and ( 4 ) to publish lists of cave the men left them at Blacksburg and went on -them­ flora from time to time. selves to explore more of the many caves in that vicinity .. By way of accomplishments to date a Bibliography Three auto loads left Richmond Saturday, the last has been started and the collection contains seven speci­ leaving about 3 P.M. and getting to Blacksburg about mens of cave flora, two of which have been identified. 1 0 P.M., where accommodations for the ladies were ­ The specimens on hand are as follows: found in tourist and other h~~~s. The men were put Collector Source up army style in one of the rooms in the cadet barracks in Memorial Hall at the V.P.I. 1. 3 fungi Stephenson, Muma Salt Peter Cave 2. fungus Stephenson Eagle Cave Those from Richmond included: Stephl!1tson's car, 3. fungus Muma Fountain Cave William Stephenson, president of the N.S.S., J. Petrie, 4. fungus Muma New River Fault Jones, Katherine Harper, J. Drysdale, and AI Guttag; 5- 1 fungus Stephenson Potter Cave TUTner' s cal', Ray TurDer, E. Porter, Betty Jo Kurtz, 6. 1 moss Muma, Fowler Luray Caverns Mabel Turner, Benny Holloway and Bertha McCloskey; 7. ' 1 moss. Fqwler Grand Caverns Brown's cal', Mr. and Mrs. Eldon Brown, Errol and Mac Emshwiller, Burton Faust, and W. Foster. A fungus growing on bat droppings, collected by The Richmond men got settled in these barracks Stephenson in Salt Peter Cave has been identified as a about midnight and were peacefully reposing, each man species of Phycomyces; and another fungus found in his favored upper or lower berth of a double-deck growing on decaying wood in Eagle Cave in Lang bunk when, about 2:30 in the morning, the Washington Mountain near Monterey, Virginia, was identified as a men came in from their explorations making only a species of X'ylaria by Dr. John Stevenson of the little more noise than an air raid over Berlin. When this V.S.D,A, The latter specimen is deposited in the col­ eruption and the greetings of mutual friends had died lection of the National Museum; all other specimens are in the hands of the chairman of the Flora Committee. down all retired once more and slept peacefully except The greatest need at this time is for more collecting. yours truly who snored, and the editor of the N.S.S. As to what to collect and how to collect it little can yet BULLETIN who couldn't stand it. Morning came all be added to the suggestions given on page 48 of BUL­ too soon. LE TIN Numqer 6. Sketches of the plants in the habitat After breakfast, the local and VISltll1g speleologists in which you find them, or better still, clear photo­ assembled in front of the Geology building of V .P.I. graphs, would be very valuable. As the collection grows for the trip to the cave. So the visitors would have we will learn what to expect to find in caves and we someone to guide them to the cave to be explored and can give more detailed directions on how to preserve also to get the groups intermingled and mutually ac­ and ship cave plants. In the meantime cavers should quainted, some of the V.P.I. men rode in the visitors' collect everything they find, following such directions cars anci'some of the visitors rode with the rest of the as have been given and forward them to the Commit­ local members in the V.P.I.'s big field -trip truck. tee chairman at 7501 Hopkins Street, College Park, Thirty-five miles of pleasant driving through the Vir­ Maryland. gll1la countryside brought us to the cave a few miles NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 61 south of Newcastle. The exact location is in the files who entered the cave went down to the lower level of the N.S.S., but for various reasons the information by way of this elevator. as to these caves is not now being released in general Just beyond the entrance to this elevator the first publications. passageway had its worst well in it. This well was Upon arriving at the site of the cave, most of the 70 too wide to straddle, and the ledge went on but one people on the trip ate the lunch they had with them side of it. This ledge varied from 1 Yz to 4 feet in while awaiting their turns to go into the cave. This width; and the rock overhung it so the person going cave is called "The Newcastle Murder Hole" and has an along on it had to crawl with a 30 or 40 foot drop entrance reminiscent of a doddlebug's trap. The down­ into the well right beside him. Nevertheless, about wardly-extending entrance is shaped like a huge funnel, half the total party, including several women, success­ the upper flaring part being a conical sinkhole, and the fully passed this difficult way and continued on to the lower part being a straight well about 20 feet in diameter rear of the cave. and 46 to 50 feet deep. Those descending went down Other wells and elevators or inclined laterals, connect with safety ropes around them, using a rope to aid the first passage with the lower levels at this rearward them in their descents of the sloping portion, then going portion of the cave. Several hardy explorers took both down a safety-rope ladder attached to the end of that the trip up and down the 100 foot elevator and the trip first rope for the vertical po'rtion of the descent. Two by the first passage to the rear of the cave with the 'of such rope-and-ladder combinations doubled the rate resultant exploraticns of laterals and other levels. Most by which the parties were lowered. of the party found that one of these trips was sufficient The explorers of the cave were divided up into eighr for one speleological day, however, and some were con­ or nine parties each under an experienced and capable tent to go just to where these two ways parted. (I was.) leader who was responsible for all the members of his The cave is not beautiful, being neither spacious in party. There was one party devoted to surveying part width nor richly ornamented. The walls are of a hard, of the remaining unsurveyed portions of the cave; an­ non-porous rock; so, except where water has seeped other party paid particular attention to the cave through the few small cracks, there are few stalactites geology; a third party was for th ~se interested in cave and stalagmites, and the few there are remain small and biology; and the remaining parties were just general unimpressive. There is but little water in the cave, exploring groups. Th~ parties went down and went but it offers experience with about every kind of caving through the cave as units, so the less-experienced were technique that can be used. There are wells, ledges, always under the guidance and supervision of trained chimneys, inclined laterals, and about every kind of cave-explorers and with the company and numbers narrow passageway one could expect except long, hori­ that made the trip as safe as possible. zontal laterals which, of course, would not be apt to be A t one side of the bottom of the entrance funnel found in the decidedly inclined strata at the cave. was the entrance to the cave proper. A generally Little biological material was noted. A little white straight, somewhat inclined passageway led off for ca ve moss looking something like thistledown, and a several hundred feet from this entrance. The rock at white and brittle cave millipede or two, with 0ne or two one side of this passageway was of entirely different bats, were all to which my attention was called. The nature from that at the other side; so the original reports of the surveying, geological, and biological opening was probably a fault line between two relatively groups will naturally go into the details of these matters. shifted masses of rock, which line .had been widened ou t A thorough exploring of only a part of the cave was a and opened up by water action through the course of task for anyone save an experienced cave-explorer or years and centuries. The strata being tilted in the mountain-climber. rock-as is common in this mountain region-steeply By the tinle twilight was coming on, all the groups inclined passages extended laterally from the first passage except Dr. Crabb's party were out of the cave,' They where the water had worn its way between two layers of had made their way back up the elevator or through the rock. The largest of these and the first large one en­ horizontal passageway around the wells and thence out countered- although not the "toughest"- was known the entrance passage, straddling once more the well in as the "1 OO-foot elevator" and led down to a lower the middle of the exit way. Alongside this well, some level passage roughly parallel to the first passage. A careful souls had now provided a safet}' "handrail" of rope was run down this elevator to help the climbers rope stretched between two blocks of stones; moreover, up and down it and half or more of the whole number beside it a safety rope was now secured, also, which Pa ge 62 BULL ET IN NUJ\'fBER SEVEN each person in turn fastened about him as he went over. entrance 'was located about four miles east of this town. They had gone up the entrance shaft, hauled up the It had no particular name so we gave it one: it is ' now rope ladder by weary if willing hands on the safety ropes, call ed Kellogg's Cave, the name being sugges ted from until each one crawled up the sloping sides of the funnel the fact that a Col. Kellogg lived in the farmhouse across mouth and got clear out of the " doodle-bug" hole. f rom the ca ve in the late 1700's. A couple of minor accidents to the members of the The entrance to this cave contained the skeletons of group had delayed Dr. Crabb's party. Mr. Faust had several cows-very inviting indeed. The cave itself his feet slip out from under him and se t him down seemed to be located above ground. Maybe I had better hard on the unyielding rock floor of the cave, receiving explain that :l bit. Spread out along the roadside was a severe shock; :lnd Dr. Crabb himself slipped and gashed a very large meadow; and in the middle of it, there was his knee. Neither of these injuries was se rious, but a ridge of rocks raised about 15 f ee t above the meadow they delayed the progress of the party and made a proper, abou t 75 feet wide and perhaps 500 feet long. couple of the girls in it extremely nervous. The original entrance was a symmetrically round hole The \Xfashington group and those in Turner's car starting at ground level and dropping about 6 feet to from Richmond se t out for home when out of the cave. the fl c€l r of the cave. We found that this opening had Mr. Stephenson took a number of the R.O.T.e. back to bee n closed up by silt washing in from the surface, but Bbcksburg to stand retreat. As Faust was in the party there was another opening farther down. it;! Brown's car, Mr. :lnd Mrs. Brown and the rest of It was about 1:1 5 p.m., October 10 when we started their group waited with the res t of the V .P.1. people in. A t the entrance we discovered a single bat hanging and their bi g truck until all were out of the cave. Faust f rom the ceiling, plus a few spiders. Farther along in and the upset girls of Dr. Crabb's party were taken to the cave. we found another bat "reclining" in the same Bbcksburg in Brown's car. After everything was set position; and ri ght near it on a shelf, were the skeletons aright around the cave the truck carried the remainder of two other bats. This must ha ve been our day for of the expedition back to V.P'!. skeletons. A ll through the entire length of the cave, we The trip back after dark was made in good spirits ran across hundreds of " daddy long-legs." They must in spite of the coolness of the :lir, the party keeping have been blind, li ving so far underground. Believe it songs going most of the way. Arrangements were made or not, si tting by the wayside bas king in the light from for getting excuses for those who were supposed to be our fl ashlights was a lone cave cricket. This cave did chec ked in before the truck had got back. Dr. Crabb not ha ve any flows tone or s tal ~ ctit es at all , but was and Mr. Faust were rather lame for a couple of weeks, very bea utifully carved out by water. The wa ll s and but :l ll were right soon, ceiling for the nlost part consisted of d:1l·k blue-black The Stephenson :lnd Brown cars left Blacksburg for " marble" interspersed with white and sprinkled in Richmond some time :lfter 11 o'clock Sund:lY evening, between there were streaks of reddish orange coloring. getting home in time for most of the passe ngers to There was considerable crawling and several " lemon report to work :It the Patent Office Monday morning. squeezers." The total length that we covered was 270 Everyo ne had an interes ting time; and most of those feet horizo ntall y. It would have been possible for us on the trip ha ve made or have expressed a desire to to have gone farther had we had the time to do so me make other cave trips. excavating. There was a small strea m of water trickling The Blacksburg Grotto and the V.P.I. handled the through one end of the cavern, but it did not amount trip very well , and the expedition passed off very nicely, to much. T he reason that we felt that the caye es peci:llly considering the size of the total P:lrty, 70 passageways were loc;ted for the most pa rt about the persons. genera l ground level was the fact that the floor of the Errol E. Emshwiller cave had practically no slope and also some quite large roots of t rees extended ri ght through the cave ceiling. KELLOGG'S CAVE NEAR O ur new member enjoyed his fi rst ca ve experience CHATHAM, N. Y. so much that he wants to go again as soon as it is On our trip to "No Bottom Pond" Cave, three of convenient to do so . The weather was perfect, and tht us went along: Leo Lincoln ; Paul Myers, a new member coloring of the foli age w as something to write home who had never bee n in any cave prev iously; and myself. about. Of course, you probably have seen the Berk­ T he three of us drove over to the town of East C hatam, shire Hills in t he fa ll and know just how be:ll1tiful they N . Y .. and got our directions f rom there. The cave ca n be at that time of the year. NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOC I ETY Page 6 3

W ell, that concluded our cave crawling for the year and when we got out, so that he could rest easy. of 1943, our first and last trip at the same time. There's Finall y we were at the end of the road and a quarter a war on ... W hen I get a chance, I'll try to write up mile from the cave. \'V' e stopped at the cave owner's my trip to Carlsbad Caverns last October. house before going farther. The owner, Mr. A. B. William F. M. Gray, EM 2/ C Porterfield, very graciously gave us his permission to Pittsfield, Mass. fool around, but was frank to admit that he did not think we would want to try it. He went with us to see. EARL CAVE ("PIG HOLE") The cave is situated near the top of a high hill and is apparently nothing more than a small sink hole sur­ Several of us went recently to Smoke-Hole and came rounded by trees, the whole in the middle of a pasture. back f ull of a thrill of accomplishment that is hard to But at the sides you sort of catch your brea th! A describe: the t hrill that comes from having gone to sec tion of land, oval-shaped, about 150' by 75', slopes (and returned £rorn) a place that no one has ever gone in on a fairl y even slope fer perhaps 25'. Then it falls before, and returned . . I think the thrill comes from precipitously for another 35', A nd all you can see below those last two words. But enough of how it feels. (his is a crack, with a black void beneath it. This [' II tell you the whole story. crack is perhaps 20' wide, and 50' long. The Saturday after las t Thanksgiving four of us \'V'e scouted around the entrance and climbed down went out to the Smoke-Hole cave beyond Newport. As in it a little way, but we could not go below the first 25' we were loading up the car to come back, after a day of slope. It was too steep below tha t. We were all underground, a car drew up alongside us. In it was thrilled by the poss ibilities (when you c!ropped a rock in, Louis Lucas, an adjoining landowner. It seems that his it fell so undless ly a long way, hit with a crash, and rolled uncle was one of the party of three men who had previ­ much farther), and wanted to see what we could see. ously been the only people ever known to go through the So we rigged a set of blocks on a tree at one end of the Smoke-Hole, and we told him about our trip. He was crack, and lowered T ommy Watts into the hole. When quite pleased to hear about it, and told us how he he dropped over the edge we all held our breaths: Dr. wished we could go into another one, "Earl 's Cave," Werner Husmann, Dr. Herbert Jackson, T. Wright, that was a mile or two up the mountain. J. Ralph Hess, Bill Bradley, and myself. A few seconds It was utterly imposs ible, however, to go into this after Tommy disa ppeared there £loa ted up the words, one. It was a shaft of unknown depth, and the only ''I'm swinging in space!" " How deep is it?" we asked. way in was to fa ll in. It was pretty well rumored that "1 can't see the bottom!" And then in a few moments several people had gone in, inadvertently, but unfortun­ ca me a sizzling curl of smoke (oral) and a few appropri­ ately had never come back. We really got interes ted ate comments about rigging that fouled on the lip of then, and he promised to show us sometime where the the crack. The falls from the top block were twisted entrance was. With that we had to be content, for it and fouled on the rock edge. We worked hard; but in was late. spite of our efforts, it was about 45 minutes before On the way home we discussed the possibilities of the Tommy could go farther. By this time he had informed Earl cave all the way in. We had heard just enough us, pointedly, of most of the damage that a rope sling to be very interes ted, and planned to go out immediately, could do to a 200-lb. man if he sa t in it for a period if not sooner. But one thing or another prevented, and of time. the Christmas holidays came and left, and we still had not been able to go out there. Consequently, when a In a little the welcome words, " On the .bottom," chance presented itself, we were pretty anxious to go flo ated up. 'We all were relieved. and look the terrain over and see if a real expedition were Then we re-rigged the rigging and the rest very warranted. And just in case it seemed possi ble to go in graciously permitted me to go next. I wenF down it a little, we took along 600' of Yz " manila rope and without event. Half-way down I go t a funny feeling a couple of snatch-blocks. It was right interesting to when Toinmy announced that he had found a corpse. watch the people's faces when we would ask our way out I felt much better when he continued that it was that there. They would tell us and ask why. And on our of a pig. But let me tell you something: the thrill reply that we wanted to go in, you never saw such that comes when you hang into space on a rope, w ith face falling and shaking of heads. \ '{T e were discouraged, nothing benea th you but a bl ack void and the flare of a but refused to be stopped, and went on. One man, carbide lamp looking like a match-flame at a distance, however, did ask us to check by and let him know if is one that is hard to beat. I must confess that when I Page 64 BUL LE TIN NUMB E R S E V E N could at last see bottom, I got a squeamish feeling witty (?) remarks. We left our rigging in the capable because I was so high above it. Later measurements hands of Dawn Owens, Keith, and Bill Badger, with showed it to be almost an even 160' beneath the surface. instructions to let us all in, fix the ropes, and to return Two more men came down shortly, and we made a for us at 5: 3 0 p.m. With us into the cave, we took hurried inspection trip. Then Tommy and I went up extra clothes, lunches, cameras, surveying instruments, and let two more down for a look-see. Bill did not go and plenty of carbide. down. Said he didn't think he was that interem,d, and To get to the cave from Blacksburg, go to Newport had surely not lost anything there. Werner's comments on the Bluefield highway, turn left on the surfaced when he looked beneath him in the first space-swing road to Mountain Lake summer resort, and near the won't bear repeating, but will always be remembered. top of the moun tain turn left on road (?) marked by In a few minutes we were all out, deeply thrilled, and the State Highway as "Gate Road No. 608." This full of a resolve to go back and really see it. road leaves the highway at the second house above the When riding the sling down, it gives one a funny church. Follow this road to the second house (Mr. feeling to see a leaf come floating gently past yo~, Porterfield's) leave your car and walk up to the top of and watch a rock go streaking by with the speed of the pasture hill. You can't miss it. light. When preparing to go up I was standing in the The entrance room of the cave is long and oval, middle of the hole when one about the size of a foot­ runs east and west for about 100', and is perhaps 45' ball came down. I just saw it miss me by a foot as it wide at the bottom. Loose rock and debris is piled on whizzed by, to hit at my feet and explode in a million the southern wall to a height of possibly 20'. In the pieces. Makes t~e insufficient protection of a hard hat extreme east end of this room,· still going down, but on feel mighty good, though. Also when going up I had a slope now, is the pig. Go past it and down into a a new experience-the only accident of the trip. I, cat-hole about 3' x 3' and drop 15' more. Then there like a fool, straightened the rigging after calling "hoist is a vertical climb of about 40', and you reverse direction away. Got my little right finger caught in the lower and come out on a ledge well up in the side of the block and was hoisted up 2' with it bent backward entrance room. From this room you can go two ways. around the pulley. Have damaged it some, but not We went back for a little ways, then took off on our severely, I hope. old eastern course and walked along a perfectly smooth After such a thrilling beginning Saturday afternoon tube in the rock for a couple of hundred feet still it was decided to combine further exploration with the climbing. Then we dropped rather steeply for about regular trip, on Sunday, of the VPI student grotto of the same distance to a pool room. This smooth tube the National Speleological Society. The grotto was we came through was floored with highly organic earth, making an all day outing of it and was going to and sounded hollow. In fact it was caving in in places. re-explore two caves: Tony's and Smoke-Hole, both at We walked lightly. In this tube we found droppings the foot of the mountain in which the "Pig Hole," as from a fairly good-sized animal. Made us wish we had we have decided to call it, lies. It was planned to split my gun with us instead of with the lunch at the door. off a small party of experienced men and let them go In this pool room we came to, we found the first through the Pig Hole, the main party coming to the forma tions of any moment we had found, except' for a entrance to see it and let us down, and returning at night nest of nice cave pearls and petrified bat bones combined. to get us out. Here were bacon rind, stalactites, drip pools,· etc. All Accordingly, yesterday morning about 9 we set out were rather new, as were all of the few formations we about 30 strong. Arriving at the Pig Hole, everybody found in the cave. From here you took a belly-buster oh'ed and ah'd, and expressed a firm determination to crawl for a hundred feet to the south east and came to a go in whether or no. But only the planned party of precipitous slide into a large room (perhaps 125' by 40') seven men were allowed in. These included Watts, Hess, running north and south. Thank goodness, for inade­ Wright, Dorn, Barnes, Fulture, and myself. By the quate light! If we had had flood lights not a man of time we had our rigging fixed, we had quite an audi­ us would have tried that climb. Yes, we could see ence from the neighborhood gathered at the entrance .. bottom 30 or 40 feet below us, so we did it. But that They didn't think it was possible to get in, and were bottom was a bridge from one side to another of a afraid of what we'd find if we did (there are lots of chasm. Standing on this bridge with all our lights stories about people disappearing apparently into the turned up, and a flashlight helping, we could not see the hole). Finally we went down to the tune of many top. Nor could we see the bottom o.n. eithf!r side. If we NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL S ,OCIETY Pa ge 65 had missed the bridge, it would have taken 3 Yz -4 seconds bridge, and went over into a series of large rooms fi lled for us to fall the res t of the way; we timed it with with huge boulders. These boulders were all covered rocks, from 2/1 to l ' with bat droppings. From these rooms a In this room of the bridge, now called Hess's Hollow, great many passages went downwards, some of which was shown the sheerest piece of intestinal fortitude J were e:,

-'f.IC_~ __' J .. , ,.., " P,. Ho,r , __ -., 1.,'. c • ., G,I" (_, , .V, ,._~ / . ,.(latli,"J" I ""'''.f#.,,'p., ... / .. '--/ '~ ~J : ~~:',: ' ~:':A"~::':;"'i":":;:; __

J 11 t hi s room we found a very peculiar earth forma­ le:1ding the climb) daylight! Never have I ever seen it [ion. It was apparently an ordinary mass of very co­ under sweeter circumstances! And I saw people, too. hesive, tough cave clay, dark yellow in color. But upon Then it came to me. \'\1" e had circled the entrance and breaking it open and kneeding it, it got brighter 111 come out on a ledge high up on the west wall. I couldn't color :1nd vel'y sticky :1nd almost the consistency of believe it, though. Then the people saw my light away syrup. Very chalky in taste. down there, and were they glad! They were local in­ From the bridge we retraced our steps up the climb habitants who had gathercd :1rol1l1d expecting to see us and skirted the high room, which I :1m convinced is given up for lost. \'\I"e mcssed :1round in this upper level 250-300' fr0111 floor to ceiling, c rossed :ll1other dirt for quite :1 while trying to find J way out, but no soap. Page 66 BULLETIN NUMBER SEVEN

So we returned to the entrance and waited for the party gone m if they had had enough rope and block and to come and pull us out, it being time for them to come tackle, and someone to let them down. around. I have to admit I was a little afraid as I slipped first

\~ e bve a rather unique system of accounting for all my arms and then my legs into the sling and said, members of a party underground. Before going under, "Lower away," as I peered down into the depths. The the party numb ~rs off, :md each man remembers his top of the hole was approximately 12 ft. in diameter. number. When underground, simply call "Call off" and But after warding off the wall for a drop of 20 ft., the men call their number in turn, and roll is quickly the hole opened up into about 30 ft. wide. That was a called. When we at last came out in the entrance room strange feeling swaying there 100 or more feet from we called off and went up in that order. I was the last tne bottom with no walls around to hold on to. I number, and I wished I ·wasn't. If you want to feel think it was one of the most thrilling moments in my uncomfortable just be at the end of a day's caving, cold life. and tired, sitting 160' underground alone. It is one As we stc.od on the bottom I examined it closely. On heck of a lonesome fe~ling. But at last we were all out, one wall there was a layer of crystallized calcite; it counted off on the surface and pulled our equipment seemed to be stuck on a wall of mud and rock. In the up. There were at least 150 people from the neighbor­ far end there was a large crack extending back as far hood waiting around to see if we would come up alive as I could sec and about 30 feet high but only 81 inches or dead. wide. At the other end there was an exit from the lobby. As we scrambled down the rock slide, we passed The other parties had had an enjoyable day in their the body of the hole's namesake. The stench is very caves with only one untoward event. Al Burner. had strong. gotten himself caught under a rock and strained his We walked in mud and past mud walls and saw mud­ back rather painfully but not seriously. We all piled streaked, new stalagmites that are still growing; and into the truck and headed back to school each trying to over our heads was a solid rock ceiling that was gouged make his story of the cave the best and stick to the out by some stream years ago. It was smooth and a truth. This one is entirely unvarnished; in fact, it is gray color. The corridor we walked through resounded mostly a complete understatement if you can imagine with every footstep, and it felt as though the floor was that coming from me. hollow-we were careful not to stamp our feet. The \'\1 e are now going to send out an emergency call to corridor narrowed to about 3 feet width, and we went the Society for them to please send us what they have down a 45 0 slope to reach a room which had a little in the way of winches preferably with steel cable on stream in one corner. The stream was more like a one, long ropes, and particularly rope ladders. If we mud puddle and seemed to have no current. We went could get a good winch with steel cable and brakes on and came to a large room we called Hess's Hollow, for the descent at the entrance, 200 or 300 feet of for there is where we stood on a m"ud bridge and lowered good rope, and a couple hundred feet in rope ladders, Hess 90 feet to another room. All around us the walls we could really set about exploring that cave properly", either went straight up or straight down. There was fully, and safely. We arc bending over backwards in a little water dripping off the ceiling (about 75 ft.) . regards to safety, for without a doubt this is the most Hess said the place he had been lowered to could stand dangerous cave I ha ve seen, and I have seen and been more exploring. intimate .with quite a few. \~e saw only one direction to go in after we had George A. Crabb, Hess up. It was c,ver a ridge of mud and rock about Blacksburg, Va. (1943) 10ft. long and 3 ft. wide, sloping toward a void on one side, and an 8 ft. drop to the mud bridge we had been­ "PIG HOLE"-FOSSILS, GUANO, standing on, on the other side. This lead went into a PEARLS large room of broken rocks and jagged boulders. The flcor was none too firm. Watts almost fell through The entrance to this cave is enough to keep out any but flattened himself out in time. Underneath this person with more brains than mine. None of the local floor was a drop of about 10 or 15 feet. The lower farmers have ever been in it because the entrance looks floor showed several leads, but all going straight down. like dark void going into-well, Hell itself. Some of \~e continued along the upper floor and walked over the more hardy residents in the vicinity would have rccks that were covered with something we could not NATIPNAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 67 understand, until Crabb told us it was guano. The On the way out we found cave pearls, and petrified rocks were covered with it. We would go to grab a bat bones with a hard white substance formed on them. seemingly strong boulder and a large chunk of guano The corners of the cave were strewn with bat bones; would break off in our hands. After traversing a we could reach down and scoop up handsfull of them. pointed rock £Ioor covered with guano, we came to a There was a place in the ceiling of one of the rooms long corridor we named " Broadway." It was 30 feet where the rocks had come together in a fissure and wide and 300 feet long (approximately). This street squeezed out quartz crystals projected from this Yz -inch was paved with a full 18 inches of guano. There were fissure for its entire length of 50 feet. stalagmites of guano 5 ft. high under bat holes in the While waiting for six o'clock when the party. was ceiling. The roof was covered with fossils of fish bones to come back for us, we looked for some easier way to and shells. There was, and still is, one perfect fish back­ get out. There was cne tunnel that circled around the bone and also a small crab's shell. We were afraid to lobby and got us on a ledge about one-third the way to the top. . A lead off this brought us very close to the surface where we saw opossum tracks, but there was no exit. This cave is the most dangerous cave I have ever been in: the rocks are all very loose; the £Ioor and the walls are mud; only the ceiling is solid. I would like to go in again, but not unless we have plenty of rope and rope ladders to explore those promising downward leads. I am sure there must be a stream down there some place. C . G .Dorn

NEGOTIATING TWO WATERFALLS IN WEST VIRGINIA CAYES

We had a very successful trip over July 4th ( 1943). We picked up Jim Beard in Washington, Pa., and joined the Snells and the George Dare party (at Worden's) Sat­ urday night. Snell had a furlough. He and his wife and the Dare party had been ' ~ on location" a day or two, and had explored the large passage of Blowhole Cave beyond the point reached by our party on the Decora­ tion Day trip. They found a mass of fallen rock, boards, and rusty, oiron ' hoops which seemed to corroborate the old story about the chicken coop and the barrel of rum which disappeared overnight so many years ago. Sunday morning Robert Lutz and Eugene Perkins (from Elkins) joined our party at the point where the Teterton road leaves the highway about a mile above Dowlt the J 60-foot (hOop-off i1lto the Pig Hole. Mouth of Seneca. \Ve had planned further exploration of Blowhole Cave, but as this had been already ac­ try and move them for fear of destroying them. You complished we decided on further investigation of can even see the eye sockets in the crab shell. I think ~[ystic Cave. When last in Mystic I had followed a they could be chiseled off very nicely with the proper small passage which starts from above the pool in the tools. This street, Broadway, ended in a mud slide where last big room at the end of what I take to be the south mud had washed down from the surface. This end wing. This passageway seemed to me to have possibili­ could not have been more than 15 feet from the surface, ties, but on that previous occasion we had been stopped because t he hill the cave was on sloped down in this by a waterfall which came out of a hole in the direction. ceiling of a beehive shaped room (about a 12-foot drop) . ,Page 68 BULL E TI N NU MBE R SEVEN

I On the way down the south w ing George Dare was the larger members pass after they turned back. Up

In the lead. Somewhere he had picked up a pole 3 ahead there was many a gl'oan as someone squirmed or 4 inches in diameter at the large end. When we through the final sq~leeze. Thc compass in m y shirt came to one of thl;! deep pools, George carefully placed pocket had to be shifted around before I finally pulled the pole along one wall with the nea r end on the bottom through the squeeze. Thc cave was dry at this point and of the pool and the far end on :l muddy, sloping shelf on the passageway rapidly opened up again. Ralph Be·w­ the far side of the pool. Balancing himse lf against the man, John Ford, Tom Kiefer, Robert Lutz, E ugenc wall, George cautiously crossed the pool by walking on Perkins, Robert Trost, John \'<7 ingfield and yours truly the pole which was mcstly under water. H e then continued in what I took to bc a so utherly direction, stood near the edge of the muddy shelf and braced while the rest of the party descended through the water­ the end of the pole with one foot. (This end of the fa ll and went out the way we had come in. pole had threatened to sljde off the shelf while George The passageway opencd up rapidly to a 6 to 20 foot was crossing). As each person crossed, Ge'orge kept up ceiling. Within two or thrce hundred feet we saw a continuous flow of advice-" \'<7atch out for that hold! daylight and could see that we could easil y get out. The rock is loose. Take the on ~ above ·to the left. For half an hour or so we continued to explore some Careful!" of the other passageways, but we had neither the It seemed to me that George was overly concerned energy nor the time to do much more. It was a strange about the difficulties of this crossing even though many expcrience to step ou t of the ca ve and not recognize any members of the party were in a cave for the first time. landmarks. I judge that the entrance from which we He kept up his t1 0w of cautic ning advice even for ex­ had come was something over a half mile south d the perienced members of the party. Sl y George! It was main entrance' to Mystic Cavc. O ur efforts to obtain all a build-up, an in fernal trap! And John \'<7in gfield food and lodgin g at MO Lith of Scneca and at Harmon stepped into it all unsuspecting. He cautiously took werc unsuccessful, so we returned to Davis for a good the holds as advised by George. At the crucial moment mea l and a welcome rest. John lost his footing as the pole suddenly shifted. Some Monday Bowman, Lutz, Perkins, Smail and myself witnesses say that Gecrge's foot slipped off the end of set out again while the res t of the party rested. \'<7 e the pole. Others aver that his foot actually accelerated were looking for a stream coming out of a stonc quarry the motion of .the pole. \o/e do not have an actual south of Hendricks, as desc ribed by Jim Bea rd. Ham­ confession from George, and the lighting conditions bletcn (3 or 4 milcs south of Parsons) is c'asily identified were poor; but the important fact is that Jchn lit by signs at thc edge of town. It is nine-tenths of a spread-eagle with a resounding splash in what appeared mile from the center of H ambleton to the center of to be the deepest part of the pool. And so the affair Hendricks which might easil y be mistaken for a · part of the collapsing bed was finall y brought to a close. of Hambleton :I S there is no means, of identification When we reached the waterfall which had stopped us except asking. R ed Run (identified by service station before, George decided to try the climb usi ng frictic n and store, bridge, nicely-kept'log cabins for tourists, and holds. There were a few anxious moments just before a house set b:lck a hundred feet or so from the road on George sq uirmed through the hole in the ceiling. \o/c the left) is 4.1 milcs from Hendricks. Less than one tossed him the cnd of a rope which he fastened sec urely tenth of a mile from the bridgc a slag driveway runs around a projecting rock. Rope climbing conditions down to the right to follow an old railroad ri ght of wcre not what you would call ideal , wha.t with the way. A t.7 of a' mile from the bridge at Red Run, a rope being wet and muddy. Most of us burned some of small stream flow s from the left from an opcning at the hairs off our lunds with our lamps as we tried un­ the base of a face of rock which has been workcd as :1 successfully to avoid swinging under the icy waterfall. quarry. But everyone made it safely. A short distance above the Entrance to the cave, w hich we refer to as Red Run waterfall the passageway became low and narrow, re­ Quarry Cave, is a crawl through the strea m. The quiring that we crawl. Our progress slowed and quarry faces in a sc uthwesterly direction and the stopped. Conflicting reports filtered back, "Can' t make passageway runs in a generally southeasterly direction. it! ", " Johnny's' gone through!" \VI e crawled on hands and feet through 2 to 4 inches ·of It was at this point that our group was so rted in to briskly flowin g water ' for about 200 feet. Then t he two groups according tc· size in thc middle. Somehow passageway opcned up with ceilin g up to 20 feet. Somc we managcd to squecze against thc wall enough to let small formations were obse rved. About a quarter of a NATIONAL Sl'ELEOLOG I CA L SOC I ETY Pa ge 69

mile from the entrance '.ve heard the so und of a water­ drainage channels in the north or northwest corner. fall. \'tunnels, but no showing the location of all caves for which we have any li ght was seen at the far ends, where loose rock and clay reli able location data. One of these files consists of blocked exploration. In the chamber were found (1) U. S. Geological Survey Quadrangle Maps (when such :i beaver skull, which has been sent to the U. S. National are available) with the caves located thereon as accu­ Museum for specific iden tifica tion; and (2) the bed ratel y as the location data permit. of a large animal, including dry feces, poss ibly of The Lex in gton quadrangle serves as a good illustration racoon or bea r. \Vhile there are bats (M)lotis and of the procedure which is now being followed by the So­ ciety. \Ve already have some twenty caves spotted on this Pij,islrellns) throughout the c~ve, they were abundant single quadrangle, (see map, 1, showing first 16 caves) only in this last chamber. and it is hi ghl y probable that this number will be doubled An attempt was made to follow up the main stream. within the next year. \Vhen the existence of a cave A rock fall, through which the water came gushing, is ascertained, the cave is spotted on the map by pencil forced the party into a chimney which was followed or other era sible marking and a number placed beside it upward to where rocks became loose :l11d the clay so on the map itself. These numbers are then also listed abundant that further climbing appeared too hazardous. on the margin of the map in numerical order together It may be that this chimney has surface connections. with the cave name, preferably in waterproof ink. An attempt was made to get down to the stream above Until the cave has actually been located and visited by a paMy of the Society, its location is kept in pencil, the blocked point, but met with no success. usually with a question mark opposite its name in the Location of cave: Lat. N 37° 18' 10". Long. W 80 ° margin. When a cave has been actually located so that 30' 35". Pearisburg Quadrangle, Va.-\'I1. Va. Giles its existence and proper location have been verified, its County, Va. Drive west from Newport, Va., for 2 or marking on the map is changed to permanent India ink. 2.5 mi., take first road to right (Mt. Lake road), cross T he value of this system is that caves which have Sinking C reek on covered bridge, continue up Sinking not been definitely located can be seen at a glance and Creek, Yz ' mi. beyond point at which Mt. Lake road distingui shed from those which have been properly turns left. Cave near butternut tree on hillside, W. of verified. TI}e pencil markings also may be erased: first house on N . side of road. this is of special value w hen, as is often the case, it is found that the original report was in error ei ther as to N otcs on F ((una ex istence or exact location. Two weeks ago, one banded specimen of the little The caves now spotted in the Lexington quadrangle are as follows: L Spring Hill Cave. This is the largest brown bat, M)lotis luci!ugus, was collected in Tony's cave known to liS on this quadrangle. (See map, 2) cave. It turned out that it was one of a lot of 500 that It is also known locally as Geology Cave, due to its use had been banded there in November 1940, by a Mr. by geology classes of both \Vashington and Lee, and Llewellyn, at that time graduate student in the biology Virginia Military Institute. It has also been referred department. Last week-end we found six more banded to as Bather's and White's Cave, both of which names Myotis in Tony's cave. Also we managed to seine a are thought to be in error, especially Bather's, which number of minnows (Cy jlril1id(/ c), where we caught the is believed to be the name of another cave on the op­ Miller's thumb on that recent memorable trip, and posite side of the river. Spring Hill Cave has been another Miller's thumb (Cottlls) in the Smoke Hole. written up to some e~tent in BULLETIN No. L - The Society has not · done any extensive work in this cave, In a recent Ti·l1/.c Magazine was a good article about since considerable work has been done by the geology recent resu lts of bat banding. In this connec tion it is departments of the schools above referred to, and the inter6ting to note that the banded bats we found in time does not appear to be ripe for its extensive study Tcny's cave were apparently banded there, and that no and exploraticn. \Ve have done sufficient work, hC1W­ banded bats were found by us in the Smoke Hole, though ever, to definitely suspect as a myth stories of one being the latter is on ly a fraction of a mile from the former. able to enter and leave the cave proper by way of the Alfred G. Fisc her spring and passage at the opposite side of Spring Hill, \ Pag,· 72 B U L L F. T I N _NUMBE _ R~ S_ E~ V I: N NATIONAL SPEL E OLOGICAL SOCIET\' Pa ge 73 ------or by way of the river. One party under the leadership cave with a large and impressive entrance. The m:lJn of Dr. Welsh followed the spring passage back in excess cave stops in a breakdown after 200' or more. The of 200' until further progress wa~ blocked by what cave contains a running stream and it may be possible appeare~ to be solid walls, probing underneath the water that exploration along the stream will disclose more surface disclosed no opening sufficiently large to permit cave. It has been observed (by Petrie and party of one to duck under the surface and come up in some N .S.S.) fi lled completely to its portals after flood (Oct.

Sca/• . '··50'

L.dEHO P R ~PAl1.£D BY -Know" I".. ,M·, o[CIJIIe ::::::::- NATIONAL :,prLf'OLOGICAL .V ...,. I ored $eC ~ Ion.• _- ___------. _ ....• SOC/frY other rool11. Attempts to communicate with a party in 1941), thus accounting for the thick layer of mud t he main cave resulted in failure. found throughout the cave. The cave should be worked only by a full y equipped 3. Turkey H ill Cave. A relatively small cave ,,,ith party. It has several dange rous pits and crevices which one main room which terminates in a 150' crawl down req uire use of a- rope for at least the pu rp6se of safety: a slope, at the bottom of which is a beautifull y decor­ It has so many interconnecting pass:iges th:lt one ated medium sizc room or passageway which is said to might easily become \ost. People with considerable end after 100' or more. When visited by t he Society experience in this cave ha ve been lost for as long as party it was fOllnd that the :ltmosphcre in this room eleven hours before being found by :l searching partv. would not support combustion so exploration was 2. Limekiln Cave. A r:l ther sma II bu t in reresting terminated as dangerous ;at this point. Page 74 B ULLET I N NU M B E R S E V EN

3-A. Turkey H ill-A. A small cave on the opposite approximate alleged location as m arked on the map . ~ id e of the road from Turkey Hill Cave. Believed to be 10. \'fatt's, or Cave in Field. Primarily a long tedi­ about one-third the size of T urkey Hill Cave, and re­ ous crawl with several e nl a rg ~ m e nt s , with end not puted . to be con nec ted therewi th a t one· time, though reached. The cave is reputed to extend at least two no ac tual connec tion is now known . miles to nea res t river. This is doubted since· ground 4. Riverside Cave. Not yet positively located. May surface is cut by a deeply entrenched ~ tr e am less than prove to be quite extensive, as supposed to be in cliff Y4 mile f rom cave entrance and it is not believed the ad jacent to the ri ver. PaH experience with · similar cave could extend pas t the stream. ca ves in this area have shown these caves either to be 11. H arris Page or Bell Cave. A medium-sized cave disappointingly small or of considerable size. as yet know n. Of considerable interest as its end has 5. Big H ill Q uarry Cave. W hile not yet located not yet been found. Main extent lies along stream has exceptional promise due to size of hill in which it bed with numerous interesting passages leading up­ is reported. wardly. H as at least t wo entrances, one of w hich ha!

PINe: CONE STALAGMIT~

Pcuugc - unexP,ored 20 f T. Ladde r Re~id.

{,7 ./ .... ' ..--:---. ."'/' C.rbi •• SMoke H..,.k an s.w. "".11 - ·Ni'~

PLAN

E.LEVATION OI:Vf LOPfD L~NGTH

PR.~PARf:D fSV THt:. k"T!o wn limit, ot cay: y":::L~ Hole or Pit 0 \\ BELL CAVE Une t p lon:: d sectlon.s :: : :~ Up, t ond lng ROLk 0- Roct(I!RIDG~ COUNTY, VIItGINIA . NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL Surve y ed J une " . 194 3 by 5 t . phen50n & Petrie .sOCIETY L i rn e .s~on e ..:::!::~ lOa ~!' !~..r: - ~ l'I~ flLIt lUI I !! ! I J - roe . Ora w n Jan. 1, 1944 by S "tephen.,on I Por-ter COp j ~3 of this map may be obtain •• G r a p h ic Sca le Scale - 1"- 50 r'T. from the ~.eretflry . for 35' c oPy·

6. Miller Cave. A passa ge cave enlarging after 100' been developed with a protecting house built over it. or more into two dead-end passages, one containing a Requires a well-organized and equipped, experienced pool and interesting rimstone formation. The cave I S party to explore further, because of existence of pits of no extensive interest. with rope work required, further handicapped by lack

7. Bob Lit tle Cave. Nothing more IS known than of space at ]l1ouths of the pits. Interes ting fauna re­ reported existence. cently taken . . 8. W idow Stewart Cave. Appea rs to be fairly well­ 12. Bather's Cave. In upper third of cliff over­ known locall y and as such may have so mething worth looking well-known swill)ming beach. R eputed '· to run in ves tigating. back considerable distance w ith another entrance, Y4 9. U nnamed N o. 1. A ll known of this cave I S its mile or more back in field away .from river. Exa~t NATIONAL SP E L E OLOGI C AL SO C I E TY Page 75

location of neither of these entrances yet ascertained. plored to present known end; believed to' be fast filling 13. Cliff Cave. Believed to be merely small holes in with mud, as it is completely flooded after each heavy cliff over river. Should be investigated before check­ ra1l1. Rich in fauna. ing off as of no interest. This type ai/ways has pos­ sibility of disclosing Indian artifacts. Entrances can be 17. Fox Ca,\e. Name and existence only reported. / allegedly seen from r.oad. 18. Unnamed No. 2. Existence only reported. 14. Tolley's Cave. Cave about 700' in length, cut 19.--- entirely through ridge. Blocked in center for about 20. Cow-bear Cave. Name and existence only re­ . 50' requiring work from' both ends. Lower end most interesting, being well decorated, while upper end con­ ported. tains the larger rooms. Temperature studies should 21.---

Cr4wl w_y-zo rt. OV6rnead Pcuselge Ct:g~~~-E -~"~Ii~;-ii"~::::~~':-~~G-;-:-:~:'-:-=-=-=-r~=-::'=-~~~~~::~o~::~::::-:-:C=-"=-=-=-:8~~ii~

xl ELEVATION NORT.H· .sECTION

ave stream beg i n.s

PLAN

Xi i

ELEVATION SOUTH SECTION DE VELOPED LENGTH

LEG E N 0 TOLLEY CAVE PREPARED BY THE Xno wn lim Its of cave tiole or Pit 0 = ROGK BRIDGE CO. , VIRGINIA IiATIOi'1AL 5PELEO LOG ICAL tl n ~x pl o red .sec t iOn!> :,':-:-:. Water ~ Lim e5t onc. :::::.r:;p~F Ro c. k ~ 5ur veyet1 A ug. 1, 194.3 by W/'FT . J. 5 'tepnen.son .sOCIETY 0 L ..150 , 100 !2~f. Drawn Jan. 17, 1944 by f . f . Por ter S c'aJ e- 1" = 40 Ft". G raphic SCllie

be made as temperature in the two sections 111 summer 22 . Unnamed No.3. Reported existence only. (1943) appeared to be decidedly different, the upper 23. Sewer Cave. Entrance· only located. Sewage section being decidedly warmer of the two. discharged into cave. 15. Railroad Cave. Can be seen in railroad cut acros's 24. Bare Cave. Small cave of little interest. river from U. S. 60. To reach one must swim nver. 25 . Blackwell's Cave. Entrance is now blocked by Not yet visited by the Society. debris. Could' be entered by clearing debris. Not 16. Showalter Cave. Small, but exceedingly inter­ known to have been previously explored. esting, because of intermittent lake system following flooding, and particularly gooey mud. Has been ex- W. J. Stephenson (1943) l)a ,~e 7 6 B U L L E T ' ''' N U ,\ ., 11 E R 5 EVE N

CAVES FOR WHICH SOCIETY HAS MAPS FROM OUR MEN IN UNIFORM­ u u Georgia Cave and a Legend '"en .. .9 0 0 A few weeks ago I took a trip to northern Georg!a U

London, Fro112 Jack Wilson October 1 In England, I have never had time or been close enough to the August 15, 1944 caves Solari sent me. Hope to, though, in the future-­ \Xf e are pretty well restricted, and there is no oppor­ one or two. tunity to survey the local speleological situation. ' In A few more clippings (Ed. Perry has sent the Society the little traveling I have been able to do, I have ob­ 'scores of these clippings, some of which will appear in served some rather startling outcrop pings of limestone BULLETIN No. 8, all of which are preserved in the in land that seemed to be otherwise free of rocky soil. ' Society's clipping books.) . '.. Some day, if I get the I know nothing of the geologic ,structure 'of England, time and opportunity, I will try to run down to Dover and it m ay be that there are caves all about and yet and see at first hand the famous caves in the chalk out of sight. For that matter, practically all the roads cliff's which protected those people so well. are bordered by high hedges so you can't see much of So much of this man's warfare has gone on under the anything. earth, in man- as well as God-made caves, not to men­ In spite of all the limitations and restrictions imposed, tion sewers, catacombs, the tubes here, cellars, tunnels, the trip has proved interesting in many w ays. We are etc., and even those working under cover referred to on double daylight time, and it stays light until 11 as "the Underground". '.. Caving should gain great o'clock. Then it starts getting cold, and our blankets impetus after this war, and prove a great outlet for are needed. Of course we are outdoors, in tents, but young men who still have adventure in their souls. I have slept out in the mountains back ' home lots of times and not been as cold. The buzzards still come over here, and I'll be darn This English beer is scarce, and not much good­ glad when they have hunted the Hun to earth and certainly not worth waiting in a long line to get. The found all his lairs of des truction for London. They monetary system takes a little cogitation at first, but are dev ilish things-I've been under real bombing and is not really difficul t. . . strafing planes-but these . .. well, I frankly prefer the airplane bombings. Some day the whole story of France, London, a front line city, can be told. We can't now. October 14 Censorship.- H ave been in France a couple of months, and spent Hope you are still exploring, and that you will have shorter periods of time in two other countries. Anyway, a few nice ones, well explored, into which an old, tot­ I like France better than the others if for no other rea­ tering troglodyte, such as self, can take in. Keep the son than that their beer tastes like ours, they drink it home-caving fires burning. .. cold and sell it for two francs a glass, or about four cents of our money. Further, there is plenty of it. London, Have seen quite a bit of this country. It's all Novembex 22 pretty and well cared for except where somebody has First of all- Merry Chris tmas and a Happy and Suc­ been fighting battles and knocked everything down. cessful New Year! Some of the towns we have come through are just about Some more clippings ... nothing exciting about obliterated, but in other places you can drive for miles them, except that half this war is just about being and miles and see nothing but pretty countryside and fought underground. Every town taken in Germany prettier wa'men. The enemy abandoned l~ts of towns and those before, in France, tell of people hiding in without doing any damage except some looting. Often caves and cellars. Here, we rush to the cellars when you will find only one or two wrecked tanks or guns buzz-bombs come over, and thousa nds of people sleep or a few f~xholes and maybe some graves on the out­ each night in the subways here. They are very deep­ skirts of a fairly large town. Of course, where they could some even 200 feet underground. The forces, too, are blow up bridges, the Germans did a pretty thorough supposed to have grea t underground headquarters. job of it, but they even left plenty of these. When the buzzers come over, which they still do, Have had ample opportunity to check up on stories with considerable regularity, and other things, too, I I heard about the weather in France during the other often wish for a cave as deep as Carlsbad. war. It hasn't changed a bit, and all the weather man Sure hope it ends soon, so I can be back and have has to do each day is wake up long enough to predict some nice, quiet week-end caving drives . . . rain and his work is then done. With a lot of heavy NATIONAL SP ELEOLOGICAL SO C I ETY Page 79 trucks and other equipment rolling around, the mud just wasn't any such thing. We lived in a field with a just gets deeper and deeper. It is of an especially rich fence around it, just like any good prize cattle. and gooey variety, superior in 'many respects to that Have had a couple of letters from John Meenehan found in the slimiest caves we have ever explored. Even wherein he mentioned Frank Solari. Also, he says he if the sun dces come out for a while, the mud just stays. visi ted LeRoy Foote up in Waterbury, Conn., and is What amazes me though, is that with all this rain there goin g back up there to give a lecture on speleology. are very few streams in the country, and even the big In France, of course, the restrictions are even more name rivers would hardly 'rate as a first class West severe, inasmuch as there is a war going on down the Virginia creek. road a ways. However, we do get a six-hour pass once \Ve have pitched camp in almost a dozen localities a week, but cannot get started earlier than about 12:30 and, up to the last one, it was always with pup tents­ and it gets dark around five o'clock now. If caught sometimes digging in and putting the tent over the out after dark in the blackout, it is all but impossible trench, and sometimes just finding places under trees. to get a lift because the drivers can't see you, and also If properly put up, the pup tent will keep you dry; yo u are usually lost anyway. but putting them up in a blackout at midnight with This part of France is somewhat mountainous, and a pouring rain coming down is something of a prob­ all the roads twist around and nobody knows where lem, especially if you have been riding all day in an anything is. It's bad enough getting back in the day­ open truck and all your blankets and everything else time, but we are all getting pretty good at remembering are soaked through. landmarks, etc. Being late in getting back is liable Now I am temporarily on duty with this battalion to cost money all out of reason with the seriousness of headquarters and living ,indoors. Indoors happens to the offens~. Military justice, they call it. be the second floor of an old stone barn that was once The weather has been pretty foul ever since I have a chicken coop. We shoveled the dirt and feathers out, been in France; in fact, it has rained almost every day, and are now quite comfortable when rolled up on the and the rivers have been in flood. Last night it snowed floor in our blankets and shelter halves. Our "office" for a while,. but no evidence of it this morning. These is a very old chateau that is about worn out. There is French dcn't go in for pavement and sidewalks as no heat in the place .except fireplaces, and they are ei­ much as we do, and everything is mud except in the ther sealed up or have defective flues. There are three cities. Where trucks and armor have plowed it all up refugee families living on the second floor and, if we you can just about drown in it. build a fire in our room, they get the products of com­ All in all it lo'oks like I will have to forget speleology bustion and let us know about ·it. for the duration, but will be anxious to take it up again It would seem that anyone building a house as big as soon as poss ible. as this would build a sidewalk leading up ' to it; but, no, they let it float in a sea of mud. From Frank Ruocco Doubtless I will have had enough of the rugged life Oahu, Hawaiian Is., by the time I get home, but after resting up will be February 26, 1944 ready to take off to Schoolhouse Cave or the Hellhole I received several of your cards, the last one from your with you again. trip to Blowing Cave. Wished it were possible to have gone there again. By the way, have you ever gone to France, Trout Cave again . . . November 10 The Hawaiis are quite a place for sightseeing. .. I I did not get a chance to even think very much about am on Oahu, and as yet have not been to any of the caves while in England, although the part of the ~oun­ other islands. I'd like to see the old volcanoes ... tI;y I was in appeared to be limestone and looked like heard so much about them in the past. probable cave territory. Being a Pfc in the infantry The climate is ideal, a$ the temperature never goes gives you ab(,')ut as much liberty as goldfish in a bowl. down to freezing and rarely up to 90 °. It is winter About as much privacy, too. For the three weeks I now, and compares to June weather at home-no need spent in England I had one pass, starting at around for a coat or any woolen clothing at all. seven in the evening and running until eleven the same Hope to send a few snapshots soon; took some of the evening. I did manage to spend a few other evenings scenery, really look pretty good . Films are kind of hard in a nearby town, but always as potential bait for the to get anywhere, but once in a while a batch comes MP's. As far as getting out in the day tinle, there In... Pag" 80 B U L L E T J N N U Nt B E R S E V E N

seems like some volcano erupted-at least, that's what Oahu, Hawaiian Is., the story was. March 21 Life out this way is 'pure and simple; none of the re­ I am still, more or less, enjoying my stay in the finement and comfort of home. Barely li ving on Hawaiians. As the islands are comparatively small necessities. We are living in tents and out in the open; :tnd communication and transportation not, readily no human life at all besides the soldiers and a few prim­ lvailable, I continue to spend most of the time on Oahu. itive natives. There is not much water except for Surrounded by hills and mountains, I have so far been drinking purposes; the rest comes out of well s and is unsuccessful in locating natural caves of any kind or muddy-that is used for washing. The old elbow size whatsoever. They probably do not occur in rock grease and a bar of G. I. soap does the job of washing formations of the kind we have on the islands; so, for clothing. the time being, I'll have to read about them from your The terrain is very hilly and, in some spots, levels trips. off a little; jungle and undergrowth covers practically The Newsletter was forwarded from Camp Living­ the whole section; rainfall is very heavy and, I sup­ ston and arrived last week. . . The present list of pose, accounts for the heavy growth. Quite a few members is surprising-hasn't the membership increased birds in the vicinity: some of them look like white by about 50 % ? Remember when the Society was first parrots; others come in all different colors, :Ind make organized with a dozen or so members. I recognized quite a bit of noise in the nighttime. a few names on the list, and hardly believed they could The comforts taken for granted at home now are have been interested. I guess one trip changed their lu xuries and, even at that, almost unknown; about all minds . .. the boys have are cigarettes and a movie on a small I had intended sending photographs of interest taken screen once in a while. You can't borrow or beg a here, but never got around to it. On account of cen­ drink of ice-water, much less a bottle of beer or a sorship, it's hard to get anything through the mails, coke. The cots used for sleeping are hard, and the but I soon will send a few. One interesting point is only substitute for a mattress is a blanket and almost Diamond Head, the big cliff jutting out of the ocean :tnything for a pillow. It is fortunate that a human which can be seen for miles out. Directly below lies being becomes accustomed to all kinds of living. The a pass leading to the water. From above, the scene is Red Cross out here does quite a job. \XThen we landed magnificent-it reminds one of the Shenandoah from on the beach they gave us coffee and cake, which was Skyline Drive. Can't keep from thinking about very welcome; they also handed out cigarettes. There home... is a canteen nearby, and every afternoon they have coffee and lemonade, even though it is necessary to New GuinCA'l stand in line for maybe a half hour. Tastes pretty July 31 good ... Quite a bit of time has passed since I last wrote to The fighting in this section was pretty heavy; eqlllp­ you. Now I have a little time to myself and catch.ing ment and ammunition lays all over the place; it's hard up on a little correspondence. I have moved again and and tough on account of the jungle. The brush is so taken a nice long ride. The boat was crowded and dense that it is impossible to see in front. Quite a few uncomfortable as ever, not being a pleasure cruise. The pillboxes were taken by flame throwers-lucky to have temperature rose higher and higher as we reached the them . To see all the cemeteries out here mlkes one equator; now I am on the other side of the world and think about what the price was. Reading in the papers standing on my head. On this side people are a day about some of those animals going on strike sure makes older than in the states; the date line was crossed a l person mad. way back; we are one day ahead in time. The seasons Have you taken :lny trips recently, or fou nd any new are just the opposite from home, too. caves? On the way to New Guinea, the boat passed quite a number of atolls and small islands in the middle of (New Guinea) the ocean. Some of them are so small that it would November 2 take but five minutes to travel from one end to the I am getting tired of this place, and would like to other. Most of them seem not to be inhabited. leave for other parts. The environment does not pos ­ Met up with a dust storm which as so thick it was sess any atmosphere of welcome or even any subject of impossible to see very far ahead; worse than nighttime; interest-merely an abundance of brush, hen, in sects, NAT I ONAL S P E L EOLO G I C A L S O C I E T Y Page 81 and dust. A little way off is a belt of mountains which With visibility at zero and the transport still on look a little different. the reef, the officers decided to put off the troops. Two Liberty ships and five LCI's, along with a Navy Aux­ The nearest point of civilization lies a thousand miles iliary vessel, a couple of salvage tugs and an Australian away. The caves you mentic ned are not found in these ship were standing by. Chaplains moved among the parts; in fact, I have not heard nor seen any so far, men, praising the calmness of the ship's mas ter and as it is difficult to get around. Neither is there much all aying any fea rs the soldiers might have had as to time to spare. .. Perhaps in the f uture I may be for­ the ship's safety. The soldiers were put aboard Liberty ships to continue toward their des tination . tunate enough to come across some of those caves you Meanwhile, four LCI's, aided by a Naval Auxiliar y write about. . vessel, succeeded in pushing the t ransport back off the Had a bit of bad luck coming ac ross, but pulled out reef after she had been aground for t wo full days and OK. Enclosed (following this letter ) is a newspaper nearly six hours. An A ustralian N avy Officer, who account of what happened. Can't explain in detail visited a nea rby island after the storm, reported later that, " dust was thick on the ground and bushes, trees at this time, but it will give you an idea of what hap­ and shrubs were weighted down with it ." pened. The days ,are much hotter now; soon as the sun AND OTHERS rises, the hea t starts, and does not let up till dark­ and even then the nights are not as cool as they used to A Word /J'om Carlsbad be. Wish it w ere possible to get a good night's sleep­ I have been compiling a brief article on the N ational the cots here are hard as a boa rd floor and not very big Speleological Society to be included in each iss ue of the' either to stretch out on. A comfortable seat or chair W hite City N ew s, as I knew that it would bring the is a luxury. Anyhow, a pump has been put into opera­ Society to the attention of m any people interes ted in tion and a shower rigged up, A good clea ning up after ca ves and caverns, some of whom might be interested in the day is over feels good . . . joining your Societ y. Incidentally, I want to thank you for the lates t copy TROOPSHIP GROUNDS IN VOLCA N O GALE of the BULLETIN sent me. I think you are especially wise to print it; and I assume many persons, like m yself, The hitherto undisclosed story of an ee ri e volca ni c , will not only enjoy reading it, but will find it as a con­ storm which trapped a big A meri can troopship and venient reference book. I have cuts and m ats which drove her onto a South Pacific coral reef was learned by can be loaned to you and which might be proper for the Call Bulletin here today. . ' Hundreds of troops aboard the transport were evac­ inclusiun in f u lurt! bulletins. uated into Liberty and LCI's without a single reported When D r. W illiam Gray recently visited the Carlsbad casualty, according to offi cial accounts of the incident. Cavern, I accompanied him on part of the trip and The vessel, after more than two days aground, was assisted him in taking some kodachrome pictures. H e backed off the reef w ith the aid of Liberties and LCI's and with only minor damage to her hull. may plan to give you an article on the Carlsbad Cavern, First ominous hint of t rouble came one afternoon but I doubt if the information obtained by him on his when officers aboard the transport sighted huge, billow­ brief visit would be sufficient to sa tisfy most of your ing black clouds moving towa rd them. The clouds members. I was sorry I did not get to make the full were formed by a pumice ash storm, resulting from a trip with Dr. Gray, but he was one day behind schedule volcanic eruption. By midafternoon, the transport was and for that reason I was deprived of the opportunity of forced to turn on her navigational lights. A little later, one offi cer reported " day was turned into night being with him the full day. and the sky was black and visibility nil." Blinping, I am especiall y pleased at the las t paragraph of your stifling ash dust enveloped the vessel, siftin g into ma­ letter stating that you hope to visit Carlsbad (I assume chinery, blotting out all visible ana navigational aids. you mean Carlsbad Cavern) after the war and The big transport, groping for a safe anchorage to sincerely hope that this Greatest of Caverns will live ride out the weird storm, slid onto a reef a little before up to your expectations. I have visited the Gruta de nightfall, smoothly, w ithout even a jar. A ll ni ght long her officers and crew tried to back her off- without Cacahu'amilpa in Mexico, but failed to check the state­ success. The ash dust from the volcano was so thick ment that it surpasses Carlsbad Cavern in any respect. that eye shi eld s f rom gas masks carried by the troops Thomas Boles, Superintendent, were supplied to members of the transport's crew who Carlsbad Caverns N ational Park, needed them. The ash se ttled on the ship coating her decks with a quarter inch of dust. Carlsbad, N. M. ( 1942) Pa ge 82 BULLETIN NUMBER SEVEN

Another "Endless Cave" Committee on Fauna of the Society. I am glad to know of all those committees and hope there is something I I hear of a cave outside of Bedford, Indiana. Go from can do to help somewhere. I will send pictures of both Bedford one mile on the old road to Burns City (a new Morrison and New Year as soon as I get a good set, road is being built), until you are 300 yards from the because r want them on file with Miss \'\Thitley of the \'\Thite river, and about 300 yards from a bridge which Records Committee. crosses the \'V'hite river, until the road makes an ex­ tremely sharp left turn. The cave entrance is directly The Montana School of Mines at Butte is prepanng under the road in the bend of the turn, in a little gully. for me a photograph of an id~al section of a stalactite. \'V'e sawed a few sections off and polished one quite The cave entrance has been barred by wood, as a thin, and you will be surprised what that one looks like couple of kids were lost in it for two days a year or under the microscope. There are 'a few rings which are two ago. Local reputation is that it is "endless." Two complete; most are made up of groups of half moons. houses and a service station are near by, and the story and directions can be had from them. F urther data which we have on Morrison: The U. S. Bureau of Mines measured the temperature, air-flow, I miss the cave trips considerably, and hope to be back oxygen content, humidity, and the safety 'of it. with you after the war. Bruno Petsch, (Mont.) State Forestry, Possibly this cave is already known. The new issue Morrison Cave State Park, of the magazine-which is excellent-lists several caves Whitehall, Mont. (1942) in Lawrence Co. I understand that this cave is in that Clyde A. Malott, county. William W. Welch, M.D. Rockville, Maryland (1943) Bleeding Formations? \'\1' e have heard a little about some caves in the vicinity Data from Montana of Elkins. One, about 4 miles or so east of Elkins, con­ tains formations (allegedly) which give off a blood-red I received my copy of the NSS BULLETIN and have liquid on fracture; another cave--"over the mountain been getting a great deal of pleasure out of it. Thanks a piece"- runs right through the mountain. for the article on Morrison Cave which appears in it. Sam H. Allen, On page 46 there is listed the New Year Cave at Lewis­ Steubenville, O. (1943) burg. Would you have that changed to Lewistown; apparently it is an error in printing. The New Year Cave is under development and the Central Chamber Caves on "The Other Side"? of Commerce of Lewistown plans to have it operating It was thoughtful of you to send me the card from this coming season. I am going to make another trip Blowing Cave. \'\Then I saw your name at the bottom over soon to give them a little help and map the cave. of the message, there flashed through my mind a mental The cave was discovered by a mining company while picture of an unsee n though very real friend at the they were driving a prospecting tunnel in search of gold. other end of a safety-rope that guided and later "lifted" . The cave is in the Judith Mountains. I hope it can be me when I assumed the character of an acrobat on a li sted in the Guide to Commercial Caves which the rope ladder while leaving the "jug" in Doyle Cave. Society is preparing. Tha t was a grea t experience. The Research Projects mentioned in the BULLETIN I would have liked to have been with you on your are of interest to me. Morrison Cave has a precise la test trip. When you speak of ca ve mud, I certainly transit survey through it, and all bench-marks have get the old "urge." Once a "caver"-always a "caver" altitudes to a hundredth of an inch, and latitude and -it gets in your blood and only death can stop the departure. malady. I'll bet when we get to heaven the first thing The Physics department of Montana State College we will ask for is a good deep cave to explore in. Well, measured the radium activity along the cave trails; why shouldn't we expect only the " best" on the other there arc three places where radium emanations are quite side? pronounced. The Department of Entomology collected George White, Parke, Wood, my brother-in-law, several kinds of insects and described them. I have sent Louis Klappich, and the writer, visited Seneca Caverns for another copy of the data ,which I 'will forward to the Armistice Day. \'\I'e didn't go down to the 8th level this l'\ ,\TIO :\:AL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY time, for the water has risen 30 feet. Explored around a Military Government. This will, I am sure, give me an li ttle and had a fine time. opportunity to apply some geology in foreign fields. r thc ught the last BULLETIN was very good. Wrote \'Vhen we get to Europe, I will be sure to visit a cave Steve to that effect; also suggested a possible method of so as to be able to report on it upon m y return. increasing the "circulation" of the 'BULLETIN, in an r am very pleased at the amount of interest and educational campaign that would enlarge the influence activity that is being maintained in the speleological and scope of the Society's work. He will undoubtedly work. It speaks well for you and your enthusiasm. write me regarding the " reaction" to my suggestions. Calvin Price has had a letter from Jack Preble, and L. E. Ward, he was in the Near East at that time. Toledc, O. (1943) Paul H. Price, State Geologist. Geological and Economic Survey, Now, Abollt that OIlYX ... Morgantown, W. Va. ( 1943) That cnyx thing ha s been bothering 111~ ever since wrote that column about visiting the new cave in B{'ard Bril1gs Us Wissa!Jic!wll Kentucky. I figured that some of the experts on cave I just assumed that you would like to know how we exploration must think I'm a sa p when I talked a lot of the \'Vi ssa hickon Nature C lub appreciate your fellow about floors covered wi,th onyx. Anyway, that was rilember James N. Beard of Pittsburgh. what the natives called it; and while I've learned through On October 31, 1943, Mr. Beard took over a day's the yea rs that natives can be very wrong, especially on prog ram in our cabin and ed ucated our members history and nature lore of all kinds, occasionally you in the "gentle" art of cave exploration. He festooned have to take their word for things unt il you ha ve lea rned the rafters with hundreds of feet of manila rope, per­ differently from some recognized authority. I checked mitting the boys to try his safety belt, and displayed wjth all the authorities I could find, but I couldn't ge t his clothing and his equipment to great advantage. to first base on that onyx question. I've been studying ' new terms every night until now l can talk like an old After a lecture on eq uipment :lnd sa fety meas ures, he s:llt fer, believe it or not, I'm still hoping to get into showed the effect of a carbide lamp in the darkened servICe. I passed my phys ical for a Navy commission room and then proceeded with his kodachrome slide some time ago. R ecently the Detroit Office of Naval lecture. I believe he obtained some followers for on Qfficer Procurement wrote me and told me that the)' the succeeding Sunday morning bird hike one fellow Iud approved all m y papers and recommended me for a wanted to investigate a hole in the ground which turned commiss ion, sending all the information to \'Vashington. ou t to be a broken fresh W:Her se wer in ou r park, So now I'm sliding into home and, unless somebody tags We honor Mr. Beard to this extent, that we ha vt: me out at the plate, I'm going to score after the fifteenth given him leadership in a group called the Speleological separa te and distinct effort. I've got more rejection group to match up with our ornithological, geological, letters than Diamond cavern has stalactites. \'Ve' ve got botanical, entomological, biological, photographic, astro­ a couple more crawlers signed up in Toledo, and a couple nomio l, and zoological groups. more enthusiastic " he:ld bumpers" nibbling. I believe \'Ve who knew hi s friend \11'. Gage regret hi s abse nce t h:lt, before too long, we may luve enough for a Toledo beca use cf the \\'a r. grotto, and I'nl hoping we have it before the war IS The \'Vissahickon Nature C lub is a field organization over, too. operating as an a\'ocational association of adults in Lou Klewer, Riverview Park, Pittsburgh. rhe subjects of the groups Toledo, O. (1943) outlined above are studied in groups in field and labora­ tory, and C\'l:ry Sunday so me grc lip puts on a formal Palll Price R eports lecture in our \Vissa hi ckon Nature Museum. r see r have en joyed \'ery much the last BULLETIN of the no reason why i\1r. Beard cannot form a nucleus of cave Society. The new items I like very much and think explorers here, and with his contacr within ou r club, the idea is good. expand his ow n horizon in the study of geology, zoology, It locks as though r will not get an opportunity to and such like, for the mutual :Jssistance of the N:Hional do much as C hairman of the Geology Committee be­ Speleological Society and the \'V issa hi ckon N:lture C lub. G IUSC I soo n will be in the Army. I ha\'e been com­ H. C lin ton Kyle, Executive Secretary, missioned Major, Specialist Reserve. Mineral Resources. PittSburgh, Pa. ( 1943) P(lge 84 BULl.ETIN NUMBER SEVEN

Inside Story comparable in size and beauty to many of th~se in other states, yet it should be recorded that at least four caves Your letter, by courtesy of the editor of The Higbway. Traveler, at hand. I am gratified to know that you are known. These four are: found tile Smoke Hole article published in tha t magazine 1. A small caye on the north bank of the outlet interesting. which flows from Pines Lake down to the Ramapo In reply to your inquiry for more information on River. The cave is shallow :lJ1d exposed only a few feet . the caves mentioned, I am serry I am unable to give ab?ve stream leve!. My recollection is that it is about you their exact location. In explanation, let me say a third of a mile below Pines Lake. that because of lack of time while on a brief eastern 2. A small cave at the base of the rathe! abrupt small trip, which I sincerely regretted, I did not personally hill on the south side of the highway, about a quarter ef visit the caves mentioned, but wrote the article from a mile cast of McAfee station on the Lehigh and Hudson such authentic information as I was able to gather on River Railroad in the northern end of the State. the trip, supplemented by more upcn my return home. . It was my privilege, however, to stand upon the 3. A cave named "The Faery Hole Rock Shelter" by summit of North Mountain and to climb the fire­ the Indian Sites Survey, a \'V'.P.A. archaeological project. tower there, from which vantage point several miles of This cave is at the northern end of Jenny Jump Smoke Hole may be seen. I felt the region good for a Mountain in the extreme northern corner of Independ­ story and, upon my return home, contacted several ence Township, \'V'arren County. It is about 4 miles authentic sources of information, with gratifying re­ elst and a little north of Hope, New Jersey. ' It is sults. These included Mr. Averill, supervisor of forest­ located in l heavily-wooded valley about 400 feet from ranger work in Monongahela National Forest; Roscoe the road which skirts Jenny Jump Mountlin on the ' ~st Sites, guard at North Mountain tower who interviewed side. The cave occurs at the foot of l reeky cliff about Andy Ayers, eldest resident of Smoke Hole at that time; 35 feet from the floor of the adjoining valley. .It, is THE SNJOKE HOLE AND ITS PEOPLE, :l Federal 15 feet wide, 30 feet. long, lnd 6 feet high at the Writers' Project, of West Virginia; also a friend of entrance which is roughly semi-circubr. It narrows Moorefield, West Virginia. considerably about 15 feet from the entrance; and 24 Regarding the caves of Wisconsin, I have been privi­ feet from the entrance it makes practically a 90 ° turn leged to visit but two: Eagle Cave, of Richland County, to the right where it terminates by two shafts running about 8 miles northwest of Muscoda, Grant Co.; and upward at angles cf 45 ° and 70° respectively. The Cave of the Mounds, Blue Mounds, Dane Co., about ·30 miles west of Madison. Both are ca ves of importance 4. Moody's Cave is situated about one mile south­ and well worth visiting. west of the central square in Newton, Sussex Co., New At the present time I have another article ready for Jersey. The cave's entrance is at the intersection of submission to Tbe Higbway Traveler, en the origin and four fields where a tree nearly conceals the entrance. discovery of Cave of the Mounds, together with excell­ I do not have 'any description of this cave other than ent interior photographs. The editor advises me, how­ the bare statement that it does not contain any stalac­ ever, that he will not be able to use it for some time, tites and is rather dangerous. even if acceptable; therefore, it may be some -time I 'regret tha t this informa tion was not made available before it appears. to Mr. Morgan prior to the publication of his index. I shall be pleased to be of service to you and to the Meredith E. Johnson, N. J. Geo!. Survey (1943) Society at any time, Bert Studebaker (Free Lance Writer), Madison, Wis. (1943) We're Wailin.g for This One. : . I plan to write an article on ultra-violet light displays New Jerse'y' Ju'lnps into Cave List '-.. in caves as an added feature on. a cave trip, but have I hav~ just read with interest the complimentary not had time to do anything about it: and must also do copy of BULLETIN No. 5 of your Society and, of course, some experiments on it for data. We have the equip­ the first thing I noticed was that in Mr. Morgan's "Par­ ment here in the survey office for them, and I will try tial Index of All the Known Caves of the \Y/ orld" there is to get it out this fall. no mention bf any caves in New Jersey. Let me be the first to say that I do not ~now of any Bruno Petsch, Vermillion, S. D. (1943) What Do YOU Think Speleology Should Be?

From the standpoints of the different members of the and classify it to perfect order and then-it will be Speleological Society there must be a wide variety of dead. interests. Some of this is scientific and some of it is If anyone hesitates about the quality of a new science, more or less popular. The scientific side alone is so let me commend to him the reading of the early numbers broad that I will not attempt to list its various forms. of the American J01trnal of Science. Verily American I will merely cite some items in the biological and the science had inauspicious beginnings. geological. Under each of these, I might cite many Pending the coming of the millennium, let's do some­ heads, a few of which under biological would be the thing. Sample endeavors may be listed as follows: the faunal, the floral, and the ecological; under the geo­ psychology of the first cave trip, the story of blind logical the genetic, the hydrologic, and the economic. .beetles, the significance of the presence of photophilous Under the popular we will find variations as wide as fish in cave streams, the paragenesis of cave aragonite, there are diversities in human ment:dity and it is useless trogloditic farming. The total of these and many to try to catalogue these phases. other items together gives the composite of speleology. The success of the Speleological Society must neces­ R. J. Holden, Professor of Geology, sarily depend on the recognition of all of these factors V.P.I., Blacksburg, Va. (1943) and no one phase emphasized to the exclusion of the others. From the standpoint of the scientist the non­ scientific and semi-scientific interes~ might be considered One thing: encourage the youngsters! Schoolboys unworthy. It is given only to a few to revel in the dry­ who used to join me in explorations fifteen and sixteen as-dust of the scientific attitude. If one were to be years ago are the backbone of the Association today. strictly scientific and take no steps until the true ap­ True, they are scattered all over the world today, but I get letters every week frqm some . of them. proach had been attained, we would get nowhere. If we were to do nothing until we had what we thought All are looking forward to the day when they can once more '.'grovel" down under. But this younger gen­ a strictly scientific attitude, it is bound to be wrong. Later workers might marvel at our assurance but would eration guarantee your future; they are your material who will carry the Society into the next generation, not have much respect for our judgment. Science is ~nd see it is carried forward to the next after that. worthwhile by itself, yet it requires considerable finan­ One thing I would impress upon you is the Social cial nourishment. We must grant t:hat the commercial side: aim at one happy family. We started off years application of science may justify much scientific 10- ago very Academic, and it failed dismally. I was vestigation, but the support of science by popular in­ warned by none other than Martel that it would not terest is essential. work. He had tried it in France, and found it a The limitations of the human mind are such that failure--somehow the Academics get their heads so scientific perfection is only approximate and is ap­ high in the clouds that their feet never touched terra proached by trial and error. We are told that Juno firma. They can and do serve a very useful purpose; sprang full fledged from the brow of Jove. Be this as but if possibl~ keep them off all administrative posts, it may, there is no scientist whose brow has given genesis is my advice from experience of over 40 years of caves to a new science. No science has been thus born and and cavemen. cave science is not going to be the grandest conception You will meet also a lot of folks who join the of some giant intellect. Chemistry had its beginning Society for what they can get out of it. We impress in' alchemy; medicine with the witch doctor; geology our members that the success of the Association does not with cosmogonists; and the early beginnings of other rest on what they can take out, but what members sciences are no less striking. If speleology started with put in. troglodytes, it still has possibilities. Forgive me if the above may seem trivial; but, as Perhaps scientists are a bit wary of speleology. Per­ Martel warned me years ago, I hand on same; for we haps the ermines of their sacred robes might be spotted. here in Britain have only one desire--to see the N. S. S, Perhaps their dignity might be impaired. Purge spele­ become an unqualified success. ology of its enthusiasts, let none but the simon pure E. Simpson, Pres., within its sacred folds, desiccate to complete anhydrosity British Speleological Association (1944) BULLETIN NUMBER SEVEN Contents

Dcpo, tmen t Page Departmel/.t Page SPECIAL ARTICLES RANDOM NOTES From My Cave Notebooks-Alexander Wetmore ...... 1 I?l SciclItific--Note on Collecting Cave Spiders, Long~eared Technique of Cavern Photography-George F. Jackson ...... 5 ID(' Bats Like Cold, Notice and Description of Fossils in . Composite Observations on Cave Lifc--James H. Benn ...... 9 Caves ... Of Pennsylvania, Eye Degeneration of Nes- V Cave of the River Styx-Capt. Jack Preble ...... 13 tiC1tS Pa/lid1tS, On the Collection of Cavern Insects, Warn- Preliminary Report on a Cave Survey of Maryland-Martin ing to Cavemen ...... 49 H . Muma ..... _...... _...... 15 Cave-Caves of West Virginia, Montana Caves, High Rocks Spring Creek Cavc--S/ Sgt. W. R. Zieg ...... 17 Fissure Cave, New River Cave Trip, Sewer Cave, Bottom- More Subterranean Adventures-L. E. Ward ...... 19 less Pit, Buck Hill Cave, Bell Cave, Note on Howe Cave 51 EDITORIAL COMMITTEE REPORTS POTHOLE ...... _...... 34 Annual Report of the President ...... 35 F~:~~~~.~~~:~~ ...~i .~.~~.~.~~.:~ .~.... ~.~. ~ ....: .i~~~.~~:..... ~ .:~~~: .t.~~~ 57 Elemental Speleological Equipment (cont'd)-W. J. Ste- CAVE LOG phenson ...... 36 Newcastle Murder Hole ...... 60 "Cave Men of Amerita" Organize ...... 37 Kellogg's Cave Near Chatham, N. Y...... 62 Sugge'tions for Setting up Funds, Cave Card Developed for Earl Cave ("Pig Hole") ...... 63 File" Mu,eum at Richmond, Klewer Awarded Medal, "Pig Hole"-Fossils, Guano, Pearls ...... 66 Amen to Tbis ...... :...... 38 Negotiating Two Waterfall, in W. Va. Caves ...... 67 Caverse Corner ...... 39 Further Notes on Withero', Cave ...... 69 COMMERCIAL CA YES Smoke Hole ...... 70 Cacahuamilpa Cave, Mexico--Victor S. Craun ...... 42 Caves Found in the Area of the Lexington, Va., Quadrangle 71 Caves for Which Society Has Maps ...... ,...... 75 REPRINTS LETTERS FROM OUR Fn.ES On the Formation of Stalactites ... in Caves-George P. Merrill ...... 45 ~r:: O~h:r~.~ : ...: ... ~.:.~:::=. ..: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~ The Captives of Abb's Valley-Rev. James Moore Brown, WHAT Do You THINK SPELEOLOGY SHOULD BE?-Imidc D.D ...... 48 Back Cover Notice to Contributors This BULLETIN, issued intermittently, is the official illustrations in excess of the equivalent (in cost) of one organ of the National Speleological Society. In it are full-page halftone are to be paid for by the author. published original notes, letters, articles, an~ ~apers Original drawings-not photographs of drawings- I pertinent to speleology. Unless the sender mdlcates should accompany the copy; and, if intended for line otherwise, all letters directed to officers of the Society or or halftone reproduction, should be in black ink on which are referred to them, may be presumed to be white or blue-white paper or bristol board only. Photo­ for publication in whole or in part, at the. discretion graphs should be glossy prints securely mounted with of the Editor. No payment is made for materials pub­ . colorless paste or rubber cement only. More expensive lished. forms of illustration will be at the author's expense. The editors do not assume responsibility for the ideas All illustrations should be submitted with complete expressed by authors. legends, typewritten, attached. Drawings should be marked with the author's name; and photographs should Contributions should be submitted to the Editor, but be credited. may be sent through other officers of the Society. In order to facilitate prompt publication, one proof Contributors are requested to consult the latest issues will gene~ally be sent to authors in or near Washington. of the BULLETIN for guidance to style of title, subheads, While the editors will exercise due care to see that copy footnotes, tables, bibliography, legends for illustrations, is followed, alterations made in proof by the author may etc. All text submitted should be original-not carbon be charged to him at prevailing rates. . --copy, typewritten double-spaced on white paper, one Inquiry to the Society regarding exchange of its publi­ side only, and carry the author's complete name and 'cations for those of other societies should be directed to address. the Librarian. The Editor cannot undertake to correct other than Requests for back numbers of the BULLETIN should obvious, minor errors in copy submitted, and reserves be directed to the Corresponding Secretary. the right to return otherwise approved manuscript and Reprints will be furnished in accordance with the illustrations to the author for revision if not in proper, schedule of prices below. Authors wisbing reprints finished form for the printer. If the author so desires, should request the number and type desired in advance the Editor will prepare the materials and charge the of printing, communicating directly with the Editor in author for the cost of the work ($2.50 per 1000 words). this matter, and enclosing Money Order for exact When the amount of tabular and illustrative material is amount with their request. Others desiring reprints judged to be excessive or unusually expensive, authors should request them from the Editor, also, within two may be requested to pay the excess costs. Usually, weeks after publication of any issue.

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