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National Speleologi'c-Al Society

National Speleologi'c-Al Society

Bulletin Number Five

NATIONAL SPELEOLOGI'C-AL SOCIETY

n this Issue:

CAVES IN WORLD HISTORY . . . B ~ BERT MORGAN THE GEM OF ' ...... • B WHITE

CA VE FAUN A, with Recent Additions to the Lit ture Bl J. A.

CAT ALOG OF THE SOCIETY LJBR R . B)' ROBERT S. BRAY

OCTOBER, 1943 PRJ E 1.0 0

. ------.-'~ BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Issue Number Five October, 1943 750 Copies. 64 Pages

Published sporadically by THE NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 510 Scar , Washington, D. c., ac $1.00 per copy. Copyrighc, 1943, by THE NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

EDITOR: DON BLOCH 5606 Sonoma Road, Bethesda-14, Maryland ASSOCIATE EDITORS: ROBERT BRAY WILLIAM J. STEPHENSON J. S. PETRIE

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN *WM. ]. STEPHENSON J. S. PETR'IE *LEROY FOOTE F. DURR President Vice·Prcsidet1l & Secretary Treasurer Pina~iaJ Sect'eIM"J 7108 Prospect Avenue 400 S. Glebe Road R. D. 3 2005 Kansas Avenue Richmond, Va. Arlin-glon, Va. Waterbury, Conn. Richmond, Va.

Archeology Fauna Hydrology Programs &. Activities FLOYD BARLOGA JAMES FOWLER DR. WM. M. MCGILL DR. JAMES BENN 202·8 Lee Boulevard 6420 14th Street 6 Wayside Place, University U. S. Nat. Museum Arlington, Va. Washington, D . C. Charlottesville, Va. Washington, D. C. Bibliography &. Library Finance Mapping PubliCity *ROBERT BRAY *l.EROY FOOTB GBORGE CRABB *·Lou KLBWEJ.t R. F. D. 2 R. F. D. 3 P. O. Box 791 Toledo Herndon, Va. Waterbury, Conn. Blacksburg, Va. Toledo, BuIletin &. Publications Folklore Metnbership DON BLOCH "'CLAY PERRY SAM ALLBN RECORDS 5606 Sonoma Road East Acres 1226 Wel.Jesley Avenue *FLORENCE WHITLI!Y Deorhesda, Md. Piusfield, . Mass. Steubenville, Ohio 1630 R Street Commercial Caves Formation &. Mineralogy Paleontology Washington, D. C. BRUNO PETSCH *DR. R. J. HOLDEN DR. AIJPRBD BURRILL Other Board Members Geo!. Survey Dept. Geo!., V. P. I. Nat. Resources Museum Vermillion, S. Dak. Blacksburg, Va. Jefferson City, Mo. *GEORGE DARE 1599·a Quarrier St. Equipment &. S.fety General Geology Photography Charleston, W . Va. HERBERT VINCENT *DR. PAUL PJUCBt JOHN MEENEHANt 2812 Grace Slreet GeoI. Survey 1222 Euclid Street *MARnN MU)(A Richmond, Va. 1>"£organlown, W. Va. Washington, D. C. 4504 Guilford Road College Park, Md. Exploration &. Locatioa *ERWIN BISCHOPpt *DIl. R. W. STONB 136 PopJar Avenue '; 1943 Board of Governors. . 311~ N. Franc St. San Bruno, Calif. tNow in the Armed Forces. Harrisburg, Pa.

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authenricated by the amount and rype of stalagmitic Ca'veJ in World History deposit which has covered them. For these reasons, (witth an Index and Bibliograph)l) several importanr archa::ological expeditions to the Somh­ west and to Cenrral America have specialized on the ••• By ROBERT MORGAN* exploration and study of caves, some even concentrating on one or two specific caves. AVES have always played an imporranr -parr in the life of man. In faG, men used caves for habita­ The -people who inhabit underg round are re­ C tion and for storing purposes before the beginning ferred to as troglodytes. This term applies not only to of rc.:orded history. During the thousands of years from the popular man of , but also to the cliff the arrival of the first men up to the -presenr time these dwellers of the southwestern and to the rock shelters and grottoes, in addition to serving as people of Asia in Turkestan, , and , who homes and refuges from storm and cold, have been used lived in vast underground cities often of several as burial places, religious shrines and churches, art thousand population. galleries and museums and, more recenrly, as places for Even today we find the descendanrs of these people sightseeing. In times of war, caves ·have also been used living in homes scooped out of the mud and loess. extensively for the minin'g of saltpeter, used in the manu­ Some natural caves in , sand'stone, and hard facrure of gunpowder; and, now, in countries on a score rock have been enlarged artificially to meet the require­ of warfronrs, they .have become narural air-raid shelters. menrs of an increasing civilization. According to Ella Man's inrerest in caverns and underground exploration K. Maillart in her book Forbidden !ollmey, thousands is shown by the frequenr use of caves in literature and of China's peasanrs not only li ve on the good earth in swries of romance and advenrure. but also live in it. To show further the extent of inrerest in the beauty Modern trog lodytes are found in the southwestern and ro mance of the "underworld," one need only consult United States, the Elgen Mounrains of . and the (fa,vel books on the shelves of any public library to in Africa, Bukhara and Turkestan in Siberia, find that one out of every twO or three such books will and in China. make w me reference to caves or grottoes. The oldest-known remains are thos.e found in Ca\-es are very important to the archa::ologist and a cave near Cro-Magnon in . The oldest known ethnologist, si nce they provide one of the most fertile remains of a white person were found at N eanderthal fields for the discovery of prehistoric remains. in . Hence, the man is generally JU.St as caves provided a for the ancient man assumed to be our oldest ancestor. himself thousands of years ago, they have provided a -Bones and stone implements were also found at shelter for his remains and in the intervening Auri.gnac and La -Madelein from which the names thous ands of years. Thus the explorer of today can man and man have been taken. reconstruct the life of the ,ancienr people and has been As pointed Ollt by Broca, the remains found at these able gradually to extend man's history to earlier periods. places though close together, were of widely separated In most cases the best preserved bones, tools, paintings, periods and represenr people living in different cultural and other relics of earlier times are found in caves or environmenrs. rock-shelters. It is possibly true that art was devel,?ped in pre-historic The imporrance given to such finds is illustrated by cave-dwellings, since paintings are found on the walls the exeellenr book wrirren by Mr. G ~ Fowke, describing of many caves throughout the world. In them, toO, in detail the results of the exploration of over 100 have been found sculptured figures and carved bones. caves in Missouri , Alabama, Tennessee, , and According to Casteret there are 60 caves, presumably Indiana. Mr. T . L. Bailey has made similar investi­ all in Europe, in which painrings are found. If we are gations in the State of Tennessee. to include the carvings and painrings of Indians and Where the question of authenticity of remains has aborigines found in other pares of the world, this fig ure been questioned, they can often be definitely dated and is much too low. Casteret also states that only two

• A ,' ast anlOUllt of labor \\-' ent illto the compilation of this article, and the: ed itors wi!h to rxtclld particular apprrcialion here for tbe N. S. S. III \1 r. \1organ for hi:ol l'x('('II(,Ilt joh. . BULLETIN FIVE, N. S. S. [l} Page 2 BULLETIN NUMBER FIVE

caves-those at Tuc d'Audoubert and Montespan-are to suppose .that the designs might be letters or numerals known in which large, seul ptured figures are to be found. of an ancient alphabetical system. The cave might have These are prof.usely illustrated in his book, Tell Years been one of the world's first schoolrooms! . Under the Earth, and in an article, "Discovering .the In all parts of the world, caves have been used as Oldest Statues in the World," appearing in the National burial places by ancient people. It appears ·that most of Geographic Alagaz;l1e, for August 1924. the skeletons, , and well-preserved human An exhaustive study of cave paintings has been made bones found in the famous European caves, such as the by G. Baldwin Brown in his book, The Art of the Cave Grimaldi caves of nor·thwestern , were carefully and Dweller, which is illustrated with many photographs, purposely placed in the positions in which ·they were sketches, and maps. found. As pointed out by Me. Brown, the paintings a~e of In many instances the personal belongings of t.he varying degrees of perfection. Some of the drawings deceased were placed in the cave or tomb so that they may be compared to ·those of a school child, while others could be used in -the after-world. This practice was may be accorded equal honors wi-rh our more modern especially prevalent in and Central America. masterpieces. Such objects as vases and urns which have been recovered This ancient art has been classified by students into by .the modern grave-robbers, are invariably mutilated. two de1inite periods. The oldest is that of the Aurignac­ In this way the bel'Ongings of .the dead were "killed" so ians and is the crudest of all. These paintings over a that they, tOO, could go to the great beyond. long period of years gradually showed improvement. It The modern practice of burying the dead in the was not until the Magdalenian ·period, however, that the ground has doubtless evolved from .the early cave burials . . drawings and paintings approached perfection. Carvings and paintings in varying stages of perfection Probably the most famous of -these decorated caves is have been found in caves 'in many other places in the that of Altamira in where very good representa­ world, from the West Indian Islands to the mountains tions of bulls were discovered. of Persia. The ,Persian carvings, which have been trans­ There appears to be some disagreement among au­ lated and carefully studied, are of unusual interest. thorities as to the purpose of -these paintings and draw­ They are comparable to those at M·t. Rushmore and Stone ings. A large portion, however, depicted contemporary Mountain in the United States in that they were ap­ with terrible wounds and wirh sticking parently made for the purpose of perpetuating the in ,their sides. Some authorities hold that these paintings memory of certain people and historical records f'Or a were made to cast a spell over the particular so far future. The inscriptions are carved both· on the face that it might be more easily caught by the tribal hunters. of diffs and in caves, and commemorate the reign of The scarcity of human figures is thought to be related King Darius. These carvings, together with their con­ to the potency of the spell and the reluctance of the temporary history, are discussed in A Doc/Jor's Holiday tribesman -to endanger their fellow men. in , by Rosalie S. Morron, and The Pageant of Persia, Another rype of decoration on the cavern walls of by Henry Filmer. Europe is the illustration of human hands in various In addition to -the apparent use of certain European stages of disfigurement. Casteret shows instances of caves by their ancient inhabitants as places for religious these hand prints, and suggests that they were records of ceremonies, similar extensive use has been made of caves sacrifices made to the deities worshiped by .this particular in other parts of the world, even in modern times. group. Probably the best known religious shrine of this rype It is known that similar sacri;fices of fingers have been is The of the Nativity in Bethlethem. The made in other pares of the world. One is reminded here Grotto of Born Jesus Da Lapa in Bahia, , is another of the famous Sacred Well of Chichen Itza in Yucatan, instance. originally explored by Thompson, and about which The present war has brought forth still other than much has been writ·ten by such popular authors as civilian protection uses for caves. Since they present Richard Halliburton and Mrs. Ann Morris. the most practical protection from the airplane, National The decorated stones of the Mas d' Azil cave in France archives, art treasures, and war materials are stored in are considered by many to be of greatest importance in them. discovering the height of the civilization of the Mag­ Many lengthy ar.tides have been written on the for­ dalenians. Some wri·ters believe that these pebbles, mation of these caves which have served humanity so which were found in great numbers, were once used as variously for so many years. It is generally agreed, how­ money. However, the discovery of the same designs ever, that limestone caves are formed by solution, painted on the wall of one of the large caves leads us through a combination of processes in which water NATIONAL SPELEOLOGI C AL SOCIETY Page 3

enlarges faults and cracks in the limes.tone. Some foreign ALABAMA-Coi ,tinued. Bibliographical Name uf Cav< County or Nearot Toru.:n Rtf. No. mauer, clay deposits for example, may be washed out, Shoal Creek Lauderdale Co. 88 and the underlying limestc1ne dissolved by water seeping Smithsonia Lauderdale Co. 88 through vegetable matter on the surface. Carboni c acids Swopes Cave Lawrence Co. 110 Three·Story Colbert Co. 8-8 are formed which act chemically upon the limestone and Trinity Morgan Co. 110 cause solution. To some extent, also, th e cavities are Underground Cave Co. 110 Weaver Calhoun Co. 110 enlarged by corrasion. This, of course, is the simplest Welburn's Marshall Co. 88 form of stating the theories of the development of lime­ Wright Cherokee Co. 110 stone caves. Other types of caves are formed by wave Arhona action and by certain conditions of lava cooling. These, Antelope Canyon Del Muerw 126 Cachedral Ash Fork 99 and many other problems, such as the uplifting and Colossal Tucson 99 subsidence of limestone and i.es effect on caves, are dis­ Copper Queen Bisbee 99 Cryscal Douglas 170 cussed at length by such authorities as Bretz, Davis, and Grand Canyon Cave Grand Canyon 99 Swinnerton. Some "questions" about caves will never Havas u Creek Caves Grand Canyon, Havasu Creek 109 find answer. Ice Caves Lava Beds 173 --*-- Lava Caves Flagstaff 99 Lava Caves White Mountain D istrict 99 Lindbergh Canyon Del Muerto 126 Partial Index to All the Known Marble Canyon Grand Canyon, below 167 Vasey·s Paradise Caves of the W orld* Cave Canyon del Muerto 126 Shattuck Cave Bisbee 99 North America Trapper·s Grand Canyon at Cav.e 167 UNITED STATES Rapid Alabama Tseahatso Canyon del Muerto 126 Bibliographical Ventura Tucson 172 Nar", of Cavt COllllty or Nrartst TOWIl R'f. No.t Arkansas Alabama Caverns Jefferson Co. 110 Aladdin Maysville 171 BellaVista Wonderland Cave Benton 171 Bailey·s Marshall Co. 88 Big Hurricane Cavern Western Grove 173 Bangor Blount Co. 110 Davis Caves Conway 143 Barnard Marshall Co. 8-8 Diamond Cave Jasper 143 Bac Colberr Co. 88 Filton's Newton Co. 169 Bac Lauderdale Co. 110 FiNon Cave Harriso n 172 Blowing Jackson Co. 88 Highland 65 Bluewacer Lauderdale Co. 88 Mystic Marble Falls 143 Cheatham's Ferry Colberr Co. 88 Onyx (Robin's Cave) Eureka Springs 171 Coffee Lauderdale Co. 88 Smittle Conway 172 Colyer'S Lauderdale Co. .88 Crdii!!mitt Culver's Jackson Co. 88 ·EI Dorado .Co. Ellis DeKalb Co. 88 Alabascer 138 Franklin Co. 110 The Bow Hole (Cave Crescent City 78 Fearin (1) Marshall Co. 88 underneach) Fearin (2) Marshall Co. 88 Bower Coulterville and Jackson- Fort D eposic Marshall Co. 88 ville 78 Fort Payne DeKalb Co. 88 Calaveras Cave Murphys 78 Georgetown Colbert Co. 110 California Caves Baird 166 Greac Saltpecer Caverns Scottsboro 171 Cachedral Santa Cruz 78 Hardin's Marshall Co. 88 Cave Rock On Lake Tahoe 78 Harrison's Jackson Co. 88 Clough Sequoia Pk., near So. Fork Hering Cave Madison Co. 110 Entrance 171 I sboll Caves Jackson Co. 88 Cryscal Colony Hill 78 Ivey Hollow Lawrence Co. 110 D rop Creek Glenville 174 Key·s Lauderdale Co. 88 Bieber 174 Kil lian (No.1) DeKalb Co. 88 Infernal Caverns Alruras 78 Base of Brushy Peak on side Killian (No.2) DeKalb Co. 88 Joaquin Murietta Caves Kymulga Cave Talladega Co. 110 road from Highway at Lady Calhoun Co. 110 Livermore 174 Lictle Weaver Calhoun Co. 110 La Jolla Caves (10 caves) La Jolla 78 McDerment's Marshall· Co. Lava Beds Caves (294 caves) Tulelake 171 88 Bartles Manitou DeKalb Co. 110 Lava Caves (several) 99 Mill er's Calhoun Co. 110 Lava Caves Mr. Shas ta 99 Shasca Co. Murrell's Colbert Co. 88 Cave of the Maiden 78 Marble Cave Yreka-near -Marble M~. 174 Natural Well Madison Co. 110 Tulare Co. 174 Pride's Colbert Co. 88 Marble Falls Cherokee Co. Marble Mt. Cave Siskiyou Co. 174 Robinson Cave 110 McCloud 174 Salrpecer Jackson Co. McCloud Ice Cave 88 Murphys 78 Sans Souci Morgan Co. 110 Mercer Caves Shelta Madison Co. 110 Micchell's Caverns 171 Moaning Cave Vallecita 171 -This index superccdes al1 similar cave list's carri ed in the Built/in. Modoc Lava Beds tNumb

C. \1.1 FO f{ :-I I ;\ -C"llIiIlUl"l1. Hib/iu!lru/,hiw/ Indi<1T1..1 Au"". IIf Cai',' (:,wllly or Nrurrsl 1"O't ~' 11 H. ,f. ,v". Blue Spring Cave Lawrence Co, 138 Painted Cave San Marcos Pass 78 Blue Spouter ClVP 99 Pai nted Ca\'(: (Cueva Santa Cruz 78 Boone's Mill CaY<' 99 Pintada ) Borden's 99 Painted Rock Cave: McKittrick 174 Bradford New Albany 138 J:dm e ~ Cave Sequoia Nad Pk. nl::a r Bronson Spring Hill State Park 107 Cloug h Cave 174 Buzzard Lawrence Co. 138 Paradise Tulare Co. 174 's Lawrence Co. 138 Pet ri fied F" rest Ca VI: In Petrified Forest, Las t C lif ty Barthelomew Co. 138 Chance Canyon 174 C.lifty Washington Co. 99 Pin n:1d ... , Caves H ollister 174 Connelly 's Lawrence Co. 138 Pluw Siskiyou Co. 174 Coon's Monroe Co. 99 Pouc:r Creek Cave Shasta Co. 78 Donnehue's Lawrence Co. 38 Robhe:rs' Clve San Louis Obis pl' 78 D onnelson's Lawrence C" . 102 S :I 111 w <: I Ghas ta Co. 78 D r. Jim Sal e Versailles 99 Split Rock Cave Palms 174 D ry Lawrence Co. 138 Subw.l)' Ha't Creek 89 Ell er's Monroe Co. 99 T ravenine Caves Indio 174 Elrod's Orange Co. 172 Tres BOC1S Cave Santa Cruz 78 Evaston's Wyandotte 172 Trini ty Alps Caves Near Forest Glen 174 Griostaff's C:lve Lawrence Co. 102 Hamer's Lawrence Co. 102 COI!1J,. .1do Hanover 99 Harrison's H arrison Co. 107 Cuev~ Valdez Santa Cruz 78 Indian Spring Martin Co. Fulford Cave 82 73 Eagle King's H arrison Co. 88 H emin~ W ay H ouse 126 Mesa Verde Little Wyandotte Crawford Co. 138 Marble Mountain Cavl:: Marble Mountain 82 Loughmiller's New Albany Pickett's 138 71 Madison 99 Williams Canyon Manitou Springs 83 Il'farengo Crawford Co. 99 en ~ "f .the Winds Mani tou Surings 99 Mays 99 May field 's Monroe Co. 138 171 Mill Paoli, Monroe C". 88 W.-~L D avis in " The Origin of Limestone Caverns" states Milltown Crawford Co. 88 " Iiule ornamented caverns are known in moderate numbers." Mitchelle Amblyopsis 172 He dso states that caverns. and sinks caused a drop in the level O ra ngeville Caves Orange Co. 88 of Florida but if this Jand is ever raised again cavi ties will be Porter Owen Co. 99 d rai ned, leavi ng many' caves. Rhodes' 99 Other authors co ntinually mention caves existing in Florida. Salt Peter Cave Monroe Co. 99 The cave at the Florida Caverns State Park near Marianna, Sal,t peter Crawford Co. 88 howe\·er. is the nnly specific cave I have fo und of record. Shawnee Lawrence Co. 99 Shildoh Lawrence Co. 88 Georgi(/ Spring Owen Co. 99 Cave Spring Fl oyd Co. 171 Star Cavern Orange Co. 88 Ladd'lime Canersvi ll e 170 Stron~ 's Monroe Co. 99 Trinkle H ardinsburg 65 Id,,/;o Truett's Monroe Co. ' 99 Twin Caves Spring Hill State Park ' 107 Bea uty Cave (Lava ) Craters of th e 17 1 Wesley Chapel Gulf Orange Co. Boy SCOUt Cave (Lava) Craters of the Moon 17 1 65 Whistling Spring Hill State Park 107 Buffalo (Lava ) Craters of the Moon 171 Wind ' Sprin.g Hill State Park 107 Cryst:1i Fall s St. Anthony 17 1 Wyandotte Cave Crawford 171 D ew Drop (Lava) Craters of the Moo n 171 Yocum's Harrison Co. Formation Soda Springs 171 99 Great Owl (Lava) Craters of the Moon 171 Jowa Indian (Lava ) Craters of th e Monn 171 Bixby Edgewood Midway 171 Midway 17 1 Crystal Lake Dubuque Minnetonka Paris 65 171 D ecorah (ice cave) Decorah 102 Shoshone Ice Shoshone 171 Glenwood Surprise (Lava) 99 Cra'ters of th e Moon 171 " Lead" Caves Dubuque Volcano Hill Cave 99 McPoland Pond W es t Dubuque 11 (Lava Tunnel) G race 172 Wompi Monona 171 Wonder . D ecorah 171 Illi!.!.!1 i' Cave H ill Cave H orseshoe Saline CII. 170 K<1!!J<1S Cave ' in Rock Cave in Rock 65 Big G ypsum Evansvi ll e 99 D ry Roaring Sprin,gs 170 Henquenet 99 Ecken', 11 Hermit's Counci I G rove 170 Fal lin Sp r in~ St. Clair Co. 172 Hole in the Wall Salina 170 Fountai n Gap Monroe Co. 172 (Palmer's Cave) Fult's Cave Monroe Co. 170 Prehis-to ric Woodson Co. 170 Griffith Hardin Co. 65 Ice M onroe Co. 170 Ken/J'ck), Mammoth (Burksville Cave) Monroe Co. 11 Ash Cave (6) Lee Co. 94 Morri son's Baker's Furnace Baker's Furnace 138 Shelt erville Monroe Co. 170 Bat Carter Co. 138 Stemmler's H 'in Co. 65 Bat N ear Maml110rh C:lve 65 Wilde's Sr. Clair Co. 170 Belcher (Mill) Monroe Co. 88 Monroe Co. 172 's Todd C". 88 NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOC I ETY Page 5

KEN'I'Ut:KY-CUllliIlUtcf, iJibliugruphiwl KEN1·UCKY-ColI,;nutd. BihliO!1rtlp/lica/ Namt (If (:a·vi' Rrf. ,\ 'u. A'IlIlU 0/ CaVl' County or N£artsl Toru:n R tf, /Vo. Bone Barren Co, 88 R, R. Tracks Lexington 172 Bone Monroe Co. 88 Running Branch Near Mammoth Cave 65 Brigg's Edmonson Co, 88 Saltpeter H ardin Co. 88 Bryam Georgetown 172 Salts Edmonson Co. 88 Harry Buckncr H an Co. 88 Shearer Cave Camp Nelson 172 Joel Buckner's H an Cu. 88 Shorr Cave 102 'Burchel l's Caner Co, 13il Slick Rock Barren Co. 88 Caner (;1 ves Caner Co. 138 Ben Smith's Barren Co. 88 No, I, Bat Cav" Steffy'S Han Co. 88 2, Pamry Cav" Sugar Bowl Glasgow Junoen. 138 3. X·Cave Cave Thomas Co. 88 -I. Zwingle Cave Van Meter' s Caner Co. 138 Camip Lane Eldehown 172 Washington Rowl e[[ Han Co. 88 Cave City 7.9 Wetzel's Edmonson Co. 138 Cedar Sink 172 White's E~monsQn Co. 88 Christlnans Wilmore 172 Wilson Near Mammoth Cave 65 Clifton Clifton 172 Wynne's Cave (pi,t rype) Han Co. 88 Colossal Cavern Edmonson Co. 88 Crump's W arren Co. 88 Maille Cub Run Cave Han Co. 88 Thunder Oner Cliffs 102 Cunis 172 Ovens (Sea Caves ) Frenchman's Bay 102 Dalw n Spring 79 Me. D esert Island Caves Bar Harbor 102 D ead Horse Brookl in Bridge 17 2 Diamond Park Ci ty 102 MaI)'lalld Dixon Edmonson 88 Cavetown Caves Cavetown 170 Dorsey 102 Crysta l Grottoes Boonesboro 168 Doyle's 172 Friend's Salt Peter O akla nd 170 Emerson Spring Branch Edmonson 138 Me. Ema Beaver Creek 170 Esmith Caves (2) Barren Co. 88 Twiggtown Twiggtown 171 Floyd Crystal 171 Ford's Barren Co. 88 /tJassaclJII sell s Gamer's 102 Baker Quarry Lanesboro 169 Gardiner's Knob Edmonson Co. 138 Berkshire Caves Berkshire Co. 102 Garvin Him Co. 88 Hudson's Brook Adams 102 G lass Glass's Mill 172 Pettibone Falls Farnams 169 Gray Tom's Caner Co. 13il Red Bat New Ashford 171 Grea t Onyx 102 Great Salts 171 MilllleJO la H arlow H an Co, 88 Mystery Cave Spring Valley 17 1 Haunted Cave Edmonson Co. 138 Niagara H armony 171 Hickman's 138 H idden Ri ver Bowling Green 102 Missouri Highland 102 No Name No, Stone Co. 172 Cave of the Hundred D omes 102 Ash Pulaski Co. 88 Hutchins (Brad ley ) H ardin Co. 88 Bagnell Miller Co. 88 ' Indian 102 Bar Shannon Co. 88 John and Fred' s Bee Spring on bank of Bat Miller Co. 88 Dismal Creek 1.)8 Bat Oregon Co. 99 Laird 's H ap[ Co. 88 Bat (Page) Pulaski 88 Laurel Can er Cn, 138 Bates Cave N o. Pheips Co. 88 J Little bthographic Glasgow Jcm, 1.'>8 Bates Cave N o. Phelps Co. 8R Lock's H arr Co. 172 Beckman's Miller Co. 99 Long Avenue , 102 Bell's Pulaski Co. 88 Lost Ri ver Bowling G reen 1'2 Berry Cave Pulaski Co. 88 Love's Barren Co. 88 Big Creek Cave Shannon Co. 88 Lyon 138 Blue Spring (Fishing Cave) Shannon Co. 88 Mail Robber's Glasgow Junnn. 138 Bluff D weller N oel 107 Mammal Edmonson Co, 88 Bode Miller Co. 88 Mammorh Cave City 102 Brooks Pulaski Co. 88 M ~ mm o th Onyx Cave City 102 Bucher Pulaski Co. 88 Mil l W arren Co. 88 Campground Pulaski Co. 88 McCreary Monroe Co. 88 Caqhedral Crawford Co. 172 :'vfcCrosky H anodsburgh 1"2 Clem mens Creek Pulas ki Co. 88 No Name No. Midway 1:2 Cliff St, Louis 172 No Name 1\'0, 2 Forks of Elkhorn 172 Cold W ater Creek Fredericktown 172 No Name No. '> Valley View 172 Crystal J oplin 99 No Name No.4 ' Lexington 1:2 Crysral Caverns Cassville 17 1 No Name No. 5 Versailles 172 D aerhoff Miller Co. 88 Old Frankfon Pike Midway 172 D avis Caves ( 3 ) Pulaski Co. 88 Pantry Caner Co. 138 D ay's 172 Parker 102 D evils Ice Box Co. ]72 Payne Barren Co, 8il D ouble Pulaski Co. 88 Picadone Lexington 172 Drv Creek Pulaski Co. 88 Phelps E'lkhorn 172 Fairy Stone Co. 99 Poynter's Edmonson Co. 138 Fisher Franklin 103 Preston 172 Fossil Camden Co. 88 Proctor Edmonson Co. RR Gentry StOne Co. 99 Page 6 BULLETIN NUMBER FIVE

I>IISSOURI-COlllillued. Bibliugraphical 1101 ISSOU RI-Comillued, Bibliographical t,amt uf Cave Cuunty or Nl'arlS/ T u:u.'n R,I, Nu. Name uf Ca-ve County or Ntaresl Town Rt f , No ; Goat Bluff Phelps Co, 88 Wilson Sarcoxie Co. 80 Gourd Creek Rolla District. Phelps Co. 88 Woodland Hollow Pu'!aski Co. 88 Graham Pulas ki Co. 88 Wright Miller Co. 88 Grandgulf Caves Oregon Co. 99 Yancey Mills Phelps Co . Green's Crawford Co. 103 Yoark Pulaski Co. 88 Greer Oregon Co, 99 Guthoerl D ent Co, 88 M01J/,m,'1 Hurricane Bluff Mari es Co, 88 Cha;;;' in the Snowies Judith Gap 172 Ind ian Ford Maries Co. 88 (ice caves ) j ,lm Up Shannon 99 Chestnut Bozeman 172 Jewel Humphreys Co. 103 Ghost Crow Indian Agency 99 Jones Phel ps Co, 88 Inscription Crow Indian Agency 99 j uggenmeyer Miller Co. 88 Lick Creek Monarch 172 Ktrr Pulaski Co. 88 Morrison (Lewis & ) Butte (Whitehall [P.O.} Klingler's Miller Co. 99 and Three Forks ) 170 Lackaye's Bluff Marries Co. 88 Ramshorn White Sulphur Springs 172 Lane's Pulaski Co. 88 Shell Creek Enis 172 Luckenhoff Miller Co. 88 Spring Hill Bozeman 172 Mammoth Dent Co. 88 Woodwards Near Lahood Park 172 Marble StOne Co. 99 Nt::A . Mark Twains H annibal 107 Net'ada Marsh Phelps Co. 88 Gypsum 126 Marvel Branson, StOne Co, 172 Lava Lake 99 Maxey Pulas ki Co. 88 Lehman Caves Baker, White Pines Co. 171 Meramec Highland Quarry St. Loui s Co. 10 3 Northumberland 171 Miller Pulas ki Co. 88 Paiute 99 Mix Pulaski Co. 88 Smi,th Creek 172 Money Dent Co. 88 Nell' Hampshire McWilliams . Pulaski Co. 88 Nacural Bridge Cole Co. 88 Center of the Earth Kinsman Notch 104 Onondaga Crawford Co. 103 Judgment H all of PlutO Kinsman Notch 104 Onyx Phelps 88 Cave of Los t Souls Kinsman Notch 104 Phelps Phelps Co. 88 Cave of Shades Kinsman Notch 104 Phillip's Pulaski Co. 88 Shadow Kinsman Notch 104 Pillman's (Spring Creek) Pulaski Co. 88 Smuggler'S Kinsman Notch 104 Pine Run Caves Stone Co. 99 Rumney Plymou,th 171 Polar Bear McDonald Co. 172 Pola r North Woodstock 171 Pool H oll ow Phelps Co. 88 New Portl and Portl and 99 There are 9 I ndian rock shelters reported by Henderson. Powell StOne Co, 99 99 Railroad Pulaski Co. 88 New Mexico Ramsey's Pulas ki Co. 88 Over 100 caves in Carlsbad area according 10 Thos. Boles, Renaud Cave Phelps Co. 88 Supt. of Carlsbad Park. This statement published in the White Rice's Jefferson Co. 103 City Neu·s. Richland Pulaski Co. 88 Burnet Carlsbad 35 Riddle Pulaski Co. 88 Rid en 's Pulas ki Co. Carlsbad Cavern Carlsbad 99 88 Conklin Organ Mts. River O sage Co. 172 99 Rock Davis N ear 101 80 Deep Cave Carlsbad 172 Rollins (2) Pulaski Co. 88 Roubidoux Pulaski Co. Ellis Ranch Los Huertos 101 88 Guano Near Sandia Cave Round Spring N ear Round Spring State Pk. 107 101 St. James Tunnel Phelps Co. Isleta 101 99 Manza no Caves 101 Saltpeter D ent Co. 88 Saltpeter Oregon Co. Sandia 101 99 Shelter Organ Mts. Saltpeter Pulaski Co. 88 99 Sa ltpeter Co. Si tting Bull Falls Queen 99 88 Supai Falls 172 Sell Pulaski Co. 88 Short Bend Dent Co. 88 New Y ork Smith Caves (3) Texas Co. 88 Ball's Schoharie Co, 170 Speerg Morgan Co. 88 Bentley's Cavern Berlin 172 Spring Oregon Co, 99 Howe Caverns Cobleskill 72 Stark 's Miller Co. 88 famesville Lake Caves Jamesville lake 29 Stratman Maries Co. 88 Knox Altamount 171 Sta rk 's Miller Co. 99 Steuffer Osage Co. 88 North Carolina Sugar Tree Hollow Stone Co. 99 Bat Chimney Rock 169 Tavern Creek . Miller Co. 88 Boone's D avidson Co. 169 Tick Creek Phelps Co. 88 Lake Lure Caves H endersonville 169 Truirt's l anagan 107 Linnville Caverns Linnville 169 Tunnel Pulaski Co. 88 Moonshiners Chimney Rock 169 Tllnback Near Mari onv ill e 80 RefrigeratO r Rumbling Bald Mot. 169 Watson Caves (Twin or Rumbling Bald Caves Rumbling Bald M1. 169 Onyx) (2) D ent Co. 88 ""/) \X' clch's Shannon Co. 88 O hIO' W il d.H og Phelps Co. 88 Ash Caves 143 \Xf ilson's Mil·ler Co. 88 Bea r Highland Co. 99 NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 7

OIIIO-Coll.inued. Bibliographical PENNS \' LV AN lA-Continued. Bibliographical Namt 0/ Cav( County or Ncart's/ Toru.·n ReI. No. Name 01 Cave County or Ntartsl Tow n ReI. No. Blue Hole Cas calia Conondoguinet Cumberland Co, 152 Bn:wery Souch Pass Is. Puc-In-Bay 99 Conrad Weiser Berks Co. 152 Buckskin Ross Co. 99 Craighead Cumberland Co. 152 Buzzard's Glory Highland Co. 99 Cryscal Berks Co. 152 Camers Jackson 143 Dales Union Co. 152 Cave in Rock 171 Dauphin Dauphin Co. 151 Coon Highlaod Co. 99 Dean's Bucks Co. 151 Crescem Highland Co. 99 Devil's Hole Bucks Co. 151 Cryscal Put-In-Bay 171 Diecrich Berks Co. 152 Crvsta I Rock Erie Co. 165 Dougherty Lycoming Co. 152 Dancing Highland Co. 99 Dragon Berks Co. D2 Dry Highland Co. 99 Dreibelbis Berks Co. 152 Hi'ghland Co. 99 Dries or Six Mile House Berks Co. 151 Highland Co. 99 Dulany Fayecce Co. 152 Good's Seneca Co. 99 Durham Bucks Co. 152 King's Wardrobe Highland Co. 99 Eiswerc Lycoming Co. 152 Lawrence Delaware Co. 99 Huntington Co. 151 Mammoch Pur-In-Bay 171 Flood (Stauffer) Humingcon Co. 151 Marble Highland Co, 99 Forney Cumberland Co. D2 Mason's 171 Frankstown Blair Co. 152 Miami River Shelby Co. 99 Fry Center Co. 172 (Reames Cave) Liberty 171 Gable Lancascer Co. 152 Old Logan Co. 99 Girty's Perry Co, 152 Old Man's 143 Goods Franklin Co. 152 Paimer's Creek Miami Co. 99 Goss Miffiin Co. 172 Paradise Souch Pass Is . Put-In-Bay 99 Greshville Greshville, Berks Co. 152 Perry Puc-In-Bay 171 Gromiller Blair Co, 152 Rocky Fork Highlana Co. 99 Haas Snyder Co, 152 Seneca Caverns Bellevue aod Tiffin 143 Harcman Monroe Co. D2 Seven Caves Bainbridge 171 Hay's Miffiin Co. 151 Sm ich's Souch Pass Is. Puc-In-Bay 99 Hay's Farm Cave Miffiin Co, 172 Thompson's Miami Co. 99 Hineman Armscrong Co. 152 Underground River Wyandotce Co. 99 Hipple Bedford Co. 152 We<[ Highland Co . 99 His-toric Indian Humingdon Co. 152 Zane Liberty 143 Hogo Berks Co . 152 Oklahoma Hollidaysburg Blair Co. 152 Huber Coy Cumberland Co. 172 Woodward 171 Hummel Cumberland Co. 172 Oregon Ickesburg Caves Perry Co. 152 Arnold (lava) Bend 171 Indian Northumberland Co. 152 Lava River Caves Bend 170 Indian No.2 Blair Co. 172 (Stace Park) Indian Echo Dauphin Co. 152 Oregon Caves (Nac'l Grant's Pass 166 Johnson Caves Miffiin Co. 152 (Monument) Keyhole Blair Co. 172 Sea Lion Caves Florence 171 Kooken's Humingdon Co. 172 Lemoyne Cumberland Co. 152 Pennsylvania Lewis Adams Co. 172 Aickin Miffiin Co. 152 Lisburn York Co. 152 Alexander Caverns Miffiin Co. 152 Lincoln Cav erns (Wm. Humingdon Co. 152 Allensville Miffiin Co. D2 Penn) Antes Creek Bald .Eagle Park 172 Logan's Blair Co . 172 Arch Spring Blair Co, 152 Lost Northumberland Co. 152 Baker Caverns Franklin Co. 152 Madisonburg Centre Co. 152 Bally Berks Co. 172 Mammoch Cave of Perry Co. 171 Barton Fayecce Co, 152 Pennsylvania Bear Cave Wescmoreland Co. 152 Mapelton Huncingdon Co. 152 Bell (Branch Run) 151 Markel Juniaca Co. 172 Bechlehem Northumberland Co. 152 Mechanicsburg Cumberland Co. 152 Beverly Hills Co. 152 Merkle Seyfert-Quier. Berks Co. 152 Blessin.g Mouncain Lycoming Co. 152 Milroy Miffiin Co. 152 Boden Petry Co. 152 Mohrsville Berks Co. 152 Boggs Run 151 Momello Berks Co. 152 Boiling Springs Caves Cumberland Co, 152 Morgan Berks Co. 152 Bowmansdale Cumberland Co. 152 Mc . Dallas Bedford Co. 152 Boyer Snyder Co, 152 Moune Joy Caves Lancascer Co. 152 Brownscone Dauphin Co, 152 Moyer -Cencer Co. 172 Brukerhoff Cencre Co. 152 Mower Cumberland Co. 172 Buder Bueler 171 Naginey Miffiin Co. . 152 Ca lipso Norchhampcon Co, 151 Narehood Montour Co, 152 Carn~g ie Cumberland Co. 151 Naremore 172 Carpemer Northumberland Co, 152 Needy Franklin Co. 152 Casparis Fayecce Co. 152 New Paris Bedford Co. 152 Cascle Rock Delaware Co. 151 Nice Warmer Franklin Co. 172 Chicken Shippensburg, Cumber- Noecker Berks Co. 152 land Co, 172 North York York Co. 152 Cleversburg Caves Cumberland Co, 152 Onvx Berks Co . 152 Cole! Air N orthumberland Co, 152 Parker Cumberland Co. 172 BULLETIN NUMBER flvlO

PE~~SYJ . " :\;\ 1.,\, - ( ·ulllilltll,d . Bibliographical 'J'EN N ESSEE-l·ontilllltd. Bibliographical Rt·t. :Vo. l\'UIII l' (Ii Ca:;.'c C{Jll1ll), ur z\'atrt.'JI TO"":"'ll Rtf. N~. Penn's Centre Cu. 152 Briar Hill Overton 53 Pequ~'l Ch urch Caves LInGlslcr CIl. 152 Bridgewater Smith Co. 53 Phillips Berks Cu. 152 Bunkum Pickett Co. 53 Pinnacle Can's Berks Co. 152 Burial Jackson Co. 53 POrt Kt'nnt-dy Montgomery Cu. 152 Buthy's 3 Springs 106 Rebt'rsbu r!; Cemre Co. 152 Buuam Picken Cu. 53 RedinglOn Northumberland Co. 152 Buzzard Smi·th Co. 53 Reedsville Mifflin Co. 152 Caldwell's Marion Co. 88 Reese Franklin Co. 152 Cave Springs Knoxville 124 Refton Lancaster Cu. 152 Cherry Jackson Co. 53 Rolly's Westmoreland Co. 152 Cline White Co. 53 Rnssmoln Centre Co. 152 College Bledsoe Co. 88 Rupert Mifflin Co. 152 Crawford Overton Co . 53 S.t1·tpeter Armstrong Co. 172 Crystal Grundy Co. 53 Schoefer Berks 152 Cumberland Mammoth Elk Valley 71 Sc hull Perry Co. 172 D aly Clay Co. 53 St'awra ;\fifflin Cu. 152 Dry FrankTin Co. 53 Sha ir er Fum Center C'l. 172 Dunbar Montgomery Co. 88 Sharps Cumberland Cu. 172 Ealy Putnam Co. 53 Sha rpsbL: r,c Huntingdon Co. 152 Fal ling Water Overran Co .. 53 ~ink Hole Cumberland Co. 172 Fisher Cave Smith Co. 53 Sinking Sprin,e Berks Co. 15 2 Fowler Jackson Co. 53 SIa:e Berks Co. 152 Garrets Overton Co. 53 South T emple Berks Co. 152 Gin Bluff D e K alb Co. 53 SlOne Berks Co 172 Haile Jackson Co. 53 Srrangford l ndiana Co. 152 H arris White Co. 53 SlOver Cenue Co. 152 Harrison Picken Co . 53 Sw.l1era River 172 Hell Hole (Hawkins Cove) Franklin Co. 53 T ay lor Bedford Co. 172 Henson's Bledsoe Co. 88 T aylor Mifflin Co. 172 Henshaw Warren Co. 53 Thrush D auphin Co. 1 n Higginbotham W arren Co. 53 Tippery Huntingdon Cn. 172 Hixon's Sequatchie Co. 88 TuckerlOn Berks Co. J 52 Hood Pich,[( Co. 5.> l ;nmaned ~ o. 1 Adams Co. 172 Hubbard (Bolt) Warren Co. 53 l ' nnamed • '0. 2 Huntiogdon Co. In H ublin's (Bat) Grundy Co. R8 Vnnamed N o. 3 Tefferson Co. 172 Hughes Smith Co. 53 Wentz 'Perry Co. 172 Hull Smith Co. 53 V eiled Lady Centre Co. 152 Ice Picken Co. 53 W a lnut Bot1om Cumberland Co. 152 Indian Jefferson Co. 172 West Reading Berks Co. 152 Indian Mound Montgomery Co. 88 Wind Cave (Cold) Lancas-rer Co. 152 J ewel Dixon 107 Winfield Union Co. 152 Jim D e Kalb Co. 53 Wolf Nonhhampcon Co. 1 n Johnson D e Kalb Co. 53 \1(fomer Perry Co. 172 Johnson Putham Co. 53 Wonderl and Caverns Bedford Co. 152 )ournigan White Co. 53 Woodward Centre Cn. 152 Keith Franklin Co. 53 Ladd Smith Co. 53 . SOll/b O,lIfo/" Lakey's Sequatchie Co. 88 Crystal Elk Canyon 161 Land Cumpany's Sequatchie Co. SS Davenport Srurgis 161 Lee Smith Co. 53 Ice Galena 161 Linville Sullivan Co. S8 ,J asper J ewel 161 Liule Franklin Co. 53 Jewel Custer 161 Little PellY Smith Co. 53 N ameless Rapid City (9 miles wesl) 93 Lookout M ountain Chatanooga 171 Onyx Wind Cave 161 Lost Cove Franklin Co. 53 Rushmore Hayward 81 Lost Greek Grainger Co. 138 Rockerville Gulch 161 Milligan Putnam Co. 53 Stal!e Barn Piedmont . 150 Morrell Sullivan Co. 88 W ild Cat Cavern Rapid City 172 Myers D e Kalb 53 Wind 91 Nickajack Cavern* Shell mound 17 1 W onderland Piedmont 161 North McElroy Van Buren Co. 53 North Spivey Jackson Co. 53 T e/llu.r.ree Officer White Co. 5.'> Account's Cave No. 1 M arion Co. 88 Peter Overran Co. 53 Account's e1\'e No.2 M ari on CO. 8R PNer Rock Grundy Co. Yl Allen D e Kalb Co. 53 Phillips Cave ~ o. Pickett Co. 53 Allen Overron Co. 51 Phillips Cave 0::0. 2 Pickett Co. 53 Arklow Sull ivan Co. R8 Pickell's Cave Sequatchie Co. IlS Bailey CI?v Co. 53 Piper Smith Co. 53 Bear Pickert Co.. 53 piper's Smith Co. 53 Big Bear Grundv Co. 53 Pratt Pickett Co. 53 Bie: Bone V 3n Buren Co. 5.1 P r ich~rd Smith Co. 53 Bi~ Bone Cave Branch Van Bllfcn Co. 5" Ouarles Cave No. 1 Overtown Co. 53 Bi" Perry Smith Co. 53 Ouarles's Cave ~o . 2 Ovel'ton 53 fl ilbrey's Putnamco ~; R'atrlesnake Newport 71 Blowing SO"ier Co. 124 Bone Picken Co. 5~ ·EXft'nd ~ undt'r Grnrgia and Alabama. NATioNAL SPEL E OLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 9

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WEST V JRGJ :-lI.~- Colltin u

lr is interesting 10 nOle that very few burials have been found Namt of Cave ulCalion Bibliographical Rtf. No. in caves in this ponion of Mexico, alrhough fhe walls are often Guatemala decorated by animal carvings. Cunen Caves Cunen 130 M EX I CO-Continued. Bibliographical Jobitzmaj Caves Peten 130 /'Jamt of Cave County or N('QTi'll Town Rtf. No . Lanquin Lanquin 130 Alta Verapaz 130 Yucatan 123 San Juan Chamelco Acmn Benado ( Ceh ) San Pedro Manir Palin 130 Actun Spukil Yucatan 123 Alpadahua Vera Cruz 144 While there are doubtless many caves in other Central Balaam Canche Chichen lrZd , Yucal3n 139 American countries, no published informafion has been found Cacahuamilpa 160 10 date. Chacaljas Yucal3n 139 Chac Mol Chichen lrza 139 West [tidies Chambak Yucatan 123 Yucatan 123 Ch anz Coyok Ashton Los Mangas SO Chapulfepec Groll0e5 Chapultepec 77 Yucafan 123 Alacrares SO Chekt-A-Leh Canas SO Chumya Yucafan 123 Cajio SO Cinquo de Mayas Yucatan 139 Carbon era "M" Carbonera so Chakxix Yucal3n 139 Carbon era "Donkey" Carbonera so Coyok Yucafan 123 Concordia La Paz SO Cush-Hu- Yucafan 123 I nsurrectos Carbonera so Ebizt Yucal3n 139 Dragon Los Mangas SO Garcia Monterrey 160 Isabella Cave SO Gongora Yucatan 139 Matanzas Mal3nzas Has YucMan 123 Modesta ·so High Priest's Chichen I tza 127 Pedragales Matanzas SO Hoctun Yucatan 139 lrush-Hal Yucatan 60 Bahama IIlandi Kaua Yucatan 139 Inagua Inagua 5S Kobak Yucatan 123 Indian Hole Caves Rum Cay 5S Kot Munos Yucatan 123 La Quemada Zacatecas 100 Caicol IIlandi Lara Yucatan 123 AlJadins Pallis 58 Loltun Yucatan 123 Luchil Yucatan 139 Mani Yucatan 123 Lord Oliver in his book Jamaica the BleJIed IIland §fateS that Maravilla Mine Cave Chihuahua there are many large caves in Jamaica. He mentions only twO Mulco Yucatan 123 by name, however. Other authors seem to be just as vague. Muruztun Yucatan 139 Negro Yucatan 123 Dry Harbour Dry Harbour Oxkintok Yucatan 123 Half-Way-Tree Half-Way-Tree Oxolodt Yucatan 139 Oxford Caves Mandeville Pantak Inml Yucatan 123 Three-Fingered Jack Kingston Pedregal Lava Caves Mexico Ci1Y 77 Petcot Yucatan 123 NavaJIa IIiandi Puz Yucatan 139 Navassa Island Caves 13 Rancho Chak Yucatan 123 Sabaka Yucatan 123 San Bulha No. 1 Yucatan 139 South America San Bulha No. 2 Yucatan 139 The literature describing caves in South America seems to be San Isidaro Yucatan (Merida) 139 very sparse. There are probably many thousand caves in this San Miguel Chalma 77 area. Most authors speak vaguely of many caves, and Vera San Roque Road No. 1 Yucatan 139 Kelsey in her guide books on Brazil claims that there are over San Roque Road No. 2 Yucatan 139 400 known caves in fhe state of Minas Geraes, Brazil, alone. Sayab Yucal3n 123 Sazich Yucatan 139 Brazil Sitz Yuc313n 123 Bela Horizonte Cave Bela Horizonte 113 Skokikan Yucatan 123 Born Jesus Da Lapa Bahia 5 Tepahuanaian Caves Durango 100 Lagoa Santa Minas Geraes 114 Tiplamas Yucatan 123 Maquina, Gcuu da Minas Geraes 114 Topochico Monterrey 160 Salitre River Caves Bahia 6 Tzuzui Yucatan 123 Tocas Caves Caxoeira. Bahia 6 Xconsacab Yucatan 139 Ubajara, Gruta da . (12 different caves) 113 Xkyc Yucatan 139 Morcegos. Gruta dos 114 Xmahif Yucatan 139 Pedro Leopolda 114 Xmak Yucatan 123 Xtoloc (artificial) Chichen Itza 139 Yucatan 139 Yunchen Fell's Cave Valley of Rio Chico 35 Zapotec Tian Caves Tehuantepec 100 20 miles east of Fell's Cave 35 Ziz Yucafan 139 Palli Aiki Small Nameless Yucatan 123 Columbia C etltrai America Jaguar 163 COIla Rica Ecuador The caves of Costa Rica are very small and are of fWO types: Charles Island Galapagos Islands 171 along the coast are small, wave-worn caves; and in the volcanic regions are found lava and caves. No specific names have been fou nd. Huallanca Silver Cave Huallanca 102 BULLETIN NUMBER FIVE

Europe FRAN('E-CUlIlillll"'( Bibliographical ;\'allll' uf r:a-t',· Lucaiiull R_I. No .. StUNt' '.1,1 (.'d·VI' Locatioll lJibliYf/raphi( (/1 RI'/. Ny. Iscuritz Basses-Pyrenees 71 Allj/ri,l Labascide Grono Haute-Garonne 71 Adelsberg Grotto Clrniola 102 Laussel Dordogne 71 Salzbtcrg caves Salzberg 102 Loptet Grotto Vallee d'Aure 71 La Madelein Vezere, Dordogne 71 BelgiuIII , Malarnand Ariege . There· are many caves and grottoes in which arc Mairie, Gruno de la D ordogne 67 repuned in C(JI'ernes el Les RiviereJ SOIl/err(lill eS D e La Marsoulas Cavern Garonne 71 Bel.~i q lle, by E. Van Den Brueck, E. A. Martel, and E. Rahir. Mas d'Azil Ariege 71 Since rhis work comprises ~wo volumes of over 1700 pages in Massal . Ariege 71 French. and in view of the limited time at my disposal, these Mery Merv 102 volumes were merely noted . The caves li sted below are La Micoqut D ordogne probably not enough to be represenca'tive but are the only 'ones Moncrouge Momrouge 102 found in the other references consulted. Moncsaunes Pyrenees 71 Le Mouscier Grono Vezere, Dordogne 71 H an, Grone de 71 La Mouthe Les Eyzi es 71 N:\l! ;~rre. Trou de 71 Niaux Ariege 71 Pape, Grone du Landes 71 [j r;!i... b IsleJ Pair-Non-Pair Bordeaux 67 Engl.. nd Pene- Blanque Haure-Garonne 71 According [0 Rev. Buckland, a Mr. Farley has made a Survey PONei Pyrenees 71 of D erbyshire in which he lists 28 caves. Gardes La Squgue Lannemezan 71 B:lUles Cave Wirksworrh 102 Spy. Grone de Namur Brix;,am Brixham 68 Tourtoise Grono Ariege 71 Trois Frtrcs 71 Cheddar Gorge Bath 147 Tuc D'Audouberr Ariege 67 La Coc'ce de Sc. Brelade Jersey La Cone de Sc. Ouen Jersey Germany Cres~ .... eII Cresswell 68 Franconia Caves 102 Eld on H ole Derbyshire 102 Fromages, Grone de~ Baden 102 Hunon Mendip Hills 68 Luege Caverns 138 Kenc 's Cavern Torquay 68 Neanderthal 102 K irby Moorside Caves 68 Ofnet .Bavaria 102 Kirkdale Yorkshire 68 Muggendorf Muggendorf 68 . Pea k Cavern Derbyshire .102 Forbes's Quarry 102 Sark Island Caves English Channd 102 G enista 102 Speedwell Mine Cavern Derbyshire 102 Sc. Michael's 102 W ookey Caves Wookey 68 Sevl/nnd Antiparos Grotto Anriparos 102 Fingals Cave Island of Srafi'a 102 Appollo Grono McHymettus 102 Corycian Mr. ' Parnassus 102 IFn les SibyJ'la, Grono del Lake Avernus 102 Paviland Cave 68 Nemean Lion 105 Fr.1nce Iceland Abri Mege Lourdes, D ordogne Dufi'erin Cave (Lava) 102 Arbon 71 Sheep Pen (Lava) 102 Aurignac Grono Haute Garonne 102 Singing Caves 102 Bernifal Eyzies 71 Shunsheller (Lava) 102 Bourdeilles Bra ntome, Dordogne Brambian 11 11 :1ly Brassempouy Land es Blue Cave Sicily .10 2 Cabrerets Caverns Lor 71 Cane; Grotto del Lake Agnano 102 Cagir Comminges 7 1 Circe. Gror'tO del Foot of Mr. Circeo 167 Cap·Blanc D ordogne 71 Green Cave Capri 102 Cha fi'aud Vienne 67 Blue Grouo Capri 172 La Chapelle aux Saints Sourdoire, D ordogne G rimaldi Cayes N. W. Iraly 102 Cigalere 71 La Clotilde 67 There are seven Grimaldi caves now existing. and rwo ad­ Combarelles Grono Les Eyzies 71 di,tional' ones have been covered by the sea. Each cave has a Courniou Grotto Herault 71 name and a history. They have been carefull), developed and Creux du Souci Auvergne 71 ex pl ored by the Prince of Monaco. Cro·Magnon Cro-Magnon Duruchy Landes 67 Polifemo. La Groua Favignana 95 Font de G aume Les Evzies 71 Jugo-Slat,in Frepillon Frepillon 102 102 Gar.l:dS Moncreieau 71 'Gir05p H aute-G aronne 7.1 MOl/acl) Goueil di Her Haute-Garonne 71 Monaco Ca\'eros 71 Grand Roc D ordogne 7 1 La Greze Grono Les Eyzies 67 KOI'u':ty Herm. Grone de J' Arriege (,7 frederichscahl 102 H ornos de la Pen a 67 Marienstadr 102 NAT10NAL SPEL EOLOG I CAL SOCIETY Page 13

Nami' Q/ Ca rve Lora/i oll A frica Por/llg,t/ Name r>! Cave Location Bibliographical Rrf. No. Cesareda Cave 102 Ampelusia Cave Marrocco 102 AzoreJ Broken H ill Mine Rhodesia 171 Lava Caves 102 H ercules, Caves of Spanish 158 Peter Mac Queen, in hi Wildest Africa, tells of caves on both Spaill the Kenya and Uganda sides of the Elgin moun{ains, and goes Alquerdi · Sp. Navarre 7 1 into detail as to how they were discovered and how ther :lre at Al tamira Cantabrian Mts. 71 present used. They are also described by Synge. These caves !:lat Granada were originally believed to have beeri carved out of {he rock Casti llo Santander 67 by a vanished race, they are now thought to be n:ltural. Murcielagos Andalusia 102 EDITOR'S NOTE: Sinct this li st of c.:3 \'t'S was compil ed, thert nil\'e been Pasiega 7 1 turned in to th e tiles of the Society, data upon se n :ral caves nor mt'llt iollt" d Pinda l Sa ntander 67 herr. These wi ll apprar, of courst' , in !\ ubsequent Log5 of the S, cit'IY . \X' oman's Alhambra 102 EI Piwn Cana ry Islands --*-- Sweden Like \V'eaer Cave Lake Wener 1-16 Cave Bibliography Flaskegrafven Balby 1-16 Kivik G rono Skane 146 T he bibliography taken from a search 'of the Geological Socie/)' Billie/iII is being listoo before the other referencts since S :IJ itzer/'JIld it was s ugg e~ ed as the ground to be covered in the origin:tl Fai ries. G ron o of Sr. Moritz 71 assignment. Holl·Loch 7 1 Topnes Pfeiffer G lacier ' 102 1. Alden, Wm. C.-Memorial of W. T. Lee, v eil. 38, p. 70·93. Asia 2. Becker, G. F.-Alltiqllities from Table Mountain, Vol. 2. Ceyloll 3. Bevan, Arthur-Caverns and Associated Feattlres in the Adam's Pea k Cave Adams Peak 56 Valley of Virgillia. (Abstract) Vol. 42, p. 324. Ella Cave Eolia 56 4. Blackwelder, Elia{-Cavernolls UYeatberings ill Arid Kurugala Cliff Molamure 56 Regions', (Abstract) Vo l. 40, p. 173. Cbilla 5. Branner, John C.-Outlines of the Geology of Brazil 10 Accompany ·the Geologic Map of Brazil, Vol. 30, p. 1GOO Buddhas Tunya ng, Gr. Gobi D esert 87 189- 338. DIIJcb East Indies 6. Branner. ]. C.-Aggraded Limestone Plains of the InteriOl' of Sabia and the Climatic Changes Suggested by Them, Mr. W. M. D avis, in the Origin of Limes/olle Cat'erllS, sug· Vol. 22, p. 187-206. ges ts that these island5 are raised coral islands, 2nd that there are therefore many cavities which have been drained ou~ and 7. Brown, ]. S.-Geology of /he Pribilof Islands, Vol. 3, are juSt waiting to be discovered. p. 496-97. 8. Brown, Thomas C.-Colldi/iolls al Rock Shelters and C.11'e India OPenings in Glacial Times. ( Abstract) V ol. 39, p. 220. Na.nda D evi Caves Br. Garhwal 159 9. Cragin, F. W.-Goat-Antelope from the Cave Farllla of /be Pikes Peak Region, Vol. 11 , p. 610-612. Indo Cbilla 10. D arton, N . H .-A List of Underground T em perattlres III Surprise, Grmte de T onk in 90 fbe U. S. (Abstract) Vol. 22, p. 716. Mr. Frank states that this is the fargeS

Kraus. Edward H.-Origin of the Cal'es of tbe Island of 56 . Ba'ssett, Ralph Henry-Romantic Ceylon. London, C. Put-In -Ba), . LJke Erie. (Abstract) Vol. 16, p. 563. Palmer, 1929, 253 p. 24. Malo!!, Cl yde A .- Valleys, Vol. 50, p. 1984. 57. Beebe, William-Pheasant Jungles, .p. 170-174. N . Y. 25. Malott, C. A. et el- Origin and Del'elopmenl of Natural London, G. P. Putnam Sons, 1927. . Bridge, Va., Vol. 41, p. 106. 58 . Bell, Maj. H . MacLachen-Bahamas: Isles of June. 26. Merria m, John C.- Obsen'ati01lJ on the Skeleton of a N. Y., R. M. McBride & Co., 1934. Cave Be"r. (Tide Only) Vol. 32, .p. 147. 59. Blatcbley; W. S.-Indiana Caves and Their Fauna. 2bt 27. Miller. Loye-Preliminary Report on Birds from San Annual Report Dep't. of Geology & Nat. Resources. Jo secilo Cat'e, Nuello Leon, Mexico, Vol. 52, .p. 1981. Indiana, 1896. 28. Purdue. A. H.-Cave Sands/one Deposits of the Southern 60. Blom, Frans---oThe Conquest of Yucatan, p. 128-130. Ozarks, Vol. 17. p. 251 -2 56. Boston, Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1936. 29. Querea u, Edmund C.-Topography and HiJlo-ry of James­ 61. Bolitbo, Hector- Beside Galillee, p. 168-185. N. Y., D. l,ille Lake, Neu' York·. Vol. 9, .p. 173- 182. Appleton-Century Co., Inc., 1933. 30. Reeds, Ches ter A .-Geologic D eposits in Relation to 62 . Boyle, Mary E.-Man Before History. Boston, Little, Plei.rtocene Aim,. (Abstract) Vol. 26, p. 109. Brown & Co., 1924. 31. Reeds, Chester A.-Subterranean Streams of the Endless 63. Bramwell, James-The Lost Atlantis. London, Cobden­ Cavems, Virginia. (Abstract) Vol. 37, p. 171. Sanderson, 1937. 32. Rich, John L. - Some Peculiarities of Glacial Erosion 64 . Bretz, J. Harlan-Cat'es in the Galena Formation. Journal N ear the Margin of the Glacier in Central of G eg l ogy~ Vo . 46, 1938, p. 828-84l. Illinois. (Abstract) Vol. 26, p. 70. 65. Bretz,]. Harlan-Vadose and Phreatic FeQ/ures of. lime­ 33. Russell, I. C.- Surface Geology of Alaska, Vol. 1. stone c.

8:. Fleming, Peter- N ews from Tartary, Cave of 1000 Bud­ Il7. Lee, Willis T.-A Visit to Carlsbad Cavern, New Mexico. dhas near Tunghwang, p. 30, Map p. 16, N. Y ., C. The NatiOllal Geographic Magazine, Jan. 1924, p. 1-40. Scribner's Sons, 19 36. I l8. Limbert, R. W.-Among the "Craters of the Moon_" 88 . Fowke, Gerard- Archeological In vestigations. Wash., D . Nat'l. Geographic Mag., Mar. 1924, p. 303-32B. c.. Gov·t. Printing Office, 1922. 119. Little, Charles-Cat'es in Mythology. j oumal of the 89. Fowke, Gerard-Ozark Caves and Mounds in MiHouri. Tennessee Academy of Science, Vol. 5, No.2, July Smithsonian 'Explorations, 1920, p. 107. 1930, p. l35-136. 9Ll. , · Harry A.- Easl of Siam. N . Y . and London, The 120. MaillaI't, "Ella K.-Forbidden j ourney, p. 33 . N. Y., Cen'tury Co., 1926. Henry Holt & Co., 1937. 9 1. Freeland, Edward D .-Jrl·ind Cal'e, Tbe Black Hills Engi­ 121. Maxwell, Hu-Hislory of Randolpb Co .. If'. Va. (IB9B) neer, D ec. 1938, p. 272-274. 122. Mercer, Henry C.-Cave Hunting in Yllcalan. 92. Freeman, Lewi R.- Surveying tbe Grand CanJon of the 12 ;> . Mercer, Henry C.-Hill Caverns of Yucatan. Colorado. Nai'l. Geograpbic Magazin e, May 1924, p. l2-1. Moneymaker, Berlen C.-The Nalure and Formation of 471 -5 48. Caves. j ournal of Tennessee AcademJ of Science, Vol. 93. Friedman, Julius, J. M.-The Nameless Ca ve and Ibe 5, No.3, July 1930, p. 83-90. Paha.sa.pa Limestone, The Black Hills En gineer, D ec. 125. Morrell, Martha McBride-IVhen Ihe If' orld IVas Young. 1938, p. 275-277. B09to n, Houghton-Miffiin Co., 1941. 94. Funkhouser et al (W. S. Webb)-The So-Called "Asb 126. Morris, Ann Axtell- Digging in Ib e Soutbwest. G arden C"ves" in Lee COllnty . D epr. of Anthrop­ City, N. Y., D oubleday, Doran & Co., Inc., 1933. ology and Archaeo logy, U. of Ky. Lexingron, Vol. 1, No.2. 12 7. Morris, Ann Axtell - Digging in Yucalall. N . Y ., Junior 95. Halliburron, Richard-The Gloriolls Advenlure. Literary Guild. 1931. 128. Morris, John I.-Tennessee Caves in Historical T imes. 96. H alliburton, Richard-New IV orlds 10 Conquer. journal of Ibl! Telln . Academy of Science, Vol. S, No.2, 9 7. Harringron, E. R. -The. Origin of Ic e Ca·ves. jOllrnal of July 1930, p. 13 1-134. Geology, Vol. 42, 1934, p. 433-436. 129 . Morton, H. V.- The Middle Easl, p. 141-43. . N. Y., 98. Hawks, Ellison- The Book of Natllral IVonders. N. Y ., D odd & Co., 1941. Loring & Mussey, 1935. 130. Munoz, J oaquin and Anna Bell W ard-Guatemala­ 99. Henderson, Junius-Caverns, Ice Ca ves, , and A'ncienl alld Modem. N . Y ., The Pyramid Press, 1940. N atllral Bridges. U. of Colorado Srudies, Part I , Vol. 131. Mussaeus , Thomas A.-The LlITe of Cat'e Lore. 19, No.4, Part II , Vol. 20, Nos. 3 and 4. 132. MacQueen, Peter-itl IVildest Africa, p. 301. Boston, Hewett, Edgar Lee-Ancient Life in Mexico and Central too. I. C. Page & Co., 1909. America. Indianapolis, N. Y., The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1936. 133. McGill, Wm. M.-Catlems of Virginia. University, Va., 1933. 101. Hibbens-E1,ide/Jces of Early Occupation in Sandia Cave, N . M. and Other Sit eJ in Sandia-Manzano Region. 13 4. McKee, Edwin D.-Ancient Landscapes of the Grand Smithsonian ReportS, Vol. 99, No. 23. Canyon Regioll. 135. Nixon, Larry-American Vacations. !()2 . Hovey, Horace C.-CelebraJed American CavernJ. 136. Norrhcorr, T. C.-How Nature Makes a Cave. 103 . Hubricht, 1. and J. G. Makin-Description of 9 New Sp ecies of Fresh-IIVater A mphipod CmSlaceons wilh 137. O 'Brien, Frederick-Mystic Isles of tbe So 11th Seas, p. Noles and New Localities for Otber Species. American 329. 1 . Y., The Century Co., 1921. Midland N aillfalist, J an. 1940, p. 203. 13B. Packa rd , A. S.-The Cave Fauna of North America. Memoi,·s of the Natiollal AcademJ of Sciences, Vol. 104. Hum, Richard A.-IVhite Mountain Holidays. p. 34. Portland, Maine, Falmouth Publishing House, 194 1. IV, Parr 1, p. 3- 156. 139. Pearse, A. S. - Fauna of Ihe Ca~ ' es of YJ/calan. Washing­ 10 5. Hurron, Edward-A Glimpse of Greece (Cave of Nemian ton, D. c., Carnegie Institution, 1938. Lion picrure, p. 22 1). N. Y., The Macmillan Co., 1929. 140. Poh!. Erwin R.-Underground in Tennessee and Ken­ tucky. j oumal of the Tenn. Academy of Science, Vol. 106. Ives, J. D:-Cave Animals of Tennessee. journal of the S, No.2, July 1930, p. 91-111. Tennessee Academy of Science, Vol. 5, No.2, July 1930, .p. ll2-12 4. 14 1. Pond, Al onzo W.-Ca/le of the Mounds. l07. Jackson, G eorge and Lotys Jackson- Sightseeing U/Jder­ 142. Quennell, Marj orie-Elleryday Life in the Old . gro und (Proof read). N. Y. and London, G. P. Pumam's Sons, 1922. 108. James, Edwin O.-The Begill1lin gJ of Man. Garden Ciry, 143. Rand, McNally-Road A~las of tbe Uniled States, Canada N. Y., D oubleday, Doran & Co., 1929. and Mexico. 109. James, George Wharton-III and Around the G"and 144. Rau. Charles-Anciel1t Aboriginal Trade in North Canyon. Bosron; Little, Brown & Co., 1911. America. p. 348-394. Smithsonian ReportS 1872. 110. Johnsron, Wm. D., Jr.- Ground IVater in Ih e Paleozoic l45. Rhoades, Roger and M. N . Sin acori-Pallern of Ground­ Rocks of N orthern A~abama. Caves, p. 48-74. Geol ­ Water FloUl and Solulion. joumal of Geology, Vol. ogical Survey of Alabama Special Report No. 16, 1933. 49, 194 1, p. 785-794. III. , G eor.ge--The Great Cave of Cheat Ritler. Balti­ 146. S[eveni J ames W. B.-Unknown Sweden. London, Hurst more, Hanzsche & Co., 1855. & Blackerr, Ltd., 1927. 11 2. Judd, Neil M.-Beyond the Clay Hills. Nalional Geo­ 147. Stevens, William Oliver-The Shenandoah and Its By­ graphic Magazine, Mar. 1924, p. 275-302. waYJ. Chapter on Caves, p. 90-106. N. Y., Dodd, Mead & Co., 1941. Il3. Kelsey, Vera-Brazil in Capitals. N. Y. and London, Harper & Brothers, 1942. 148. Steward, Julian H .-Ancient Caves of the Great Salt Lake Regiol1. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of America Il4. Kelsey, Vera-Seven Keys to Brazil. N. Y. , Funk & Ethnology Bulletin o. 116. Wagnalls Co., 1940. 149. Stirling, M . W.-Archeological Reconnaissance in T exas ll5. Komroff, Manuel-Contem poraries of Marco Polo. The and Nevada. E·xploration and Field Work of the j ou1'1l<11 of Friar john of Pian De Carpini, 1245-1247, Smithsonian Institution, p. 173 (1930, Publication page lB. N. Y., Boni & Liveright, 1928. 3111 ) . l16. Krist, Gustave--Alone Throllgh ·tbe Fm'bidden Land. 150. Stoll, M arion c.-Stage Barn Cavems. The Black Hills N . Y., Harcourr, Brace & Co., 1938. Ellgilleer, D ec. 1938, p. 274-5 . Page ~6 BULLETIN NUMBER FIVE

15l. StOne, R. W.-Cave Co ncret ions. P" oceedings Penn. man language by the Imperial Mineralogical Society of A cadelll)' of Science, Vol. VI, 193 2, p. 1-4 . St. Petersburg, and as this interesting litcle work is not 15 2. Sro ne, Ralph W.-Pe11llSylvania Calles. 153. Strode. Hudson-The St ory of Bermuda. N. Y., H. Smith accessible to all, I will here translate the list of a.ll the and R. Haas, 193 2. caves enumerated by him as Norn:h American. We would 154. Suess. Ed w.-Boundary Line Betu'ee ll Geology a'ld HiJ­ observe that these are not all situated in limestone I orr. Sm i,thson ian Report 1872, p. 22 3-32 . 155 . Swan zlow, Ca rl R.- Ice C,n'es in N orthern California. regions, neither do they all furnish : Joul"I/al of G ~o l ogy, Vol. 43, 1935. Connecticut-West Rock cave, New Haven. 156. Swanzlow, Ca rl R. and W . D. Keller-Coral/oidal OpaJ . JO/J rII ,t/ 0/ Geology, Vol. 45, 1937, p. 101-108. -Nicojack cave. (sic.) 15 7. Synge, P,urick M .-Mountains of Moon. London, L. Drummond, Ltd ., 1937. Indiana-Epsom Salt cave; cave near Corydon. 15 8. T hornton, Philip--The Voice of Alias. N . Y., Macmillan Kentucky-Boone's cave; Russell's cave; White cave; Co., 193 6. 159. Tilman. H . W .- The A scent of Nanda Devi, p. 51 , 99. Mammoth cave; cave on Crooked creek. N . Y ., The Macmillan Co. ; Cambridge, Eng., The Maryland-Hughes' cave; cav~ at Harwell. U ni versi1Y Press, 1937. 160. T OOf'S Frances-Guide 10 Mexico, p. 134, 171. Mexico -Natural bridge and cave at Nahant; City, Frances Toor Studios, 1938. natural bridge over the Hudson brook; cave near 16l. Tullis, Edward L. and John Paul Gries-Black Hill Cav e.r. T be Black Hills Engineer, Dec. 1938, p. 233-272. Sunderland; cave in Berkshire; two caves near New 162. Van D eusen, Richard - .-Pol·lo Rico, A Car/bbean Isle. Mariborough; cave near West Stockbridge; cave in N . Y ., N. H olt & Co., 1931. Lanesboro; cave in Adams; Purgatory, near Sutton. 163. W alde, W ald egg, H . von-Stone Idols of Coillmbia Re- I,eal a Vanished People. . Mississippi-Abode of the Great Spirit on the North 164. White, Anne Terr y-Lost lVodds. Adventures in Archae­ West Coast; cave on Copper flver. ology, p. 271-83. N . Y ., Random House, 1941. 165. Whi·te, George W .-Tbe Lime.rlone Caves and Ca verns Missouri-Ashley's cave. of Ohio. Obio /ournal of Science, Vol. 26, No. 2 New Hampshire-The Devil's cave. (1926 ), p. 86. . 166. W oan, Basil- San Francisco and the Golden Empire. New York"'---Cave near Watertown; cave at Niagara ; N . Y ., H . Smirh & R. Haas, 1935. Ball's cave; Knox's cave; Monito, at , or 167 . National Geographic Magazirl e. 168. Sp eleological Society BIIlletin No.1. Devil's Abode ; Esopus cave. 169. Sp eleological Society Bulletin N o.2. Ohio--Mason's cave; Nature's Building, or Cave in 170. Speleolo gical Society Bulletin No. 3. the Rock. 171 . Speleological Society BlIlletin No.4. 172. Sp eleological Society Unpubli.r bed Rec01·ds. Pennsylvania-Devil's Hole, in Bucks county; cave on the Swatera river. - - *-- Rhode Island-Purgatory, near Newport; Spouting cave, near Newport. Cave" List" of 1859 South Carolina-Great Flat Rock cave; Lover's Leap. As contrast to Morgan's excellent listing of the known Tennessee-Big-stone cave; Arched cave. caves in the Uni,ted States, it is interesting to read a list Vermont--Caves in Bennington; caves in Dorset. printed nearly 90 years ago. I.t appears in an excerpt Virginia-Weyer's cave; Wreast's cave; Madison's from a book, A TreatiJe on GemJ, etc. 1859, by Dr. cave; Zane's cave; Blowing· cave, near Panther Louis Feuchtwanger, Chemist and Mineralogist, Member Dale; Greenbriar's cave; johnson's cave; Allen's of the New York Lyceum of Nat. Hist.; Amer. Assoc. cave ; Ruffner's cave; Roger's cave; Reid's cave; of Science; of the Mineralogical societies of Jena, Alten­ Natural Tunnel in Scott county; Natural Bridge in burg, etc. Appleton & Co. , N ew York. Rockbridge county. P. 380-2. 'The greatest localities of this mineral "Mr. Cra'mer men·tions the size of the in ( and ) are the Grotto of Antiparos .the antechamber of Weyer's cave, as ~eing twelve feet and Bauman's Cave, in (he Hartz, which I visited in high; those in Solomon's Temple, of the same, twenty­ 1827 and which displ ays gigantic stalacti.tes ; also in five feet high, which are nearly transparent; and its Derbyshire. In the United States are very celebrated Hermit's Chandelier, four feet high and twelve feet in caves which yield this art icle. circumference; the colossal s.talagmite in Washington "These have been d e~ rib e d by my friend, Charles Hall, which is said to represent the Father of his Country Cramer, Esg ., late Russi an Vice Consul at New Y.ork, wrapped in his cloak ; Pompey's column, thirty feet high; now of the Isle of W igh.t, an enthusiastic mineralogist also Babylon'S Tower, thirty feet in circumference. (Five of St. Petersburg, in a pamphlet p~blished in rhe Ger- foreign countries.' caves in'Western Hemisphereomitted.) " N A T.I 0 N A L S PEL E 0 LOG [ CAL SOC 1 E T Y Page 17 ,

Ie is a long curved ridge with a crest 5,906 feet above sea The Gem of Caves level, is about 1 Y; miles long and Y; mile wide. The scenic gravel-surfaced road from the highway to ••. By DALE WHITE the cave is a monument to ·CCC labor. Ie rises 1,000

[EDITOR'S NOTE: This article has been written wirh rhe feet in 3.2 miles and was literally built by hand, litrle permission of rhe Srate Park Commission, in cooperation with machinery being available. It winds through a canyon Bruno Pt'tsch, resident guide.] and along the mountai n side. Half way to the wp is :l Back in 1902 Dan Morrison discovered an opening spaci'ous improved picnic ground in an aspen grove along· three feet across high up on a sheer cliff overlooking the a small stream. There are rustic tables, fireplaces and a Jefferson river in Montana. He was prospecting for water system for campers. For the road alone it is esti­ claims when he came upon this "hole in' the mated .that GeC labor of 83,000 man-days represents mounrain" which has since been acclaimed by geologists approximately $ 147,000 for labor.

[0 be of unusual beauty and possessing a most impressive The road terminates in a parking area before a stone displly that ranks with anything seen before or since in and rustic construction head house. Here are the ad­ ~ny (.lye in rhe country. With the aid of and ministrative offices of chief guide, Bruno Petsch, con­ hdders the cavern was explored for about 900 feet, the cessi cns and museum as well as a la.rge open lookout wa ll s and side chambers being examined by candle light. for visitors who wish to view the valley and surrounding Morrison and his brother decided to develop the cave mountai ns before proceeding to the cave proper. This is and operate it as a private . The general shape of the cave is that of a fissure in very steeply inclined li mestOne. Because of its perpendicular formation, it was necessary fo r Morrison to construct stairways be­ (ween the various levels. Heavy timber for twenty-two Rights of stairs was carried up a steep rough path from the valley below and then lowered into the dark abys~ by rope. The carpentry work was done underground by men suspended in slings. Small entrances into some of the more beautiful chambers were chiseled out to permit eas ier passage for the public. After developing the cave, Morrison applied for a patent. The Northern Pacific railroad filed an adverse claim :lnd was given tirle to the land by the cour.es. Soon after the cave was turned over to the federal government. In 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt issued a procla­ mation making this cave a national monument and in 1911 issued a second one proclaiming this land as Lewis and Clark cavern. In 1935 the cave was taken over by the National Parks Service and in November of that yea r, through the efforts of the late Governor Frank H. Cooney, a Civilian Conservati on Corps was stationed at nearby LaHood Park to improve and develop th e cave an d to construct a road from U. S. Highway number 10 to the cavern. Formal dedication as , one of the great subterranean wonders of the West was in May 1941. This gem of caves, small but unsurpassed in beauty and variety of formation, lies deep within the foothills of the Tobacco Root mountains. It is housed wholly within Cave Mountain, a prominent tOpographic f eatu r~ of the park. This mountain is composed of the highly tilted limestone of the Madison formation and in the geologic past conditions were such that underground Water action created a system of innumerable under­ pound chambers which are now, the chief attraction. THE GROTTO Pc;ue¢ 18 . BULLETIN NUMBER FIVE reached by a broad foor trail cue inco the side of the season IS informal and comprehensive and does not mountai n wi th three lookout areas. Fro m .the cave en­ remind one of a memorized spiel endlessly run off day trance the visico r ca n look south and see the peaks after day. bordering th e nonhern rim of Yellowscone National The guides take note 'Of the various descriptions or Park , t i~ ht y miles awa y. names given Ithe formations on the trip and when the Only one-founh of the known area of Morrison cave same name is given a certain display repeatedly, then has been deve loped. This is di vided largely into two the name is established and noted in the cave itinerary. magnificent rooms overflowing with beaueiful and weird The original entrance through which Morrison had di spl ays. Trail s, steps; bridges and have been co descend and ascend an almost vertical passage with constructed by CCC boys with the view of giving the the aid of ropes is now closed. Several yards away yi sicor an easy trip bue have been designed and built so another entrance was found and developed because it as co prese rve as fa r as possible the naturalness of the afforded a horizontal entrance. After descending sev­ cavern. Conceal ed indirect lighting provides well lighted eral flights of stairs the enclosing walls become covered tra ils but is nor so bright as co discor.t the beauey of the wi.th stalactites of -pure white and cream color. This formations. The passages and rooms are in their natural COrtuous but safe passage is jokingly referred to as "Fat state, unspoil ed by souvenir seekers and commercial ex­ Man's Misery." In a side can be ~een the Coffin, pl oitati on. The explanation given by the guides to the a formation having the appearance of an ornamental thousands of courists who go through the cave each casket with fringe of small stalactites around the lid, a candle at

EM PIRE STATE COLUMN - dividual caves. Those 'Of -Morrison are stalagmites which NAT I'ONAL SP E L EO L OG ICAL S OC I ET Y Page 19

build up from the fl oor, and columns which are formed are of consummate beaury and recall the Italian baptis­ when the stalagmite growing up and rhe sta lactite grow­ teries and caril lons of the Renaissance period. A final ing down connec t to fo rm a co lumn from fl oor to ceiling. view of ,the Grand Fi nale and the visiror leaves the cave Some stalacti ties are nO! ci rcul ar in secti'O n bur appear in through a tunnel 538 feet long. This runnel, bored \·e r.tica l bands, like tapestry hang ing from a sloping through solid limesrone, is an exceptional feat for CCC rDo f. There are also , a twisted form of stalac­ labor to have accomplished. All of the work was done lite, some box-work, cascades, magnificent fl owstone, by en rollees with the excepti on of ,the actual blasting. cr}"itals and clusterites. The last mentioned are seen on It was a nine months' job and though it was a dangerous bath the fl oor and roof of the cave and resemble a bunch p roject, especially for boys who were inexperienced in 'O f grapes of different sizes growing together. The chief underground work, this was complered without an l' uide at the cave, Bruno Petsch, named J! hese peculiar accident. shaped fa rmations. "Clurerites" and that term h as been An in.te resting sidel ight of CCC life occurred in ccn­ accep ted by the N ati onal Parks Service o!O designate such nection wi th the construction of this tunnel. It was ~raw ths. There are some pools or catch basins, mis­ surveyed three times, once by an enroll ee who was c1 ass~ d named springs, throughout the cave. The water is as an illiterate when he first entered the corps. By tak­ crysta lli ne and cool but unfit for drinking . ing advantage of the studies offered at the camp, among Before ,the advent of the CCC boys' explorations and which was surveying, in the progress of his work he ingenuity, the cave trip consisted of a few more sights surveyed the course the runnel was to take. He came such as the Bridal Chamber and the Princess Palace on the Mountain. This unusuall y delicate formation has r - >I \ _. ad ded beauty due .ro an unusual perspective afforded sightseers as they g limpse it through a natural srone (' . arch. At abour this point the visiror is 5,390 feet above sea level bur 204 feet below the entrance gate. The trip Dan Morrison had ro offer ended a shoH distance away at the Brown W aterfall , a superb example of fl owsrone and columns, and then {he rourists had ' w retrace an ascending trai l wLth multiple staircases ro regain the entrance. Si nce 1936 however, the CCC explored and opened seve ral passages beyond this point which lead ultimately into the largest and most awe-inspiring room in the entire cave. At one point in this passage, radium has been detected. Another has been called. Cooney passage, hanoring the man who did so much toward the develOp­ ment of Morrison cave. Cooney passage has an elevati on 'O f 5,289 feet above sea level, bur is a long 305 feet below the head gate. This area is one mile high underground. The Paradise Room, never seen by Mo rrison, is very 'maist and the formations g listen in the indirect lighting . This room is 176 feet directly beLow the Cathedral room bur the visiror has ro descend approximately a half mile 'O f circuitOus roure before entering its vast, compelling ex pa nse. H ere is located the -E mpire State co lumn, con­ sidered by members of -the society who viewed it in 194 1 as the " most impressive display of all and one ra nking wit h anything seen before or si nce in any cave." The Empi re State is 24 feet tall and 7 feet in di ameter and has remai l\ed unblemishedthroughtheyears. It is a pe rfect specimen of cave rock, surpassed in size but not in beauty by ,the " Pillar of the Constiturion'" in the Wyandotte cave in Indiana and "Mr. Big" in the Nicka­

jack cave in Tennessee. Lesser formations in this room THE GRAND FINALE P.lgt' 20 BULLETIN NUMBER FIV E

with in three inches of the survey made by the camp with snow. Though the humidity is great within the eng In ee rs. cave, it is not sufficien·t to warrant special clothing. H eavy doors at two points along the mnnel control Morrison cave is well ahead -of many caves in regard CO the wind current and prevent bl asts of air from entering sci entific data. A ·precise survey has been made, each benchmark has an altimde, latitude and departure on and d ryi ng up the Paradise Roo~ . The outlet gives record, as well as a smdy of fauna, insect life and under­ onto a path considerably lower than the ' entra~ ce trail ground cosmic ray investigations. but one on a level with the parking area and head house. In the not too distant future, a third huge cavern The pa rk season extends from April to D ecember. fill ed with massive and impressive formations entirel y The fact that outside heat or ~old does nat affect the ' snow white will be open to the public. At present the tempe ramre of the cave, which never varies from 44 to passage to this area, Hell's H alf Acre, is too narrow ·iH degrees, makes it possible to schedule year-round trips and diffi cult co allow more than passage CO explorers providing th e road to ,the parking area is not blocked and sci entists.

The longest co rridor turns norehward shortly after Revisiting the Snails of leaving the Rock Filter behind, circles around the Rabbit Box, and fin ally ends in a medium-sized cleft chamber wi th lots of seepage water in evidence, almost. directl y opposite the travertine pool tributary branching east off ••• B)' J. P. E. MORRISON the middle of the accessible part of the Long Lead stream. This end ch a-mber has noticeably bad air afier a On M ay 16, 1943, a party of fo ur, consisting of shore time (C0 ) , and from the cleft roof and drift M uma,' Beardsley, W eed, and the writer, visited Skyline 2 must be near the surface . Cavern s through the courtesy of the manager, Mr. Turning souchward is another passage which forks in Dutrow. three directi ons : west-to the Long Lead stream, in a T he rumors conce rning fl ood damage co the caverns room wi th " Amos 1937" and other dates 'On the roof , were found to be somewhat exaggerated , there bein,.,a so utheast-to another upstream portion of rhi s scream: no g reat changes observed I as a result of the October where I had again to dig some clay and rocks Out of the 1942 fl ood, except damage CO th e electrical install ati ons fl oor to get through the rightest squeeze ; and n'O rtheast. and the walkways in the lower, commercialised port i-on The northeasterly fork was reported by Weed as a 150 of the cave. The Rooms seemed more splendid fe. crawl , and he had to back all the way Ollt! th an ever, if that is possible. The first obj eer of the trip was to determine how These cave snails are upstream farther than man has the two species of cave snails previ ously collected2 in been S0 far: The uppermost poi nt seen yet is approxi ­ Long Lead fared in th e fl ood. The ability of these snails mately 300 fe. farther upstream (as the scream meanders) co survive fl ood condi tions is refl eered by their normal than the las t point reached in anuary 1941, as the mudd'y abundance in May 1943, after what must have been Elbow Crawl. The condition of the cave snail speci e"s severe conditions in October 1942. In 'additi on to the was seen to be good, in spite of Hubricht's and my repeat­ malacologica l survey , the uppermost 3;vai lable reaches of ed sa mplings of the populati on, but I would still like co Long Lead were more thoroughly ex plored and mapped. see their eggs. Afrer survivi ng all of nature's fo rces co That pare of the Long Lead area above the muddy the present time, it will take more than a couple of mala­ Elbow Craw l and the Rock Fi lter was resurveyed with cologica ll y- minded speleological interlopers co exter­ a special surveyor's compass co determine the direction minate these minute trogl·odytes. of all passages. All dis tances were as carefully es timated . After a most profit able five-hour stay in the cave, the as possible, since no tape was at hand. There were twO surface area outside was explored. Creek, . unexpected res ults of th is re- mapping project : the stream th e northflowing stream, due east of the cave entrance, has been seen furthet upstream th an eve r before, CO my was nored where it sinks into the Stre'am bed. This sink knowledge ; and-there are fo ur passages in this upper­ is a g radual affai r ; the creek gradually disappears over a most portion e f the cave, ~ o t just one! stretch of about 50 feet of the stream bed. There .is not one sink opening, but a filtering .through gravel, sand, ' It . , hould be m.elltiot.'ed here ! har the . haft leading up to the Rabbit and rocks, down into the undergroun.d channels. . Bos: I ~ 11 0 longer III eXis t e nCe. 1 h ~ old mildewed wood of the !!I hnft has ro llt'd. unti l it hs !' now co ~pl et'e l y ~iv e n w ay, the clay ha!i 51umped down The stream runs wes tward through this part of !n rdll1, lilt' !'I ha ft , illld thi S pa rt of thr cave is now at least temporarily . J ll an: t'~:OC l h lt ·. . Dickey's Hill by way of the Skyline <;:averns passage- :t P I' I'\'iow: trip!" in July 193M, July 1940, a nd January 1941. NAT I ON AL S P ELEO L OG I CA L SOC I ETY Page 21 ways, rurning a litde ro rh e nonhwarJ , and opens obv io us that rhey first crawled into th e cave system at through a jumble of rocks at rh e base of th e rail road different limes; how long ago is anybody's guess . ~ ~bl11 km e nt on th e Shenandoah Ri ver bank , di recd y They've been a long ti.me at any rate. When and nu rr hwcs t of th e Skyline Caverns entrance . T his is some if the sink of the Creek beco mes an open channel instead distance south of rh e old surface channel of th e stream, of a sandy fi lter, natu re mi ght try an experiment and let .If pn:sent in use onl y as a Aood channel between the rhe eyed species of snail crawl on upstream on the si nk s and th e river. surface. Until then, however, man has to go under­ There are no snai ls of this family at the surface, either ground to see them in th eir native habitat. in rhl: stream above the cave system, or at the oudet on N o ~ o re bats were found in the upper portions of [he bank of th e . It is a real p riv il ege Long Lead to add to the record of one taken in Janua ry [() be abl e to stu dy all th e features of these two snai l 194 1. 1t seems probable now that the re are no open spec ies limited to the underground co urse of - --­ ex its at the upper end. Cree k, in Sky line Cavern s. These two species are even Perh aps additional trips to Skyli ne .cavern s wi ll result mo re remark abl e when it is rea li zed th at they live as someday in the trapping of those elus ive cave beedes close as ten feet to each other, but not together. One (only 2 specimens are known) that live there. Also, a lives in th e mai n stream, .on the grave l and rocks; the check on the measurements o f the upper passages is ()[he r in the traver·ti ne pools of the tributa ry passage necessary to "prove out" the es ti mates of le ngth of the unly. Since one is bli nd and the orher has eyes, it is newl y mapped parts of Long Lead.

\ TH E HYDROGRAPHY \ OF , \ , SKYLINE CAVERNS , 'VVAR..R.EN CO.,VA. , 6-1-1943 , c9-0'tont. \ l ,,

0- ...... " 50 - .. l ' .0 • e .' .. Entranc e ..e o SinkHoles . • 0 • ___ S«rlat'/' Flood Channel e.. e ''-0- eo o. 0 (/nsl!'en JYafl!'rCh.]nnel .e _ CJl>s~ryt'd Stream .. .e loPe.~ . 6-/-.115. """"'!!_...... o· 200 -YH.

I , ,I' , I ' ,I, , , ' , . I . , ,' , I­ . .. 5'0 So , I '" '.' 'I~S . 200 '5'0 ,... o 10>10 I ~ Page . 22 BULLETIN NUMBER FIVE

a cave. That which Edwards owns is something in­ Assessment Value of Cave tangible and indefinite. It is his vision translated into a reality." May it be suggested that all lovers of caves Property for Taxable Purposes should read all of the dissenting opinion of Judge Logan. So much for that. The question before us now is HARRY H. WILSON ••• By "How should a cave be valued for taxable purposes?" AII ' laws and decisions of couns present a conflicting There is but little law on this questi'On-in fact, no and (On fused picture wherein questions concerning caves speci~l laws or decisions are known -to the writer. At are involved. This confusion will continue until a present, the writer along with other attorneys are en· sufficient number of couns recognize that a cave is an gaged in litigation involving the value of the certain underg round esrate and, as such, is entirled to the ' same cave propenies and have been giving ·the matter of rights and protection in the eyes of the law as the estate taxable value considerable srudy. on tOp of the ground. Our theory is that the surface lands oYer the cave The only jurist ever to attempt such a determination should be valued at exactly -the same amount as othet was the last Justice M . M. Logan of Kentucky. lands 'Of like quality in the community or' county; that In the case of Edwards et al vs. Sims, Judge, 24 S. W . the value of the cave itself and such improvements ' on (2nd) 619, Mr. Logan said, " It sounds well in the {he surface as h-ave been made that are an integral pact majority opinion to nitely say that he who owns {he of the cave's ope ra-ri on , is determined from .the net surface of real est-ate, without reservation, owns from the income. In other words, the net income .would be center of the eanh .[0 the outmost sentinel of the solar arrived at by the same method as it would be determined system. The age-old statement adhered to in the major­ for Federal income tax. It appears .to us tha-rthere is ity opinion as the law, in ·tcuth and fact, is 'not true now no other fa·ir method , available. A thing is worth no and never has been. I can subscribe to' no doctrine more than what it can produce. If a net income from which makes -the -ace owner also the owner of the a cave and' environs of the 'lower and- upper est-ates atmosphere filling illimitable space. Neither can I sub­ amounts to $10,000, then it appears that the cave for scribe to the doc-crine that he who owns -the surface is taxable purposes should be valued at a sum of which also the owner of the vacant spaces in the bowels' 'Of the $10,000 would represent, say, ·6%. earth.-' The operation of caves involves many expenses and, Judge Logan continued in his dissenting opinion: in arriving at the tax~ble value, these all must be taken "A cave or cavern should belong absolutely to him who into account. There may be some ques.tions as to owns its entrance, and this ownership should extend whether or not the cost of all advertising in anyone even to its utmost reaches if he has explored and con­ year should all be charged off as expense, since goodwill nected these reaches with the entrance. When the sur­ created by advertising is a con.tinuing thing and profits fa ce owner has discovered a cave and prepared it for may accrue in years in the future. But even on this point purposes of exhibition, no one ought to be allowed to a complete srudy leaves the impression that all advertis· disrurb him in his dominion over that which he has ing costs are deductible as expenses in the taxable yeat. conquered and subjected to his uses. . . . When the It is doubtful that the tax-assessing bodies and the wonders were unfolded and [he ways were made safe, courts will accept -this theory in full because there is a then Edwards patiently, and again through the years, tendency to penalize businesses and industries ' which commenced the advertisement of his cave. First came are classed as nonessential or luxuries. To most people one to see, then another, then two together, then small a cave is a hole in the ground, and it is most difficult to g roups then small crowds, then large crowds, and then impress upon officials and other interested parties that multitudes. Edwards has seen his faith justified. The the many questions. affecting cave operation should be cave was his because he had made it w'hat it was , and seriously considered. without what he had done it was nothing of value. The value is not in the black vacuum that the uninitiated call --*-­ NOTICE TO MEMBERS Costs on the Bulletin have increased all .the way Mr. Wilson, an attorney at Munfordville, Ky., is at around. This makes it necessaty to charge 75c. for present engaged in litigation involving Floyd Collins Crystal' Cave. His aI'ticle is both timely and authoritative, extra copies, which is practically cost. These may be ob· and' opens a new fi eld for articles. tained from the Secretary, or from' THE EDITOR. · . .~ T 1' 0 N A L S P E L E 0 LOG [ CAL SOC [ E T Y Page 23 For Pete's Sake or How Kay Kayod Her First Cave

This is a tal e Why do they keep Now they are found Of daring thrills The caves so dark, In vaulted , 1:1 chasing caves When there's no time With statac' ceil Thru Virgin' hills. Nor place to park. And wond'rous throne. With Don, H erb , AI , Kay would nOt stop So they seat Kay Pete led the way ; But followed on, Upon that place ; While for the girls­ While Stell turned back But first they daub There's Stell and Ka}' To wait for daw n. Mud on her face. To find a cave Then all at once Is quite a task ; She cracked her head­ And then they take You ride, then walk, But let's forget A picture rare And search, and ask. The words she sajd. That is no prize In that dank lair: ;\ tyro thinks All tears and fears Of caves as big She fain would banish, But all good things But finding one And try .(0 act ·Must come to end Is quite a jig. Somewhat more mannish. As they find AI, ~o matter what Though once or twice Lost, round the bend. Your map may say ; A panic ,thought You'll find it takes Would raise its head And when once more Most of the day. On taut nerves wrought. Kay sees the day : She drops a sob But don't give up She hopes they find And kneels to pra.y. And don't despair; A cul-de-sac, There's bound to be (The only thing For then at last A cave somewhere. That ·turns Pete back) . She learned to know Then sure as fate, The minutes toll The things that tick Pete spies a hole, But seem like ages, And make us go: .'\nd you begin While heart beats fast To act the mole. And headache rages. .. All caves are diff' rent," Pete totes a. rope Then all at once Maybe so; To ge.t inside They see a lake Bur mud is mud Si nce caves are wild And its sheer beauty Where'er you go. And must be tied. Dulls all ache. A spel'ogist Wriggle, waggle, If there had been Need not be mad; Slide and slump, A hick'ry limb But i.t does help, Be careful how They would have found She's heard it said. You .rake that bump. The time to swim. First up, then down, And so, quite sad, What tangibles An endless way ; They turn away Did Kay take back? Gone out for ever, That they had not Poratoes rare- Light of day. The will to stay. She culled a sack!

Written, under poetic license,. from an oral report of Catharine Harper, by a friend of hers, unknown co any of the others ~'em ioned, who was not along on the trip taken May 15 , 16, 1943 co Lexingcon, Va., with locale and incidents occurring in )ilOWalter's, Waccs', and Miller's cav~ in that area, and the Safeway Food S ore. [Ed. Note: Last named not an Adv.! We were tired the evening the above gOt by. A cave trip report in rhyme, however, appealed co the "curious" in us . .. J Paxe 24 BULLETIN NUMBER FIV E

residing in Sacramento City; and first . published in T he Hawver Cave-California Sacramento Bee : 'Wonders will never cease. On yester· day, we, in quarrying rock, made an opening .[Q the most ••• By ERWIN W. BISCHOFF beautiful cave, you ever beheld. On our first entrance,

The following repor/J on Haw1)er's Cave conslillltes one of we descended about fifteen feet, gradually, to the centre /be mosl inle.·eJling and complele examples of cave reporling 'of the room; which is one hundred by thirty feet. At u·hich hai collle /0 Ihe allenlion of the Society. This g"oup of the north end there is a most magnificent pulpit, in the reporlS was prepared by Mr. ' E. W. Bischoff, Chairman of ou,· Explorations committee, and fully shows why Mr. Bischoff was Episcopal church style, that man has ever seen. It seems chosen for Ihis posilion. tha·t it is, and should be called, the 'Holy of Holies.' It Members are asked 10 silldy Ihese "eports carefully as they ,~ i/) e a fllll and complele insighl on whal may happen 10 a c(We is completed with the most beautiful drapery of alabaster dllrit1g Ihe lime Ihal ilS existance is known to Ihe public. 11 is sterites, of all colors, varying from white to pink-red, an interesting coincidence Ihal each of Ihe "eports follow in approximate intel'val of Ihir/y-five years and Ihat each of the overhanging the beholder. Immediately under the pul­ reports Jeem generally to agree as 10 Ihe dimensions of Ihe main pit there is a beautiful lake of water, extending to an rOO Il1S of Ihe c(It'e and other prominent feallires. Allenlion is parliculady called 10 Ihe fact I hal apparently the destruction unknown distance. We thought this all, but, to our of the interior decorations of the cave began almost on ils day great admiration, on arriving at the centre of the first of disco/J(!r)" and has apparenlly continued 10 Ihe present time where it is aC/lially now being grad/lally filled by inwashing room, we saw an entrance to an inner chamber, still debris. The report of 1907 is of partimlar illierest as Mr. more splendid, tw.o hundred by one hundred feet, wi th Fudong apparenll), Iho/lght Ihat he was the cave's first explOt'er etJen Ihollgh. as shown by Ihe reporl of 1870, the cave was the most beautiful alabaster overhanging, in every pos­ aCIIJally operaled' priorly as a comme.·cial venlt,re bill had long sible shape of drapery .. . .' since been forgottell . Many of OIlY members no dOIJbt have ellcollntered, and prob­ "As soon as this interesting announcement was noised ably will enCOllnle,' in the future, caves which Ihe nalives belietJe abroad, hundreds of people' flocked £0 see the newl y 10 be entirely IInexplored bill which like Hawver's cave will have a long and inle"esting history if SIIch can be properly discovered wonder, from all the surrounding mining ascertained. The reJearch of Mr. Bischoff in conneclioll wilh settlements, so that within the first six days, it was his exploration of Hawver's Ca tJe should be an incentive for olher of 0111' members 10 do likewise. The reports now being visited' by upwards of four hundred persons; many of published itt ollr Bulletin may at some fll/lII'e date be able to whom, we regret .[0 say, Possessed a larger organ of serve the same purposes as the old reports on H awver's cave which Mr. Bischoff has her(!in discovered . . [Editor'S note.] acquisitiveness than of veneration? and laid Vandal hands on some of the most beautiful portions within l'each, Quoted from: Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity In near the · entrance. This de.termined the proprietor to Califomia. by J. M. Hutchings. Published in 1870. close it, until arrangements could be made for its pro­ "A ledge of limestone rock, resembling marble In tection and systematic illumination; -[he better to see and appearance, cropped Out by .the side of the El Dorado not to touch the specimens. Valley tumpike .road, which, after testing, was found "At this time, Mr. Gwynn leased the c,ave .[0 Messrs. to be capable of producing excellent lime. Early in the Smith &: Halterm\ln, who immediately began to prepare present year, Mr. William Gwynn employed a number it for the reception of the public, by erecting baricades, of men to quarry ·this rock and build a kiln. To these platforms, &c.; and placing a large number of lamps at works he gave the name of 'Alabaster Lime Quarry and ' favorable poines, for the better illumination and inspec­ Kiln.' On the 18th of April; 1860, twO workmer., tion of the different chambers. George S. Halterman and John Harris, were quarrying "The discovery being made in the spring, considerable limestone from this ledge, when, upon the removal of a water was standing in some of the deepest of ·the cavities; piece of rock, a dark aperture was visible, that was but signs were already visible of its recession, at the rate sufficien tl y enlarg~d to enable them to enter. A flood of nearly six inches per day; and in a few weeks it of light pouring in through the opening made, they entirely dis

" A perpendicular crevice g ives access to the first part D ESCRIPTION : The cave exists in a belt of Pennsyl­ of the cave. The opening is partly filled with angular vania limestone in the Sierra foothills in EI Dorado limestone fragments and red dirt to within eight feet County. There is no commercial development, and no of the top. From the entrance the slopes extend down permission is required to enter. The ·area is 1 hi ll y in a southerl y direction for approximately 40 feet. At sparsely wooded country. Immediately in front of th e this poi nt, twO irregular narrow openings give access to cave is a paved road, and across the road SO feet south a well-like grottO twelve feet deep. is the creek bed. Across the creek is an actively worked " From this g rono a small ci rcular hole leads to .the lime quarry. ma in portion of the cave. T o reach this a rope is The cave consists of twO parallel channels which fastened in the grotto and lowered through the circular converge at the inner end. The other ends of this opening to a depth of 22 feet. The rope drops vertically, narrow " V " emerge as twO separate entrances on th t hang ing free from the walls of the inner cave, and the side of the road about 30 feet apart. Both entrances art lower end is immediately over a small subterranean lake. on the same level and are in the bottom half of 1 smal l "Near the end of the rope is a narrow tunnel about a hill. The right entrance is a level tunnel 7 feet high by foot above the water. This extends for about 6 or 8 feet 5 fe et wide, and appears to have been artificially en ­ south, where another pool is encountered, Here a raft, larged. The left entrance is a small hQle 3 x :; feet, consisting of an air mattress is called into service, and into which one may wriggle and slide down a pile of paddling across the water for 30 feet, a landing can be rubble some 10 feet to the fl oor of a chamber. made on a mud-covered bank, From the south edge of The two channels of the cave run side by side in a the water and running in a southerly direction for ap­ generally north-westerly direction from the entrance, proximately SO feet is a tortuous series of narrow pas ­ and are separated from each other by from 15 to 30 fe et sages leading into grottoes of varying dimensions ; some of intervening rock. About 30 feet in there is an open ­ of them are very large." ing which connects the tWO channels, another at about 100 feet, and a third at ·the far end of the two channels, The limestone appears to be in large horizonol beds Preliminary Reconnaissance : September 26, 1942, with considerable vertical fracture. Trip to cave made by automobile from Oakland, Cali­ fornia by Erwin Bischoff and Fred Presley. Entering by the right entrance there is a 5 % down gradient for 60 feet through a tunnel IS feet wide and LOCA TION: Hawver's Cave is a limestone cavern lo­ 8 feet high in a north northwesterly direction. T he ca ted in the Sierra foothills near Auburn, California, at down gradient then steepens to 10 %, the di recti on Latitude 38-43-36 plus ; and Longitude 121-04-45 minus. changing slightly to due northwest. The tunnel widens The cave has been located on map by the U. S. Geological to a large room, the ceiling height varying from 4 to 25 Survey (Sacramento, Calif. sheet). feet. The large chamber which one then enters is ap­ ROUTES TO CAVE: N o. I- Fro m Sacramento by way proximately SO x SO feet with an average 20 f(>O t fl at of H ighway SO to a poi nt twO and three-quarter miles ceiling. At the end of this room the tunnel continues beyond Folsom, where the Pilot Hill road turns off to . for 30 feet where it ends. left (north) and crosses the south fork of the American From this point one climbs over debris "to the end of River. The cave is approximately 10 miles north on this the other channel, ·which here joins the first. Two road. There is one fork at about 8 and 0 miles, the smaller runnels continue inward from here. The left right branch going to Pilot Hill and Placerville and the one terminates in 20 feet, but the right one continues left branch to Rattlesnake Bridge. T ake the left road for at least SO feet more. This center spur is the prob­ toward the bridge. Approxi mately one and one half able continuation of the cave, but at present it is a small miles is a second road junction. ·Fifty feet up the road tunnel 4 feet wide and from 2 to 3 feet high requiring to the left (west) is the cave, which is located 20 feet crawling. The bottom of the tunnel is covered with from the north edge of the road. It is plainly visible soft and sticky mud to a depth of several inches. An from th e road. attempt was made to crawl this tunnel, but wa5 aban­ No.2-From Auburn by way of Rattlesnake Bridge doned due to the muddy condition. The quantity of road six miles south to the bridge, . crossing the north mud and moist earth in the cave was surprising, con­ fork of the American river, then continuing % mile east sidering that the time of this visit was September (the along the road to the cave. This road is not recommend­ end of rh e dry season). There was no drip ar any p lace ed as it necessitates crossing the Rattlesnake Bridge in rhe cave, bur much of rhe rock of ,the walls and ceiling which is old and unsafe and closed to heavy vehicles. were ' coared wirh beads of warer. . All roads to the cave are paved and in fair condition. The rerum trip was made by the second channel NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SO C IETY Page 27

wh ich emerges on the roadway at th e tiny entrance NOTES ON C O. CONTENT OF CAVE AIR prev iously mentioned. At first this second channel is Air contains normally 20.94% oxygen. When the sma ll and narrow, averaging from 4 to 6 feet in heig ht oxygen 'percent is reduced to 17 % a man compensates .!OJ 15 feet in width, then it emerges into a long room the deficiency by breathing a little faster and a linle meas uring about 100 feet in length, 30 feet in width, deeper. With air at 15 % most men become dizzy, have .lI1d with a 20 folY( cei ling. a buzzing in ·the ears, have a more rapid heart-beat and The deepest part of the cave, at the inner end, is not sometimes suffer from headache. Very few men are more than 50 feet lower than the entrance. The over-all free fr0 •.• .rhese symptoms when {he oxygen falls to 10%. lengt h of the cave (as far as negotiated) was 250 feet Most men become unconscious when the oxygen per­

fro m entrance to inner end, or a 500-foot ro und trip centage fall s {Q 13. The safety lamp goes out at 16.0 %. by way of one channel and returning the other. At 19% the flame is only about % the brilliancy of the Tht limtstone of the interior is of a striped variety, lamp burning in normal air. wilh shadings from very li ght gray to dark g ray. Some -DR. R. H. HOLDE N. ,:10 co lored stone found, but apparently due to stain. --*-- In the most of the vertical fracturing, earth and black rock were squeezed as intrusions, giving ·the stones in CAVE RAT AT CAVE !he ceiling the effect of having bee n cemented there. NEAR iHORGAiHTOWN, IV VA. Th is illusion is heightened by the extreme flarn ess of In the summer of 1928 we drilled a rock that was In the ceiling throughout. The chambers particularly, where the opening to a cave on the southwest side of the hill not ma rred by roof collapse, are as sing~larly flat- roofed near the creek. We could hear the passing of ca\'e rats lnd smooth as a ceiling .in a house. The temperature in the lead. We prepared the dynami-re charge, lit {he .H the extreme inner end was 61 degrees , fuse and shOt the rock, returning to see what effect the re presenting a gradual drop of only 10 degrees from charge had made. W e found a cave rat that had become that ourside the cave. toO curious and was blown up, toO badly mangled for a Vandals have destroyed all the formation in the cave. specimen. This rat was a little larger than the ordinary There is evidence that the formations were once very cave rat, had extra long whiskers, and had till' 011 its numerous and beautiful, judging from the' many stalactite tail like a kittell . and stalagmite srumps. Vandals have painted their -WALTER S. AM OS . init ials and otherwise daubed with paint the ce il ings and --*-- wa lls throughout the entire cave. J CON'FRBUTORS, PLEASE ~O TE! The front (or south end) of the cave has been de­ It will be essential, hereafter, {hat aLL copy submitted moyed, evidently when the highway pavement was to the Editor for use in the Bu LLETIN be typewritten, co nstructed di~ectly across the origi nal opening. Much double-spaced, and edi ted for data inclusion (i. e., do of [he highway bedding and gravel has been carritd inro not leave blanks in copy for Ed. to guess words, names, [he cave by waters draining into the cave from the places, measurements, and th e like) and grammar. Do roadway. Previous repons on this cave indicate thar. it ' not send in carbon copies; send ' only origillals. Type was much larger at one time-but a combination of your articles and reports up as you wish them to appear, highway co nstruction, roof collapse, vandalism, and guided by make-up in the current issue. If you wish fossil- digging have destroyed what once mus·t have been a beauti ful cave. reprints of your aHicles; or wish to submit illustrations, this so that you may be properly serviced and billed for No flora of any type was discovered. No fauna fo und, this extra service. with the exception of some very tiny neutral -s haded frogs near the entrance. --*-­ PREVIOUS BULLETINS --*-- Bulletin No. l-Speleological Society of District of CRINOID STEMS NEAR TERRA ALTA Columbia-June 1940 (exhausted ) . Af.ter passing E. S. Evans' farm W es t of Terra Alta, Bulletin No. 2-National Speleological Society-May take the first road at the hilltop known as the Old Road 194 1 (few copies available). to Kissgood for quite a distance. You will pass over an Bulletin No. 3 - N ati onal Speleological Society­ old bridge and there, to .the right, is an old quarry. I January 1942 (exhausted). have found many nice specimens of Crinoids {here. Bulletin N o. 4 - National Speleological Society ­ - WALTER S. AMOS. September 1942 (available). BULLETIN NUMBER FIVE President's Section

n country. Many a patriot, criminal, soldier, spy, is known The .uSpeleologist Defined'~ ro have made a cave his refuge, th~s ' making it of national importance. The preservation of such caves is •.. By w. J. STEPHENSON perhaps' ro some degree as importane as other landmarks made famous by similar evenes. Moreover, many caves is not just a branch of geology. Ie is a have rheir own local legends : the duck or dog which bnlld rerm and covers a most extensive field. One Gin­ wene inro the cave and days later came out in the next nOt attempt the srudy of Clves uneil he is properly couney ; the cave wi-rh the buried treasure; {he cave was equipped co eneer a cave with a reasonable expectation of used as an arsenal in the 'Civil War, etc. While ~any returning m rhe surface safely, and returning, moreover, such tales may have no facrual background, the old wi th scieneific data or records covering his Hip under­ saying "Where there's smoke there's fire " holds as good pound. To test equipmene and develop the technique here as elsewhere. Many wild sounding srories when of safe sub-su rface travel is, therefore, one of the first inves ti gated are found ro have basis in facts that aid fie lds which speleology embraces-one which, offhand, often in the exploration of a cave or in tracing out and would nor be apparene as lyi ng wirhin the definition of srudying its rate of n a ~ural change or destruction: tile term "speleology." Often sources of underground w~ter pollution are T 0 bring back scieneific data of any value from under­ encouneered ·that require the speleologist to enter the g round requires considerable skill, for · example, in fi eld o f Public H ea lth. Any active field worker ~hould phorography, in engineering, and perhaps the ability ro always be well train ed in first-aid for obvious reasons. colleer and observe all forms of living cave maner. Why a speleologist should also be an experienced Speleology, ·therefore, all embraces rhe fields of phoro­ camper, hiker or alpinist hardly needs explaining even grlphy, engineering, zoology, and b()tany. Those who though it mUSot be admitted that one can make valuable might have imagined speleology as a branch of geology coneributions ro the science without necessarily being or anorher h ighly resrricted science should by now begin any of .the above. The same is true as regards ro the ro sense the error of thei r concepr. desirability of the speleologiSot's being a mineralogist, A more complete realization of the breadth of {he zoolog ist, botanist, paleonwlogist, geologist, etc, term acc rues as one is remined that a speleologist shoul d As records must be kept, results of field work and be somewhat of . an ar!= heo logist, paleonrologist, folk ­ other srudies wri·tten up, the speleologist must also be loris t, doeror or sani-ra ry engineer, mineralog ist or chem­ office clerk, author, etc, whether he likes it or not. ist, lover of hiking, alpinist, conservati onist and, as it is now rurning our, draftsman, author, cl erk or typist-all H o w STATES MAY H ELP THE SOCIETY th is in addi,tion ro being a geolog ist. T ,) explai n th is a bit, many of the world's archeo logi­ As it relates ro the work and .everyday operation of cal discoveries and material are found in caves, especially the various state geological surveys and conservarion in our western caves and those in Europe. A good boards, speleology can now be discussed w i.th the feelin g speleologist, therefore, definitely must know enough of that the reader has at least some noti on of what it mean~ the sc ience of archeology ro recognize its materi als when and of what the N arional Speleological Soc iety is at­ presene. Also, he must know how ro conduer his parti­ tempting ro do. cu lar srudies without destroying or injuring the site for Our first problem is that of cataloging and loca ting fur,her study by a fully trai ned archeo logist. specifically all the caves of the counery . which are at This laner princip le, incidentally, appli es in all the presene known. Since caves may possess considerable orher above-meneioned fields . One speleo logist must military and economic value for us, it is therefore alwl}'S conduer his particular field of study wi th such doubly urgent that the problem of listing them together skill that it wi ll not injure the cave for subsequene with all readi ly ava il able data concerning them be at· students of his own or of some other field. Folklore tacked without delay. This task, far from complete yet, enters importantly inro speleology, si nce the history of remai ns one in which the various state geological s~rv e}' caves is oftentimes ti ed in closely with the history of the and conservation boards can obviously be of grear as" sistance. A few States have ro some degree surveyed ·T ~ i s art icle ~ tn e what abridged here, appeared ori g inJ.lh- in th e July their own caves, Pennsylvania has published a pamphlet 19+2 J!'5 ue o f The Jou rn al 0/ I/U Amrrican Assuclation 0/ Stal , Geologists. NATIONAL SPELEOL OG I CAL S OC IETY Page 29 by Dr. R. W. Srone on the cayes of the State;' Virginia point of the State Geological Survey, be more or less Jescribes its commercial caves onl y, in Cat'ems of Vir­ solved. ginia, by Dr. Wm. McGill of the State Geological Sur­ A sca te group of speleologists should include all the vey. A number of caves in Alabama are described in types o f people comprising the Society'S membership, Gl'OllIId Waler.r of Northem Alaballla, by Dr. W alter that is, from layman or farm boy to scientist. The com­ Jones, Chief of -th e State D epartment of Conservation. mon factor is enthusiasm and interest in cave study. The Academy of Sciences of T ennessee devoted one issue The farm boy without any technica l trai n ing whatsoever of their bulletin entirely ro caves. Indiana, Ohio, K ansas, will usually be found to have an ability to penetrate and Missouri, have also published some work on thei r (lves. explore which is generall y far beyond that possessed by No States excepting Pennsy lvan ia and Alabam:l, how­ the average scientist. When such a boy has a small ever, to the knowledge of -the Soc iety at present, has amount of technical instructi on (usually picked up by mad e any comprehensive attempt ro enalog thoroughly mere association ) and works under the guidance of the all thei r known caves. scientist, a team is produced .that should be able to solve This problem offers no real techn ica l difficul ties, the mysteries of any cave. Moreover, cave explora-rion thuugh in some States it may prove to be quite a physical and study is recreation to the speleologist and is stimulat­ I_ ~ s k because thei r great number. This work, however, ing to both mind and body. r:ln often be woven with but little difficulty into field If close re lationship is maintained between -the State prl)gr:lms. A man on any field trip m:1y inqu ire of the Survey and the state's speleologists, the study of the l1:1riv(:s the loc:1-t ion of any caves in the area and :l dd ,>tate's caves should proceed apace. The speleologist [he answer t:) his field notes. T his could be made should be able to cover -the state with a fine-tooth comb rou tine procedure and should in a sho rr time re:s ult in to locate all caves which the Survey might have missed. [he locating of the majority of the (l\'es in the State. H e should be able to starr active exploration and map­ By merely publishing the faCt that it is compiling a list ping of the caves and to in itiate and help in research nf th e State's caves and requesof ing volunteer information, projec-ts , many of which may well be undertaken jointly :1 sizable ca talog of caves woul d probably be receive.:! by the state and the Society. The field and scope of such wi thout the necessity of any fie ld \\' 0rk at all. O f course , projects is limitless: they may include nati onwide p ro­ mos t :1 11 of the information received in . this \V ,l!, is un­ jects initiated by the Society, State projects, or studies reliable with the excepti on of data regarding locati on . attempted by individuals, in any field from geology Si nce location is the mai n facror in this and :Ill prelimin­ through archeology, zoology, photography, ro folklore. Hy work, however, this method o f location is obviously The Society and its members should be able .to help acceptable., Fi nal location data on caves should be con­ publicize -the state through their work and expected ve rred into latiwde and longitude if possible. discoveries, and by creating and maintaining a general

Whenever any survey of cave location is am:mpted, ;>. public interest in caves, thus aiding the state's com­ number of people naturall y interested in ca ves are also mercial cave and tourist business, which in many states discovered as a by-produCt of this work. These people is of consi derable importance. are all embryo speleologists, but usually will need a The sta-re Geological Su rveys :lnd Conservati on D e­ little encouragement and development. \Vhen and partments ca n aid the Society :l nd its work by loan ing wherever encountered they should be told of the exis­ (similar to "seed l oans" ) technical equipment to the [ence of the National Speleological Soc iety and its work ; Society for technical projects. Examples of such equip­ how the Society can furnish them with general cave ment are compass and tape for mapping, etc., sampEng information ; and how -they, by becoming members and apparatus and laboratory facilities for specific projects usi ng the Society'S facilities (such :lS the li brary), can such as cave earth and cave water studies, etc. individually study up on speleology and through the By publishing the results of joint undertakings as a medi um of our bulletin can keep up with what is being state publication or a joint publica ti on the Society will done in this field. They should further be ro ld h::)\v they be greatly aided by being relieved of such printing ex­ can get in rouch with others in their area who are also pense, and the state will benefit thus as from any other interested, and thus form a group for working and state publication. By furnishing technica l help and ad­ studying together. vice the state may be of further obvious help. By close When a considerable number of such interested people cooperation with national headquarters of the Society, in the state become members of the National Speleogical es pecially in keeping the Society informed and supplied Society or when an aCtive grotto has been establi in wi th information as to articles and other material bearing

rh e state, .the problems of ga-thering detailed field in­ on speleology which comes {O the state's attention, it formation on the state's caves should, from the stand- may actively help in the establishment and maintenance Pagt! 30 BULLETIN NUMBER FIVE of a complete speleological library and bibliography for mediate monetary returns are concerned. For these gener:ll reference work. The latter especially will prob­ reasons it has been neglected. What is ,the answer? ;~bly prove co be of more value co the states .themselves How can ,this science be studied effectively, efficiently, than [0 the Society'S .individual membership. Finally, and at reasona:ble cost? The answer is by a large by act ively sponso ring a state g rotco of the Society the National organization of volunteer bodies ro do most culminati on of state aid would be reached. of the routine work. Therefore anything which the forom th e above it may appear offhand that the state can do co promote such an organization is of direct benefit co the states and aids them roo attack a problem Speleological Society is asking a lot from the various which is otherwise beyond their means to ,tackle effective­ states. This is not believed co be the case. Speleology ly without .the rools (both manpower and specialized is :t fi eld th at should long ago have received aHention kn owledge) .that will be furnished by the establishment in th is country. Ie is a fi eld which has been seriously of such an organization. neg lected by most of our states, and one which should be Though the war has curtailed the activities of the and is primarily a state's responsibility co . The Society somewhat as it has every activity not directly re:tson is that this field cannot be effectively studied by related ro .the war effort, work done now may be perhaps a single individual or smaU group even though working needed before this war is over. In any· event, all work full time. The field is roo g reat, -rhe cost roo heavy, and done now will serve as a foundation upon which ro build the value of the results highly speculative as far as im- when we have established a lasting peace.

Random Notes The first of these are those which owe their external shapes co the action of gravity, another will be due to the Chiefly on Cave Deposits Prepared for the force of crystallization, and a ,third will result from the Blacksburg Meeting of the National action of capillarity. One must always remember to take Speleological Society, Sept. 5th to 7th, 1942 into account the chemical charac ter of the material com­

E UI TOR'S NOTE : Althoug h Ih l·~t II Olrs \-\'er t' not prepared with the idea posing the deposit. Dominantly cave materials are of publication it set'ms a ~ ham t to d eny m embt'rl' 'who could not attend tht' trip to B lacksburg 3CC('SS to thi ~ mal'erial. A utho rship of the note!' . As is well known calcium carbonate is 1I0 t :-;tatcd, but it i!' belit\'ed that Dr. R. J. Holdel! deserve!' principal as such is comparatively insoluble. Calcium biocarbonate crt'dil t t'\'('11 though hf' may not wish to claim authorship in their prest'nt forl1l . on the other hand is comparatively soluble. Waters It is perh aps carrying " coals to Newcasrle" ro talk on which are free from carbon-dioxide have very litrle such a topic before an organization of this type whose solvent power for calcium carbonate. On the other hand members have probably seen m o r ~ of cave deposits than carbonated waters have a strong solvent action. So far .the writer. No generally accepted nomenclature cover­ we have looked into this from the standpoint of the ing all phases of cave deposits has yet been devised. going from a ' solid to a solurion. Actually we are more Of cou rse many popular terms are widely known and concerned with the reverse process of the going from generally accepted bur these cover only .the more general the solution ro the solid. In other words 'deposition of types of cave deposits and features which are known calcium carbonate from solurion. Saturated solurions of wherever caves abound. calcium biocarbonate are exceedingly sensitive to the From some standpoints it is hi ghly desirable that any carbon-dioxide of the so lurion and furthermore such cl assifica ti on of cave deposits be on a genetic basis . The solutions on exposure co the air readily lose some of the trouble with this idea is that the origin of all types of ca rbon-dioxide content. When .ever this happens normal cave deposits is nor so th oroughly established as .[0 gain ca lcium carbonate is formed and deposited. For illu­ un iversal acceptance. It seems to .the writer that W e stration let us take a stalactite which carries on its lower might we ll recognize four types of deposits. Three of extremity a drop of saturated calcium-bicarbonate solu­ these are .rhe result of depos ition of solid material from tion. Along comes a breath of air and carbon-dioxide solutio n, the fou rth is res idual and consists of the re­ maining materi als which have not been dissolved by from the exterior of the drop escapes and a correspond­ recent geo logical processes. Another difficulty is that ing amount of ca lcium carbonate is rendered insoluble certain deposi.rs may be of mix origin and it is not always and precipi-ra ted . Remember that ·this is on the exterior possibl e co say wi th certainty which process is dominant. of the drop. The upper margin of this drop would be T he writer can 'see three agencies or forces or what­ in COntact with the tip of ,the stalactite and the calcium ever one sees fit to call them, which are active in ,the ca~bonate' formed in that immediate contact will attach' forma.rion of materials which are taken from solution. (Continued on page 63) NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 31 Committee Reports

Ba.iley, Vernon. Catalog of the Literature in Animal Life of the Carlsbad Cavern. 1928. Mono­ graphs of the American Society

Butts, Charles. Dunton, S. C. Geologic Map of the Appalachian Valley of Virginia Facrors in Cave Photography. 1940. JOllr . . Bioi. wirh Explanarory Text. 1933. Blllletill 42, Virginia Photographic Assoc., 9(2): 50-58. Geological SIIITeY. Edwards, Ira. Cady, R. C. Underground Geology at the , New Prelimin ary Repon on Ground-Water Resources of Marke!, Va. 1925. Year &ok of the PlIblic Museum Nor-rhern Virginia. 1933. BIIlletill 41, Virginia of the City of Milwaukee, Wis. 82-104. Geological S1I1wy. Eigenmann, C. H . Cady, R. C. (Abstracts of four papers by rhis aurhor Oll cave Ground·Water Resources of the , faunas.) 1897. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1897: 229- Virginia. 1936. Blllletin 45, Virginia Geological 233. SlIrt;ey. Eigenmann, Carl H. Calvin, Samuel. Cave Vertebrates of America. 1909. Carnegie Insti­ Geology of Winneshiek County. 1906. Annllal Re· tlltion of Washington, Publication No. 104. port . Io wa Geological Survey for 1905: 37-146. Fewkes, J. Walter. . Casteret, Norben. · The Cave Dwellings of .the Old and New Worlds. Ten Years Under the Earth. 1938. Preface by E. A. 1910. Smithsonian Institlltion, Annllal Report, 190. Manel; rrans. and ed. by Barrows Mussey. The Grey­ Fidlar, Marion M. . srone Press, New York. Some Features of a Small Cavern 'at Marengo, Craw­ Chamberlin, Ralph W. ford County, Indiana. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., Vol. On a N ew Eyeless of the Family Linyphiidae 44, pp. 150-160. from Porrer Creek Cave, California . .1933. The Pal1 - Fowke,· Gerard. Pacific Entomologist, 9(3): 121-124. Archeological Investigations. 1922. Smithsonian Chubb, E. c., B. King, and A. O. D. Mogg. IlIStitlltion, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 76. A New Variation of Smithfield CuLture from a Cave Furlong, E. 1. on the Pondoland Coast. 1934. Trans., Roy. Soc. S. Stone Man Cave, Shasta County, California. 1941. Afr., 12 (4 ) : 245-270. Scie?1ce, 94(2444): 414-415. Clark, William Bullock and Edward B. Mathews. Geological Society of America. Report on -[he Physical Features of Maryland. 1906. Bibliography and Index of Geology; Volumes 3 Maryland Geological SlIrvey, Special Publication, Vol. through 8. 1935-1940. Compiled by John.M. Nickles, 6, Pan s 1 and 2. Marie Siegrist, and Eleanor Tatage. (Lists rhe litera- Clarke, C. C. ture exclusive of Nor.th America.) . The Wonders of the World. 1836. S. Babcock and Gidley, James W. and C. Lewis Gazin. Co., Char.l esron, S. C. The Pleistocene Verrebrate Fauna from Cumberland Clymer, Virgil H ., ed. Cave, Maryland. 1938. Smithsonian Imtitll(ion, U. S. National Muserlm, Bulletin 171 . Story .o f H owe. Cavems. 1941. Howe Caverns, Inc., Cobleskill, N ew York. Gresser, E. B. and C. M. Breder, Jr. The Histology of the Eye of the Cave Cha,racin, Cole, Leon J. Anoptichthys. 1940. Zo

Hay , William Perry. Johnston, William Drumm, Jr. Observations on the Crustacean Fauna of the Region The Rate of Growth of Stalactites. 1930. Scif!1lce, "ut Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Proc. U. S. Nal. 72 ( 1864) : 298-299. l\111S. , Vol. 25: 223-236. Johnston, William Drumm, Jr. Hay, William Perry. Grottes dans I'Alabama du Nord. Reprinted from Observations on the Crus-tacean Fauna of Nickajack SpeLIIllca, Volume 2. Cave, Tennessee, and Vicinity. 1902. Proc., U. S. Johnston, William Drumm, Jr. Nat. 1\111S ., Vol. 25: 417-439. Ground Water in the Paleozoic Rocks of Northern Hti lprin, Angelo. Alabama. Parr l~text. 1933. G.eoLogicaL Survey of The Earth alld lIs Story. 1896. Silver, Burdett and Alabama, Special Report No. 16. University, Alabama. Co. , New York, Boston, Chicago. Kenk, Roman. Henderson, Junius. (Six papers by this author in German and Jugoslav Caverns, Ice Caves, Sinkholes and N atural Bridges, on the fauna of European caves, principally. the Turbel­ PartS I and II. 1932. Unit'. of CoLorado Stlldies, laria.) 1924-1936. 19(4): 359-405; 20(2 and 3): 115-158. Krieger, Herbert W . Archeological and Historical Investigations in Samana, Hibben, Frank C. Evidences of Early Occupation in Sandia Cave, New Domin1can Republic. 1929. Smithsonian Institlilioll, 147. Mex ico, and Other Sites in the Sandia-Manzano U. S. National Museum, Bulletin Region. With Appendix, see Bryan 1941. SlIIilh­ Lang, Walter B. SO lliall Misc. CoLL. , Vol. 99, No. 23. Mosses in -the Virginia Caverns. 1941. Science, 94(2444): 414. Hitchcock, Harold B. Laytha, Edgar.. Myo tis subularus leibii and Other Bats Hibernating The Cave of the Eyeless Fish. 1940. in Ontario and Quebec. 1941. Canadiall Field The Sat1lrday E1;enillg Post, November 16, 1940. Naturalisl, Vol. 55: 46. l ee, Willis T. Hitc hcock, Harold B. and Kei th Reynolds. A Visit to Carlsbad Cavern, N ew Mexico. 1924. Pipistrellus Hibernating in Ontario. 1940. Calladiall National Geographic Magazine; 45 (1): 1-32. Field Naturalist, Vol. 54: 89. Life Magazine. Hitchcock, Harold B. and Keith Reynolds. In Cavern Darkness these Crearures are Neighbors. Homing Experiments with the Lit-tie Brown Bat, 193R. Life iHagazine, March 8, 1938. Myo tis lucifugus lucifugus (Le Conte). !ollmai I) f Lombardi, Gruppi Grotte. /vlalllntalogy, 23 (3) : 258-267. G~ot.te di Lombardia. (2 papers). 1931-1932. IIl ­ Hovey, Horace Carter. sl,tllto itaLiano eli Speleologia, MiLa/lo. Hovey's Handbook of the j\1ammoth Cat'e of Ken­ Longwell, Chester R. , Adolph Knopf, and Richard F. IlIcky. 1909. John P. Morton & Co., Louisville, Ky. Flint. Hub richt, Leslie and J. G. Mackin. Outlines of Physical Geology. 1934. John Wiley Descriptions of Nine New Species of Fresh-Water and Sons, Inc., New York, N . Y. Amphiopod Crustaceans with Notes and New Locali­ Loomis, Fredric Brewster. ties for Other Species. AII/er. Midi. Nat. , 23 (1) : FieLd Book IO f C01l1mon Rocks alld Minerals. 193 4. 187-218. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. Hubricht, Leslie. Loomis, Fredric B. The Cave Mollusca of the Ozark Region. 1941. The Physiography of The UI!itedStates. 1937. Double­ NalltiillS, 54(4) : 111-112. day, Doran & Co., Inc., Garden City, New Fork. McAtee, W . L. Indiana. State Department of Conservation. Guide to Indian Caverns. 1939. Bloomington, Ind­ A List of the Mammals, Reptiles and Batrachians of Monroe County, Indiana. Proc. BioI. SIO C. Wash., 20 : diana. 1-16. Ital ian Institute of Speleology. McGill, Wm. M. Le Grotte d"ItaLia. 1929. (Official Organ of the In­ Outline of the Mineral Resources of Virginia. 1936. sti-tuce, two issues.) BlIllelill 47, Virginia Geological Survey. Jackson, George F. McGrain, Preston. Photographing the Cellars of the W orld. 1937. Hdictites in the New Discovery at Wyandot.te Cave, Ca mera, September 1937, pages 163-167. Indiana, 1941 -1942. 1942. Proc. Indiana A cad. Sci .. Jackson, George F. Vol. 51, pp. 201 -206. . New Adventures. 1939. Leica Photography, July Mackin, J. G. 1939, page 9. Srudies on the Crustacea of Oklahoma, III. Subter­ Jackson, George F. ranean Amphipods of the Genera Niphargus and Photographing Subterranean Wonders. 1940. El'ery­ Boruta. Trans. ArneI'. Micr. Soc ., 44 (1) : 41-5l. da y Photography Magazille, June 1940. Mackin, J. G. and Leslie Hubricht. Jackson, George F. Descripti ons of Seven New Species of Caecidotea An Early Source of Sakpeter. 1941. Explosives En­ (Isopoda, Asellidae) from Central United States. gineer, May 1941, pages 133-136.' Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc., 49(3): 383-397. BULLETIN NUMBER FI VE ivkKnight, Edwin T. Mohr, Charles E. Zinc and Lead Deposirs of Northern Arkansas. 1935. N otes on Cave Vertebrates. 1937. Proc. Penll. A cad. U. S. Geological S1I1TeJ, BII lIetill 853. Sci. , 11 : 38-42. l\ l.t1on, Clyde A. Mohr, Charles E. Three Cavern Pictures. 1928. Ii/dialla A cad. Sci. , Bat Tagging in Pennsylvania. 1939. Pro c. Penn. P;w .. Vol. 38, pp. 201 -2 06. Acad. Sci., 13: 43-45. ~bk)[[ , Oyde A. Mohr, Charles E. Lus t 'Ri ver at Wesley Chapel Gulf, Orange County, "I Explore Caves." 1939. Natl/ral History, 43(4): Indiana. 1931. · Indiana A cad. Sf., Prof., Vol. 41, 190-2 04. pp. 285-316. Moore', Fred H . Malott, Clyde A. and Rober.t R. Shrock. Marbles and of Connecticut. 1935. Bu/· Origin and Development of N atural Bridge, Virg ini a. letill No. 56, ConnectiCllt State Geological and Natl/ral 1930. Amer. f Ollr. Sci .. Vol. 19, pp. 257-273. History S1Irt'ey. Malutt, Clyde A. and Robert R. Shrock. Mountaineers, Inc. Mud Stalagmites. 1933. Amer. f 01lr. Sci., Vol. 25, Climbers N Dtebook. 1940. The Mountaineers, Inc., pp. 55-60. Seattle, Wash. . l'v!a rtel , E. A . Mussaeus, Thomas Allen. The Lure of Cave Lore. 1939. Shenandoah Publish· Scientific Exploration of Caves. Eighth I n temat~ona l Geographic COllgress. ing House, Inc., Strasburg, Va. N ati onal Geographic Society. Maxwell , H . W. The Luray Caverns. Illustrated. 1906. National H is/ory of Randol ph County, West Virginia. 1898. Geographic Magazine, 17(6) : 358-362. Acme Publishing Co., Morgantown, W . Va. (negative photostats of pages 282-285.) Neville, Russell T. Our American Caverns . . 1940. Nature Notes, Jan· Mi ll er, Benjamin Leroy. uary, 1940. Limestones of Pennsylvania. 1934. Penn: Geol. Sur- Nickles, J. M . 1'e)', Fourth Series, Bulletill M 20. Bibliography of Norrh American Geology, 1929-1930. Mi ll er, Ralph L. 1931. U. S. Geol. SlIrvey, Bulletin 834. Origin of Crystal and Onvx Caves. Pennsylvania. Nickles, J. M . 194 1. Proc. Penn. Acad. Sci., 15: 68-73.- Bibliography of North American Geology, 1931-1932. M iller, W. deW. and James Chapin. 1934. U. S. Geol. Survey, Bulletin 858.· The Allegheny Cave Rar at Newfoundland, N . J. Noble, G. Kingsley. 1909. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22 : 88. General Nores. Creatures of Perpetual Night. 1928. Scientific Mohr, Charl es E. American, N ovember, 1928. Myotis grisescens and Myotis sodalis in T ennessee N orrhcott, T. C. and Alabama. 1932. f 01lr. of Mammalogy, 13 (3) : H aw N ature Makes a Cave. 1934. Luray Caverns 272-273. Corp., Luray, Va. Mohr, Charles E. Osinski, Wm. von. Myoti s su5ulatus leibii and Myotis sodalis in Penn­ Karst W indows. 1935. Indiana Acad. Sci., Proc ., sy lva ni a. Jotlr. of Mammalogy, 13 (2) : 160-161. Vol. 44, pp. 161-165. Mohr, Charles E. Park, Orlando. The Seasonal D ist ributio n of Bats in Pennsylvania'. Concerning Community Symmetry. 1941. Ecology, 1932. Proc. Penn. Acad. Sni., 6 : 2-6. 22 ( 2) : 164- 16. Mohr, Charles E. Pea rse, A. S. Observations on the Young of rhe Cave-Dwelling The of Yucatan. 1936. Carnegie Institutioll Bats. 1933. JOllr. of J'vf£lmmalogy, 14(1): 49-53. of Washillgton. Publication No. 457, (1-28) . Pearse, A. S. Mohr, Charles E. Fauna of the Caves o f Yucatan. 1938. Carnegie In· Pennsylvania Bats of rhe Genus Myotis. 1933. P MC. stitutioll of Washington, Publication No. 491. . Peml. A cad. Sci., 7: 39-43. Perry,Oay. Mohr, Charles E. Undergrollnd New England. 1939. Stephen D aye Mark ing Bats for Later Recognit ion. 1934. Proc. Press, Battleboro, Vt. Penn. Acad. Sci., 8: 26-30. Perry, O ay. Mohr, Charles E. Come, Let Us Go Spelunking. 1941. The Satm'day Creatures of D arkness. 1936. Natural History, Evening Post. July 12, 1941. 38 (3) : 260-264. Petsch, Brurio C. Mohr, Charl es E. The Medicine Butte Anticline. 1942. N otes on the Least Brown Bat Myotis subulatus State Geological Survey, Report of Investigati01is, N o. leibii. 1936. Proc. Penn. Acad. Sci. , 10: 62-65. 45 , 25 pages ; iHustrated; maps. Moh r, Charles E. Pohl, E. R. In the Coun-rry of the Blind. 1937. Z oo , The Going Places and Seeing Things. 1931. The Vander­ National Natllre Magazine, London, 1(10) : 14-17. bilt Alumnus, The Vanderbilt University. NAT IONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 35

PonJ. _'\Ionzo W. Setzler, Frank M. L Ll~: John of Mummy- Ledge. 1937. Nat1lral History, 'Exploring a Cave in Southwestern Texas. 1939. Ex­ .'>9(.): 176-184. ploratiolls and Field- Work of the Smithsonian Illsti­ ]lope, T. E. B. tution ill 1938: 75-78. Blind Fishes and Crayfishes. '1926. Year Book of the Simpson, A. M. Pll blic M1ISelllll (If the City of Milwa1lkee, \Vis. The Kingston Village Site. 1939. Peoria Academy 16)-171. of Science, Archaeological Sec-tion, 15 pages, illu­ Price. Paul H ., J. B. 'McCue and Homer A. Hoskins. strated. Spr:ngs of West Virginia. 1936. \Vest Virgillia Simpson, George Gaylord. Gec./?gical S1Irt'ey.. MorgantOwn, W . Va. Discovery of Jaguar Bones and Footprints in a Cave R:tnd ol ph, Helen F. in Tennessee. 1941. American M1Ise1l111 Novitiates, J\/,; 1I11110th Cal'e alld the Cat)e Region of Kenttlcky. Number 1131 . 1 9 ~-L The Standard Printing Co., Inc., Louisville, Smithsonian Insritution. Kentucky. Report of the United States National Museum. Ree ds, Chester A. (Notes contributions to the Museum collections by The Endless Caverns. 1925. Special Publicatioll. the National Speleological Society.) 1939, 1940, 1941. [",;less Cat:l/rI1s, Il1c. , New Market, Virginia. Stearns, Joe. ReeJ s, Chester A. Dismal, Endless Caves at Cloudhmd Canyon State R:\"ers That Flow Underground. 1928. Nat1lral Park Offer Thrills, Test Courage and Skill of Expedi­ His/1:) ry. 28(2): 131-1 46. tion. Outdoor G eorgia, March 1942 . Reese, ,\lbert M. Steidrmann, Edward. ~b ny papers by this author on biological subjects, Humidity and Warers of a Limestone Cavern Near nu:nly herpetological.) 1902-1940. Lexington, Va. 1936. Bulletin 46-E, Virginia Ree\'e:;, Frank. Geoll{)gical SlIrvey. Thermal Springs of Virginia. 1932. BIIlletill 36, Stevens, Frank. Virs; illia Geological S1Ift'ey. : Today and Yesrerday. 1940. From the Rivie re, M. Emile. Smithsonian Report for 1940, pages 447-478. The Engraved Pictures of the Grotto of La Mouthe, Stevens, W . W . . Dordogne, France. 1901. Translated from BIIlletim Conditions H ome with Cave Air. 1929. D omestic et ;\jemoil'es de la Societe d'Anthl10pogie de Paris .. 5, Engineering, Dec. 28, 1929. Tome 2, p. 509. Stewa·rd, Julian H. . RobertS, Joseph Kent. Ancient Caves of the Great Salt Lake Region. 1937. The Lower York-James Peninsula. 1932. B1IlIetill Smithsonian Institlltion, Bllreall or.-American Ethn­ 37. Virg;'lia Geological S1Irt'ey. ology, B"lIetin 116. Robens, Frank H . H., Jr, Scone, Ralph W . Archeological Remains in the Whitewater District, "Pel1l7syh'ania's Historic IlJdian Cat'e. 1931. Frank­ Eastern Arizona. Part II. Artifacts. 1940. Smith­ linville, Pa. .rO/l;:(/11 Institution. B1Ireall of American Etlmology, Stone, R. W. BIIlIet ill ]26. Cave Concrerions. 1932. Proc., Penn. A cad. Sci., Rysg:u rd, G. N . Vol. 6. (reprim) A Study of the Bats of Minnesota with Especial Scone, Ralph W. Reference to the Large Brown ,Bat, Eptesicus fuscus .Pennsylvania Caves. 1932. With a Chapter on Penn. fuscus (Beauvois ). Amer. Midi. N at., Vol. 28, N o. Cave Fauna by Charles E. Mohr. Penn. Geological 1, pp. 245-26. SlIrvey, Fourth Series, Bulletin G 3. Sch uchert, Charles and C. O. Dunbar. Stone, R. W. Olltlil1es of Historical Geology. 1941. John Wiley Caves of Pennsylvania AtHacr Attention. 1942. and Sons, Inc., New York, N . Y. Commollwealth of Penl1. , Dept. lo f Internal Affairs, Science Service. Monthly BIIlletin, March 1942, Vol. 10, No.4., 15-16. Immense "Mushroom" Found in Mammoth Cave. Stone, R. W. 1940. Science News-Letter, 38(4): 56. Pennsyl·vania Caves and Their Location. 1942. SCOtt, William B. Commonwealth of Penn., Dept. of Intem al Affairs. All Introduction to Ge-ology. 1905. The MacMillan Monthly BIIlletin, January 1942, Vol. 10, No.2, 3-7. Company, New York, 574 pages ; -i llus. Swinnerton, A. C. Setz ler, Frank M. The Caves of Bermuda. 1929. Geological Magazine, Prehistoric Cave Dwellers of Texas. 1933. Explora­ 66(776): 79-84. tiolls and Field-\V ork of the Smithsonia1l Institfltioll Tennessee Academy of Science. ill 1932: 53-56. Cave Number. 1930. 10111'. Tel/n. A cad. Sci., 5(3) , Setzler, Frank M. (issue for July containing six papers on cave subjects). Cave Burials in Southwestern Texas. 1934. Explora­ Thorn, Emma M. tiom and Field- W O1·k of the Smithsonial1 Illstitfltum Bibliography of N orth American Geology. 1935. U. il7 1933: 35-37. S. ~ eo l . Sll1'vey, Blllletin 869. Page 36 BULLETIN NUMBER FIV E

Thorn, EmnM M. Very soon after the catalog above was submirred [0 Bibliography Df Noreh American Geology. U. S. the editor five cartons of books were received . . These Ceol. 511 fI 'ey. Blllletill 892. were the gift of Dr. Paul Price of the West Virginia Thornbury, \V. D. Geological Survey, and his gesture is typical of his long Two Subterr:tnt;m Cut-Offs in Central Crawford interest in the Society. County, Indiana. 1931. Proc. Indiana A cad. Sci.} ~O: 237-242. The collection consists of the following county rtpons Tlliman, C. F. of his organization: G'rolllld IFt1ter. 1937. McGraw-Hili Book Co., New York, N. Y. 1. Greenbrier County, 1939. Maps, 1936-37. Five UI rich , Carl Just. copies. A Contribution [0 rhe of Texas. 2. Hampshire and Hardy Counties, 1927. Maps, 1926. 1902. Trails .. AllieI'. Alicr. Soc., Vol. 23: 83-100. Five copies. pis. XIV-XVIII. 3. Jefferson, Berkeley and Morgan Counties, 191 6, U . S. Army. Corps of Engineers. Ellgillee r Field i'vfalllial. Parts I-VII. Professional Maps, 1916. Five copies. Papers of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, No. 29. 4. Mineral and Grant Counties, 1924. :\faps, 192) U . S. Dept. of Interior. Five copies. Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico. 1940. 5. Pendleton County, 1927. Maps, 1927. Five cupie, Natiollal Ptlrk Sen'ice. U. S. Dept. of Interior. 6. Pocahontas County, 1929. Maps, 1929. Five copies. U. S. Dept. of Interior. Timpanogos Cave National Monument, Urah. 1937. 7. Preston County, 1914. Maps, 1914. Five copies Natiollal Park Service, U. S. Dept. of Interior. 8. Randolph County, 1931. Maps, 1931. Five copies. U . S. Dept. of Interior. 9. Tucker County, 1923. Maps, 1921. , South Dakota. 1940. Natiollal Park Ser~' ice, U. S. Dept. of Interior. Each reporr contains numerous illustrations and i, Valentine, J. M. accompanied by a folio of maps of the area under con · A Classification , of rhe Genus Pseudanophthalmus sideration, one ropographical and one geological. T ht Jeannel (Fam, Carabidae) with Descriptions of New reports for Greenbriar, Pendleton, and Pocahontas H t Species and Notes on Distribution .. /0111'. Elisha l\1itc~ell Soc. , 47 (2): 261-280. 2 pis. rich in cave references. The shortesr report is over 300 Valentine, J. M: pages, while there is one of over 900. In short it is .1 Horologion, a New Genus of Cave Beetles. 1932. fine collection to add to our Library. We hope oth er Annals. Elltow:;l. Soc. Amer., 25 :1-8. "cave States" will rry to keep Dr. Price from g C:"[(inp Valentine, J. M. ahead of rhem! Anophthalmid' Beetles (Fam. Carabidae) from Ten­ nessee Caves. 1937. lOllr. Elisha 1'·1itch ell Soc., --*-- 53(1) : 93-100. Virginia Geological Survey. Contributions to Virgin·ia Geology. 1936. Bulletill ' News-Letter No. 1 46, Virginia Geological Survey. of the Committee all Exploratioll a1ld Locatioll Webb, William S. An Archaeological Survey of rhe Norris Basin in January, 1943. Eastern Tennessee. 1938. Bureau of A mer. Ethl1- ':;/ogy, Bull. 118. The Chairman plans to send out rhis news-lerrer once Wedel, Waldo R. each month to members of the committee. Ir is hoped Archeological Remains in Central Kansas and Their rhat members will contribute items whenever they hayt Possible Bearing on the Locarion of Quivira. 1942. them. Inasmuch as liaison has not yer been esrablished Smithsolliall iHisc. Coli., Vol. 101, No.7. between the Chairman and members of his committet West Virginia Geological Survey. in rhe Easrern part of the country, rhe contents of thi s Geologic Map of West Virginia. 1932. Morgan­ news-lerrer are concerned only wirh rhe work in th e town, W . Va. Far West. White, George W. The Limestone Caves and Caverns of Ohio. Ohio News 011 Washington Caves at Last!! / 0 111' . of Sci.} Vol. 26, No. 2. (re-print) Information on caves within rhe Srate of Washington Woodward, Herberr P. has ar lasr been received and is being prepared for Geology and Mineral Resources of the Roanoke Area, Virginia. 1932. Bulletin 34, V;"ginia Geo/togical speleological listing. This information was secured from Survey. Mr. Harold E. Culver, supervisor of rhe Division of ~ATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 37

Geology of the State of Washington. While the nota­ from the entrance and 600 feet below the surface. [ions of cave occurrences were brief, Mr. Culver's ma­ The most unusual of the cave is that in. it [e ria l filled a big hole in our list of western caves. He were found white blind crawfish, pheletrodroid poi nrs out, however, that this information does not "do salamanders, and blind, white translucent frogs. Most justice to occurrences of caves in Washington, and I am unbelievable is the report that at the cave's lowest level .t:oi ng (0 ask one of the geologists on the staff here to (one mile from entrance and 600 feet underground), secure :l!1 the additional information poss ible." 50 Spanish oak and Hackberry trees were found grow­ The caves mentioned include a small "ice" cave 10- ing. That trees can grow in compl~te darkness with a c.ucci in an ewsional remnant of the Columbia River complete absence of light and sunshine is a phenomenon 1.\I:!s JUSt north of Spokane. This has an old shaft lined that demands further investigation by speleologists. lI'i[ h tea matting, which indicates an association with In/ormation Desired on an Eastern Cave [he ea rly Hudson Bay Company factories. Other infor- Cave in question lies 1 mile southeast of Sloan's Valley 111 :\[ ion on. limestone and lava caves in various pans of Station in northeast part of map of the Burnside Quad­ [ht state is included, and should prove very useful to any rangle (GeOlogical Survey), located near .the west mar­ l11em bers contemplating exploration in Washington. gin of the Cumberland Plateau. A Mr. W. M. Davis, /;'xp/orillg Opportunities in the South-West in a paper on limestone caverns, states that this cave \X'e are accustomed to think only of the Carlsbad seems to give evidence at least of the possi bility of active (:\\'(:rns when we refer (0 the American southwest, but solution below the water table. (Most caverns are in dica ti ons are that it is one of the most interesting opened by solution below the ground water table and fie lds in the country for speleological exploration. The later exposed and subjected to corrasion by the lowering .t:tologist, Willis T. Lee, .states that "Carlsbad may be of the ground water). Anyone knowing of this cave, c: xcell ed by some unexplored caverns in the Guadalupe or further information, is requested to contact this ,\{ounrains." Near to Carlsbad are several other large committee . wes, particularly Bighorn Cave (in west branch of Curtailed Travel Hits Exploration Work Sla ughter Canyon) and McKitterick Cave (20 miles Gas rationing, and the necessary saving of rubber, no~ th of Carlsbad). have ·reduced the amount of active exploration that can Unexplored caves are also reported 'to be in Last be done by the committee in 1943. However, {here is Chance Canyon, near Queen, New Mexico. Speleologi­ much needed research and classification work to be done, cd data is also desired of the "Cerro de la Bandera" and the war years provide the best opportunity for it. Ice Cave located 50 miles southeast of Gallup. This Members who are looking forward to active exploration, lVas last reported as having an ice wall 50 feet long and are advised -to determine now what caves or areas they 14 feet high. mean to visit, and then spend as much time as possible Lava tunnels, with ice formations all year round, have in research and reading about this cave or area. In that been reported nea r Winona, Arizona. The Chevalon way, a much more intelligent exploration can be made canyon, near W.inslow, Arizona, remains unexplored, when the opportunities for real field work again open up. bu t lerial observati ons ha\'e indicatej the presence of ERWIN W . BISCHOFF, Chairman. some enormous caverns. 567 33 St. , Oakland, Calif. III /o rmation Wanted on Unique Texas Cave A condensation of information on the exploration of --*--'- :\ limestone cave near Boerne, Texas, about 1932 by a party headed by Dr. Frank E. N icholson, indicates that Cave Fauna it is perhaps the most unusual phenomenon in our •.• By A. FOWLER sc ience. The information is from an old reference, and J. Jnyone having further information on this cave please The present Fauna Committee' report includes a new contact this committee. feature which will henceforth be made a permanent pan Five hundred feet within the cave is a subterranean of these occasional cave fauna lists. This report, ;is well lake overhung by stalactites which reach to the surface of as subsequent ones, thus will consist not only of the [h e water, requ'iring swimming under water for 200 feet. usual new additions -to the list of cave fauna, but will Occasional "pockets" permit breathing. This expedition also include an annotated list of the current literarure on pe netrated beyond. the lake to a great vaulted tunnel, North Americfln cave fauna. which contained a "bottomless pit," subterranean spring, 'So far as the new additions to the cave fa~a list are and stream. Progress was possible to a poine one mile concerned, these are compiled from two principal Pa;:,e 31'} BULLETIN NUMBER F I VE so urces. One of th ese is the communications received Family Argiopidlle from th e United States National Museum rega rding the Cyclosa tllrbinata W alckenaer-l female collecr-:-d CE, speci mens sent to th em for identification. The other is John Friend's Salt'peter Cave, Oakland, Garrett Co., Md . the irregular faunal li sts forward ed ro the Fauna Com­ menardi Latreille-l young female cvllected minee by indi vi du al members describing material col­ TD, Big Springs Cave, W . Va. lected by th em personally. These latter are frequently res tricted' ro th e speci fi c: group that is the specialty of the Family Agelenidae pe rson sending them in . In this connection, th e Fauna Coras. sp.-l young female coliected·CE, John Friend's Committee would like ro call the anention of the mem­ Saltpeter Cave, Oakland, Garrett Co., Md. bers to the fact that we have in the Society (and on the Family Lycosidae Fauna Committee ) specialis ts in several groups 'of animals. These persons are qualified ro identify any LyClasa rabida Walckenaer-l male collected CE, materia l representative of their g roup which is sent ro Toney's Cave, Bl acksburg, Va. by Bill Stephenson. rhem for identification. In order ro expedite the identi­ Family Satticidae ficatio n of cave-coll ected faunal specimens, it is sug­ Habrocestllln pulex H entz-l female collected CE, gested that w henever possible such specimens be sent ro Indian Caves, W . Va. [h e proper authority. A panial list of these authorities and [heir specia lities follows : Dr. J. M. Valentine­ Coleoptera bee tl es; Dr . J. P. E. Morrison-snai ls; Dr. Marrin PSeuda170 ph! hall1lJ1s Imbbardi (Ground beetle) -'-Luray Mum a-spi.ders; Dr. Les lie Hubricht-isopods and Caverns, Va. in zone of rotal darkness (TD). amphipods; Mr. Charles E. Mohr-bats; and Mr. J. A. QtledillS sp.-a scavenger b eetle also collected from Fowler-amphibians and reptil es. Luray Caverns, Va. (TD). New Additions to the Cave Fauna List Orthopte1:a Mollusca Cel/tho phil"s sp.-a male nymph of the cave cricket. GOlliobasis ebenl/1n Lea-W onder Cave, Grundy Co., Collected in Dulany'S Cave, Uniontown, Pa. Tenn. At th e mouth of the cave in the "twilight zone." Siphonaptera Myriopoda Myodopsylla imignis (Roth)-a male flea f'rom Du­ PolydeSl1l11s serratlls Say-Boyer's Cave, Li ve rpool, lany's Cave, Uniontown, Pa. It 'is probable that this fl ea Perry Co., .Pa. came from one of the bats inhabiting the cave, since IArachnida this same species of fl ea was reported from cenain Order Phalangida Minnesota cave bats by Rysgaard 2. S uborder Plagiostethi Family Phalangiidae Pisces Leioblll1ll11l bieolor W ood-3 sub-adults collected in CottltS bairdii earolinae-this fish, one of the fresh­ zone of panial darkness (PD) , John Friend's Saltpeter water sculpins-Miller's Thumb, was collected 10 Cave, Oakland, Garrett Co., Md.; one adult collected Toney's Cave, Blacksburg, Va. Big Springs Cave, W . Va. in zone of rota I darkness (TD) . Mammalia Order Aralleida Order C hiroptera Superfamily Argiopoidea Suborder Microchiroptera F amity G naphosidae Family Vespertilionidae Drassyills depresslls Emenon- l male co llect~d in cave Myotis It/eift/gus It/eifflg1ls (LeConte) -several new entrance (CE ) , Indian Caves, W. Va. records include Dulany'S Cave, Unionrown, Pa.; Five Quarry Cave, Martinsburg, W. Va. ; John',Friend's Salt­ Family Theridiidae peter Cave, Oakland, Garrett Co., Md. ; Porter's Cave, Theridion tepidariomm Koch- l female collected CE, W. Va,; Trout Rock Cave, W . Va.; and Toney's Cave, Indian Caves, W. Va. Bl acksburg, Va. Family Linyphiidae Myotis griseseens-Painted Bluffs Cave, Kno ~i ll e, Anthrobia llIammot/thia TeliKamf- l young female Tenn. co ll ected by Ed Gage, TD, Big Springs Cave, W . Va. :!R \·:-;gaard, G.~. A slUd y of th e cave ba ls of l\1innesola wilh cs p c~i:J1 refer'f llce to th e Large Brown Bat, EPlcsiclis /rueu s fUJcru (Be:l. uvol!; ) . lTh t' !'I rin a (Arachll id a) list w as compi led by Martill MUlnJ. .4I11 t ,.. Midi. Na l. 28( 1): HS-267, 19H. NA TIONAL SPELEOLO G I C AL SOCIETY Page 39

11/)'otis sodalis-John Friend's Saltpeter Cave, Oak­ Cooley, R. A. and Glen M. Kohls. 1941. Three new land, Garrett Co., Md. species of Ornithodoros (Acarina: Ixodoidea ) . P"bl. PipistrellllS sllbjlat'lIS Sll bjlavlIs ()-Painted Health Rep. 56(12): 587-594, 1 pI., 3 figs. Bluffs Cave, Knoxville, Tenn. Mites associated with bats Jl1 California, Arizona, T exas, and Oklahoma. R ecellt Additions to the Literature ----. 1941. Further new species of Ornitho­ Oil North A .mericlJll C(we Fau1/a ( 1938·1942) doros from bats (Aca rina: . (Argasi dae). P"bl. H ealth Rep. 56(17): 910-914, 3 fi gs. This list of literature dea ling with Nonh Ameri can ca\'e fa un a for the period 1938-1942 is by no means Mites from a bat cave in T exas and a bat-i nhabited ~xha u s ti ve but is merely intended to call attention to mine- tunnel in Arizona; also from Pipislrell"s sp. in certai n pertinent papers which have come to the anentio n Utah and Colorado. of [he Fauna Committee, and which have not been previ­ Cowan, 1. McT. 1942. Notes on the winter occur­ ous ly li sted in rh e cave bibliography. An as terisk (* ) rence of bats in British Col umbia. Mmrelet 23(2): 61. indicates th ar a copy of the paper is on fil e with the Las~ :J l1ycteris lloctit1aga"s and lHyotis calilomi(lls Fau na Comminee chai rman. Some of the others nm so callrillllS at Vancouver. October records of 4 spp. of asreris ked, however, may be obtai ned through the Myotis. Nat ional Speleological Society Library c/o Roben S. *D earolf, K enneth. 194 1. The of 37 Buy, librari an, R. F. D . 2, H erndon, Va. Pennsy lvania Caves. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci. 15 : 170-1 80. Allin, A. E. 1942. Bats hibern ating in the district One hundred and twenty-six species re­ uf Thunder Bay, O ntario. Calladiall Field-Nat. 56 (6 ) : corded from 37 Pennsylvania caves, an increase of 5 y~ 90·9 1. ti mes over the 23 inve rtebrates reported by Mohr *Bishop, Sherman C. 1941. Nmes on sa lamanders (1932) from Pennsy lvani a caves. wi[h desc riptions of several new forms. Occ. Papen Folk, G. Edgar Jr. 1940. Shifts of populations .lfIiJ. Z ool . Ullit'. Mich. No. 451, p. 14. among hibern ati ng bats. JOil !". IHammal. 21 (3): 306- A new subspecies of sa lamander, Pse"dotritoll //J01l­ 315. WillS diastictllS, is described, th e type localiry being Records for j\fyotis IIICil"gIlS and mher bats banded , Carter Co., K entucky. in N ew England, as well as frequent and detailed wi nter Blair, Albert. 1939. Reco rds of the salamander observations on hibernating M. IIICilllglls in Indian O ven Ty phlotritoll. Copeia: No. 2, pp. 108-109. Cave, Acram, New York. Typblotri/oll spelae"s, which has been reported from Gates, William H. 1940-41. The bat--one of our sou th-western Mi ~so ur i, northern Arkansas, and extreme most interesting mammals. LOtlisiana COllserv. Rev . sout heastern K ansas, has not been previously ·reponed 9 (4 ) : 40, 60. irom Oklahoma. This article ci tes four locality reco rd" ---- . 1941. A few notes on the Evening Bat, iWO from caves and twO from springs, in Oklahoma. Nycticeills humeralis (Rafinesque) . Jou r. Mammal. Breder, C. M. Jr. and E. B. Gresser. 1941. Further 22 (1): 53-56. stud ies on the li ght sensitivity a'nd behavio r of the Thiny-one Evening Bats co ll ected f rom a colony in .\1 exica n blind cha raci n. Z oologica 26 (4) : 289-296. Robeline, Loui siana, in May 1940 were all found to be Ex periments with the fully blind, cave- dwelTing p regnant, each carrying 2 young. Alia ptichthys. *Green, N. Baya-rd. 1942. Representatives of the *Carr, A . F. Jr. 1939. H aideotritol7 wallace;, a new genus G)'rillophi/IIS in West Virginia. Proc. jf/ . V a. subterranean sa lamander from Georgia. O cc. Papers Acad. Sci. 15: 179-183. BaS/Oil Soc. Na/. Hist. 8:333-336. Cave habitar of Purple Salamander, Gyrillopbi/lls A small, blind, white, perennibranch sa lamander with porphyriticlIs porphyriticllS mentioned. Reese's (1934 ) long legs brought up by an air-lift pump from a 200 foot lis t of caves inhabired by (his salamander is included. artes ian well at Albany, D oug htery Co., G eorgia. These caves were as follows : Mingo and Sinks, Randolph Chamberlain, Ralph V . 1942. On centipeds and Co.; Snedegar'S, Cave Creek, and Rai ne's Cave, Poca­ millipeds from Mexican caves. Bill!. Unit!. Utah Bioi . hontas Co.; Coffman's, Greenbrier Co.; and S(ee le's, Sel'. 7 ( 2) : 1-20, 22 fi gs. Monroe Co. Specimens also collected . from small cave Repo rt on myriapods taken in caves in San Lu is Potosi, near' Aggrega(es, Randolph Co. This species is indicated Nuevo Leon, Vera Cruz, and Guerrero. as hei ng more common in West Virginia caves (han any BULLETIN NUMBER FIVE oche r salamander, including even the caye Salamander, limestone cave at Rockwood, Wellington Co., Ontario. E/ll"ycea I/lcifllga. This subspecies reported bur twice previously from Griffin, Donald R. 1939. Bats migrate too. Nel/" Ontario-at Onawa, and at Niagara-on-the-Lake. Llig. Nat. 5: 1-4, 4 fi gs. 1942. Homing experiments with the Bats banded at Cape Cod in summer found following Litrle Brown Bat, Myotis 11leifllgllS /lleifllglls (LeConte) . winrer in Vermont and. Connecticut. Move f.rom cave JOll r. j\1amma/. 23 (3): 258-267. cn cave ' in winter when little insect food is available. (to be continued) ----. 1940. Notes on the life histories of New En.uland cave bats. JOIII". ;'ylalllmal. 21 (2): 181-187. --*-- Notes on the seasonal distribution, social habits, .and VANCE breeding habits of N ew England cave bats, especially This cave is owned by Mr. M. K. Vance. The cave ,lIp,/is IlIeif"gllJ. is on the base of the hill on the east side of Roaring Hardy, Ross. 1941. Notes on Utah bats. Jom . Springs Road, 2 miles north of Roaring Springs Mill or ,\L1IIIInal. 22 (3): 289-295. 1 mile up Roaring Springs Creek road from its juncrion Locality records for Utah bats with notes on habitat, with U. S. 11 just west of Orego. il:1 bi ts, and distribution. Among 23 races, a number, The cave is just back of a spring behind the 2nd such as iYIyo/is II/eiftlglls phasma and Antrozolls pallidllS house past Roaring Spri~gs Mill, just before the road (tlii/ welli. not previously listed f.rom Utah. leaves Roaring Springs Creek. . Hitchcock, Har.old B. 1940. Keeping crack of bats. Cave visited and entered but not explored by W. J. S. ClII!idian Field-Nat. 54: 55-56. 10/17/42. Cave appears to be a water course, with Report of 738 iWyo tis and 11 EptesiClls ' banded in cave life (not collected). This cave is nor known to be Onrario and Quebec. Species included M. 1. 111eifllgllJ. of any great extent bur it has never been thoroughly iH, keenii se ptentri;malis; EptesiC1ls f. fllsCIIs ; and explored. PipistrellllS sflbjlavlIs obswrtfs. Caves ' visited were: Cave lies in the Greenbrier Limestone. Lafleche Cave, Wilson's Corner, Quebec ; caves on , W. J. STEPHENSON. Flowerpot Island, Bruce Peninsula, Ontario; caves near Wiarton, 'Bruce Co., Ontario; and Crystal Rock Cave, as --*-- well as several caverns on Sourh Bass Island, Sandusky Bay, Ohio. A Note on Some Banded Bats

----. 1941. Myotis sllblliattls leibii and other J. A. FOWLER bats hibernating in Ontario and Quebec. Canadian Field-Nat. 55 : 46. Big Brown Bats, EptesiC1ls f. f1lsms, collected in Whit­ ings Neck Cave, Scrabble, Berkeley Co., W. Va., De­ ,1L yotis S1/bfllatlls leibii and Pi pistrellllS sllb fla~'/.IS cember 12, 1941, were found to be banded with metal obs(!ll'lls from two caves in Tyendinaga Township, bands attached to the wings of each of the bats. The H ast ings Co., Ontario and St. Pierre de Wakefield, Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Department of Gatineau Co ., Quebec ; M. keenii septentrionalis also the Interior, through the courtesy of Dr. H. H. T. Jack. from Wakefield Cave, M . 1. lueiftlgus and EptesiCIIs f. son, has informed the writer that these bats were banded f!lSms from both caves. by Mr. H . Ison Shreve of Brushy Run, W. Va. at Whit­ and Keith Reynolds. 1940. PipistrellllS ings Neck Cave on March 16 and 30, 1941. Thus these hibernating in Ontario. Canadian Field-Nat. 54: 89. same bats, which were banded in the spring in Whitings Pi pistl'ellllS sub flaVIIS obsC!/1'IIs hibernating in a small Neck Cave, were hibernating there in December. NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 4 1 Cave Log of the Society

Preliminary Speleological Reconnaissance May 17 to 24} 1942 By ERWiN BISCHOFF and FRED R. PRESLEY

What was intended to be a complete survey of the revolves and acrs as gate handle and lock. The Park ca ves lDcated within Sequoia National Park, Cal., had Service sent a foreman down to unlock the gate for us. co be cha"nged to a preliminary reconnaissance due to We remained in the cave froIl? 10:30 A. M . to 3 P. M. several factors that were unfDreseen. In the first place, A complete exploration was made, and all negotiable our photographer was unable to go along, so our plans side passages investigated. Lacking a tape.line, however,

[Q take interior photographs had to be we paced the main channel of the cave to give an esti­ abandoned. In the second place, because of the tire mated measurement. (See separate report on this cave) " si ruation we decided to leave automobiles at and We returned by hiking the s~me road to the Lodge, ar­ trave l to the park by public transportation. This proved riving at 7:30 P. M. There is an available short-cut by a serious handicap. In the third place, we had under trail, which leads from the Lodge 2: 5 miles to Marble estimated the rugged nature of the terrain. Fork .Bridge, eliminating considerable road distance. The park proved a difficult place e"en to reach. We This should be noted for future trips. finally arrived there by taking the Santa Fe train to TUESDAY : Today we investigated two prospecrs which Fresno (from Oakland, our starting point), then by were pointed our to us by Ranger Blanks. From a point gaso line interurban train to Visalia. From Visalia w~ on the General's highway JUSt north of Ridge, a proceeded to Giant Forest Lodge (in Sequoia Park) by dark opening can be discerned on the sourh slope of means of a private sedan service whicH we contracted Eleven Range Point (in the Marble Fork Canyon of the fo r in Visalia. We then made Giant Forest Lodge our Kaweah). This had long been considered a possible base, from which we hiked to the cave areas. cave entrance by park rangers, but its exploration had Our preliminary letters to the Park Service, to the been deferred due to the difficulty of reaching it. These Park Superintendent, and to other officials ptoved to be prospects lie hidf-way up an almost perpendicular slDpe of great value, as we were expected. at the park and were in a limestone outcropping. At this location, ou r 50 ve ry cordially received by the rangers. We telephoned foot length of rope proved a great asset. The climb Co l. White, park superintendent, who made the aip up down to the "opening proved to be more physically ex'­ f rom his Ash Mountain headquarters to see us at th~ hausting than dangerous. We found the prDspect dis­ lodge two hours after our arrival. Col. White provided appointing speleologically. Ie was really two openings us with many excellent tips concerning the caves, and about 50 feet apart. Both were about 20 feet deep, and gave us a fine picture of the historical background and appeared to be the result of large boulders having be­ previous explorations. Other park officials, particularly come dislodged and falling down the slope, leaving a Mr. Fry, the Wild Life Commissioner, and Range: cave-like hole in the canyon wall. A tWD-foot stalactite Bl anks, gave us much assistance and infDrmation. They had formed in one hole, however, and a group of tiny both assisted us greatly by taking us to vantage points thin stalacrites were found in the other. in the park in Park Service trucks and giving us on·the· WEDNESDAY: Th e unaccustomed exertion of the SpO t directions on cave locations and prospects. previous day, to say nothing of numerous bruises and We remained in the park for a week.· Ou~ daily ac· scratches acquired, made us decide to use this day" fDr tiv ities and findings are outlined below: relaxati on. We did, however, hike our to the summit MONDAY: Hiked to Crystal Cave: along Generals of Moro Rock, elevation 6,719 ft., for a comprehenSIve highway 2 miles to Colony Mill Road, thence 6.4 miles view of the area. This afforded us a view of the areas in to end of park road, thence 3000 feet by trail to the which Paradise, Palmer, and Clough caves were ·located. cave. The cave entrance is protecred by an iron grill The apparent great distance and ex~remely steep nature which has been designed to give the appearance of a ,of these areas decided us against attempting to reach spider web, with a huge spider in the center. The spider them .on foot froJTl the Lodge. Page ·42 BULLETIN NUMBER FIVE

THURSDAY: Our first attempt to reach Matble Cave. Palmer cave-but while well known some thirty or fotty This cave is the closest to our lodge (1 mile), but years ago, has since disappeared and no one has heen strlngely, is the most difficult cave in the park to Teach. able to locate it since. The story is that while the Park lr has never been explored, even by rangers. Ranger was under .the Army's administration, some soldiers went Bl anks is the only man who has descended to it within out to explore it and never returned. Clough Cave has th~ Ltst fifteen years. The cave lies at the bottom of the been much vandalized, the formations having turned dtep gorge of the Marble fork of the Kaweah. The brown from the torches used in exploration. I,t is said ca ny un walls are almost perpendicular, and it is 2000 to be .a quarter-!J1ile long. Putnam cave, also anew one fc:(: ; down from the highway. On this day we attempted to us, is said by rangers to be located just below a ridge to rtach it from upstream, our plan being to work down on a mountain known as Homer's Nose. aILIn g the river. We separared, Fred going up the Marbl:: has an entrance hole that has a sixty-foot perpendicular Furk Bridge and attempting to work down f.rom there. drop, and formerly there was a windlass over the cave 1 Cu t straight down the canyon wall about a half-mile opening but it is not known if it is still there. A closer a!J0ve the cave. This proved to be the most gruelling approach may be made ,.to 'the cave by a road known as anJ hazardous climb in my experience. I was able to the, "oil road." (See rangers for information on this rtach a point about 500 yards above the cave, but no road) . . farther. The river was also running too high and too CONCLUSION: The caves and cave prospects of fast to cross, and the cave is on the opposite (west) Sequoia National Park are all located along the line of a bank. Fred encountered an impassable section far,ther limestone outcropping, which comes to the surface inter· upstream and also had to turn back. The presence of mittently in the form of a dike. This line runs north mill ions of lady-bugs made the going difficult. Every and south near the western boundary of the park. No roc k, tree, and twig was covered with them ~ As it was caves have been discovered in the eastern half of the necessary to hold on tq .these rocks and trees in climbing park. All of the caves are in limestone, and are solution along the river canyon, the bugs would crush under one's cavities (with exception of Marble-cave which is partly hands and render only a very slippery support. The river· formed ), and Crystal Cave is perhaps the best in bugs also flew into one's eyes and mouth, and down the insi de of one's collar. Despite the pinuresque beauty of the canyon, we were glad to get Out as soon as we could. FRIDAY: Our second attempt to reach Marble Cave. This time we made an effort to negotiate the ravine just south of Eleven Range Point, but this proved toO difficult in the lower sections for the quick progress required if we expected to return by d~rk . We made several other unsuccessful attempts on the north and south slopes of Det p Ridge. I did succeed in climbing out to a point just south of Deer Ridge, from which the Marble Falls N we:e visible. (the only such point on this side of the canyon) . We did locate two places where the climb w+, down to the cave appeared feasible, but due to the s arduous nature of the descent and ascent it will be 5CALE necessary for the explorer to come to the "jumping-off" pl ace by automobile so as.to be fresh for this work. The L!.Gi!NO! Chonnel 0' Cav. ===::; "--"\ prel iminary road hIking tired us too much. Blind Sid. L... cb ...... ::::::] i~\ M .. in Creek =-=~~~~ Creek in Cave - __ .. ______" " SATURDAY AND SUNDAY: These two days spent 5pr;n.:* wandering about the higher altitudes to the east. No speleological prospeCts in that area. Spent a great deal of rime chatting with the rangers about the other caves which we were required to postpone. We learned of "Boyden's" cave located in Kings Canyon National Park, and which was not on our Western caves list. Also of "Soldier's" cave, presumed to be in the vicinity of 't\",-\TJONAL SPELEOLO(jICA ,L SOCIETY Page 43

i~ l e rt-.f: ion. Those who anempt to do cave work in this The direction of the main passage is northwest, and ,~.~ i {l n .He advised to take an automobile, wear swrdy that of the secondary channel northwest to northeast. ): ll) ~ S .lOd clothes, and include a 75 foot rope in their Minor leads go to the upper and lower levels at right c_l uipmenr. Large knapsacks are a necessity co transpo[( angles to the main passage. The longest leads occur neat .'pd eo logical equipmenr and lunches, as the hands must the main room, one going down 40 feet (estimated) and ')= k t~( free for climbing. another reaching up 50 feet (estimated).

(T ri F made May 18 from base camp at ' Giant Forest The main passage has an average width of 25 feet, ViI!lge in Sequoia National Park, by hiking twO miles with a maximum of 70 feet and a minimum of 3 feet. 'c1urh on General's Highway to junction with Colony Average height of the tunnels are 15 feet. Average Mi !! Road, then 6.4 miles northwest .to end of road, ceiling of chambers 55 feet, with a maximum of 65 feet. (l1::'n 3000 feet by trail to cave.) There are two chambers which can be Gilled " rooms." The "Main Room" , located at the inner end of the main The enrrance to this limestone cavern is on the no[(h­ passage, is oval shaped, running east to west, is 120 feet w-:st '.\" .111 of a creek canyon. The general course of the long, 70 feet wide, and 60 feet high (estimated). The ,.toyan is north and south, the creek flowing .toward the other smaller room is located on the secondary passage .;,)uth. The cave opening faces toward the sourheasr. of the main level, is oblong, running north to sourh, is The region surrounding the cave is a very mounrainous 60 feet long, 30 feet high, 50 feet wide (paced and (I'pe, ['he creek canyon is heavily timbered, and the cave estimated) . "ncrance is located in a vertical bluff of limestone. The tnc rance is located near the bottom of the hillside, about There is an average amounr of decoration, some large 15 fr:et above the creek level. Looking toward the in· quanrities existing in the blind leads. Dripstone is ::rio r, the direction of .t1~e enrrance wnnel is northwest. abundanr in the form of stalactites, stalagmites, columns, The r:ntrance itself is 12. feet high by 27 feet wide, and ribbo·ns. No helictites were found. There were some i; dr\'. small pools and pool-formations similar to the oolite­ Tht cave exists in thick bedded limestone, the general formation ponds. One stalactite found was 7 feet long, co urst of the cave being along the joinrs and seams in 3 feet wide (mt'asured) . One column was 12 feet high, .I gradual upward slope, except where inrerrupted by 4 feet wide (measured) . Abour 80% of the formation :lllge horizontal boulders. There are three levels in the was grey and buff colored, the other 20% white. o vern which correspond to three channels hollowed our The floor of the main and secondary passage is of 0\' tht creek which originates from drip waters in the mud and sand, with patches of broken rock debris and (.lVe. The upper level is not negotiable, consisting at bedrock. ?resent principally of chambers which form the vaulted The cave conrains a stream which follows the course ce ilings of the middle chambers. It is accessible only of the main passage, but is usually down in a deep J)' rope ~nd piton method, and has no continuous floor. crevice. It reaches passage level abour 120 feet (paced) The middle level is the main negotiable chann.el. from .the cave enrrance where it crosses the passage. Tht up-slope of the middle level is about 25 degrees. From this poinr it continues in a 6 foot deep crevice A pa rallel smaller channel exists about 25 feet above about 2 feet wide (water abour a half-foot deep) to 10d co the no['[h of the main channel of the middle level , within 50 feet of the cave entrance where it disappears which has an up-slope of from 20 to 25 degrees. The into a hole and reappears as a spring just ourside the re turn trip is made via the secondary channel, which cave. There are 3 ponds in the cave, each approximately joins (he main channel near the entrance by means of a 10 feet by 10 feet, all of which contain · ridged p.lrk service constructed path. The lower level is ac­ separations. cess ible only by rope down narrow crevices and exists .IS tht lowest level of the cave stream. At its deepest. At .this time of the year (May), the cave was fairly po rti on it is only 30 feet below the middle level. It wet, with considerable drip in the interior regions. clms is(s of very tiny rooms and long non-negotiable Pho{Qgraphic opporwnities are poor, due to the twist­ crevices conraining the stream. . ing nature of the passage and the small number of rooms. A trip from the entrance down the main channel takes The exploring conditions of the cave are good, there \J nt t·J the "main room" and returning via the secondary being no opportunity to become lost. The, cave is clean ciu nne!, represenring a distance of 1200 feet (paced) . and easily negotiable, except for climbs in minor leads The distance from the entrance to the main room is 626 to upper and lower levels. fee t (paced). There was .no plant life found. No fauna noticed, Pal!,e 44 BULLETIN NUMBER FIV E with the excepti on of many black millipedes (all found There is no interior lighting, but a wooden board-walk were dead, but in good condition). has been constructed which runs the length of the cav e. The main passage has a strong air circulation, the cold It is a fairly large tube with considerable ice through­ wind undoubtedly being responsi ble for the low tempera­ out. The cave occurs in a lava formation area, and the ' rures throughout th e cave, as the stream warer did not cave enrrance presents a cross section clearly indicating feel particularl y cold. Thermometers placed in various several disrinct flows of lava subsequent to that which pares of rhe cave all 'indicated 45 degrees Fahrenheit. formed rhe cave. The lava is a black basalt. An outside rh ermometer (placed in shade just outside The careraker stared that originally an ice wall blocked cave entrance ) indica'ted 49 degrees at 10 A. M., and the inrerior only a few feet from the entrance, but when 53 degrees at 2 P. M. a hole was chopped through this and warm air currents The cave has been considerably developed during the admitted, much of rhe ice in the rube melred. However, past two years by the Pa·rk Service. Concrete rest-rooms an ice " river" of undetermined depth still covers rh e have been installed in a lead just inside the entrance. enrire length of the rube floor. About 150 feet from The cave entrance is protected by a wire g rill represent­ the end of rh e tube the last remaining ice wall srill ing a spider web, with the spider in the center acting as stands. It is now about 10 feet high, a hole having handle and lock. The main passage path has been im­ been chopped on top to permit furrher exploration. proved to some extent, and the connection between the The ice in rhe wall is strarified, indicating a varia.rion in secondary channel and the main channel on the return quantity of periodic freezes. The ice on the floor an d trip is a park construction. An ingenious electric light­ wa ll s is very clear, and shows few fractures. Rocks can ing system 'has been installed throughout the mai n level. be seen several feet down through the ice. The care· N one of the lights or wires are visible from the path, taker stared that an analysis of the water showed an and th e indirect lighting is intelligendy planned. Guide­ unusual puriry, and that chemical action or minerals do conducted .trips are made several times a day during the nor affect it. . . w uris't season, which begins about May 28th. Those The caretak€r was questioned concerning seasonal visi ting the cave out of season should apply for permis­ va ria ti ons, but he srated that the weather did not affecr sion and key ar Park Headquarters. rhe interio r, and thar the drip was consant during all If any serious exploration of the minor leads is con­ seasons. This is attributed to rhe lava layers over the templated, the following equipment will prove useful. tube roof acting as for water. There is a A gasoline pressure lantern (preferably the 2-mande theo ry thar another tube filled with ice lies directly be­ type) . A 50 foot length of strong rope. A compass. neath, acting as an "ice box" or refrigerator for the A head- lamp which wil l leave both arms free for climb­ upper runnel. The free water, which does not immedi­ ing (we used an electric eype, which was wired to a ately freeze, collects in a low po_rtion of the floor nea r battery case cl amped to our belts) . rhe center of the tunnel. Here there is a crack in the W e are satisfied that we investigated every negotiable side wall, which the caretaker stares opens occasionally lead and crevice in the cavern, and that there are no to dra'in off the water. large passages or rooms existing off the main passage. ' Work is now being done on rhe tunnel entrance in an The only possible extension of .the cave may lie in open­ artempt to partially seal the opening to prevent warm ai r ings near the ceiling of some minor leads and the main currents from melting the ice. The caretaker is confident room. These, however, cannot be reached without a that the cave can rehabili-tate itself once this is done. long ladder. There is said to be another large cave half-way ,toward --*-- Shoshone, and that information concerning it could be had in rhat town. Another road junction just north of Additional Reports of the Shoshone Ice Cave leads to the Chalk Mine. Here Previous Trips there is said to be a "Chalk" cave. SHOSHONE VOLCANO HILL Preliminary Reconnaissance: June, 1941. Preliminary Reconnaissance: June, 1941. Trip made by auto from O akland, Calif. Trip made by automobile from Oakland, Calif.

This is an ice-filled located about 14 miles This lava rube is located near Grace, Idaho, across the north of Shoshone; Idaho. It has been pardy develope.:! hi ghway from a small hill of volcanic origin known as by a private caretaker who lives near the cave, and who Volcano Hill. The cave is known locally as an "Ice Cave", guides parties through the cave and furnishes lanterns. although ·the ice found at this time (June) was neglibiblt NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 45 and :here is probably none at all by mid-summer. The 10-1 (Indian Tunnel) is the longesr of the large tubes, ca vt. is about a half-mile long. Entr,ance is effected at a and due to the presence of several openings in the roof, poin: where a portion of the roof collapsed. Half way can be explored withour lanterns. .

(ll rht end is another smaller opening in the roof which lO-i (Surprise) is a small twisting rube, which has a adm i-!5 sunlight. The tunnel has an average width of "lava dam" abour 20 feet high near its end. 25 {ttt, and an average height of 30 feet. Shape is 10-s (Beauty), 10-j (Boy Scout), 10-(k) (Dewdrop), gentr.illy thar of half-circle. The roof sections are of and several unnamed rubes nearby were explored. Sev­ sr r a t ~ fitd igneous rock, and the floor is hidden by washed­ eral of these contained lava "stalactites", and even some in s;!r and mud. The walls and ceiling are smooth of the rarer lava "stalagmites." Most of the runnel walls r hr ()u _~h()ut. There is no evidence of dripstone or other were coated with a white desert "salt" , which could be de po, :ts. Some sections of the tube are swampy floored, removed in flakes ~ inch thick. :U1d ;.ome of this mud and water is frozen (which consr: rutes the ice previously mentioned). Tiny beads of water seeping through the walls and roof reflect the TWIN BUTTES lighr .lnd give the interior a "silvery" appearance. Preliminary Reconnaissance: June, .1941. The roof of the cave at no place appears to be more Trip made by auto from Oakland, Calif. rha n ~o feet below the ground surface. A country road cro SS tS over ir ne·ar the entrance, and vibrations due co This lava rube is located in the middle of the lava irs uSt by farm trucks and equipment. may have caused plain between Blackfoot and Arco, Idaho. Half-way ur contribured to the collapse of the roof sections by across the plain, in an undifferentiated basalt area east which entry is effected. The country in vicinity is rolling of the highway are two large buttes, Middle Burte and fa rm la nd, and the cave is about a mile from the base East Burte. The cave occurs on the ridge between rhe t)f hil ls to the east. There is no stream consequent or twO burtes. ad ja((:nt, bur inter.ior conditions of the rube indicate that The cave ' extends about a .half-mile in a northerly it musr occasionally perform rhe function of carrying off direction from the entrance, which was caused by roof run -o ff waters. collapse. ' It has a smooch tunnel averaging 6 feet in Aftet passing the second roof opening, there is much height, and 15 feet in width. Some sections measure evi dence of roof collapse. This debris partially fills some about 30 x 20 feet. The rube ends in a meeting of the sect ions, making the going r-ather difficult and danger­ ceiling and floor with debris. ous . The far terminus results from a complete filling-in It is known locally as an " ice cave'.', although no ice of the runnel with roof debr.is . The logical continuation was present at this time (June). of the rube in a westerly direction from the first opening is also clogged with roof debris. No further exploration possible in either direcrion without digging. FORMATION Preliminary Reconnaisance : June, 1941. Trip made by auto from Oakland, Calif. CRATERS OF THE MOON CAVES This smaM cave occurs on top of a small hill near Preliminary Reconnaissance: June, 1941. Soda Springs, Idaho. It was evidently formed by the Tcip made by auto from Oakland, Calif. solvent and abrasive action of hard mineralized waters. (Mr. Ed. Ericson, assisrant to Park Ranger, accompanied The area in which the cave is found gives the appearance Bischoff in much of the exploration here.) as th ough huge bubbles had formed and collapsed leav­ Tht se cpnsist of a large group of lava rubes of varied ing crater-like cavities with overhanging rims. The cave sizes and shapes existing in the Crarers of the Moon itself is entered through a hole in the side of one of National Monument, Idaho. Many of these are newly these rims. This exterior points to volcanic origin but fo rm ed, geologically speaking, and are very rough and interior calcareous deposits indicate presence of other jagged. The entire area consists of pahoehoe lava fl ows than igneous rock. The area is at the edge of an un­ wir h interspersed aa . The cave fl oors and walls are differentiated basalt and pre-Miocene rock SectOr. covered with ripples with jagged edges thar make ex­ The greatest depth of the cave is abour 50 feet, and plo ration an uncomfortable operation. is about 150 feet in length. It extends in each direction 10-c (Great Owl) is the largest in height and width, from the opening, and has one side passage which can bu r vtry short in length. There were a few patches of be crawled for an undetermined length. The rock near ice on the floor a-r this time (June) . the entrance is similar to the exterior, having a peculiar Page 46 BULLETIN NUMBER Flv ""

pumice-like nature. There are no formations but ground quantities of lichens suspended from the cave roof and water has depostited globular calcareous deposits on the walls. It is said there were a great deal more formerly'. cei ling. Some of [hese are small and thin resembling A white fungus growth now clings to the wooden pans tiny stalaCtites. The whole ceiling has a bwwn bubbly of the stairway in response to the presence of electric or globular appearance. lights. No other flora or fauna observed. Remains of two Indian skele(()ns are said to have been :found here . Since cave is impraCticable for use as a shelter or home, MERCER these may have been victims of accident, or cave may Preliminary Reconnaissance: January 11, 1942. have been used for burial purposes. An automobile trip from Oakland to this cave was E. W. BISCHOFF. made on this date by a party consisting of: Ann --*-- McDonagh, Helen Salfaday, David Levin, and Erwin Bischoff. Arkansas J UUnsung JJ Wonder This cave is a commercial development of a limestone cavern near Murphys, California. The property is now After Ed Gage and I ,had planned to s~e this cave for owned by ' the widow of its discoverer-Mrs. Mercer. almost a year, we managed to get a crew from PiHsburgh A guide is stationed at the cave all year round. Entry together on Aug. 22, 1942. We, Joe Jankowski, Doyle fee with guide is 75 cents per person. The development Fields, and myself made up the crew. Joe had had consists of wooden stairways and electric lighting. some cave experience, but Doyle was a lad f~om Ken­ The cave occurs in the Calaveras limestone formation tucky with none, although he came from right around of Carboniferous era. It is located on the slope of a the big caves of that state. It was also his first camping small hill near Murphys. The entrance is at an elevation trip. of 2,260 feet. There was no snow present at this time. We arrived at Harrison, Ark., on the 24th. We The caves reaches a perpendicular depth of 150 feet, and stopped at the postoffice and inquired about the qn-e has an entrance to exit traveling distance of 1,230 feeL with the same result we always get in the east: every­ (Figures by cave management). body knew of some other cave, but not the one we were ·It is a fissure-fault cave, the limestone formation hav­ hunting. We took route No. 7 out of Harr,ison to Jasper ing a crack or fault running norrh and south. 'Ground Road, and on to Marble City. A right turn onto a gravel water and spring thaw run-off draining into this fissure road took us to the top of the mountain. At the first' has enlarged it by solution and abrasion. The top of the house we were told ro stay on the well-traveled road fissure is covered with earth and collapsed sidewalls. down the other side ro Ceicle creek. The road to Val]lines There is considerable dripstone formation of small size Chapel ,was washed out, due to heavy rains, with the in the upper part in the form of stalactites, stat,agmites, result that we landed at a farm owned by Wm. Martin and ribbons. Nearer the bottom, the predomi­ on Gaither Creek, 5 mi'les from t1~e cave. Martin gave nates and wall assumes a white crystalline mass, some­ us the general direction to the cave, but did not know times brown tinted, in the form of globular or flaky and the exact place. He rold us of a Mr. Kalb who could spiked white crystal clumps. There is much evidence of show us to the cave. Since it was then rather late in the wall collapse, indicating that the cave was much deeper afternoon, we decided to make camp there and get an previously. At the 150 foot level, further progress is early start in the morning. blocked by complete collapse of the side walls. Entrance 6 A. M . found us reac!y for the hike to Gaither Mt. to the cave is effected through a small opening 6' x 3', With our and enough food for three and the slope is so precipitous that the, stair is the only meals, we made our way up the first mountain to the path possible throughout the cave. Ropes and long lad­ home of "Granny" Briscoe. From there on it was a very ders were used before the stairs were builr. The stairs f.aint trail. On our way we heard the sound ofax(:s. wind straight down and slightly southward until bottom W e spread Out ro find who was using them, as ou r is reached. The return trip is made by another vertical meager information as ro the whereabout of the cave stairway about 40 feet north, the surface exit being by an had us a little worried. artificial opening 50 feet north of the entrance. No true To our relief the man cutting timber was Adam Kalb bottom can be reached. The management claims an con­ with a lad who turned out ro be Marshall Vallines. Both tinual temperature of 56 degrees F. There is consider­ showed ,interest in our trip. After a , short tl!lk they ab,le drip but no pools. agreed ro go with us. A small cave just above where An unusual feature of the cave are the presence of they were working ended in. a rock fall about 30 fr. NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCI ETY Page 47 fro m the entrance. The formations were massive bur going off from the base of this pillar, but didn't spend dry. Many cave cricke~ were seen. Our guides rook us much time at it as we wanted ro see the river. About up a blind canyon cur out of limesrone on the way up 100 ft. from the end of the {jrst passage is a hole JUSt Ceicle creek. It was beautiful with a waterfall of about large enough ro drop through: 20 ft. down, and we were 75 fe at the upper end. The trees above arched the in a second passage much larger than the first one.. opening at the rop, and made it almost as dark as a cave. Following this for some time, we heard the sound of Young Vallines had never been in this canyon alrhough running water. I1: was now 7 :00 P. M. T,wo hours later he was born nor 3 miles from it. we found rhe river. We dropped down into another We came back ro Ceicle creek and made OUr way up level , then hack under the rock for about 50 ft. to a [h e dry bed ro a smaH stream coming down from the crevice 5 fr. wide. Ar rhe bottom is the stream. The ri ght. The entrance is up this s·lope about 159 yds. from water is about 8 ft. deep at this point and very hst. rhe junction of the twO streams. In the face of an out­ We followed the stream up until we came ro a large cropping of limesrone abour 10 ft. from the ground, is room. Our lights could jusr light up the ceiling. Ie an opening 3 k long by 1.0 fe high. The cave was must have been over 200 ft. or more ro the rop. The found by Walter Kingsly about 15 yrs. ago while digging room was very dry; but we were forced ro get wet if fo r groundhog. we were ro see any more of this wonderful cave. At this We dropped through the opening ro a mound of earth point the water was up ro our armpits; farther along, 6 ft. below, and walked down this mound 40 ft. inro a the walls widened out ro make the stream only a little room abour 500 fe by 250 ft., where massive formations over our ankles. After an hour in this cold water, we were everywhere. The floor is covered with , the heard a roar ahead. We assumed we were coming to the la rgest of which is 20 fe. by 15 ft. falls, but no such luck. We were at a series of chutes. Along the left side is. a corridor formed by a series We had ro buck the water coming down through wllls of columns 50 ft. long. The colors behind these pillars only 3 ft. wide in these chures. are wonderfu'l. The wal,ls are terraced with small lakes. The air current and spray from the water made ir hard Farther along the left wall is a large column abour 20 f a keep our lighrs burning. Water in these chutes was ft. at the base. We tryed this lead, but it was short, and waisr deep ; it would have impossible ro make ir up housed a large, oversized cricker colony. We followed rhrough them if rhe walls were farther apart. It rook [he wall keeping an eye out for the passage mentioned another half hour ro reach the falls, but it was well worth in the article by Mr. Connell. the effort we had spent. The falls are 65 ft. high, and At the rear of rhe main room is a hiE covered with bat the room in which they fall is full of mist. We couldn't guano, 12 ro 15 in. deep. The cei,ling is covered with make ourselves heard a foor away from each other. Thete small stalactites, and the floor with very wet mud at the is a large opening above the falls. Just how one could extreme end of this room. Along the right wall are ger up the face of rhis wall to explore farther is hard to large rocks, and behind one of these we found the lead conceive. We hope ro visir rhis cave in the future, and we were looking for. Our guides had enough by this find out whar mysteries lie above the falls. rime so we made our way ro the entrance. Two hours We were eating by the fire just below the entrance had been spent in exploring the one room. at 4 :30 the following morning after a fast trip out. After bidding our friends and guides goodbye, we had After a short rest we started our five-mile hike back ro a bite ro eat and reentered the cave ro follow the lead the car. We went ro sleep for a few hours, then started ro the river. In the main room just befote we entered on our return trip ro Pittsburgh. [his lead, we found large tracks. We decided they were JAMES BEARD. made by vimber wolf. Here we had a laugh furnished --*-­ by the lad from Kentucky: the cave didn'r seem large CAVE OF THE DEAD COW for Doyle and a timber wolf, roo. He wanted ro go As told by Albl!1·t Bachand of 7. P01tl;r Place, J;Jorlh AdamJ, our. We calmed him down by telling him the tracks who explored it in company wllh hIS father-11I-law, Henry were. old ones. (,Bur who are we ro .tell if they are old Cbampagne of 12 Potter Place arid James Papa of 367 H ou/?b­ lOll Street, North Adams, late in October, 1942. Mr. Bac/x;nd or new in a cave when they all look alike?) is a p"ospective member of N ew England Spelunkers' Grotlo, We made our way through a crawl of 40 fe. ro a No. 1, "N. S. S." f passage 12 ro 30 ft. wide with the ceiling ranging from I heard about this cavt:; in Hancock, Mass., rom a 10 to 50 fe. Along this passage we came ro a column brother-in-l aw, Pat Falbo, who works with me at the about 12 ft. at the base. The top of it came through the General Electric works, in Pittsfield. He rold me of the ceili ng and rhe bottom was in another passage 12 fe. man, Charles Skirkes, on whose farm the cave is situated. under the main one. We rook a look at the few leads The way he rold me, which was the same as I already Page 48 BULLETIN NUMBER FIVE

. had heard, was that rhe 'cave was so deep that you could same rock. It was formed a long time ago by an eanh­ throw a srone in it and couldn'r hear it land; that a cow quake or landslide which opened up a crevice in rhe had fallen into it ; that nobody ever went down because rock beneath «he ground. This type of cave is a hundred­ there was so much loose stone; that it was too dangerous; fold more dangerous to enter than is one which was that after you did go down to the point where the cow made by erosion action of water (such as the one at the stopped, you could not go further, for the opening was bottom of Union Dam) one being loose rock, the other roo small. solid ledge. The cave was 55 feet deep, measured with We went ro that farm last Monday morning, Colum- a string. bus Day (Ocr. 12) ro investigate this cave. Only the --*-- wife was home and she hadn't been ro the cave in live years and only knew its whereabours within a mile. JOHN RRIEND'S SALTPETER CAVE We went ro the foot of the mou'ntai'n and fanned out,' The following report on John Friend's Saltpeter Cave my father-i n-law, Henry Champagne, Jimmy Papa, and in Garrett County, Maryland, is to be considered a sup­ 1. It was my father-in-law who found the cave and gave plement to vhe report by William Stephenson . in Bulletin out a war-whoop ro call us two other fellows. No. 4, page 9, September 1942. The cave is surrounded by a pole fence, no doubt While on vacation in vhe late summer of 1942 at Deep erected so no more cows could fall in; it is in a depres­ Creek Lake in Garrett Couney, we decided not only to sion of about a 20-fr. diameter. Jimmy started down visit John Friend's Saltpeter Cave, bur ro lind out as with a pole and poked around a hole of about a foot much about it as we could and report our lindings in a across. His pole suddenly went out ' of sight, and he complete form. Armed wivh bottles for water samples, came up that bank so fast I thought he would continue 'a long laboratory thermometer, a protracror (the nearest straight dawn the mounta'in. He wouldn't go back down thing that we could lind to a compass in Garrett County) there unless I went firsr. a tape measure, vials for collecting, we located the cave We tied a heavy rope ro ' a big tree just above the . on the side of a rolling hill on the Friend farm and opening. I climbed down and kicked the leaves and entered it by means of a crude ladder placed there by srones until there was an opening plenty big enough to previous cavers. let anybody through easily. I went in, followed by On the first day we spent 30 hours exploring the Jimmy, and down about 25 feet ro a sort of ledge, and passages and getting as far through the cave as we there was the cow. It had been there about four years comfortably could. The cave seemed to continue· in and all that was left was the skeleton. We broke off a crawling dimensi·ons so we decided to get our tempera­ jawbone and rook a picture of it and of a bat that was ture readings and water specimens on this trip and re­ hangi ng from the side of the cave at the same time. turn for later exploration. Most of the going on this We figured t·hat people could not hear their srones first tPip was very easy, and at no time was it necessary land because they were landing on the cow, leaves, and to craw!' The atmosphere and walls were full or mois­ debris that ,was piled there. This place seemed ro be the ture. Initials and names covered most of the muddy botrom of the cave. We were almost disappointed be­ walls. The readings made on this lirst trip are all given cause we expected ro find an immensely deep cave from at the end of the article. This first trip was made in t·he the reports we had heard. After a while we managed daylight. ro open up a hole in the fl oor next ro the very un­ The next night we returned and took a group of others C0nten ted CO'\>,I, ~ho failed ro become a troglodyte or wirh us. John and Joe Mattingly and Paul and Bob whatever you call cave enthusiasts. This was the tightest Lewis, fellow vacationers and new cavers, and Paul opening I had ever had ro squeeze through yer. Ie was Uphold a nearby farm boy were in vhe party. We straight down. Not knowing where I was going ro land, quickly covered the distance of the cave tha; we had it was quite an experience-not mentioning the loose covered the day before, or ro the spot where going was stones that followed. After I got through the .. squeezer" .. no longer easy, and the passage seemed blocked by a T saw such a slew of large that I regretted coming mud fill and a large stone known as the Saltpeter Rock down . I mean large: one says to the other, "Shall we from which the cave got its name. eat 'm here or carry him inside?" I didn't tell the other W e then divided into two groups of three and four. fellow about them 'till he was down with me, and then ' Bob Lewis, Joe Mattingly, Paul Uphold and Martin lay he told me not to sh ine my flashli ght on the beasts, he flat on their stomachs and wiggled rhrough the small didn't want ro see them. hole or what was left of the passage, determined to find This cave was formed in the same manner as the any further cave if such was in existance. Kay, John W·illiams Cave in Williamstown, and is composed of the Mattingly, and Paul Lewis started back out of vhe cave NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 49 making a chronological list of names and dates appearing the entrance oJ the cave. The furred tail and extremely on the cave walls ' and collening any fauna overlooked white hair on the stomach of the anima'l prompted .the on the previous trip. Bob Lewis, Joe Mattingly, Paul tenta.tive identification. Several specimens of the solitary Dphold and Marcin separated into two groups for chain­ or dewy bat (P. s. subflavus) were also observed. ing and mapping the cave beyond the mud fill. (Details Flora noted consisted of long filamentous fruiting of the mapping will be given later.) This second trip bodies of a fungus found in the numerous rat droppings was completed in 2 Y; hours. and many flat lichens found near the entrance, in th e Physical Studies zone of parcial darkness and in several cases in the zone of total darkness. This cave is almost lacking in cave formations. Some ve ry small stalactites were found on the upper level of Human Interest Studies the cave near the entrance. As Stephenson stated in his The earliest date that could be found on the cave walls reporc, the so-called "Saltpeter Rock" may be the rem­ was 1776-Mary Hinebaugh. Following is a list of nants of a large stalagmite or column. Beyond the mud­ dates and names, most outstanding from that date to the fi ll, one large mud-covered stalactite shaped much like present. :l hornet's nest was the only formation noted. Th!s 1809-E. C. Woodrup stalactite incidentally is the only unmarred formation 1816-L. Boer left in the cave. 1847-H. W. Stevens The cave is negotiable 248' beyond the mud fill. Most 1868-S. P. Friend of the passages are low and narrow, and can be traveled 1870-Ed. Browning only by sl·i-ding, crawling or crouchin.g. One narrow 1871-Newton Kemp room, 5' to 6' wide, 35' to 40' long and varying from 1872-Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kemp 4' ro 9' in height, lies at right angles ro the passage 58' 1873-George Percy southwest of the mud-fill. The passage runs generally 1875-A. J. Dutton, July 19 southwest with muc·h twis-ting and turning .. 1878-S. Browning, May 20 The cave stream is fed from five different noticeable 1879-Annie Savage so urces. It originates 15' norcheast of stadia B, (base 1880-E. Custer, July 3 of second ladder) is increased by a large drip pool 10' 1881-Friend, C. C. southwest of stadia F. (about 190' from base of second 1887-Eliz. Friend ladder), by the spring southeast of the junction men­ 1891-0~car Shame tioned by Mr. Stephenson, by a side stream 162 ' S. W. 1892-A. Rodafer of the mud fill, and a second side stream 216' S. W . 1894-J. J. Thompson, Photographer of the. fill. Both of the streams beyond the fill entered 1900-J. H. Shank, Aug. 22 {he passage from the S. E. 1903-Dollie Snlow Temperature readings of the water taken at the origin 1913-Hattie Custer of the cave stream, the drip pool and the mud fill were 1915--Carroll Friend 53° , 52° and 52 ° F. respectively. Air temperatutes 1924-Edw. Hinebaugh taken at the base of the second ladder, the junction and 1927-Owen Friend-C. R. Carr at the mud fill were 56° , 57° and 54° F. respectively. 1932-Fred Allen These temperatures can be considered valid only f0r 1933-Mary E. H oge {he time of year at which they were taken. 1941-R. T . Nordeck Water samples taken at the ori gi n of the cave stream, 1942-Mr. and Mrs. Muma at the drip pool, and at the mud fill 'proved the water The above list proves first of all the constancy of the to be very pure chemically. The electrolytic constant of moisture of the cave ro allow names ro remain intact so the water varied between 95 and 90 at 65° F. which is long, secondly the length of time the cave has been ve ry litrle greater than that of disrilled water. known and thirdly that women have been spelunkers as Biological Studies long as men. The first date had a woman's name and The fauna actually collected in the cave consisted of 4 they were sprinkled liberally through the years. spring tails, 3 flies, 1 mosquiro, 1 cave cricket, 5 harvest­ A deposit of used carbide was found beyond the mu d ment and two spiders. Identifications of these specimens fill proving vhat explorers had been beyond the Saltpeter will be found in the fauna committee reporc. Rock before and proving also that the stream never rises One young rat believed by the authors ro be a young appreciably to wash the passages clear of such debris. Allegany Wood Rat was observed about 150 feet from Thus we may say that the moisture of walls and atmas- Page 50 BULLETIN NUMBER FIVE

phere and the flow of r.he stream are relatively constant. Trumbo informed us uhat jordan's Cave was some cwo Friend's Cave is not large in comparison with many, or two and a half miles on up the stream and up the but is very interesting from the human interest point of s-ide of the mounta·in, but vhat there were several small view. caves very close by, down stream. KAY AND MARTIN MUMA. Because we were all a little exhausted from our diffi­ culties in finding the cave we decided on the small, close --*-- ones, known as Indian Caves. We cut back to the right INDIAN CAVES­ or S. W . after crossing vhe stream on the railroad ties PENDLETON COUNTY, W. VA. and follDwed back along r.he stream gradually climbing the steep hill on the left. We soon saw the mouth of The weekend of May 30, 1942, a group of the Society one of vhe caves high on a ledge over 'Our heads. Bill members met in West Virginia for the purpose of ex­ Stephenson and John Petrie, by climbing high around ploring as many caves as possible in a short time. The the entrance, were able to drop down' on the ledge by a night was to be spent in Davis, W. Va.; but the party, rope and drop a rope ladder to those 'Of us below. The coming from various points, were instructed to meet at res't of the party then ascended by means of the rope jordan's Cave on a small country road running parallei ladder (a first experience on such a ladder for some 'Of to Route 28 from Petersburg to FrankEn. Instructions us) and entered the cave. said to take a road out of Moorefield to the left, ana The passage into it was narrow and winding, ending follow that road, the cave "couldn't be missed! " The in a very small room. The only thing we found that road was very obV'ious on the map, but very hard on might have indicated Indians, were smoked niohes in the tires, car, and nerves, and the distance was much greater floor and walls which might have sewed for fire con­ than had been expected. The cave turned out to be 26 tainers. One large rat was noticed scampering into a miles from Moorefield and only 6 from Oak Flat which hole and later a nest of baby rats was found. The is on an excellent road from Franklin. The directions atmosphere and walls of the cave were very dry. W e thus ~hould read : go to Franklin and turn left to Oak soon returned to the ledge and descended the rope Flat. At Oak Flat tum left six miles on a dirt road ladder to the somewhat level spot below. to the Trumbo farm, and the ca·ve is on .the left. Those of us who came from Moorefield have little to By continuing a little further along the side of the complain about even though the road was not good. hill and up another cliff by means of a s-haky 'Old ladder Those who really got into difficulties were the car loads we found the entrance to another smaller cave. This who tried to fin·d short cuts across the mounta·in from cave, also, was very dry and much smaller vhan the first. Petersburg on roads that ex.isted, not on road maps, but Interesting fauna was noticed in both and will be listed only in far-mers' minds. When the party had finally below. gathered, everyone was too exhausted from travel to go After thoroughly working both 'Of these caves, we immediately to the caves; so, since the Moorefield river returned to vhe T ~ umbo farm by crossing the stream ran obl igingly alongs ide the dirt road, we all, in various directly below the cwo caves instead of returning to the stages of dress and undress, refreshed ourselves wivh an railroad ties to cross. ea rl y summer swim. After our dip we fo und the Trumbo farm on the right Biological Studies hand side of ~e road going toward Oak Flat, donned Fauna collected in the cave consisted 'O f one jumping ou'r cave clothes, gathered together our equipment and spider, one comb-footed spider and one wandering spider, started across the field behind vhe farm house with the all collected at the entrance. See fauna Committee Re­ guidance of Mr. Trumbo. POrt for identifications. '11he lack of moisrure probably We were then heading toward jordan's Cave. We accounts for the low biota of the caves. starred tDward the gap behin·d vhe farm known as A large female rat and young were observed; the Trumbo's Gap, crossed a small stream and fence and yDung were tame and could be induced to gnaw on small .foHDwed N. E. along the stream on an old road that bits 'Of wood. crossed the stream again. Picking up the old road across The floors of these caves probably would have re­ ~e stream we followed it past some old railroad ties and continued to follow the stream with Trumbo's Gap .vealed Indian r.elics, but as no archeolDgist was present to our east. Then we crossed a large stream on 'Old they were left intaa. Enthusiasm plus a laGk of knowl­ railroad ties laid 'On the stream bed. When we had edge may have destroyed valuable material. crossed this last stream we stopped to reconnoiter. Mr. MARTIN AND KAy MUMA. NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 51

LIMESTONE MT. CAVE No fauna was observed in the main cave. In vhe This cave was vi5'ited by the Society on Sunday, May entrance room crickets were seen and flies, spiders, 31, 1942. The patry included Jack Preble, Dr. Paul mosquitoes, etc. are probably also present but were not Price, Bill Stephenson, George Reeves, Lew Klewer, actually observed. Noble Smith, Mabel Sterns, Florence Whirley. At me The cave itself is small and quite young. As it is just time of this visit the cave entrance was entirely filled below the surface of an exposed mountain side with wivh wire, brush, junk, botrles, etc. The awner states good surface of drainage, it is obvious that soon that the last time anyone was known to have been in i_ (geologically) the ground will be cut down to it and it was some 30 years previous. It took about Y2 hour to will thus cease to exist. remove the debris sufficienrly to effect entrance. The This cave ds located on the property of Mr. Ernest entrance proved to be a s·ink about 8' deep with a narrow Adams just souvh of Limestone, on the southeast side vertically shaft about 3' in diameter in the bottom of Limestone Mt., Tucker Counry, West Va. droping direcrly into a small dome of about 8' diameter Specific directions to reach the cave are as follows: and 10 fe. high. (A rope ladder was used but is not from Parson, W. Va., go 7 miles to St. George. From 1 necessary requirement) . From this first dome whicn St. George take road to Limestone and go exacrly 6 miles has been marred the "entrance chamber", the entrance to Mr. --- house. Park cars. Go up dirt road from changes to a small crack like opening about 2' wide, house around sourh side of me Mt. for about 150' till leads on to rhe main cave 6' below. di recrly below lone tree in field above road (on hill). The fl oor of Entrance Chamber was formed of rocks Cave entrance about 75' below road (left side) in field. l nd other rubbish whioh had been thrown in through Entrances and an old s·ink which Mr. Adam~ has part.ia.Jly the sink so that it was impossible to ascertain the position filled with wire and rubbish has the usual weeds and of the true fl oor. This debris had partially blocked the small trees and growth and is easily recognized from lead into t,he main cave forming, in fact, a wall of loose the work road. stone that appeared ready to move and fill rhe entire This cave is in the Greenbriar limestone which lies lead at the least provocation. From one to 2' of this just below the cr ~st of Limestone Mt. The entrance of loose rock was removed before il was deemed safe to the cave is near rhe bottom of this limestone belt and proceed further. It is quite probable rhat the true floor the cave itself extends down ,into these porous sand­ of this entrance ohamber is actually on nearly the same stones which lie below r.he limestone. A small stream level as the mai n cave as is those of the first and second probably intermittently trickles through the main part dome rooms. of the qve to sink into a pit near the end of the cave The main cave itself consists pr·imatily of but a single and disappears in vhe underlying sandstone. There ar~ passage, generally L shaped. One enters this passage 2 fairly large each estimated to be 30'-35' higher at the joint of the L. The long leg of the cave extends Just off· of the main. ,lead of the cave. The first is the about 300', in a S. W. direction. The passage constitut­ larger and in wet weather supports a pool several inche~ ing this leg is about 5' wide and 10' high. It has a small deep in its bottom. Booh domes probably extend to stream which probably dries up in wet weather. About within a foot or two of the ground's surface and in time 50' dawn vhe passage the stream drops 2 Y2 to 3' form­ undoubtedly will develop into new sinks or even ad­ ing the beginning of a second level. The stream dis­ ditional openings. appears after 30' as does this level. 25' on the righ: No formations or othet items of interest of any kind side is the first and largest dome room 6' in diameter were noted. No revisits are recommended unless one and 30' or more higher with a wet weather lake, as should wish to check on the progress of Mr. Adams' previously described. 23' on is a pit 3' in diameter, attempts to fill it up. approximately 10-15' deep which ptobably penetrates into the underlying sandstone. 100' on, still on the --*-­ right, is the second dome room which is about ~ the LOST CREEK CAVE size of vhe first one. About 50' on the passage becomes This cave is situated about 10 miles northwest of too small for further progress. Anaconda, Montana, and is a1so known as t:he Foster The small leg of the L constitutes a passage 3' wide Creek Cave or the Garriry Cave. and 5' high. This passage, ltfter about 30', branches It is reached best by driving up Foster Creek, west of into 3 passages, the righDhand 2 of which are immedi­ Anaconda, taking the road which rums up the canyon ately blocked by mud and talus. The lefthand one bears to the right after having gone up a hill two miles up slighrly to the left, and continues for about 100'; where­ from the mouth and driving up this to the first large upon it becomes too small for further traverses. canyon to the right again. There is but one ridge in B U L LET INN U M·B E R F I V E

this canyon, and it is about two-thirds of the way up one to the wesr. The room is fairly dry and has little and on the left-hand side. The cave is in the second formation and a rock Roor. large park, about 300 yards back on the (Op of this ridge, We tOok the north passage. down and, after about 20 and about 250 yards south from a seerion cornerpost, feet of passage, came to another ladder about 6 feet over n ' ry easily seen on the tOp of the main ridge. The a smoovh boulder face. This gave intO a room about 60' opening is marked by a trench 10' x 4' with a pile of by 30' with a broken rock Roor and litrle formation . dirt on · one side. If. there is difficulty, query Horace The southwest corner of this room had a group of Garrity at Garrity Grocery, in Anaconda. formation and twO small pools, about a foot across an d deep, with a passage going upward which looked as Sf rucftlre and F ormat;01lS: 6" if it pinched out, and which we ignored in favor o f the 1t has an orig inal vertical drop of about 40', which larger passage leavi ng the other end of th e room at .-1 can be negotiated by a ladder there (which should be downward slanr. tested by a roped person, first) , and consists of 6 rooms which can be explored; terminating with a blocked This passage curved for about 20 feet and gave into passage which may be openable. It has three pools of a smaller room with a beautiful waterfall- formation on water, two · about a foot in diameter, and one about 8' the right hand side. The tOp of this formation looked· in diameter and 4' deep. Formations are still live and somewhat like a Buddha to Nelson's e}ie, but I insisted are RowstOne, bacon, c1usterites, and the stalactites, it looked as if he had melred and run down the side, so stalagmites, and pillars usually found. we christened it the " Melted Buddha." A short passage and another ladder brought us to the I d e1lt; /icatio 11: nex t room, which is as beautiful as I have ever seen. Should properly be called either Foster Creek or Flowsrone and c1usterites abound and there is a pool, Garrity Cave, as it is in th e Foster Creek dr~inage in­ . about 8' in diameter and 4' deep, with formations all stead of the lost Creek. ov.er its edge and down into it on its walls. We couldn'r see if there was a passage in it under the back edge or History: not, and it was a little tOO cold to explore comfortably This cave was discovered in 1886 by Garrity and Fish to find our. as a very small opening. They enlarged it and put in The passage went on over a hump and intO another ladders. The present ladders have been i~ over 32 years small room with a fair amount of formation, and over and sti ll show little signs of decay. A large number of another hump into the end room. Here the flo or was people have autOgraphed the cave, both men and women, broken rock and th e passage led down to the ldr and from the year of its discovery to the present, but the was filled in with the rock. It looks as if this loose formations are not badly damaged as one would expect. rock could be removed and might open a further pas­ Members of party: leader, H. Seidemann, Jr. ; and sage, but our time was tOo short to admit of us lttempt­ Mrs. Herman Seidemann, Anaconda, and Willis Nelson, ing the job so· we started back. Bozeman, Mont. Willis arrived from Bozeman on Saturday night and At the first room we now turned our attemion to th e gathered our equipement for an early start on Sunday west passage and, after about 40' of small turning pas­ morning. lacking a car we caught an early bus. Of sage, we came intO a large room through a small squeeze. course our atti re aroused g reat amusement and curiosiry We ~hen recognized the second room. We hai come to the other passengers. We reverted to foot when our out the passage we had before considered as no ~oo d path diverged from that of the bu s, and arrived at the proving that no passage should be considered as ·1 ~ dead cave after hiking about 7 miles through very scenic end until it has been proved by exploration to the very surroundings. As we reached the cave we were caught end. in a h eavy rainstO rm, so we took shelrer under some We came back out at 4 :30, to find the stOrm blown Alpine pine (we were at an altitude of about 8000') away and the sun shining. W·illis and I completed our and broiled some steaks for lunch. maps and checked them against each other. W e fo und We entered the cave at 2:30, Willis and Betty pro­ them in good agreement. viding an anchor for a rope about my waist while I We talked over the various ways borne and decided tested the 30-year old ladder. It was sti ll very sol.id , as to go over the ridge and down l ost creek. On tOp of my feet we re so re from jumping on the rungs on the the ridge directly north of t.he cave about 250 y.u d; is .1 way down. Mrs. Sei demann and Willis then joined me section corner survey marker, which we looked over and in th e main room. This room is about 70' by 30' with then calmly left, without noting the section numbers! twO large passages leading off , one to the north and From an available Forest Service map we think thlt th e NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 53

Cu rn er is that of sections 32, 33 T6N,R12W, and 4, 5 try ro find rhe sUDface exit accounting for the draft. He T5N,R12W. placed all the extra facilities of the Park Service at 'our Equipmenr: command-lights, maps lefe by the CCC, and ' the sleep­ 50' of 0 " rope. ing facilities at the Lodge. Also, he personaIly provided 2 small miners carbide lamps. (5 hrs. capacity) us with a compass and level for mapping purposes. I wrist fiashlite. * On May 9th Melvin Carlson, Keith Ripley, and Willis 1 small first aid kir. Nelson from Bozeman and I from Anaconda, all mem­ . Notebooks. bers of the National Speleological Sociery, met at the HERMAN SEIDE MANN, JR. Lodge about 4:00 P. M. We had driUs and a sledge for removing the bulkhead, as well as cameras and lights --*-­ of various sortS. We held a conference with Me. Petsch HELL'S HALF ACRE making fina:l plans, and with lunches, electric lights For twO years we had been dreaming of Hell's Half furnished by Me. Petsch, and -rhe rest of our equipmenr Acre, Willis Nelson and myself. We were [WO studenrs we enrered the cave about 5 :30 P. M. From 6 :00 P. M. we worked on the bulkhead, aided at Montana State College with a common desire ro ex­ plore caves. We had explored other caves, bur Hell's by Jack Malone, a guide at the cave; who in spite of Half Acre was our as yet unaHained Mecca. having to guide the next day, wenr on in ro Hell's Half Acre with us. H ell's Half Acre is a porrion of Morrison Cave Mon­ The bulkhead had set exceptionally solid in the damp tana, a beauriful handiwork of nature in the picturesque air of rhe cave, and in combination with the cramped Jefferson Canyon, is a deep gash in the 1300' layer of working quarters we had a difficult time. Bur by 10 Ma di sonian limesrone which covers a large portion of P. M. we had cleared the concrete work out and had a wes t cenrral Monrana. Morrison Cave, now a State space large enough for even Mel Carlson who needed Pa rk, was hewn by Nature in a great fold where this more clearance than the rest of us. We then ate our laye r was benr 30°. The main portion of the cave has lunch, drank from the spring back of Pompey's Pillar , been well described and its fame has spread, especialIy and enrered the poinr of inrerest. since the Governmenr installed a CCC camp further ro The room we enrered was 1"8' x 10' wi·eh a ceiling Jevelop the cave. 4' ro 8' high', similar in nature to the porrion of the cave The GeC boys had done extensive work and the cave we had just left, and had three passageways large enough was considered practically mapped and known when one for travel. We chose the one with the draft leading boy, on getting up in a small passage, found an opening upward and decided that we would at all times follow emitting a, drafr. The enlarging of this hole unleashed. the draft or, not being able ro deteer it, the uppermost a large-scale explorative efforr; but after one boy was . passage, since because of the nature of the formation los t for a. considerable time, and othets narrowIy escaped the cave is in, the opening must be on or near the tOP inj ury, those in charge deciding that its rough nature ridge. offe red no commercial ' possibilities, and unable ro curb Upon leaving this room, we found we were definitely the explorative tendencies of the boys, put up a concrete in a differenr type of cave structure. The main axis of and rubble bulkhead in the opening and HeU's Half the fold must be neat this room, the developed porrion Acre was a·gain closed except ro the draft and the bats of the cave being of a solurion room rype, the result of which wenr through the small remaining passage. tremendous compression increasing the solubility. The Armed with this knowledge and intimate acquainrance portion we wete now in had been rom apart and was, wi rh the cave gained through several rrips and conversa­ in the main, simple vast spaces and jumbled rock, left tion with the guides and those who had frequenred the when the ro(ks had been rorn aparr. The path here cave before irs developmenr, we went ro Me. Bruno rapid~y steepened with few solu~ion openings and, with Petsch, Geologist and Supr. of the cave. Mr. Petsch had two exceptions, clusterites as the only formations . ai ded us in cave work before, and knew of our experience . In a shorr distance, repeated measuremenrs showed ~ nd was himself anxious ro know more about Hell's Half the inclination ro be approximately 45 °, varying from Acre than the meager information left by the CCc. 40° ro 50° . The gDing was very difficult and we began When we offered ro remove the bulkhead, he gave us ro rea·lize that rhe belt lights (a battery about 4" x 7" pe roission ro do so, and ro explore such portions of and 2" thick with a light on a 3' cord) were not ideal Hell's Ha.Jf Acre as we deemed safe, and especially ro . for explorarory WOI'k, being bulky and awkward when carried in the hand, and enlarging the waist line unduly -I u ~ e and approve of thi s li tt, as the extra hand freedom is very hil ndy i but an emergellC\" is :l IfIllsl with thi s, as th e batteri es last only when carried on the belt. We explored numerous small j . ; h r!'i . usually, 3nd the" case is of a breakable plasti c. Page 54 BULLETIN NUMBER FIV E

passages, but found there was one passage leading up, BLOWHOLE CAVE which seemed the only route carrying on for any great On Sunday, April the 25th, Marcin Muma, Walcer distance. Finally, about 2 A. M., we decided ro call 1 Weed, Richard Scott, Roscoe Dwiggins and myself set halt, having progressed inward about 600' from the out for Blowhole Cave. This cave, as previously reported, point of entrance of Hell's Half Acre and having gained is located on tne farm of Mr. Raines, in Teterron, W . Va. about 300' of altirude above this point. The room where The cave extends for about two miles and has one very we stopped was one of the langest we had seen in this promising side passage which is not yet completely part of the cave, being about 60' x 40' at its largest explored. I believe that the Society has visited this cave dimensions, with a rota I vertical development of about from the entrance upstream ro the second duck-under. 50'. We made the rerum trip in about an hour, since The second duck-under is" about 35 feet in length and we now had a marked trail and no side passages ro at the end of the ctawl, the formations have formed mtrigue us. almost ro the surface of the water making it necessary The next morning, the four of us (the guide being ro stick your head completely under water ro continue on . on duty) went back in at about 11 A. M. and resumed At the end of this crawl, there is a pretty group of for­ the upward trail. This time we left the unwieldy lights mations. Formations are scattered all along the cave, behind and used three small carbides, whi·le I used a but much of the cave is bare. There .are several large flashlight strapped ro my wrist for more freedom of flow-srones which are very beautiful. In the side pas­ movement in difficulc passages. sage there are also some very nice formations. We reached our previous rop in about an hour and Continuing from the duck-under, the passage is fairly commenced fresh progress. The cave 'soon seemed ro large and it is very easy traveling. The next obstacle is llanen out and the progress became more difficult. The a waterfall about seven or eight feet high. The water slam varies from 50 ro 300 and the passageways were in the pool under the fall is about waist deep, and the smaller and many blind alleys were encountered. The fall can be crossed by one persOn standing in the water draft was still with us though, and spurred us on to and hoisting the others over, or by one person going more climbing and through many passages so small that over and throwing a rope back. The passage continues we could barely work through. Finally at 4 P. M. we on ro a fairly large room which contains another water­ turned back, since we Dad ro be out by .6 :30 P. M. for fall. Running from the left side of this room is a large bus connections. We still had clear passage visible si·de passage, which we followed for about % of a mile. ahead and the draft was still there. We had progressed Most of this side passage is almost as large as the main 400' past our srop of the day before and had gained 100' passa;ge, except in a few places where it is necessary ro ro 150' more altirude. draw in your sromach and squeeze through. On the way back we sropped at one large side passage Going over the waterfall in the main passage, you and Carlson went in to take a look at it. A shout brought come ro a series of small falls or drops of about one foot, us on the run an'd we beheld the "Snow Room." I can­ following this the passage becomes very large and the not conceive of any scene more beautiful. The crystals floor is quite smooch and composed of black rock . here are a pure white and resemble nothing so much as Further on there is a room to the side of the passage they do a thick hoar . They have formed on the which contains an old ladder, and some initials. From dog-rooth spar in layers 1" ro 6" in depth and are on here on, the main passage is a jumble of rocks. The the floor to depths of over 18". water comes out from an impassable crack in the side, The trip Out took abOut 1% hours and, after emerging thus we believe this ro be the end of the cave. and reaching the Lodge, we held a conference with Mr. Martin Muma has previously reported on the fauna Petch. From final review of our data, we concluded in this cave. Near the end of the cave (in the room from outside survey figures that we had been within 50' containing the ladder), we observed many crickets and to 150' of vhe surface. some spiders. We also observed a cave millipede. The Future plans were discussed including plans for an conductivity of the water was 85 and the pH was 7.5 . attempt ro be made to establish the outer exit by means The foregoing description of this cave is rather brief of a small cylinder of gas released in the draft and and certainly does not do justice ro the cave. It is a very smelled at from the surface. interesting cave, and well worth visiting. Analysis of the "Snow" crystals made by myself, a • EARL BEARDSLEY. chemist, proved them aU to be carbonates, and mainly --*-­ calcium, with traces of the other alkaline earths, except­ SNIVELY'S CAVE ing barium. After filling my gas-tank with the remains of my HERMAN J. SEIDEMANN, JR. meager " A" ration of gasoline, we set out one Sunday NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCI ETY Page 55

in search of a cave near Keedysville, Md. Besides Marrin The fauna, which we collected, consisted of nine Muma and myself, two new cavers, Roscoe Dwiggins spiders, one fly , one mosquito and twO crickets. Several and 'Walter Weed, went along. bats (P.s. subflavus) , one centipede, and one rat nest By nine o'clock we had' reached Boonsboro. From were observed. (See Muma's fauna report for fauna of Boonsboro to Keedysville we followed route 34. In this cave.) Keedysville we turned east on the first road south of the After this somewhat disappointing visit we went to nril road tracks. Here we luckily met a farmer who in· the remains of Bushy(?) cave at Cavetown, Md. As formed us that the first road to the right (south) would Stephenson had cold Muma, this cave had been entirely take us direcrly to Snively'S farm. dug away as a quarry. Upon reaming the farm, we donned our cave apparel Since it was still fairly early, we went to Needy'~ and set out in search of the cave, which was "over Cave, Pa., where we got quite muddy and very tired but yonder a piece facing the crick" From previous direc­ our spirits were up to par when we headed for home. [ions we knew that the cave was located in a limestone Below is a rough map drawn up by Muma, of Snively's face which was facing a creek. We followed the creek Cave. The compass points are correct, but the distances a shorr way and came co the projecting limestone strata. are estimated. For about two and one half hours we slid and crawled EARL BEARDSLEY. into the numerous little holes which were in the lime­ --*-- stone face . . Finally we located one hole in the north end of the hill which w efelt certain was the ·cave. Being BEAR CAVE, NEAR BLAIRSVILLE, PA. the smallest, I squeezed through the narrow entrance, Accompanied by Ed. Gage and Katherine Gage, I an d sure enough, it was rhe cave. Much to our disap­ visited this cave. It was visited by R. Scone about 1931 pointment the cave was only about 200 feet in length, and mentioned in h is book. Bear cave is traversed most­ and consisted of three rooms, all of which were blocked ly by crawling. We manlllged co reach the stream at a off by clay. In the last room there were two pools of very narrow . passage about 800 ft. from the entrance. water. The ca·ve was rather moist but there was no We could not go farther although Mr. ' H . Stitt, Editor running water. The fmmations consisted of two or of Blairsville Gazette claims to have passed this poine. three columns, many small stalagmites, a,nd one series of He is bigger than anyone of us. He and Mr. W . Carney, pools. A few formations were still in [he Scoutmaster of troup No.1, Blairsville were with us in process of being formed. the cave. Mr. Stitt's small dog stayed with us the whole The temperature of the au In the last room of the way through. Some bats, crickets and s

rope as was clearly indicared, served [0 emphasize rh e From the Society1s Records imporrance of always using a safery when climbing.

T~~ following dc·tail rt ' p O rl ~ of ht'!d trips alill IHt' r('pon on uPraclict' Derails of rhis accident are -appended separarely. 11011: ,han' nt't'll ',ak t' ll from th e: fllt·s of Ihl' Socit'ly :Jnd reprodu ct=d hf" rt'JII HI full. ,II 1:-0 not rh t: gt'IH'ral t' dil ori al policy to prillt the detail The map of rhis cave (see cur) previously prepared re- p.u r! of . all trl p~ and C3 V t' :o. that b ~('o mt' pan of our rt'co rd s as it is was checked along rh e main lead and found [0 be ac­ ilt'lI t' n 'd It "',ou ld makc' th e Bull,full a~ a wh.ole 100 ullilHe rt'slillJ,!;. Ii~wt'v ~~ . p a rti c ul a ~I .\' ,wt:ll :d,OIlt' or Illl t'res lIllg dt' lad nports lIot pn'part'd \,:Jth \'It'\\' of p,ubhc:lIIOII "yall bl' rt' produc(d from time to lime \\'lIh a curare in all maj or respecrs. Ie was found rh ar g rearer V If' W ,to ~ uppl,nllg ~ U)!;J,!;t'!'tJ O II S ( ~ m t' mb t' r ~ and groups for th t'i r own [0 rqlUrullg. 1,1 I !'< hup,l·d Ihal h~ ' tillS lI1t':1 I1 !'1 th e quality of our rt:po rts 111:1\' derail as formarion or ocher disrincrive features should I hu!' ht' COllIJllually IIllpro \, t'd. - be added [0 increase rh e map's usefulness. Tht' J1r;~clict' o.f \Ht'I)':lfin~ :l prollOsed program or schedule in ad\ ' 3I1c~ !I f a rrlp I S parlll"U

~ r~_ • ...... -1' ~~Io_"C­ AooM ..... ' ....~._~:~'w out/i ..... ofroo""

.. """" a.tw>& ... "»or ScCtoOl'I c;·e in\orttrd l~ t..,.". SCQIe I-·~O'

~ SYMBOLS - CLARKE'S CAVE Dql.p",~e.O ev T .... E Li..... 4..,c$'1'"b.I $~ Hol.f¥~t 0 S PEL EOLOGlCAl. SOC.IETY LOCATEO ot Mc:CL.u .... G ,,, BATH COVNTY V .... I(nOlJiif\ lima •• fe.we::::::::::::: water G1!!!!J of AMERICA.. Su"v_"I_d O...q.,".' ••O b~ .lo""e •. Morql2'l t Sc.""c+'q Cop .•• of t" .• mop fT'IO'i be oeev.-.d ~ " .. Ul'luplo.... d Se-ctie;.,!.:~:·--_-. Rod. C O "O~II S~;;!;z:/,':~OO,b(.ce~~.::l~.:"tl Q;-~~rd" St ..P ~toP. ~ .... at 4912' 4~r. PIoo.»IW-Wosh 0 C .

bone for a diagonal 1 ~ " cut over the kneecap, requiring to Fort Lewis. At McClung (only road crossing) cross five stitches. Fortunately the knee was merely deeply No. 629 straight through and cross Cow Pasture River cut, not otherwise bruised nor any bone smashed, so he on concrete ford or bridge at 3.6 miles from No. 39. was able shortly thereafter to walk out alone on the .3 mile on is home of Mr. Clarke on left, a total distance roundabout path the rest of the party had meanwhile from No. 39 of 3.9 miles, where cars may be parked. descended. Vincent kindly volunteered to drive him to Cross stream back of Mr. Clarke's house and go straight a doctOr. Dr. Hileman of Milboro was reached prompt­ up hill following old road through small gap with small ly, and he quickly and deftly did a good job of repair. wet-weather stream on left. After passing through gap This incident serves well to illustrate the need for (about 34 mi. from house) head due north across field always using a safety rope. Had such a rope been used to the tOp of the cliffs of the Cow Pasture river. At this Petrie could easily have been eased down to the ground point one is directly over the cave entrance, which lies in when his error in judgment of vertical distance became a dark break in rhe cliff. The cave mouth can be reached apparent. Some degree of skill and experience was with aid of a 50' rope ladder, the minimum height of the definitely proved by this incident to be no substitute for cliff being nearly 40'. The right (east) side of the gorge a safety rope. It is requested rhat all of our members is the best for climbing. take this incident to heart and never make even the To reach the cave without scaling the cliff, follow the simples t dangerous climb or descent without a safety. lower edge of the field (approx. northwest) to the cliffs T here is an old saying to the effect "it is always the good of the Cow Pasture. Here there is a break that allows swimmer that gets drowned." So in climbing it appears one to descend to the river's edge. Follow along the to be "always a good climber that frets injured." base of the cliff to the right (east to northeast) to a gorge or "canyon" in which is the cave entrance and ApPEN'blx 2. Directions for Reaching Clarke's Cal'e. climb to a dirt slide. A stationary rope to aid in hill From Milboro Springs, Bath County, Va., proceed climbing is desirable both at the hill to the cave entrance, west on N o. 39 (road toward Warm Springs) for ap­ and at the main hill down to the river. The true or main proximately five miles to No. 625 (on right) marked entrance to the cave is in the third gap in the cliff. The NAT' IONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 59

second gap has the small cave encrance that requires exception that it appeared [0 be distincdy warmer than crawling. The extenc of cave back of the hole in the the average cave throughouc. fim gap is at presenc undetermined. In the base of the Mr. Tolley now offered to lead us to the lower of cI iff just below ([0 the west and south) of the fim gap south mouth of the cave. The south cave appeared [0 is a small hole that emits a powerful scream of cold air be quite differenc from the north seerion. Ie had the In summer. This hole however is [00 small [0 permit usual cave temperature and was exceptionally well deco­ encry. rated. Mr. Tolley made the encire crip with us and it was the first time th at he had ever been that far back in REPORT OF N. S. S. FIELD TRIP his cave. The south cave also ended in a shallow lake JULY 31, AUGUST 1, 1943 similar [0 that in the notCh cave and which in all prob­ abilities was the same pond. On the exit trip from the' PROPOSBD PROGRAM south cave several specimens of fauna were collected. Purpose: 1. Locate and explore new caves. Both the north and soueh caves were mapped 70" and a 2. Complete exploration of Showalter's Cave. check line run between the twO encrances. 3. Training and experimefloting in traversing under­ ground lakes. After a quick lunch in Lexington the group separated Party: Car I. Stephenson, driver; Petrie; P. Patrick; inco twO parties-one [0 finish the exploration of NacNab; Drysdale; Hill . Showalter's Cave and the ocher [0 look for new caves. Car 2. Brown, driver; Mrs. Brown; D aves ; Mrs. Both parties were successful in their undertakings. The D aves; Turner; Miss Richardson. Showalter party crosses "Welches' Lake" and pushed on Sched ule: Leave Richmond 5 P. M., July 3 I. Arrive Lexington 9 P. M. (via U. S. 60) Locate portaging their improvised boat to a second and then to housin. a -third lake. The third lake was of considerable size Dinner 9-10 P. M. at Virginia or Southern and quite shallow and probably constitutes the end of Restaurant. Retire 10:30 P. M . the cave. It is thoug ht that passages lead on under the Rise 6 A. M., Aug. I. surface of the water but such passage would be so mud Breakfas-t 6: 30-7: 30 A. M. filled as [0 prevenc trespass even if the lake was drained. Arrive first cave 8 A. M. The improvised rubber boat made of two innertubes and Arrive Showalter's Cave 12 Noon. a board proved so successful that it is recommended for Leave Showalter's Cave 4-5 P. M. all such work. Swim and clean up 5-6 P. M. Arrive Buena Vista and dinner 6- 7 P. M. The location parry succeeded in getting leads on at Arrive Richmond 10:30 (earlier or later depending least 5 new caves and aerually located 2 of them. on exigencies). Separate detailed reports are being prepared on Tol­ ley's and Showalter's Caves and on the work done by the locating parry. The preparation of a separate arricle Brief on the construerion and use of the innertube boat is This trip followed oue the prearranged schedule in recommended. all details except as the composition of the parry. Lena After a clean-up swim, dinner was had in Buena Vista Conner, George Pri.[Zker and Earl Porrer were substitueed and the return journey to Richmond completed without at the last minuee for Mr. Daves, Mrs. Daves and Ray­ accid~nc. mond Turner. All travel was carried out nearly [0 the minute. All objeers were fully accomplished. PRACTICE HOLE, HARRISONBURG, VA. Detailed Report Lac. 38° 29' 30" ± 3" W. Long. 78° 50' 54" ± 1" We arrived at Tolley's Cave shordy before 8 A. M. DirecliollJ: From ler . of U. S. 11 and State No. 260 (a linle ahead of schedule). This cave is formed by a at north end of H arrisonburg proceed 2.2 mi. to house stream cuning through the spur of a hill fe r a distance of Mr. Fries (on right) just before reaching encrance of aboue 800 or 900 feec. We followed the cave in[O to a litde quarry en right (Amoco pump in fronc of s[Ore the hill for nearly 400' when we were s[Opped by a fifty yards back [Oward Harrisonburg on left). Cave is shallow lake reaching within 2" of the ceiling. We re­ now in small clump of rock across road «(rom house traced our steps .co the cave en crance and back [0 the :md quarry) in field on south side of fence, 275° from car which was parked at Mc. Tolley's Farm House. This Fries house, 235° from quarry encrance gate. Cave norrh encrance of the cave proved very uninteresting. entrance is in cencer of the clump of rocks and near the Itt concained the usual bunch of junk and cans and had top or cresc. no formations or ocher features of incerest with the Defcri Plioll of Ca ve: The cave consists primarily of BULLETIN NUMBER FIVE n single vertical hole 26' deep from entrance to talus on thirry miles south of the old town of Romney and five floor. Talus is 3·4' deep beneath the entrance. Entrance miles northwest of the spot where Lost River loses itself is a wedgeshaped hole about 2}"i ' long and not over l' under the mountain. This cave is only twO miles from wide at the base of th e wedge. The apex of the wedge the old Moorefield and Winchester Turnpike. is at 350° . The walls of the hole open up, after a few Dyer's Cave is situated in a hollow which is heavily feet, in every direction but that of the apex. The hole timbered by oak, birch and maple uees. At first glanct ierminates in a passage 2-3' wide and 10-15' ceiling it looks like a limestone ledge about forty feet high, with height. The body of the cave is in the form of a T , the an opening about twenty feet square. Around this open­ stem of which is shorter tb an its head. Entrance hole ing the ~ock ledge is covered with long green ferns which lies about 10' down the stem, tbe total length of which is are g reen all the year; and from this opening, the moutb !1robably nm over 25'. D irection of stem passage is 0° . of the cave, you will catch your first glimpse of this dark, The passage forming tbe head of the T runs from silent cavern with its network of underground passages. 70° to 250° with bmh sides extending for about 30'. Your admiration and wonder will increase as you enter ;\ II passages end ~n constrictions that bar further pro­ either by the lower or upper passage. You will come to pess. At the end of the east branch a small hole in the a room on your. left which is about thirty feet high and :1uu r shows where any water which enters the cave drains about the same in length and width. The most interest­ " ff. There is some little fl owstone present in each ing thing there is a natural shelf in the side of the wall , passageway. All passages have varying ceiling from 10 which looks like a marble slab. As you approach it, td 20' high. The mai n development of the cave appears letting your light shine upon it, you see millions of Il) bave been on a vertical plane along the joi nts and sparkling reflections. stams of the rock. Pass on about fifty yard~ farther and you will come \X1h ile this cave can no doubt be worked with a single to what is known as the "Natural Ice Factory." Here ~ 0 pe, a rope ladder is advisable. The closeness of the the water drips from the rocks overhead and freezes intO wa ll s especially near the top make ladder climbing icicles, some of which have measured several feet in di fficult but quite safe. Hence the name "practice hole." length and have weighed as much as two hundred Probably a skilled rock-climber could "do" th~ cave pounds. Icicles have been gath(,':red in July and August, wi thout resorting to the use of any rope at all. In fact the hottest months of rlle year. Ihe author found it easier to chimney the last 5' than to The next point of interest you will find is a small use the rope ladder. For a cave offering opportunities room known as the "Wolfs Den." The Wolf's Den is for safe practice of rope work under restricted conditions off from the main passage and can be reached only as il is hard to see how this cave could be surpassed. crawling through a small hole known as "Fat Man's This cave was visited Oct. 17, 1942 by a party from Misery." Once inside this room, you can still see evi­ the Society consisting of Stephenson, Petrie, Emshwiller, dences of its once being inhabited by wild animals. Faust, Seltzer, Drysdale and Murray Seltzer. Emshwiller, When th is no longer holds your interest, you can pass with only one arm, was able to make the descent and into the place known as "Saltpeter Room." Here salt­ ascent both practically unassisted. Though many caves peter was mined before the Revolutionary War and the in the neighborhood were filled with water due to the ancient pick marks can still be seen on its walls. From unusual floods of that week, this cave showed no sign here you must climb down a narrow natural staircase to f standing water, thus g iving evidence of a large well­ a lower level. Here the pass'age is very narrow and after drained cave system somewhere below into which the traveling this for some distance you will come to a flood water must have drained. stream of water. This stream is only a few feet wide, The cave is developed in so-called "Athens shale" but no man has yet plumbed its depth although many (Butts' Geologic Map of the Appalachian Valley in have tri ed with sounding lines to reach the bottom. Virgi nia) . This formation in this area however, instead Here, too, you will receive a very peculiar experience, of being shale, consists primarily of limestone of the for, if you are using 1 ~'1te rns or pine knots for torches Iype which a few yeats ago might have been designated either will suddenly go out as you cross the stream. "chambersburg age." After cro·ssing it you can relight your lights and go on --*-- exploring. DYER'S CAVE LEGENDARY REPORT Before turning back, you must see one more interest­ ing sight. This is a very large room known as "Heckle [This article shouid be compared to thl' previous report of th is cave in Bulletin No.4.] Town." From the walls and ceiling of this room hang Dyer's Cave derives its name fr.om the old " Dyer what looks like icicles of all sizes and colors. When the Homestead" upon which it is located. It lies about right flashes upon them they look like of heckles; ~AT ,IONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Page 6l hen(:; the name, "Heckle Tuwn," Upon cluser ex:uui· SENECA CAVERNS, OHIO nation they are foun d co be of rock formation of many By L. E. WARD Jiff e~em colors, This phenomenon of nature is yet ro be so lved by some scienrisc. It was a co ld "early winrer" morning on November 14th, 1942, when our parry left Toledo ro visit Seneca T he length of Dyer's Cavern is not now really known, Caverns, South of Bell evue, Ohio-a little more than a but ir has been explored by sightseers and advenrurers monrh after our return from D iamond Caverns and fo r .1 distance of five miles, So you ca n see that there is other caves in Kentucky, Harland Wood had made ar­ muc:-t more ro be seen than I have just told yo u abouc. rangemel1ls for this trip by contacting his friend, th:: A ~ r eat many srories o r legends have been handed manager of Seneca Caverns, Mr. Don Bell, an attorney down from our forefathers concern ing this place, some of residing in Bellevue. Our group was composed of the which I wi II endeavor to write for you before I close my following members of the N ational Speleological So­ sturv, ciety: George White, Lou Klewer, H arl and Wood, During the Indian wars a g reat many settlers roo k George Parke, and the writer. rtfu~e in ,this cave to keep from falling inro the hands We arrived at th e caverns shortly after twelve o'cl ock of the savages. At one time they were mining saltpeter noon, and were g reeted by Mr. Bell , who had promised :l nd uther chemicals used in making g unpowder and Harl and that he would personally conduct us through making it near rhe mouth o f the cave when a pack of these underground passageways, The enrra nce building hunpy wolves rushed from its black depthse and de­ co the caverns is situated near the highway leading from voured the entire band of settlers leaving only a few State Route No. 269, and as we drove inco the grounds, remn.1nts of clothing and their tools ro teel the tale, one of our members remarked that the presence of an Sume time after this a band of men was engaged in "old cemetery," Dn the opposite side of the driveway, moulding money here while hiding from the Indians, certainly gave {he scenery a mysterious se tting. At l.1st the Indians ca ught them and burned them at After changing into our "cave clothes," our party en­ stake, tered a lower room in the entrance buil ding, ' at the Several years afterward a group of men who had h ea rd further end of which we were facing a high, natural of the making of money in the cave decided to search for limescone wa ll that seemed co rise out of the earth, to it. After making full preparations for the advenrure form a part of the room itself; while immediately in they drank a good bit of whiskey co give them courage front of and extending downward, adjacent to it, a series and then, with hopes soaring high, they started on their of descending concrete steps, leading ro a lower avenue, way, After searching for some time they found the SpOt presented an irresistible appeal co our speleological where the money was supposed ro have been hidden. instincts. Before starting on our Hip to the first level Here they set ro work wirh spades and picks and, after of th e cave, 'Mr. Bell called our attention to a large, worL ng for quite a while unearthed th e old money co lored chan-map, showing the geological location and molds, N ow they were sure of success and began work­ structure of these cavern s, and there imparted much in­ ing harder than ever. At last they struck a metal box teres ting data and information concerning the existence and as one member of .rhe band struck the lid a heavy of this, the onl y " Earthquake Crack" or "Fault" open bl ow wi th his pick, a black, hideous form approached co the public. th em, They were spellbound for a few momenrs, until Two outstanding features in conneCtion with these one braver then the rest sprang with an oath at the ap­ "caverns," were immediately apparent, as we made our proaching phantom, Instantly, every light wenr out and way over well graded walkways and steps, following the all were in total darkness, What were they co do ? They ever downward course of a grea,t natural crack in the could not find their torches and all were bad ly frightened earth's structure, First, the temperature, unlike .rhat in and confused. After a while they decided on a plan, .r he most caves, was 42 °, or 12 degrees lower than that which oldest man leading and the rest following on hands and we had become accllscomed o[Q during our many hours' knees they crawled along in what they thought was the experience in "Underground Kentucky," and, second, right direction, Thus for several days they wandered although we were walking through an earthquake crack until by chance a rescue party found them and brought or fault, these passageways and avenues continued to them OUt fO the welcome sunshine once more, Never maintai n most of the physical characteristics and appear­ since has this treasure been moles ted, and, if {his legend ance of a -rypica l limescone cave, be true, and a great part of it has been proven co be true, In the dim days of creation when this old world of the treasllre is still there for someone ro find and claim. ours was undergoing much mo re rapid changes than - The Moorefield (lV'. Va,) Examiner, April 15, 1942, today-geologists tell us th at all the region from W es· Page .62 BULLETIN NUMBER FIVE .

tern Ohio to the Atlantic seaboard, from the Gulf of downward and passing under the great earthquake wall Mexico to Hudson Bay, was submerged beneath a great that extended from a poim, and at a sharp angle, 50 feet inland sea of which the Gulf is but a remnant. The above our heads. As we st<>subterranean river, flowing the floor of that sea was submerged and five {imes, crystal clear, but colored a beautiful "blue," along the heaved above the waters. Out of millions of years of wall side, at the bottom of the 8th level of the caverns, ea rthquake action there developed from Gulf to Bay, 160 feet beneath the surface of the land. Flowing thru deep down in ,the bed rock of the continent, along the rocks riven by ear,thquakes millions of years ago, it eastern slope of the western range, a great series of courses deep beneath the limestone . structure of the earthquake faults or cracks. And so, through the strife region and is reported to feed the famous "Blue Hole" and turmoil of ear.thquake and glacier, nature gave birth, of Castalia, 15 miles to the North. We were informed in Northern Ohio,

RANDOM NOTES consequently little opportunity for a loss of carbon (Continued from page 30) dioxide. The force of crystallization must here be the itself co the lower portion of the outer rim of the dominant and perhaps the only factor. We might e~en stalactite. This is partly due co the accident of proximity suggest that the pull of the precipitated material could and also due ro the force which the already precipitated take its chemical relative out of solution wh'en the solu­ calcium carbonate at the extremi.ry of the stalactite exerts tion is quite saturated. Obviously then, the direction of in drawing more calcium carbonate to itself. It must be the crystals so formed will be independent of graviry and remembered that we have been talking only of the upper independent of air circulation. It is a structure of this portion of the drop. The following seems theoretically kind which constitutes most of our helictites. It is per­ possible and not only that but probable although the haps in order here to introduce a definition of helictite. writer cannot remember that he has observed the same. The writer does not feel quite competent to do .this bur He now asks the members of this organization to make when such definition is formulated it should be so word­ observations for themselves and see if it is correct. The ed as to exclude knobs. We might suggest that maybe lower por.tion of the drop will not be in contact with the force of crystallization should be considered as neces­ any solid calcium carbonate and calcium carbonate will sarily incorporated in such a definition. An essential theref.ore not be assisted our of solution by pre-existing feature of helicti.tes is that they are independent of calcium carbonate. However; under favorable conditions gravity and therefore stand at any angle whatever wih of air flow around .the drop and suitable flow of water referenc to the force of gravity. Careful search in al­ from above will evaporate from other most any cave where .deposition has been going on may portions of the drop and when formed will fall to the show minure structures which may be regarded as heli­ lower portion of the drop being retained within the drop ctites. This would include the minute which some­ by the surface tensions on the exterior. Now with more times form fuzzy sur:faces and vel very covering. It is a far water coming from above the drop will be loosened from cry from such minute needles to the magnificent flower­ its support and fall down together with its contained like structures a foot or more in diameter, which some­ calcium carbonate .co the stalagmite. Stalagmites then times flower in such profusion in most favored localities. may be formed by the precipitation of calcium carbonate The inineralogy of cave deposits is not as simple as is produced by the loss of carbon dioxide from the solution generally supposed. Calcium carbonate of cave deposits coating it but also by calcium carbonate brought from its is generally in the form of the mineral . Less stalactite as indicated above. commonly it is aragonite. The only difference between Flowstone would be calcium carbonate precipitated on these fWO minerals is in their crystal system. Calcite is a sloping surface. When precipitation takes place on hexagonal while aragonite is orthorhombic. For the flat surface pans or the similar structures may . be most part calcite in cave deposits does not have its proper produced. crystal form, Calcite has hundreds of crystal forms. It Often knobs are formed on stalactite and stalagmites is one of the most prolific of minerals in matter of and on -the walls of caves. During the process of forma­ forms. Not only is it varied in form but the general tion one may note that the exterior of .the knob is coated shape or habit of i.ts crystals is variable. Technically with water. And this water is not moving under the the most coIIimon forms are rhombohedrons .and scaleno­ influence of graviry bur moves in consequence of capil­ hedrons. Rhombohedrons alone generally give short lariry and commonly against gravity. In such cases stubby crystals. Scalenohedrons give sharper pointed evaporation takes place more rapidly on the exposed crystals. Usually crystals are combinations of various portions of the knobs and the knobs are built up in rhombohedrons and scalenohedrons with scalenohedrons horizontal, inclined or other positions without relation predominating and giving a steep conical shape to the to gravity. Doubtless the attractive force of pre-existing crystal. A common shape resulting from such a combi­ carbonates helps to pull the material Out of solution but nation is known as dog tooth spar. Such crystals are not the main factor is .the concentration of solution is due commonly met with in caves. to the loss of carbon dioxide. Aragonite is found in caves is generally needle shaped. In response to the force of crystallization crystals form It is quite safe to assume that any slender tapered crystals in caves regardless of graviry and independent of the found in caves are aragonite. Such crystals may vary in conditions which produce ,the knobs. It is not quite size from so minute structures as to be distinguished clear how this can be the case but i.t is suggested than with difficulty by the unaided eye to an inch to several an atmosphere saturated with moisture may be an es­ inches long. Commonly .they are minute and it is only sential factor. It is more probable that this takes place under exceptionally favorable circumstances that long only in situations in which there are no air currents and crystals form. BULLETIN NUMBER FIVE

Since most ca rbonate materials in caves do not have nent parr. Gypsum is soluble in 650 pares ot r.on­ uyst:d form other criteria for distinguishing between carbonated water. It is not thrown in and out of soluti.ln Utbt: two minerals are needed. Since they have the same by carbon dioxide as carbonate mineral. In eastern chemical formula a quantitative chemical analysis will United States gypsum is not common and gypsum caves show no difference. There are however chemical tests are almost unknown but in western part of the country which distinguish but they are not very cert ai n intht! gypsum and gypsum caves are more common. Gypsum hanJs of the inexperienced. There is a physical test is present in eastern caves but not usually in abundance. which is bener. Aragonite heated to a temperature below Where mud is washed ·into caves gypsum crystals are not redness will fall 'to a powdt!r. Since aragonite may alter uncom'mon in such mud. to «dcite with the retention of the form of the aragonite Dripstone and flows tone are usually calcite but may the maner is still more com- HELICTITE (CRYSTALICTITE) FORMATIONS be wholly or partly arago- pi ica ted. The cleavage of SKETCHED FROM NATURE IN NEW RIVER FAULT CAVE nite. deposits in . . GOODWIN'S FF.RRY. VA. the tWO minerals IS quite caves are not so common differenr. Calcite will break that generalizations can be in three planes which meet satisfactorily made in regard at oblique angles . Aragonite to them. The writer has has one cleavage parallel to seen dolomite stalactites. the long ax is of the crystal. Helictites are commonly Crystals of sufficient size to aragonite but may be calcite. show cleavage can usually be The curved and twisted Jistinguished on this ba s~s pendants in caves are some­ by tile use of a hand lens. . times dolomite and are prob­ Aragonite crystals are often ~.. . ably properly called heli­ grouped in radiating aggre- ctites. Sometimes solutions ,uates and such agg regates \ ooze through walls of caves t:a tts and such aggregates of- ~t making deposits as they ten show concentric banding. come and may even disrupt Since I imestone is more coatings previously formed. sol uble than dolomite, caves Such structures are apt to be Me more common In lime­ curved. Indeed they some­ stone than in dolomite. times resemble what soft There are caves in dolomit-= putty would look like if but only under exceptional squeezed through a small circumstances. The word hole. Such structures should dolomite is used for a probably be called helictites. mineral as well as fo r a rock. Many caves are known as As used above the word dolomite refers to the rock. sa ltpeter caves, so called because they do not contain Since dolomite is a calcium-magnesium carbonate it is sa l tpeter. Yet the powder for several of o ur American dissolved and precipitated in the same manner as calcite wars was made in pare from nitrate from caves. Prob­ but nor so readily. The white veins which one often ably many of the Virginia caves were scraped for the sees in dolomite rocks are generally dolomite but often nitrate which they contained. Indeed old utensils are ca rry some associated calcite. Here they are not readily not uncommon in caves and one .is probably not far distinguished by appearance but since calcite is soluble wrong when it is assumed that such were used in the in dilute cold acid while dolomite is not, this chemical recovery of nitrate . The writer has never seen what he test is a ready means of separation in limestone caves one thought was nitrate mineral in caves but some Kentucky would not look for dolomite deposits but in caves in caves are saip to have been once rich in such material. dolomite they occur but are not common. Even in dolo­ However the writer has leached dirt from Virginia caves mite caves .the deposits are chiefly calcium carbonate. and obtained calcium nitrate. Next to calcite and dolomite gypsum is the most In the Lode, which is the world's hottest abundant rock forming mineral which is easily dissolved. mine, aragonite is abundant and the cause of its ' forma­ Therefore we have gypsum caves. The solution of ti on is easy to guess. Since our Virginia caves have a gypsum is quite different fr ~m that of the ca rbonate temperature of approximately 500 ' F. it would seem thal rocks. Here ca rbon dioxide does n ~)[ play such a promi- temperature was not the controlling factor. *

. . ·A porlion of thi ~ article ha! ht·tn omiurd for lark of ~pace. TABLE OF CONTENTS Sectioll3 PAGE MAIN ARTICLES ...... 1 to 27 PRESIDENT'S SECTION ...... 28 to 30 COMMITTEE REPORTS ...... 31 to 40 CAVE LOG OF THE SOCIETY ...... 41 to 56 F ROM THE SOCIETY'S RECORDS ...... 57 to 64

PAGE PAGI! Caves in World History-Robert Morgan .. . . 1 Catalog of the Literature in the National Partial Index to Caves of the World ...... -3 Speleological Library-Robert S. Bray .... 31 News·Letter of the Committee on Cave Bibliography ...... 13 Exploration and Location ...... 36 Gem of Caves, The-Dale White ...... 17 Cave Fauna-J. A. Fowler ...... : .... 37 Revisiting the Snails of Skyline Caverns- Preliminary Speleological Reconnaissance­ Dr. J. P. E. Morrison ...... 20 Erwin Bischoff and Fred R. Presley. . . . . 41 Assessment Value of Cave Property for Arkansas' "Unsung" Wonder-James Beard . . 46 Taxable Purposes-Harry H. Wilson ...... 22 John Friend's Saltpeter Cave-Kay and Martin M uma ...... 48 F or Pete's Sake (Poem) ...... 23 Lost Creek Cave-Herman Seidemann, Jr. . . 51 H awver Cave, California-Erwin W. Hell's Half Acre-Herman Seidemann, Jr. 53 Bischoff ...... '.' ...... 24- Field Trip Reports ...... 57 "Speleologist" Defined, The-W. J. Stephenson 28 Dyer's Cave (Legendary Report) ...... 60 Random Notes on Cave Deposits ...... 30 Seneca Caverns-L. E. Ward ...... 61 Individual Caves Reported (Thi. do06 not include caves listed in article of Robert Morgan) Arkansas' "Unsung" Wonder ...... 46.47 John Friend's Saltpeter Cave ...... 48-50 Bear Cave ...... 55 Limestone Mountain Cave...... 51 Big Springs Cave...... 56 Lost Creek Cav.e ...... 51·52 Blowhole Cave ...... 54 Mercer Cave . .. .-...... 46 Boyle Cave .. ' ...... 56 Morrison Cave ...... 17·20 Cave of the Dead Cow ...... 47·48 Practice Hole Cave...... 59 Caves of Sequoia National Park ...... 41.44 Passenger Coach Cave...... 56 Clarke's Cave ...... 57·59 Roaring Springs Cave...... 56 Shoshone Cave ...... 44 C raters of the Moon Caves...... 45 Showalter's Cave ...... , .. " ...... 59 Dead Goat Cave ...... 55·56 Skyline Caverns ...... 20·21 Dyer's Cave...... 60 Seneca Caverns (Ohio) ...... 61·6 Ferris Cave . " ., ...... '. . . . 56 Snively's Cave ...... 54·55 Formation . Cave ...... 45·46 Tolley's Cave ...... 59 Hawver Cave ...... 24·27 Twin Buttes ...... 45 Hell's Half Acre ...... 53·54 Wytheville Cave ...... 56 Indian Cave ...... 50 Volcano Hill ...... 44-45 fllm trations Map of yucatan ...... 10 Map of Crystal Cave ...... 42 TEhe ~rostto, MCorrl ison CMave ...... Ca'...... 17 Map of Snively's Cave ...... 58 mpIre tate 0 umn, orrIson ve...... 18 M Cl Grand Finale, Morrison Cave ...... 19 ap of arke's Cave ...... 5S Map of Skyline Caverns ...... 21 Illustrations of Helictites ...... '.. 64

Bulletin No.6, featuring A Glossary of Speie%ty, by Martin H. and Katherine E. Muma; The Netherland of Night, by Jo Chamberlin; and ·Underground Adventu,.es at Diamond Cave, Kentucky, by J. E. Ward, will be issued as soon as funds of the Society permit.

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