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The Virginia Frontier During The I / Ti i 7 w ^'if'nu-, 1763, 'fflE VIRGINIA FRONTIER, 1754 - ^tm************* A Dissertation submitted to the Board of University Studies of the Johns Hopkins University in oonformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Louis IQiott Koonta, Second Lieutenant, Infantry, Education Section, General Staff, U. S. Army. Baltimore, Maryland 1920 I ; 11 OHE VIliCilNIA PRC5KTIEH, 1754 - 1763 GONOEUTS Foreword ..»•• ......••••••..... v Chapter 1 IntoDduction .•*. 1 Chapter 2 Topography, Indian Trails and the Tide of inmigration . * • . • 6 Ghs^ter 3 Governor Dinwiddle suiid the Assembly •• 15 Chapter 4 Washington's Part in the French and Indian War 39 Chapter 5 She Closing Years of the 'uor ..••• .....86 Chapter 6 The Forts on the Frontier 93 Appendix I» Descriptive List of Frontier Forts 196 Ajopendix II» Illustrative Docvirnents 145 List of Maps 178 Bibliography 179 Vita 207 ************* *** * ill FOREWORD The existing material for a study of the Virginia Frontier during the French and Indian V/ar is relatively accessible. The printed sources are of course familiar to the average student. IThese include the provincial records of the several colonies, particularly Massachusetts, Kew York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas. i'hey are to be found in every import- ant library in the country. In Virginia we have the Journals of the House of Burgesses, the Council records, the colonial laws, the Augusta County records, vestry records, newspaper files, the papers and writings of Washington, letters to Washington, and miscellaneous data in numerous county histories, the Calen- dar of Virginia State Papers, the Dinwiddle Papers, the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, and other minor historical publications. Unfortunately, there are many gaps in the records that can not be bridged because important materials have been lost or destroyed. For example, Virginia sustained irrep- arable loss when fire in 1781 destroyed practically all manuscript material bearing on the French and Indian V/ar which was then in the State library. The State archives of Virginia contain no journals or even rough minutes of the council sessions between Llay 6, 1743, and March 4, 1768, The manuscript material on the French and Indian War period to be found in Virginia is scattered about in private hands. Occasionally the historian is fortunate enough to discover some of it. Undoubtedly there are some papers held by individuals in adjoining States, but this material is probably negli- gible. There are, however, two :aodem depositories outside the State that hold matter on this pei^ od that is vital. The first of these is the Library of Congress. It possesses considerable manuscript matter bearing on the French Iv and Indian V/ar, notably in the oollection of the Viashington Papers. The writ- er found that in the main this material serves merely to corroborate the statements and facts alreadj/ accessible to him in the published papers and writings of V/ashington's and in the Draper collection of manuscripts, in im- portant source for unpublished material on the Virginia Frontier during the French and Indian V/ar is to be found in the collection of Draper llanuscripts in the librar:; of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. The greater part of this material was once scattered over Virginia and adjoining states, but was gathered top;ether during travels lasting through many years, by that in- defatigable historical collector. Dr. Lyman C. Draper. For the piirposes of this study the writer has had the privilege of making a systematic examination of this entire collection. The Preston and Virginia Papers yielded the most important material in this collection* It will be observed that at certain points in this study extended quo- tations or entire letters have been included in the body of the text. The reason for this is that the extracts are, as a rule, taken from previously unused source material. Acknowledgment of indebtedness for aid in the preparation of these pages is due to the following persons; It was at the suggestion of Professor John H. Latane' of the Johns Hopkins University, that this investigation was lander- taken, and it was carried forward v/ith the help of his encouragement and co- operation. Most discriminating suggestions were offered by Dr. Louise P. Kellogg, of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Lliss Llabel C. V/eaks, chief of the division of maps and manuscripts, in tlie same society, has fre- quently been called upon for assistance in reading, evaluation, and in pho- tostating the Draper Manuscripts. Professor Charles LI. Andrews, of Yale University encouraged the writer by emphasizing the timeliness of such a study as this and in indicating attitude and method of treatment. To. Eon. Houston (x. Young, Secretary of the State of West Virginia, the author is In- debted for indispensable renorts from the V/est Virginia archives. I'he li- brary staff of the Johns Hopkins University and that of the Peabody Institute, Baltimore, have generously extended every possible courtesy to the author of - this study in its preparation. Mo a Ell on G . Hoth o, formerly librarian for the departments of history and political science in the Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, has aided the author in securing important bibliographical data, '-^'hanks are due to LIr. J. C. Pitzpatrick, acting chief of the division of manuscripts. Library of Congress, for information and suggestions in connection 7/ith the use of the Washington Manuscripts in that library. For the use of maps, grate- ful appreciation is due to the State Historical Society of T^isconsin, Houghton Mifflin Coranany, The Macmillan Company, Professor James ii. Callahan, of West Virginia University, and LIr. H. E. Rizer, chief clerk, United States Geological Survey. John 0. ICnott, Ph. D. , of the American Hed Cross Information Service, has read the manuscript of this study and has offered valuable suggestions as to arrangement and style. Washington, D. C. , February, 1920. Chapter 1 IKTROrUCTION It is surprising that there has not been prepared hitherto a study of the Virginia Fror tier covering the critical years of the French and Indian '7ar. 2here have been indeed numerous monographs upon Ithases of this subject, but no comprehensive treatment of the field as a v.hole. > .^^^Irivery American history with any pretense to thoroughness devotes a few pages to frontier conditions during this period, There a_re many volumes that touch phases of the subject as is evident upon examination of the append- ed bibliography, '-^'he object, therefore, of this investigation is to present a coordinated picture of the American pioneer between approximately 1754 and 1763, with the emphasis upon the Virginia Frontier. '2o do this it has been necessary to study the physiographical conditions of the frontier country, to trace the steps in the westward advance of the colonists, to analyze the reasons for that advance, and to give some account of the racial and oreedal groups in this con- nection* In order to give the Virginia Frontier its proper historical sitting in the time of which we write, it has been necessary to make brief mention of concurrent events in European history, and to devote considerable space to con- ditions in all of the Anerican colonies at this period, particularly to those colonies adjacent co Virginia. neither chance nor fancy is responsible for the selection of the Vir- ginia Frontier as a subject for research in contradistinction to the frontier of any other itaierican colony. Virginia was a centrally located province, and thus enjoyed the advantage of position. It was furthermore the oldest of the - 2 - colonies.had the largest area, and was the most populous of the British North American possess! ms — deriving from all these advantages a certain prestige above the neighboring colonies. Furthermore, it was the fate of the Virginia colony, on account of the extent axd situation of its frontier, to be brought in contact with the ambitious French to the west and north, particularly after the organization of the Ohio OorapsLn.y» This contact with the French carried with it contact with Indians whom the French had won to their v;ay of thinking. Virginia sent the first message to the French when that nation encroached upon British territory, and Virginia fired the first shot of the French and Indian^ War. It was Virginia's fortune, or misfortune, to liave within her bounds the disputed "Gateway to the V/est" at the "Forks of the Ohio", the control of T«hich Was essential to tho interests of both the English and the French. Thus Virginia was sure to be the first of the colonies to feel the force of Frehoh intrigue and French hostility to British rale west of the Alleghanies. Not only so, but the extent of Virginia's territory, though expressed in somev/hat vague terms, meant the retention or loss for England of v^iat we now regard as a section of the United States second to no other in wealth and desirability, When we recall that Virginia's frontier extended from the "Forks of the Ohio" (now Pittsburg, Pennsylvania) to the borders of the Carolinas, and that the entire grant included territory; from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River, we appreciate *hat was involved in the contention with the French for land granted to the Ohio Company as part of the bulk which Virginia laid claim to in the Ohio and Ilississippi valleys. Of course, the terra "Mississippi Hiver" meant at the time nothing ver;; definite to men of England or even to the col- onists of Virginia. But this makes all the more interesting the struggle in which Virginia took the lead, in tl-iat the colonists were contending for far — See below, p.
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