Neville Trueman the Pioneer Preacher
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A Many-Storied Place
A Many-storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator Midwest Region National Park Service Omaha, Nebraska 2017 A Many-Storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator 2017 Recommended: {){ Superintendent, Arkansas Post AihV'j Concurred: Associate Regional Director, Cultural Resources, Midwest Region Date Approved: Date Remove not the ancient landmark which thy fathers have set. Proverbs 22:28 Words spoken by Regional Director Elbert Cox Arkansas Post National Memorial dedication June 23, 1964 Table of Contents List of Figures vii Introduction 1 1 – Geography and the River 4 2 – The Site in Antiquity and Quapaw Ethnogenesis 38 3 – A French and Spanish Outpost in Colonial America 72 4 – Osotouy and the Changing Native World 115 5 – Arkansas Post from the Louisiana Purchase to the Trail of Tears 141 6 – The River Port from Arkansas Statehood to the Civil War 179 7 – The Village and Environs from Reconstruction to Recent Times 209 Conclusion 237 Appendices 241 1 – Cultural Resource Base Map: Eight exhibits from the Memorial Unit CLR (a) Pre-1673 / Pre-Contact Period Contributing Features (b) 1673-1803 / Colonial and Revolutionary Period Contributing Features (c) 1804-1855 / Settlement and Early Statehood Period Contributing Features (d) 1856-1865 / Civil War Period Contributing Features (e) 1866-1928 / Late 19th and Early 20th Century Period Contributing Features (f) 1929-1963 / Early 20th Century Period -
Arrow-Loops in the Great Tower of Kenilworth Castle: Symbolism Vs Active/Passive ‘Defence’
Arrow-loops in the Great Tower of Kenilworth castle: Symbolism vs Active/Passive ‘Defence’ Arrow-loops in the Great Tower of Kenilworth ground below (Fig. 7, for which I am indebted to castle: Symbolism vs Active/Passive ‘Defence’ Dr. Richard K Morris). Those on the west side have hatchet-shaped bases, a cross-slit and no in- Derek Renn ternal seats. Lunn’s Tower, at the north-east angle It is surprising how few Norman castles exhibit of the outer curtain wall, is roughly octagonal, arrow-loops (that is, tall vertical slits, cut through with shallow angle buttresses tapering into a walls, widening internally (embrasure), some- broad plinth. It has arrow-loops at three levels, times with ancillary features such as a wider and some with cross-slits and badly-cut splayed bases. higher casemate. Even if their everyday purpose Toy attributed the widening at the foot of each was to simply to admit light and air, such loops loop to later re-cutting. When were these altera- could be used profitably by archers defending the tions (if alterations they be)7 carried out, and for castle. The earliest examples surviving in Eng- what reason ? He suggested ‘in the thirteenth cen- land seem to be those (of uncommon forms) in tury, to give crossbows [... ] greater play from the square wall towers of Dover castle (1185-90), side to side’, but this must be challenged. Greater and in the walls and towers of Framlingham cas- play would need a widening of the embrasure be- tle, although there may once have been slightly hind the slit. -
Module 1, Part C the Chronology of Archaeological Monuments
Module 1, Part C The Chronology of Archaeological Monuments INTRODUCTION We looked at the subject of monuments and maps in part B, and this follow on section aims to help you recognise what time periods the different monuments date to. As mentioned before, there are a vast number of monuments that can be potentially marked on a map, or recorded in the National Monuments Record, some 417 in total. A full list of these is given at the end of this document, in appendix one. By no means are you expected to know them all, but it is important that you learn to recognise the most common features, and know what period they are likely to date to. When archaeologists talk about periods or eras, they are referring to the way we have divided up the past. In order to ease our understanding of history and prehistory, time is divided up into eras. These sometimes correspond with the introduction of major technical innovations, such as the introduction of metals or farming. Sometimes they refer to the reign of an important leader or monarch, such as the Edwardian period. Occasionally they refer to other events that have a major social impact, as is the case with the Viking period. It is important to remember that the end of one era and the beginning of the next is not always clear-cut. People did not simply set aside their stone tools, declaring the Stone Age over, and switch to metal overnight. There was transition and continuity for a long time, and cultures generally changed gradually. -
Archaeology at South Adger's Wharf: a Study of the Redan at Tradd Street
Archaeology at South Adger’s Wharf: A Study of the Redan at Tradd Street By Nicholas Butler Eric Poplin Katherine Pemberton Martha Zierden The Walled City Task Force Archaeological Contributions 45 The Charleston Museum October 2012 Prepared for the City of Charleston and Mayor Riley’s Walled City Task Force Table of Contents Chapter I: Introduction . 1 The Walled City Task Force . 2 The Walled City . 2 The Present Project . 4 Research Issues . 5 Chapter II: Historical Background . 9 Early Charleston . 9 Charleston’s Colonial Defenses . 13 Eighteenth Century Charleston . 17 Charleston’s Colonial Markets . 23 Charleston’s Commercial Waterfront . 27 Chapter III: Fieldwork . 35 Site Description . 35 Excavations in 2008 . 36 Stratigraphy: Trench 1 and Unit 1 . 41 Trench 2 . 46 Trench 3 and Units 3 and 4 . 49 Stratigraphic Summary . 50 Fieldwork 2009 . 51 Stratigraphic Sequence . 53 Features and Horizontal Patterning . 58 Deep Excavations . 63 Chapter IV: Cultural Materials . 67 Laboratory Methods . 67 Analysis . 68 The Material Assemblage . 69 Olive Green glass . 69 Coarse Earthenwares . 70 Utilitarian Stonewares . 77 Table and Tea Ceramics . 79 Colono Ware . 90 Bottle Glass . 94 Pharmaceutical Glass . 95 Table Glass . 96 Other Kitchen Items . 98 Architectural Materials . 99 Arms . 100 Clothing . 101 Personal Items . 103 Furniture . 104 ii Tobacco Pipes . 105 Activities . 106 Ecofacts . 108 Zone 10 Assemblage . 108 Organic Materials . 110 Chapter V: Architecture of the Walled City . 115 Architecture of the Tradd Street Redan . 120 Granville Bastion . 125 Granville Bastion to Ashley Bastion . 126 The Half Moon Battery . 128 Carteret Bastion . 131 City Gate and Johnson’s Ravelin . 133 Summary . 134 Chapter VI: The Lower Market . -
Little-Guided-Visit-Gruyeres.Pdf
1. THE CHUPIA BARBA TOWER (“burnt beard” tower) It is standing at the entrance of the town, on the right side. This is where the final interrogations of the condemned people took place. Their beards were burnt, hence the name of the tower. Inside, there used to be instruments of torture. 2. THE FOUNTAIN In the olden days, there used to be wells and water tanks in Gruyères but no running water. It was a great event when water was brought into the town. It was brought in 1755 through wooden pipes. But because of pressure problems, they exploded. Therefore they have been replaced by other pipes, in cast iron. 3. THE "BELLUARD" The term "belluard" probably means "boulevard". On the fortified gate you can see a representation of two warriors. Those were the heroes Claremboz and Bras de Fer, who distinguished themselves in the reign of Peter IV of Gruyères (XIVth century). They resisted the first assault of the Bernese with nearly no external help until reinforcements finally arrived. 4. THE ANCIENT MEASURES They used to be filled up with grain under the watch of the count, then that of the bailiff, who stood on a balcony at the Auberge de la Halle, for he had to control the sales. 5. L'AUBERGE DE LA HALLE L'Auberge de la Halle was once a place where only alcohol could be sold. Please note that at the time, the ground floor of the inn was the cowshed. This is where most goods were sold, such as salt. The "saunerie" (salt turnover) was on the ground floor of the guardhouse. -
Report on the Current State- Of-Art on Protection
REPORT ON THE CURRENT STATE- OF-ART ON PROTECTION, CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL RUINS D.T1.1.1 12/2017 Table of contents: 1. INTRODUCTION - THE SCOPE AND STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT ........................................................................... 3 2. HISTORIC RUIN IN THE SCOPE OF THE CONSERVATION THEORY ........................................................................... 5 2.1 Permanent ruin as a form of securing a historic ruin .................................................................... 5 2.2 "Historic ruin" vs. "contemporary ruin" ............................................................................................ 6 2.3 Limitations characterizing historic ruins ....................................................................................... 10 2.4 Terminology of the conservation activities on damaged objects ............................................... 12 3. RESEARCH ON HISTORIC RUINS ................................................................................................................................ 14 3.1. Stocktaking measurements ............................................................................................................. 14 3.1.1. Traditional measuring techniques .............................................................................................. 17 3.1.2. Geodetic method ............................................................................................................................ 19 3.1.3. Traditional, spherical, and photography -
Renfrew~H I Re Local H I 3Tory
RLHF Journal Vol.2 (1990) 2. Renfrewshire's historic monuments - a heritage under threat: A summary of local archaeological problems with a bibliography and brief site list. Gordon McCrae It is said that the past is another country. If this is true, the more distant past often seems like an alien planet. The recent welcome flood of books and pamphlets about the history of our area has done little to change this perception. The study and reinterpretation of medieval, Roman and prehistoric Renfrewshire remains sadly neglected. This may be due, in part, to the problems which confront a local historian trying to make sense of the archaeological record. These problems include (a) - lack of a current bibliography of sources, or an accessible site list, for use as an introduction to local monuments; (b) the fact that much important information is only available in out-of-print books and obscure periodicals; (c) the difficulty of dealing with the large gaps in the archaeological record; which is compounded by (d) ,recent wholesale reinterpretation of classes of monuments due to advances in archaeological techniques. Finally (e) the scientific and technical nature of these techniques which make them the exclusive preserve of 'experts'. Another persistent problem, since the demise of the Renfrewshire Archaeological Society, has been the lack of a local forum for people interested in discussion, fieldwork and preservation. Various bodies have sponsored investigations over the years - Paisley Museum, Glasgow Archaeological Society, Renfrewshire Natural History Society, The Ancient Monuments Inspectorate, The Ordnance Survey, and, more recently, the Regional Archaeologist and the Scottish Urban Archaeological Trust. -
LORDS and LAIRDS Cotland Was Transformed Both Spolitically and Physically in the 12Th and 13Th Centuries
LORDS AND LAIRDS cotland was transformed both Spolitically and physically in the 12th and 13th centuries. King David I encouraged Anglo-Norman and Flemish immigrants to settle in southern and eastern Scotland, thereby establishing the feudal system of landholding by which land was held in return for military service to the king. At the same time, burghs or towns were established, often around the new castles, to manage The outline of this moated site is clearly visible from the trade, and European orders of monks air. The bank and water·filled moat gave protection to a lordly residence within. The buildings would have been founded new monasteries with their of timber, and their traces could be revealed by own estates. The parish system was excavation. © Crown Copyright: RCAHMS. introduced and many new churches Licensor www.rcahms.gov.uk were built for the lay population. A symbol of the power and wealth of timber or by a cobbled path running the new aristocracy was its fortified round the mound. Sometimes a residences, and Scotland’s first castles bailey, or lower enclosure, was were built in the 12th century. included within the defences, where domestic outbuildings and livestock could be protected. Other forms of earthwork castle include ringworks and moated sites, in which timber buildings were enclosed by earthworks and timber palisades, in the case of moats using water as an additional element in their defence. There are about 300 earthwork castles in Scotland, many in the north-east and south-west where a tradition of political independence This artists reconstruction shows a motte·and·bailey. -
The Virginia Frontier During The
I / Ti i 7 w ^'if'nu-, 1763, 'fflE VIRGINIA FRONTIER, 1754 - ^tm************* A Dissertation submitted to the Board of University Studies of the Johns Hopkins University in oonformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Louis IQiott Koonta, Second Lieutenant, Infantry, Education Section, General Staff, U. S. Army. Baltimore, Maryland 1920 I ; 11 OHE VIliCilNIA PRC5KTIEH, 1754 - 1763 GONOEUTS Foreword ..»•• ......••••••..... v Chapter 1 IntoDduction .•*. 1 Chapter 2 Topography, Indian Trails and the Tide of inmigration . * • . • 6 Ghs^ter 3 Governor Dinwiddle suiid the Assembly •• 15 Chapter 4 Washington's Part in the French and Indian War 39 Chapter 5 She Closing Years of the 'uor ..••• .....86 Chapter 6 The Forts on the Frontier 93 Appendix I» Descriptive List of Frontier Forts 196 Ajopendix II» Illustrative Docvirnents 145 List of Maps 178 Bibliography 179 Vita 207 ************* *** * ill FOREWORD The existing material for a study of the Virginia Frontier during the French and Indian V/ar is relatively accessible. The printed sources are of course familiar to the average student. IThese include the provincial records of the several colonies, particularly Massachusetts, Kew York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas. i'hey are to be found in every import- ant library in the country. In Virginia we have the Journals of the House of Burgesses, the Council records, the colonial laws, the Augusta County records, vestry records, newspaper files, the papers and writings of Washington, letters to Washington, and miscellaneous data in numerous county histories, the Calen- dar of Virginia State Papers, the Dinwiddle Papers, the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, and other minor historical publications. -
THE HUDSON RIVER VALLEY REVIEW a Journal of Regional Studies
SPRING 2019 THE HUDSON RIVER VALLEY REVIEW A Journal of Regional Studies The Hudson River Valley Institute at Marist College is supported by a major grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. This issue of The Hudson River Valley Review has been generously underwritten by the following: Peter Bienstock THE POUGHKEEpsIE GRAND HOTEL SHAWANGUNK VALLEY AND CONFERENCE CENTER …centrally located in the Historic Hudson Valley CONSERVANCY midway between NYC and Albany… Conservation • Preservation • Education www.pokgrand.com From the Editors While perhaps not at first apparent, the articles in this issue share a common theme—struggle. The Dutch colonists had to carve a home out of the New World wilderness. Two centuries later, descendants of the original inhabitants of a part of that world (which wasn’t entirely wilderness after all) tried to reclaim their sovereignty. Just fifty years after that, women undertook a march from New York City to Albany to assert their right to vote and gain adherents for their cause. Finally, while the rise and fall of Albany’s lumber district perhaps doesn’t readily seem to fit the theme, here, too, a struggle took place to establish and maintain a community on and around it. This latter essay underscores the essential role of technological innovation, a concept that leads us to a second underlying theme of this issue—progress. Sometimes welcome, sometimes not, for better or worse it is always unstoppable. Call for Essays The Hudson River Valley Review will consider essays on all aspects of the Hudson River Valley — its intellectual, political, economic, social, and cultural history, its prehistory, architecture, literature, art, and music — as well as essays on the ideas and ideologies of regionalism itself. -
The Western Boundary of Massachusetts
t/p&e R' Cornell University Library F 72 .B7P82 Western boundary of Massachusetts 3 1924 025 963 939 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE The Western Boundary of Massachusetts. FRANKLIN LEONARD POPE. W&^^'^^i, Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924025963939 THE Western Boundary Massachusetts : A STUDY OF INDIAN AND COLONIAL HISTORY. BY FRANKLIN LEONARD POPE, -MEMBER OF THE BERKSHIRE HISTORICAL AND SCJENTlnC SOCIETV. PITTSFIELD, MASS. .PRIVATELY PRINTED.. ,1886. PREFACE. In the following historical sketch, the substance of which was embodied in a paper read at the quarterly meeting of the Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society, in May, 1885, an attempt has been made to trace with some care the sequence of events which led to the final establishment of the existing boundary between the states of Massachusetts and New York. The history of this particular boundary has been involved in political com- plications, which tend to confer upon it a more than local and temporary consequence. Indeed, it is not improbable that the collateral results of the present investigation may be, by many, regarded as of more interest, if not actually of greater importance, than those more immediately aimed at. Among the indirect results which have thus rewarded the author's re- searches, may be mentioned -
Glossary of Terms
www.nysmm.org Glossary of Terms Some definitions have links to images. ABATIS: Barricade of felled trees with their branches towards the attack and sharpened (primitive version of "barbed wire"). ARROW SLITS: Narrow openings in a wall through which defenders can fire arrows. (also called loopholes) ARTILLERY: An excellent GLOSSARY for Civil War era (and other) Artillery terminologies can be found at civilwarartillery.com/main.htm (Link will open new window.) BAILEY: The walled enclosure or the outer courtyard of a castle. (Ward, Parade) BANQUETTE: The step of earth within the parapet, sufficiently high to enable standing defenders to fire over the crest of the parapet with ease. BARBICAN: Outworks, especially in front of a gate. A heavily fortified gate or tower. BARTIZAN (BARTISAN): Scottish term, projecting corner turret. A small overhanging turret on a tower s battlement. BASTION: A projection from a fortification arranged to give a wider range of fire or to allow firing along the main walls. Usually at the intersection of two walls. BATTER: Inclined face of a wall (Talus). BATTERED: May be used to describe crenellations. BATTERY: A section of guns, a named part of the main fortifications or a separate outer works position (e.g.. North Battery, Water Battery). BATTLEMENTS: The notched top (crenellated parapet) of a defensive wall, with open spaces (crenels) for firing weapons. BEAKED PROJECTION: see EN BEC. BELVEDERE: A pavilion or raised turret. BLOCKHOUSE: Usually a two story wood building with an overhanging second floor and rifle loops and could also have cannon ports (embrasures). Some three story versions. Some with corner projections similar to bastions.