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Fort Ward

Alexandria Pirginie

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Exploratory Egoavation

rt oP the Northwest Bastion

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JuneJuly 1961 t rte a 1

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by Edward Mob4 Larrabee Contraoting Arohaeologist

August 26 1981

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1 Historic Drawin Ys g No 170141 plans for the Wooden Gnte of Fort Ward

wl Table ofContents

List of Drawings and Maps i

List or Photographs li

Aolmowledgements 1

I Introduction and Description Projeot History Working 9ohedule and Crew Site Description gho rt His tory4

II Esoavation and Findings

A Filling Room 12

B Powder Magazine 16

C Parapet and Ditoh 24

D Gun 1lnbrasure 30

E Auger Test Line 33

III Sample Reoonstruotion 36

N Cono lus ions

A Summary oP Structures an dFindings44

B Archaeologioal Conclusions 46

C ldfilitary Engineering48

D Historioal Conolusions 54

56 Appendix I Descriptive Terminology

Appendix II List of ftis torio Iiaps 60

65 Appendix I II Outlying Struo to res

Appendix IP Table oP ArtiPaots 67 r a

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List of Drawings and Maps T b

k y1 f Fart 1 His torso Drawing 170141 Gate of WardFroatispLeoe gistorio Drawing 170139 Original Contours6

3 Prot ile of Filling Room 14

4 Profile of Powder Magazine 19 i 5 Profile ofParapet and Ditah 28

fig Plan of Gun Embrasure 32

34 7 Profile oP Auger Line 8 Historic Drawing 170141 Old Fart early stage51 t later 9 Histor is Drawing 170 133 Old Fort stage z t Final Plan53 10 Historic Drawing 171104 New Fort

11 Drawing to Illustrate Terminology 59 end of

12 Plaa of Northwest Bastion Foldout report end oP Park 13 Eaoavat ion Master PlanFort Ward Foldout report

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j List of fiotoraphs

at beginning of cavation10 I Typical Underrocth

Ditch after Clearing10 II Present Profile of

III Test Trench across Filling RoomDepression15

ion ilarked for Eccavation20 nr Powder Iagaz ine Depress 21 V Mall of sowder iagazine Trench

7 of Powder Trench22 VI Rotted Beam at End Sagazine

at E End of Powder VII Buried Ditch of OldFOrt 23 Piagazine Trench

Glacis and VIII ide Trench and Ramp Cut Through Counterscar 27

LY Parapet and ide Trench through Countersc3rp27 25 X rradall Starting Trench in Parapet

t Trench 2a r XI Gradall Cuttin Test

to Refill Test XII Conveyer elt ein Used Parapet Trenc 29

Glacis XIII Poer Tamper acking Hirt for Slope2

larked before Borin 35 XIV Auer Test Line

o god locks in V Hand Tarpin F3ehind dll Counterscarp 3

Gab ion for the Gun Fnurasure3 XVI reavin a licker

Gun Librasure40 XVII Restored Section of Parapet and

VIII Abattis in lace on Glacis S1ope Yl

Breasthe XIX Restored Gun Embrasure and ight42

Gun Einbrasure43 X Restored Section fro abotre

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e would like to thsnk a rest mary people for the help they

beve given usand the interest they have sown in tis excavation

Among those who helped tis constantly in the governMent of the

City of Alexandria Virginia are Ir Eugene Barnyell Assistant

City4anager ir Francis S fenny Director of City Planning Sr

Ward Rothgeb Deputy Director of Public orks Ir Charles Hendricks

City Arborist and rrinifred Drumheller Clerk of the Highcray

Division in the Department of Public orks The entire staff of the

Department of City Planning must also be commended for its help

e called for assistance from specialists in the ashinton

DC office of the hational Psrk ervice United States Departent

of the Interior and in the local operating division of the Park

service 2ational Capital Pcrks Dr John Corbett Chief Archeolo

gist of the National Parlc Service and all of his office extended

much ass is Lance In the Branch of History we vere helped by Dr

Chrles Porter Dr Rarold Peterson and piss Lillian Cash Librarisn

Dr Stanley clure Iistorian at the Lincoln useuM Ford Theater

stional Capital arks had already done much docimntar resesrch

and generously let us use his notes clipping files and photoraphs

rRaymond L Stevens Cief of the riort5est Section Horticulture

and Iaintenanc e National Capital rks explained many probleas

which he has met in tentyfive years of protecting and maintaining

the CCC restoration at tort Stevens

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other capacities in i and encouraged us in many Those Aho helped Civil lar Centen of Alexandria Hurd Chairman the elude nor 7111iam of the Seminary Jr President ir feller Delcher Dial Comm ittee Fort IardConvales oner of the sr L P Sutton Aill Association USAF Finally e are especially and Col David tdiller Dent Home for to iYir icholas Starr RFS Starr and 1 to Dr and tSrs gretePu made the en and for having their kind hospitality their assistance

in any mays tare project possible

r site is one of rS08T its location and COsLANDING gORT PARD by after its of ALANDRIA and indeed giPORTANT of the defenses the of the forts constituting one of the largest reoonstruction es of its original formit typical defenses of ashingtonIn which it was built of the period in the most hasty constructions of our latest it is equally typical as codified and enlarged is deemed rthy On these accounts it methods of construction Report on Defenses description Barnard of more particular

1Ei71 PP 3738

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j I2iTRODIICTIOrI of the fort are referred this various features Throughout report and illustrates technical names Append id I explains to bytheir these

Pro lect iistorY sates at the of tentyfive Fort lard Park has an aka nearly The of Alexandria first began purchasing time of this vrriting City ttr Ftitene Barnrell the Aoting in the fall of 1954 this prgperty excavation here Prom received expert advice eonoernin City Tanaer National Park Service B Bruce Porell of the Dre John Corbett and in the niter they visited the site writer about the rork in Iebrury 1961ofingAprildthenCityeCouncil eras covered under an agree the ahich tusking investigation an nproved a eek in establishinn June 1961 After spent ment sined 8 on June 12 field operations bean office and other preliainaries the main on July 10 Refilling Exploratory dinging eras oorapleted trench and onuJulyc2re a uire3 tyro additional eekseofinorkcandsrasePinished Melvin Jr of laboring crew crate Gray The permanent members Joseph time rork was done by John Estey and David G iadison Part Lester Fraley of Inoxville David Rasussen and x oraski Several macines iere erry 7est Virginia lsryland and Harpers during tasks A number of tedious jobs rented to perform special often reQOnstruction sere done by Tiss JoaTnne m II Both fir illsiiclleillD Hershey Business Pron Frank Fishburne to do mere called on Ly and 1r Herbert bark Architect ianJer cork of their specialities tasks besides the already tieconstzning ir John E Littleton my ial thans for I must reserve my most spec much hard for lonS hours held responsi Field 4ssistant He worked bility and dcne hi A 1Rresasartofsthelrestorationeofeonelcrosssectionskasp under his direction

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Site Descristion

Other than Topographyl before cBraddock on this site cltheiCivil arcr excepttfcr disturbance the oourse laid out in 1753 wtlioh still followed approxitaately Aozd the fortwas the topof a The area occupied later by eud 1754 and while the ground hill SmAll ravines ran rn t Eiv ai gentle The altitude at the top of more gradually elsewhere sloped acrey 280 ft above sea level a little more than this hill was probably over bottom of the ravine cras two hundred yards the deepest lfithin foot in Toward an average Pall of one twenty 30 ft loner giving one foot the fall eras only about the 9 and on other gradual slopes in forty

take ofthis The fort was built to advantage it Zt ran along the rIS crest facingnaturelThelearthld improve upon an the 10 ft above the natural surface walls crere raised about earth cover over the p maxium ofprotecartany p ofgthenfo rtngasoorobablyeabouti295rft2 The height sea was about 290 ft above fSost of the crest of the parapet fort hsd the altitude of the or i and the interior floor of the leginal Iortrerest Bastion cas about 282 ft The floor of the hill crest a the rest o the fort The ditch about 3 ft higher than that of belocr the original round surface round the fort extended about ft

this 1 sources crere used in compilin The follocrine historical description Colonel Corps of gineers Bvt Ian General J G Barnard Defenses of as7inton United States 1 Reoort on the Printi Office 171 Eereafter 7ashington DC Governent p 4 and plates 1 4 cited as Barns rd ReDOrt on Defenses1871 Historic Drarin 170138 taps and Plans national Archives and139 undated 185364 crere as follors The modern sources eon su sheets and finished A set of excellent topographic Bey and territory made in tour of Fort yard Park surrounding maps 0 Iclntosh of the by L A Brocrn and August Iovember 1960 reference City of Alexandria The Department of Public orks A 2 sheets and supplementar nuber of these sheets is LB582 of Rifle Trench July 1961 survey Ine Stereoscopic rain I also used a Fairchild 4erial Surveys and taen iiarch 20 1951 and of 2los 88491115 17 Photographs No 1014146 taen Aero Service Corporation serial photograph fiarch 27 1960 a terreplein altitude 2 Barn3rd Re ort on Defenses 1671 gives 170136 a maximum altitude of 300 ft an 1 storic raaing gives the These trro figures of ft for the crests of bombproofs 314 an odern are 10 to 15 ft hi her can be correlated but from c a tp of features h ich have not nged appreciably measurements Civil ar elevations here durint the prently the measurement of eount was off by this p 7

had hen excavation started in 1961 the topography changed very 125 ft and 200 ft l of little Toro parallel NS roads averaging or 1930s when it the fort had been graded in the late 1920s early the site They made two steps in the hill was proposed to subdivide Bastion Braddock Roadhad slope and had partially levelled the SYI S of Fcs t been blocked or diverted by the Bastion 7ard originally resumed during the enlargement off the fort This road had gradually over the its direct link after the Port Evas abandoned olimbing point 17ithin recent ofthe bastion and gradually wearing it down years rise that was left this was graded level which reoved the shall from the bastion

of most features The main outline of the fort and the locations were still visible in 1961 within it even including gun embrasures There were depres where the ground was not obscured bybrush long covered rooms of the fort sions orcated by the oollapse of the earth due to 2iore erosion had ocourred at the S end than at the N partly due to the the various road grading near cm across it partly due naturally lorer relief of the land to the S and probably partly Civil and the construction to inhabitation of the S end after the Car of several small residences there

Coa stab Environment The climate is best described as Atlantic the sunnier and 7i nter id At present it rains frequently during as intense The relative ercipitation is even greater although not 7axl Park it to the prevailing y high elevation of Fort exposes Dover these Prom the westerly breezes but the present forest prevents under the trees often reaches a reaching the ground The stosphere oontent very high moisture

o a thick cf short The forest cover at present consists stand and lived scrub pine on the level ground older dog rood sassafrass the ditch n d blank oak ash and maple on the steep sides of parapet of o or and inside the fort There are many types lirbing crarling and oak plants virginia creeper honeysuckle berry vines poison shaded woods the floor is quite or ivy Insome of the more deeply in there is a profusion of open rith a fevr ferns but open spots from four to needs and brush The largest tree rye sacr had fallen re sectionediteve counted only fortrltro sight years ago and rhen to none of the 8nI1u31 growth rings Thus it is safe say thQt present stand of o k at the Nil corner of the cover except perhaps a handsome park is over fifty pears old elped The heavy cover has ed to preserve the ground and prevent here the branches erosion except where trees have been uprooted the woods and leaves are not so dense that wind cannot penetrate ar serves to shade and cool the ground Therefore any thinning and clearing should be done very carefully Ground Dover flushes n t out trees to be reoved should be cut off at ground 2eve1 pulled is dill help preserve the rest at the Port

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the soil an earthrork defense Soi13 Since Fort Ylard is here is even intis The underlyingmoreterieltcttheaPotomaosmouthhcoastaleplama Patapsco Clay or nearlyethTeeehundreda 4 during th ePaarlteTetsaeousdAtathe e y bottom more recent deposits hard there say be some foot elevation of Fot On top of this parent dew of YP s iltloam perhaps maaneiaicalevarietydevThiseis8efully crell drained sty ich forms strongly aoid and eloped Podzolic soil in a Moderate under forest cover A gn cf1Fairfax bed rock in this case quart nsistificantefeature the an occuring at soils is a compacted water line with a conrc ntrationaofyquartzgfragments

iT of the Northwest tvo hundred yards 11 and Test pits were dug of excavation to t Bastion at the beginning ith Both a similar sequence estheldiPferenceithato file revealed A c om the is vz ods of some duration other was in field one open soil It is almost perfect Fairfax biped profile follows

Raw humus i 0 l Ao Surface 25 Y Sottled Olive Brrn7n 43 1 2 Al C1Qy Brcxn 25 Y 54 Loa Light Olive 2 5 A2 Silt

Soil Scientist for 3 to Ir Clarence Coleman I a indebted With F Ienr Soil Scientist Co Va and tr Elvin Fairfax their interest and help the Federal in identifyingHousingsoilsnattFortomardrthe from the in this section is derived The general information sources follocring ashington C U S Bureau of Reclamation Farth tanual 192194 G p O 160 751 pp pp Phoenix the trcheoloist London I Cornall Soils for 10811 Ltd 1958 3 pp P9 House En ineerin Federal Housing Administration DeveYo nrnts rashington So1ClasSifUcaj tion for Residential 3032 195 107 PP rr of tte iiunsell 0 the 1954 edition Color designations are from Soil Color Charts is from Soils of Fairfax County The apeaifie information of Virginia rolteehnic i the Agronomy Departnent prepared by 15 miieozrsphed Blaeksbur6 Va 1952 bp Institute Ed by Fairfax County of Fairfax Cunt 2nd prepared Soils Institute ark the II S a polytechnic in ooperstion rih VirEn Soil Conservation Fairfax SeriesServiceonal9Cooer9tiveoileuah19Iati 2 pp mimeographed 9

Brarn 10 YR 56 5 8 B1 Silty Clay Loam Yellowish Brocrn 10 Y T g 20 BZ PlAStic Silty Cley Loam Yelloish 56 Brown 20 B3 Fragipan of hard Silty Clay Loen Yellowish 10 YR 56 combined with subangular quartz fragments

At the fort itself about 20 ft higher on the natural slope was the soil profile was somewhat different The original profile soil was as found preserved under the main parapet This buried follows

under from 2 ft to 5 ft of military construction fill

0 4 Al Silt Loam Light Gray 10 YR 72

Brownish Yellow 10 YR 65 4 14 A2 Silt Loam txrith Huth 14 30 Bl2 Cley Loam Fragipan densely compacted quartz Yellorish Brorn 10 YR 5

30 48 B3 Clay Loam Bronish Yellow 10 YR 68

48 90 C Loose Sandy Clay Loam Red 25 YR 48 with decayed quartz rocks Brownish Yellocr 10 YR 68

The red sandy C layer makes this one o f thoa a Fairfax so ils C a fossil B e which are like Elioak soils This horizon may be dense of an earlier soil The C drains very well but the very to movement of ater hardpan above it is quite impervious the bufithe The C layer ivery unstable and poorly graded Bl2 hardpan maintains a steep slope easily

1915 tap of soils of Fairfax County Interview 2 July 1961 Frith tr Coleman and Ir Henry

4The geologic information is from and 7476 Barnard Report on Defenses 1871 gyp 1 Conservation Ceoloic ate ofi in a prepared by State and lleve opment Commission Virginia Geolo is Survey Scale 1500000 rashington D C IISG 1928

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1 PLATE I 15 JUNE I6l 35 MM ROLL I EK I TYPICAL UNDERGROWTFI AT BEGINNING OF EXCAvATtON

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i PATE II 23 JUNE 196t IIOJ F P I xy PRESENT PROFILE OF DITCH AFTER CLEARING NR SC ARP Tv LEFT PAFZ7ET Tl Rlrl1T 11

Historv 5port phases early d p ard eras built in two distinct An fort very track was started about 1 mow yards with defective 3 perimeter iunson sHill t Cogfederate appeared on three September 1861 hen forces minor alterations and improvements 3 miles to the north Various repairs years time made during the succeeding two By that i were inereas eftec tive ness deficiencies of the early plan and the ed the 1864 an artillery made a complete reconstruction necessary In of of the was built on the same site us ing only sections i enlarged fort the older Port crere removed or buried bank ti rallAll other features of improved This new fort vas built according to specifications wt as considered an ichhad been worked out as the war progressed and II what vas in its day Outstanding example of military engineering in fork strongest system of fortifications in the world a the final details in continued on the fort until completion oP maintaince after It was one of the forts recommended f July 1865 w in December 1865 the timber in the fort i the Civil T arbut rents platforms revet ssold Presumably the buried rooms gun end by wood after this and the earth alls retained f tzere re ovedsoon have held its shape bean to erode The rest of the fort must 11 considered to be in good condition r Drell because in 1892 it was sti The el cellentcondition ofthe fort even now speaks yell for the original construction SSee Brief

Hershey together the Historica 1Aenort btilliam D submitted with this archeological report 6Barnard

Report on Defenses 1871 p 38 iap present the District of Colu abisincluding the condition of L Averill ofthe JePenses of R eshintonprepared b F 1892 6

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II CAVATION AID FINDIlIGS

rx A FillinzRoom

A test tirenoh 5 Pt wide and 60 ft long wes du across the axis Filling Rooiadepress ion at nearly a right angle to the long trees of the room It was offset slightly to avoid some large which would have disturbed the stratigraphy The bias had the ef fect of lengthening all measurements This trench eras intended to duplicate Section IR on Barnards plan of Fort ard The trench extended Prom level terreplein in front of the Filling Room to terreplein in back of it One 5 ft square was left unexcavated at the top of each oP the two ridges wich represented the front and back galls of the room

fio artifacts of any significance were found in this trench nc any structural features other than those shon in the profile The profile horrev r revealed the location of the Filling room and the construction of the earth fill which covered it

Square 2 oontained the raised rap of the gun platform for the SixPounder Gun The line between Saures 3 and 4 was the lo point out of the orth of a depression left by a drain which carried water west Bastion Squares 4 and 5 exposed the earth fill n the front side of the Filling Room Tie strata of packed earth FrerO frog 4 in to 8 in thick and ere laid on horizontally althouh th outer face of the gall was ramped baok at an angle of nearly 45 Tis wall rises 5 ft above the terreplein at present Originally base the it was 9 ft high at a point 10 ft back Prom the o slope at the exterior crest

Squares 7 8 9 and 10 covered the depression of the interior of the Filling Room The most si anificant feature as the mixed brojvn fill in the lower part of the trech ere the original of strata of the fort rere undisturbed as in the front sll the Filling Room dust discussed the strata ere differentiated bST vivid dolor 8nd textural differences This is because the tural soil profile in this site oontains three very different colors Light Gray 10 YR 72 Yello ish Brorm 10 R 57 and Red 25 their natural YR 48 These are fairly shrply divided in positions but blend somewhat at tfieir boundaries Fhen excavated by layers however and deposited and taped the boundaries between the are extremely sharp and the colors are ofter juxtaposed in such array as to emphasize the dolor contrasts

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3 ditches of a in at the bottoms slopes On the other hand as this depression d girt y such the Rhereeeastinctac lorsdarellostsa6 rhich lies into one uniform deposit Red 5 YR 5 3 This is a Yellowish new color is found extrees between the color These features mixed Yill The oexturenatooalisrnisedt soil expect in between undisturbed to distinguish easily make it possible erosion and subsequent nilitry construction teas a of Room dedpression deposit of the Filling below The bottom as by auger 4 ft deep tested Pill at least t dis this mixed bravn s section he trench At The the floor of our aowhat broken strata app tinctively co lored earedrobuteneref at the in same tias t3cue back don intoSquauere09l tfohthetYrontthereeraidth level and then lopPd area of tLe isturbed t iinnthisorea thF Filling o0 eenalof strutur o wasbetm1ustlhuf dug However the good sugb any trace of eonditionestedhthatsthebtiberastruetureehadsbeen out and removed the trench tale anearance of as by dis This theory reinforced vrere still fairly and 13 The strata here vrall in Squares 12 meeting ard somehat defined at their but not so clearly tinct unusual eras their uniform in color lost mixed aay from docnardosoant interior of the fort seen toward the nraU rhere construction stratithehyihadnbeen all other places seemed to oe dirt hich Phis slanting earth it wa horizontal once covered formreava1 he tiere to thetherartimbers theutimersf exposed etreen the throrn a discepncy also xplsinrd This interpretation measurements of our A SYie tooprofilslinnal oo contoursrofilcobarisonrof wider from Filling structure is much will sho that our Draing 20 3 measured by E to than that eoovetthry airtle an 13 las ali tneonmdonlfrom in squares 1 back vrall slanted structure rind the original of the timber doe the in Square 11 twhich the agle tdirtecameftoeresteinnSauaresvl2yandcl3yshoshich it fell the back vall on the enle of

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DIAURAM OF PLATE I TcST TRENCH ACROSS FILING ROoM DEPRESSION 2 16

B Ponder LTaazine

A 5 ft wide trench was run across this depression lie that which had tested the Filling Room Because the relie Y was higher the features were expeoted to be deeper and core dirt mould have to be moved this trench was made shorter e did not dig any squares on the front slope of the 3agazine where there was least reason to hope for significant structures A section of trenoh 30 Pt long ran aoross the depression betveen the front and b3ak walls e then Left a 10 Pt section unezcavated on the crest of the baok wall and dug another section of trench two squares 10 Yt long on the back slope

The same general situation existed here regardinn stratigraphy Undisturbed soil was recognizable as a natural grey clay ye11oR stony hardpan red sandy gravel sequence Original construction appeared as layers of vividly oontrasting dirt averaging about 6 in thickness There were horizontal and h1rd even tlped surfaces Disturbed construction had these same strata broken while excavated backdirt was shown by uneven loose slanting strata sometihat mixed Finally soil washed Prom these galls and soil denos ited by erosion had no clear satiation ley in genle natural curves and was a mixed brown color

rithin Square 4 rte found a vertical wall cut into the undis turbed soil The floor of this nilitary excavation 3s 8 ft be loti the original ground surface At least another 5 ft of earth is packed on top of the original surface norr At one time there must have been perhaps twice that much The wall eras very slihtly undercut but presented a flat surface so that the bottom ryas per haps 3 in of the top

The original floor ryas cleared fora distance of 4 ft toard the center of the iagazine It fell 3 in in that distance as if the floor zzere sloping don to the oentral drain which rias supposed to have run under the plank floor Several holes perhaps the oasts of rotted mood rare found in Square 5

A rotted bea the only piece of tiood found in situ zas un covered while clearing the floor This tivIIS apparently a half rounn split log about 6 in in dimFter lying ith the flat side up ivro 8 in cut nails mere found driven thrugh it point up It was across th e trench at an angle so that only 8 Pt mere un covered The frag entary condition rrde it unclear whether it was once longer The E end of the beam teas restzng higher than the 7 end Presumably the flat side of the log hid once rested against the earth rall to retain it h en other vrood has removed and the earth cover fell in the top of this log eras forced array from the mall to its present position

2L 17

oould be seen reside An interesting phenomenon theorted byll of earth rhich had thewall after The layers str G had slidonceaiehtedonobeside wall ryas wooden structure seen above the the Thus the eras reloved gall the wood lorerstratirasidealong the 3 ft or 4 ft repeated about ofansiderable One stratum was nixed crith gravelinterThis hadibeennusedetony fragients of coaltar the level at of of cover the roof the roof it earthmwhen and hich we Pound was thebexposedclevelaofalternate layers of tar i structure was comaleted the tinber some on the good roof spilled Here s P read level dirtswas gravel up to the Thenhmore rhich had been brought it both the earth laid on top of Gain g p tarbeuprtof cover built up wale ieeeseofathis e bombproof in the mixed thick were found beendtrokenrupAwhen of the covering lalericnihichahadY they trere part the wood was removed d 9 another In Squares 8 and elentiretm turalt that at the front ofwhe wasa2ng lvith taped as sharp as Fairfax soil eras crell preserved stratigraphy of the Jauae fill ed to horizontal layers of There9s eem strata aWere nolontrhdistinctr to the E The tamped construction slanting dovrn of the tonped fill e buried surface be and back walls cut betleen the front distance surface level inSinceeboth vallsecere 21 ft ot the original art at floor soil was aout 22 ft ap they were probably slightly undercut surface 9 ft beloc the original level 8 ft or

were cut into Squares 12 and 13 dorn toard tleditnreeaoraofrfoliseito hich s lnted regularly to the This ryas s iilar ryas the F that thi ch suggests stratihPpoderthagazinesalso the iilling Room to the rear excavated earth throen daE out and the

An ertreely cut 13 interestedifeturf3ceThe orin hanbeen bafothrough Squares 12 and an the hardpan to produce layeraof an slope18crere lateraburiedObsaothick the E This step this early excavation e did not cut through red subsoil the step and bue fill and cleared reoved the red subsoil slopeConse docrn into slope contined not rno the quently we do Sfllede4thofctheeburiedofeature and berm the counterscarp are The step and slope apparently the ditch which surrounded of the li with the eaIIeiof thetfronteofotheiearlierin 181465 this feature corresponds tort ard as rebuilt General Earnrd hen fort shon by

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Poder built in front of it Vr this ditch eras filled and the Magazine was a levelled surface The terreplein at that time represented by above the red subsoil fill Later this of packed top soil material throrn to the E when the ti7ooden was all covered trith loose dirt Powder Magazine was dug out and reaoved

shoved that The original army survey of the Magazine earth cover to front Since we did it was slightly more than 44 Pt frogbeck to an exact not excavate the front gall it is not possible give 3 than this measurement Horever our profile is about ft longer the earth cover here was thrown A likely explanation is that some of Room This Porsard because there was more dirt than on the Filling is not would also account for the volume of dirt since there enough At the crest of earth behind the iagazine to cover it adequately the of the breast the Magazine trothirds of the way back top the surf ace of the depression height was about 12 ft above present

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i STRATA DIAGRAM of PTE Y w wAtt of pOWER MAG AZINE TRENGII iu o Iyl

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PLATE I 28 JUNE 1961 l5 l5 a F P 2 E x

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I piAGRAM OF PLATE ROTTED BEAM AT W END OF POWDER MAGAZINE TRENCH j vEPzs oN

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v F r it b PLATE 1 28 JUNF 1961 Irj2 t b y FP 2 Ex7 yy ti

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DtARAM aF PLATE BURIED DITCH OF OLD FORT ATE END Off i I PUWUER MAGAZINE E do K TRENCH i OVNrEs i

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I 1 L 3v and Ditch C Parapet Section was to duplicate trench 90 Pt long dug A continuous to start on terreplein This was designed pn Barnards plan and cut Cg the of a gun platform to run along ede of inside the fort to expose the angle or in order through the main gall parapet or the exterior slope theg ThertTenoh wastalsof extendedooutnpaste see oY the counterscarp this the trench abattis on the tinned the left glaeekch ofoaegun embrasureing crest oY Prom the superior ion of this trench The msor part was dug by a toh to the is slope across the di glac in w e the p arapet the trench eras about 40 in one day At this point Gradall hand and the deep the trench was dug by Inside the wall before drawingtrenefore was trined and scraped made by the machine came ate out a 10 ft the the Gradall r ditchoore it and to make awiamP tdornhintoothe scarp to section this trench A were used in refilling Smaller tchines a machine move some of the backdirt vith blade was used to rotary tiller was gasoline poorertamper cerri top ofrth parapetaby much of the dirt was edebaek upktotthef s conveyor belt showed the end of the trench The inner of th along the N face reetrenchh tThisePlat side oY the gun platform floor was disturbed when the timbered foam had been the center rerovrdtrechof ou line of excavation along that we Pound a an area of t of the E end of our trench 13 ft to 16 ft cut la From the S face This about cas visible along deep disturbance tread which had been the banquette At in belov the surface constructionlayers thA disturbacewere stratified 1 end of this than 60 tothe at an angleof more present surface was out rising as the excavatio tiras interpreted The deep disturbance revetted they surface vertical poles which buried bo ttom of the revetaen for the removal The pole at the time of tiber breastheight an and a rose at about 75 probably table 60610 slop and the no reorSOo eoofetherconstructiond between the poles and 16 in so the Pole revetment fill The top of breatheight topping which is fts6 intaovettheopresent and of the superiorsynonyaoswabouth2slope surface here

tivas A fe feet l of this From the presenthe toP eofetheowallethisntrenchhrasut the tnnehine by wall sloped dcfin 15 fto deep s the preent bottom of the thltdash7oftthdeepeah to 5 ft at the the slope decreased 3 ft ditchalondeep 6 glacis the counterscarp and Mile the crest of loner of the p was visible in the part The slope of the scarp 25

historic in the upper part The been by erosion but had destroyed varied betreen 40 ahd 50 so that the angle surface was irregular The locer half inethetsect ion file of and is turobedhhilllcaprFairfaxhSoilxdescribed on soil

of 1 of tamped fill resting 7 was composed yer8 The upper ft the ditch was Since the excavation in of the buried surface mirror ef on top to build the parapet a and this dirt tivas used by levels was reflected in inverted The natural profile feotas created undisturbed erth divisions on top of the form vrith exaggerated on Thus A soil was packed cas red C su thepditch of that and Finally tOpbsoilnfromuthedbottomlof the mall oaeked on the top of about 11 dit eh tivas roughly level The bottom of the original 3 and had accuulsted from Pt across it other side thethe sides washed don into ftOnt4ief walls on both oP the ditch of over 500 The depth counterscarp rose at an angle was about 8 ft fron beret to bottom had been eroded so that the crest csf the glacis slope lost of from pt ely its or iginal height was to determine it impossible surface of the glacis slope evidence Tne genrat archeological to the and ryas very close was clear hovrever quite been carefully built up since theaori had apprently 18 This glacis to the hardpan and then had been reoved down ginal top soil in of dirt fire fromothei the entire glacispackedsono1 pepithinttheddirectdlineIIOf of the parapet superior slope

5 Z Y4 e PARAPET 8 DITCH LOOKING 6 7 8 4 g 1 2 3 SQUARE I i i i AREA DISTURBED WHEN POLES WERE REMOVED

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gANUETTE TREAD i E S i TRENCH FOR BREAST HEIGHT REVETMENT POLE S

F UNDISTURBED NATURAL

PRGFLE OF FAIRFAX SOIL

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nT NICOLE OF pFYINAL DITCH MEASURED E3CTtt6 Ir 5 i i I I

LEuEND ORIGINALSURFACE UNDISTURBEU SOIL

iQ YR 72 A TOP SOIL LIvHT GRAY

10 YR 517 g SJIL YELL OWI Sri BRCWN 8 StPT 196

2 5 Y R 418 5 C F L e C SUB SOIL RED

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SOU T H w i5 16 13 i4 SptARE i 9 10 tt t2 I

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M ATCHES SECTION GH IN PLATE 14 OF BARNARD

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hC CONTERA JFERED F R

I 4 t3 ti I i I i 1 I PARAPET DITC H as exC avate d1961 a s su rveyed1865 drawing no 5 5

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PLATE ExB 20 JUNE 1961 15 30 35 nra ROIL I WipE TRENCH AND RAMP GUT TNROucTH GLACtS AND GOUNTERSGARP

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2 3 JUNE 196 8 5 FP I Ex 8 PARAPET AND WIDE TRENCH THROUGH GOUNTERSCARP ACRJ G Et7Ur SN FRGFlJAiS JHiTE N G CFT RNS r DPRESSIUN IN T CF v4L 2f3

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L s r rY ruy a nom G S rte r r n rrr4y ffJ ri

IN PARAPET GRADALL STARTING TRENCH lh1 FOREGROUND CREST OfGOVNTERSGARP

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I GRADAL CUTTING i TEST TRENCH

i SErN FRCM TOP pP PPET

PLATES g

R01L 35 MN Exs y a 7

F 2l JUNE 1961

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SE T

J CONVEYER BELT BEING USEp TO REFILL PARAPET TEST rRENGH

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y 4t Y fn teaY POWER TAMPcR ON GLAC5 SLOPE

ftrARY TIK GRADER IN r2Eift

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4 II JUy I61 615

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avn nbrasure

This was oleared to confirm the protected level oP the top of parapet end to help fix the line end angle oP the breastheight eeourely The deep trenoh had intersected one oP the winker tilled gabions which formed the sides or oheeks oP the gun sautes This showed up as a light yellowish brown rectangular k about 2 ft wide and nearly 3 ft high surrounded by red oil fill on the N Peoe of the trenoh at the top of the highest of the wall

We oleared the surface of an irregular area about 12 ft long S1 S ft wide at the F end and flaring outdo 11 ft wide et the W end where it was oonneoted with the deep trenoh after that had been suPfiofently refilled far safety All loose forest trop Boil and eroded fill was removed until we exposed and made a shallow out into the oonstruction material We found that eaoh gabion showed np clearly in horizontal seotion ea a light yellowish brovrn 25 84 deoomposed sod oolor oirole from 20 in to 24 in in die meter surrounded by red Pill

On the c side o2 the embrasure we found three 2ull gabions and the half of the one seotioned by the deep trenoh The re were supposed to have been aig gabions to each oheek of a normal embra sure It was apparent that all evidence of one further out than the tour we found was removed during the exoavation of the deep trenoh This gives five gab ions A faint suggest ion oP the sixth was deteoted at the baok oP the line at the throat or nsrros ed part of the embrasure However the ground surfaoe here had been washed dowa below that a few feet W Sinoe the gabions were higher toward the rear this erosion would have d estroyed all evidence ea eept for the ouline of the posts at the base of the o2role

We did find the oasts of two small 3 in diameter poles a long the line oP the braes theight between the throat o t hgg em brasure and the main trenoh 3 of it There was also fagaeniary eviflenoe oP a horizontal beam The looation of thLs line c post also revetment helped confirm that there once have been a gabion at the baok end of the line

The circles on the 1 sle of the embrasure were not as well defined slave the co for oP the surrounding soil did not contrast so much as on the other aide However the arse was leas disturbed so that the oasts of the poles forming eaoh o irole were well pre served The a onfiguration of the N oheek was thus not as apparent but with careful eaonvation it was possible to determine it ti considerable acouraoy There were suggest ions of a aeoond row of gabions behind the row eotuelly forming the oheek bat the area was not fully eaeavated A gabion was found as tar out es the exterior slope on the N aide This confirmed the theory that there was oae S 31

the S si e id e this position on t Yee wNs s a tcro geb thelreariof trench The ions17atc in earth texture the deep a change in but there was definite vere indistinct have been There they should remains of Th e differences betweenthe it i angle to reoonstruct tnedetailheeThe thus us The throat embrasure for in specifications was agednabledas was called of splay was about 16 as of the embrasure or floor of h The sole iteAembrasuretwasmelearlysevdent wide red sod layer overl ing 3rftt a grey arhich of about 10 filalleledhepguPeriortSlopepar at an angle the sole above them diameter Soup of 20 in to 24 in in was from 2 in across Each gabion were about The Poles as tcrelve poles mere set vertically had as many The to 8 in apart gsbions spaced from 6 in the cross ctith respect to sectinoofithesoathat thehbottomsoformed embrasure so le stepsitaeaatoh theesl opeioff the gun

A very interesting ecesre discoverywaIntfiveoorssixnplacesiptogether snd in two used to hold each gabion abions found in of rire were robably of rires p dcross the places the ends situoreCtedtouteofethefiddleabions and tied around the weakest to hold wire ras wrapped sod trimings to filling with several inside them prior Sometimes poles wss in dianrter The wire 18 Sample of this the in shape Artifact ito 3 is a together the embrasure strands trere tristed the 3 ehee left in place along Other pieces were KEY

DECAYED SCD

B SOIL

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MIXED FILL

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I t EDGE OF a 1 tEXCAJA7ED AREA

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1 I SOLE OF EMBRA SURE I t NCW ERODED BACK

TO THIS GURVE

1 SHORT TEST

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MOUTH OF SOE t ORIGINALLY r t is iM was ALGNG

T rtl S LINE

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j mss I r Ca5T5 a pT HOSE t GAgION t EVIDENCE SEC710NED OF GABION BY TRENCH HERE REMOVED pU RING FGOT OF EXCAVATION TRENCH FCR POLES OF BREASTFEIHT C

BY GRADALL TrEJCH DUG DUG 6Y HAND DEEP SHALLOWER TRENCH 1 l l f

SL OPE T O I SLOPE w T O E l fi N I PRESENT t 2 APPROXIMATE CREST OF PARAPET V2G SCALE 1

7 SEPT 1951 I d rw i n g no ENcML ir 33 y r

Line E Auuer lime E was marked with A line 80 ft long approximately the S end ofthe Fillin Poom the narror gap between It ran along the test trenches of the Ponder FSagazine paralleling and the N end it At f N and 6 of it vrere The holes boredtuntilsroeksrootswcehardkpanwmadefrom 8 in to lime Depth of holes ranged to turn the auger soil was impossible from 3 to 4 in of g6 in Eeoh sample representing These samples ftom the pteceding sample on paper separate then the placed and consistency and as to mixture were described color holes vere refilled in this means was not exact of strata obtained by The sampling below the surface with it did reveal rfor changes detail However narroFr trench of vrould have talcen to dig a much less effort than it the same the ill groundnbetveen trenches lengthredit se topf outeourhlcnoledeio them when the borings sere areas of disturbance appeared Two naor for the terreplein the profiles were noanal plotted Otherwise 3 ft The f of the fort The noral borings averaged reddish broz7n fill 5 Thetrein to 1 ft was of nixed and 10 YR 66 4b8aaaing harder 2 f t mere branishyellovr hard maining vas stopped by the BZ more until the auger containing gravel soil gas probably 6 in or o of the brovnishyellow pan The upper material Below the fort made of and B1 the packed terreplein of soil that was undisturbed of the Room mere the entrance Filling The disturbed areas by crossed line and cohere the auger line t from the 7 endf the 30 f to 68 ft from the end ditch of the old fort 56 ft the buried detected from 8 ft area of disturbance was the line Another and of both the Filling Room from the end in front of to 14 Pt for thfs is The most likely explanation Powder Iagazine under here N of this drained thatIthis vooden box drain located point ran in Historic Plan 170134 that the palisade suggested closed possible w ould have out This palisade ccmpletely here and eras dug the gorge of the fromatreof the buried ditch basindntheen fortlcrereolearlyrevident readings

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LEVEL OF TERREPLEIN AT DATUM STAKE AT LINE W END OF O W NAtLCF FILLING r

DRAIN AREA DISTURBED BY oR STOCKADE 3 DATUM r x t

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NOTE BORIP

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PROJECTED SURFACE X

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PRCJECTE

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SCALE t2 1 24

3 SEPT 1961 FMf1L 8 JEL y LINE 38

E O F DA T U M cTRY pSTJRBArEaT 2I0 TO FILNG RGOt W ROB 30

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JGS TAKEJ EERY AT FEET EXCEPT LE OF BURIED DITCH

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rNE OF OLD FORT AT W ENS 7 6C 63 0 80

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L P AT E XTSZ 2 Ex 28 UNC X461 15S FP

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DIALRAM OF PL ATEXYL I30RING AUGER TEST LINE MARKED gFORE 4 r

III SASPLE RECOTSTRIICTIOTI eounterscarp across main ditch The deep trench the parapet a restoration of the profile was used f smaple and glacis slope crhere we had This trench was refilled and tamped of the bastion but not soil or into military construction cut into undisturbed was fill The extra soil remaining vhere ere had removed erosion had been gashed down used to buildupparts that followed the soil marks until they 7e restored a profile rhich surface Then ire extended our reconstructed reached the present from the a line above the present surface along projected profile features eras deternined soil caerk The height of missing aubsurface the relative eleva of various surfaces by hp the interrelationship tions of pe iod 1 edge of featdardstar dimensionsafor militarynconstructionohis on the titiidth of the There crate some discrepancies particularly that Measured in 1865 and the betcreen the profile e found ditch as in locating the berm text book model Then necessary standard sources of inforrsati on Pe tried to use many above the eounterscarp yell as we could In general and to correlate them as as possible 1865 survey of the slopes had been as steep afthe we found that Pew not as pie restored the are It is likely that the slopes ncicated surfaces of which the once since we followed as steep as they cere a bein covered by d ebri from had eroded slightly before upper part stable as a result are somewhat more higher level Horever they little in a can fury so we The Glacis slope has changed very of the slope above the only the crest at the rear needed to build up from this e cut and a sharp slope 45 surface packed that present berm 18 in wide Fromm Crest do7n 18 in to a level Glacis ere a of the ditch 8 ft built slope dornto the floor about berm grass dorn These rere laid in courses liYe brietis of sod blocks gas set better Each curse their soil and to bind then to hold eras behind it from th4t belocr it and dirt packed back slightly extending to were occasionally laid Long bricks of sod the dirt behind it ooden peg snrerehdriven bond the sod all to to further secure th sa through alternate courses the fort this eras about 50 In original The slope obtained than with askin of sod rsther was only covered slope probably eras done to stabilise Hoever that actually built of sod blocks a slope cut trench into thiints subsoil itdcrasbbrolnSandeweecoulddnotohopeeto zr

ii 37

condition it so that it would be as stable as in its natural pack to hold it Consequently ire had to rake a strong sod rail

below the The bottom of the ditch we left open a fevr inches for The steep sides original bottom to compensate rapid silting into erosion fill 2 ft of the teat trench although cut entirely to hold sr ell to 3 ft deep seemed up fairly

The surface of the scarpexterior slope we built by pegging and dirt behind them as long rolls of sod at the bottom packing we could not make the dirt wesn rolled them up the slope Otherwise narrorness of the restored section step where it was thrown The on the of the here 2 ft was a particular disadvantage upper part the e slope Here our restored section projected beyond present seation teided to fall away roded surface and the sides of our to irork on the exterior Also we found that it eras very difficult too fora to keep his slope even now since it was steep person handbooks of the day balance This is why the military engineering the that slopes should be built up as a series of steps to specified final of desired steepness They were cut smooth only at the stage construction

it dorn to the The superior slope was gentle te made slope line it front at an angle of about 10 so that a projected along This Teas specified at ran along the glacis slope relationship fort aim their the time It helped the infantrymen ins ide the since rested their elbors on auskets at an approaching enemy they the superior slope while firing

ryas restored to ori The pole revetment for the breastheight out hardrood 4 in thick and 5 ft ginal specifications ie poles bed in the 6 in lop Then we buried a halfround long position the sis of the indicated in the profile running along parapet the flat side of The ends of the poles ere set side by side on ryas behind the until this log and spiked into it Earth packed outside of the Port core earth they leaned sligtly toard the a of their tops A sleeper was filled behind them to within foot at this about 4 ft 7 of the re pole was laid on the earth level to the revetment vetment The sleeper or ape or log asffastened between the vith two anchor ties which were notched and spiked poles of the breastheight revetment

then buried en the earth The sleeper and anchor ties ere the vert ice 1 pales they were ryas within about 8 in of the tops of Argot er halfroelnd as spiked saedoff to hake an even surface log three tiers of sod bricks mere is id above on top of them Finally the crest The earth the pole revetment This constituted superior tend off torrsrd the front cf the eras brought up to this level sloped bricks farard ryas the superior slope wall This slope Prom the soQ mentioned before

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To the E of the pole revetment earth was piled to cover the bottom 18 in of the poles This ryas levelled and tamped to fam the banquette tread The breastheight proper ryas the 4 ft 6 in high interior slope from the banquette tread to the superior crest The men mho were firing leaned against this They 7ere prof ected so that only their heads and shoulders creme exposed

Bes ides restoring the profile of the parapet cue rebuilt the southern half of the gun embrasure To do this ere built three gab ions Eaah made of nine l i oles driven into the ground in a 2 ft oirale Then twigs or rrithe mere woven between these to make a circular tube 30 in hip basket crorlr Six gabions were needed but cre found it was too much work to Qake theTM The con struction of each gabion required nearly sic ranhours of labor suit able due to our need to experiment and to the absence of materisl The forest cover of the site has changed considerably in a century Consequertly cre made only three gabions and simu lated the other three tivith snocrfenoe The sip gab ions creme then a set up alone the S cheek of the embrasure lined crith skin of turf and filled with dirt

The superior slope was extended N to the cheek of the ebrasure where it covered half of the top each gabion The sole o1 half of the embrasure tires sloped don and soothed Then all surfaces of the zestored section rere seeded tith rass and covered crith strac The TI half of the embrasure ryas cleaned off and left as we excavated it to shot evidence for the restoration Each g abion circle ttere eras accented raith sal1 pegs for better visibilitT

To caiplete the restoration tee placed suitable for 1 d tree material for this sect ions on the glacis slope Oak made the best mood entangleent These trees mere cut offfa fetir feet belo amain 7 fork and that butt end as placed toard the fort about ft don the glcis slope All leaves tcrigs and small branches i7ere cut off to leave large brances crith sYar points The forked sharpened branches creme intertrined with the branches of trees on abattis hich surzvunded either side to reke a section of the once the entire fort

This restored section of w11 crhich is higher than the present surface at the crests of the superior and glacis slopes an3 below the present surface of the ditch ay be regarded as a template hi1e it should not be folloed as an enact iide for the profile of other sections of Sall it does indigate approximately ho the rest it has been of the bastion will look crhen restored Besides this vsluable far what it teur2it us about prcblems end methods of recon struction Some of the estiaates of labor and reconendations tor procedure are based on this experience

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HAND TAMPING BEHIND WALL OF SOD BLOCKS IN COUNTERSCARP

7 JULY 49 I 16 05

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WEAVING A W4cKER GBION e FOR THE GuN EMDRASURE

oN CREST OF i GOUNTERSCARP PAZPET THECN IN BfiCKvRGJPD

11 IVLY 1961 I 25

PLATES Y

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PLATE II

t 27 JULY 191 126 F P 5 EX9

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GBIONS REV ETTINr f 5 CHEEK OF EMf3RA5uRE Pv5 A2 vG G49t N4 CN i N C H K OF EM A E 51PER10R Mpnt BEWD BREAST w HEir TN RCaT ResT i

I 1 EICTERG REST i EXTc RUR SLCPE

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TFST liEN

Dl csRAM OF PLATE GUN ENBRSURE RESTORED SECTION OF PAR4PET ANp OttPAE1 CHtATIi rGoKtvCy TOwoRD FORT 41

ar t FP Ex 11 2 JULitg61 1131 5

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CROCHET PEGS I i I C WW

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i e 1 1 J PEGS MHRKiv 1 P F O N N EE i L i cRAt of Pt T E I AND gREaST HEIGHT RESTORED GUN MBRASURE 43

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I I t P AT II 1 i JULY 191 1t2 F P 5 Ex 4 27 t

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CF GC Ct S REYERSE I COUtvTER5C0R i I I I i I 1 1 1 1

Opp oIT i 6 o r a SOLE Dc1

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c P E S C TROAT I

OlAifAM F PLATE X CUN kMBRASURE RESTORED SECTION FROI1A80VE L OOK I NCr OUT GF FORT 5z z Ip CONCLUSIONS

and Find inns a Stunmar4 of Structures timber inside dimensions cf the interior Filling Room The The ft 6 in and 25 ft long rere 6 ft 6 high structure wide The walls rere and only 4 ft wide entryway was 12 ft long timbers as planks nailed to heavy an p for thencirculationeof framework was surrounded by openhsaee rooden and A rough and both wood gvn porder air to dry preserve dimensions rere 13 surrounded this Its outside shell completely conbined in and 3 ft longer than the Pt wide about 9 ft high of the Filling Roon terior ins the earthngThe Rh ich is the size of the holedorisinallyexcavatedg of dirt The exterior ope wooden work was then covered with l entire and the reverse 30 From the earth mound was 42 the superior 17 in front of the Filling terreplein of of ithe from to end R Raomw 11 therbastionitobdoor was 38 ft and end as Filling Room was 45 12 Pt at the superiorftcrests whichugavel7hftab64inthoftdirtpeover timber structure Yertieally over the outer

in the sae aY as the Porder This eras construdted Sngazine rooden room mere 10 ft The inside dimensions of the Filling Room of 50 The inside dimensions 6 it 6 in a ft long aide high the dimensions of the rough the hole in the earth thence outside around the inner structure shell crhich allowed an airspace timber 60 ft It about 1C ft and probabl long were 22 ft pride high are not onlyapproxi that all these dimensions should be understood down to maLn For instance the earth floor sloped mate but varied Tius if it eras and the roof eras pealed a drain along the center 10 ft in the thanhaththe top the edges Alsoditevras slightlyawidernat thetbotto8 It ran4 ras 4 ft 6 in wide The entry way to the Sagazine the of the FSagazine PE in the same direction as axis ft 6 in SE snd the sur and ran 21 ft to the and then turned a right angle various face The angles of the slope exterior 32 magazine were as follows 0superiorr140breastthe height 680 plein in backandwhich wae41 tr6ointlowerewas144iftProThettopeope

S3 45

rear terre n pith the the inner room was on level the inside of 10 ft above crest was 12 ft above this or s plein The superior the timber shell

were bangvette and Ditch slopes of the surfaoes Thy slope Parapet27 80 superior slope 12 exterior and slope reverse of 42 glacia 5oreastheightcounter scarp 520 glacis orearpo15 The horizontal distancesfrom slce the crest of the banquetteterrepleflnslope 4eidbanquetot were 3 ft to 8 crest 1 Yt further total ft ft and the superior tread 4 wide It teas 14 ft 19 Pt S in from terreplein The exterior crest tivas of the exterior slope o r now 34 ft to the foot 6 in total in ditch The ditch was 11 ft 6 wide aa7p at the floor of the was the crest of the counter a total of 52 ft 6 in Pt further 18 in further was the was an 18 in level berm and scarp There ras 6 ft 6 in The foot of the abattis Qrest of the glacis slope the Port out on the glaois The slope might extendslopesofaT2astthergroundrpermittedsidea levels at different parts Since terreplein rose to different taken the superior of the fort I have features of thecraeipetp andaditchoinnnicate relative heights of the dimensions of the wall typical profile The crest ryas only entlp prradedg upmtonerdethe stant an3 the superior the v ariations in terreplein salient angles regardless of

tread The banquette 6 in tol4 brea g fts loer This was the Shhed hie siteasrfrosl 9 in to a total of Eton 5 ft ft dcx n to terreplein behind that front of the superior crest in belon the crest In 8 ft 3 orest Tie floor othhe fell 2 ft to the exterior superior slope The berm at the ton of belo the crest ditch ryas 19 ft superior and 6 the counter scrp vas 8 ft The crest o the alacis 10 ft 6 in belo the superiorincreste slope cas 18 in higher

the average gun and The tYroat of Gun Embrasures Platforms l0 The width of the nouth varied fro was 18 in wide embrasure on the splay of ft at salient angles depending Yt to 18 ft 20 also affected the thickness of th e R all This the embrasure and the to sole ws sometimes parallel sole The angle of the length of the more and sometimes sloped do steeply that of the slope superior a Carriaze emplace the slope for Siege It was 3 ft below superior Thus the tour of six cheek was held up bye gsbions ment Each 6 in above the embrasure pas 3 ft platform sole of a Siee Carriage 46

r of st the throat of this sametheembruillererRasaonlyl2geno CPrrBYnmasatheeenhe height to accomodate the lotger embrasure was 8 in loer lire sole of th field carriage rising a raised of earth slightly The itself as ramp platform The usual dine ns ions check to t2ie rear to heavy decking cf planks were 20 ft long wideA oP this theanac181Y onto seven or og random width was spiked timbers 6 in thick or on which the gun rested to Hake the wooden platform eight sleepers as 2 ft shcter 14 ft wide Actually it was 22 ft long and qhis projected 6 Pt further forward than the earth ramp to the foot of the braatageheahandg

B Archaeological Conclusions of of all main features The general location cen before excavation Prom surface ccntcurs tHoweverioa epparent structural shapes The erosion had erased all distinct tury of enabled us to end the line oP auger borings three test trenanes covering the of the earth structures determine the enact location and the different surfaces of the Poder tSagazine Filling Room festures were found and Ditch A number of seoond sry the Parapet o one gun the the exact plan such as the S side of gun platfo Room the possible the stairray outside of the Filling eabrasure buried ditch of of the bastion and the palisade closing the gorge the old fort of the two earth to find the location It teas not possible thn 1 ft an accuracy of closer timoer structures Fithin covered in the earth structures were set inside large spces because they and rye can safely as vrere clearly defined hoever These spaces centered in thei rocns ere Wore or less sume that the timber

and destruction and thA psrtioular The methods of construction in our features of the earth were Made apparent manner of excavatingegcavstsrb taThEach Port vas built in the approved and screened to break it up level of oonstruction fill as probably remove large and cut touthe desir dislope level layers saonetethend surfacpeeas

the Offioers of the United 8 ianual for the Use o The Ordnnce Co Sias I C Gideon inters States Arnv 2n ed ington Dimensions and eights 850 475 pp pp 0556 The Artillerists ia1 John U S Vo18 Brig Gen Gibbon of the oor sled from various D s 1a63fiP cep 396e United States New Yorksourceanntostrandd

55 4

9 s 5 in thick ranged from 4 in to covered with sod The layers except for the ssnples Artifacts were not very significant The latter were and a Pew 30d cut spikes Gabion wire to of to the breast and hold used to 1ssten the sill height in 7e d id probably of the buried timber structures place the outershell ooal find a cumber of samplesof structures roofs of the timber ThisWashevidently appliedointhebetween thicbc with small gravel spread 12 in to 34 in The Layers three tar isyers thick It have been as manyas them may about 8 in across ha1P lobs it ooated were probably logs or the earth Dover and allocred timber structure held back This outer structure of the around the inner beamandplank nir to oireulate inner Room beams of the Ponder iagazine and Filling Thheavy full the outer timber shell and the atrueture in turn supported weight itrwasdcovered withrs were s preofadhcAtothowfhtheP outereshelltbefore earth andhe earthworks work of the fort ties dismantled The wood and to of earth having been duo up thrown were repeated evidence could be reraoved This was particularly one side so that timbers bomb structures where the olear in the oP the two proof profiles rear During the theta had been thrown to the earth once covering to other Dover had been felled pro war all forest orchards or in front of the line of offire for two miles vide olear fields or for used as fire good fortifications Other wood hadfeen of the abattis It is indicative to digdearnetheseup deedlinburiedttimbersP y was worth considerable effort from confirmed what we might expect The srenaeologioal evidence no evidence of fire There was absolutely the historical records reova1 gas collapsing structures A clean and none of gradually still in thil e the Port eras good made of ell usable material

ifioations Neer A Treatise on Field Fort 9Dennis Hart Mahan in its 186 This handbook especially York John Ailey was with modifications during earlier o 18503 edition used around ashinoton the construction of the forts f 48

10

of its s a fecr months completion conditionin Pact ithin After this ithrlittle subt erodidedrtonitsopresentoeondition Bastion gradually at least in the Torthrest seQUent activity interest is a function o archaeological The remaining item Soil The of the Fairfax thePditch aroundotheafort of waterresistant fragipanterrepleibutf leper e do not knocr much about a welldrained subsoil Ras dug into ne the drainage system of the Room e in front of the Filling exOeHoveverthwelpresume these drain outside the galls Under into the ditch and drains emptied doubtless well drained the original fort was soil conditions in the same caY Bastion can be kept dry the restored rTorthwest The entirely advantageous of this soil is not The structure main The about half vray up the parapet Isyer was exposed belol7 it hardpan soft subsoil of scarp this was that the result of held together tThisd and fall acey while the hardpan to crumble wall than one made and resulted in a weaker undercutthe hardpan took effect This hoseever only a material weakness oP uniform maintained so it should of the slope tivas not Shen the sod Dover not affect restoration

C military Fnineerin the development is typicsl of in its last stage of Fort Tard at the end of the Civil military enineerin latest improvements in of strong as a well flanked structure ar It could be described betcteen the plans some diserepeneies trace and profile Despite in dracrn up by the ariy was clea g cere3asotakensinsplanningeandy our digging it r8thctndreat building the fort to m3imu vrere calculated live of the various slopes in The angles structures beneath the behind them or the to the men Their surface crould protection directly enough to penetrate case a shot hit them

1865 to E C 10 gas sold on 30 hTovember The timber in Fort far and to iiorrison 4abattis and revetment in inside of Thisiitemlislincluded and lumber parapet S Alexander Timber Prom Brig Gen B dated 6 Decenber 1865 a report R Delafield titled to Brig Gen Def of lash for vee AccounDecending 2uc18d53foundf property of including that year Defenses of iashington in Letter Book of H Archives at the U S 2jational t i l 4 9 t

and w would come at an oblique angle most fire because it deflect 9ere s everal feet The crests of interior structures off aen in glace of the to than the superior crests vrall protect higher arcing at the t t a ll fron gently side the fort and cl e a the front wall shots which might dust r

each for the specific fiels3 The embrasures were designed gun embrasure we at that For example the of fire required point oP three on the or main front eras the central one of excavated a in Ordnance Gun Bastion It was designed far 4 the Northwest f it This mould be one of the main guns on S le ge Carriage from themost likely route inot an attacking party approaching its central axis being at a right this reason it eves synmetrioal angle to thepcheeks and making was the maxithemlonalum ocrable withoutlweakening the gun and crew the embrasure inadequate to protect

On the other hand the embrasure hi Pounder Gun on Field Carriagefarthestwtochhwas libhtersthand for a small 8 to the Thus a was counted particularly a Siege Carriage gun and the ditch in front of iteovi N face of the Tlorth Bastion an actually at short ranges if attacking party Rould beused only very wall and ditch Then it mould rake the reached this part of the fort shot towsrd the iJ salient angle with grape

Because it eras a secondary gun forth empwhiah w asditselfsaesupporting of covering part of the Bastion and Pounder abrasure was only 31 aide elenent of the fort the 6 this could to rn only through lopsided to the left Thus gun very its fob To have made the the Yield of fire necessary to perform would have weakened it to no purpose embrasure wider or synetrical

crss the placing of Another refinement of military planning the Roo and the revetments alonJ the top of Filling breastheight incidentally zrere superior to Ponder iagazine Vertical poles localized the daMage of horizontal bears since they long The additional le anhsolidn shot which Night penetrate tie parapet which infantry could fire increased the yardace frcra breastheight hould have to be careful on an eney although they approachin men of the main t over the heads oY the s inc e would fire bus they eras to provide of The in purpose hocrever 7a11 in front them the The tro structures nearly cloyed a second line of defense and there was some evidence Fistoric throat of the Northwest Bastion rresternost disturbance the auger No 140134 and the along Drawing theca Ii an attacking stockade closing the gap betreen line of a it could be in the bastion party should have succeeded entering and frou gaining entry from these structures prevented fired on or The loaf Bomb roofs personnel to the rest of the fort also hd breastheights for in theaiddle of the fort shelters Discussing tis a third defense line musketry and could be arrangement Barnrd says

5 50

or at of agaz Ines and implement the foe ion subserve such as to make them filling rooms was the purpose of breast tures eras also providetraversedsithcbanqueteeand so as to command by height whichmusketrYthisearrangeby bastions main three prinoipal isolated from the were comparatively seoure ment made additionally against work and assault lus to of the PSagazine opened The door it The y deantngle shell hitting entreaayttffi owder chanoe of an enemy proteotion against Room Here es additional to be at a time egplosinput theCFilling eas to be removed shell would be the shot and for each gunloQdeThusTthere wasiaeminimumtexposureofin tion was taken up explosion and the to enemy fire p owder wel the fort would beeffeitQOntainedidental p art of any feature cd one particular of Fort Par is typionl on k The construction that were available It used materials military of this planning of scrub site In an area or near this the buried and for foresstcturespolNorthrofelo 4etnent and beams Planks woods the the Potomac in heavier in heavy bthiekettgrotheS6abionsoandlse tildings At Petersburg to ascines were used PThisschool extensi Y sanebpurPose as Drell as where sod was used revetvelinoathefof its environment made the best use of fortification loction of its i sophisticated example that Fort ard or to It oan be seen weastructures preserved far military engineering fanned of Civil Bastion in the North rest be restored theory The carefully developed illustanratapPlicationlrepresentedand features today and o restoration our study and respect are crorthy of preservation

Defenses 1871 p38 11 Barnard Report on

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D Historical Conclusions

first field trenches The development of Fort tard Prom the orrs the sequence of events dug in 1861 to the final fortbf 1865 on the theory oP military and the effects of practical experience The Port eras as Barnard construction during the Civil ar first says oP throvn up very hastily Apart only it and the the site was clear the right half oP the torards Lees slopes to the Front to right oovered ith a burg road and to the rear rere The second grovth of young trees and bushes por off and com tion on the oleared ground Tras paced rest oP the site menoed while the elearingoP the hence the very and it s surrounding Bras going on Y2 defective trace

and a number of improvements Inspeotions were oritieal of this the addition of more gun platforms Hoever rere made including and the fort was completely rebuilt this was inadequate and in 1864 enlarged

features erei included For example As rebuilt a number of new iQhich we uncovered was around the old fort a section of the ditch about vrere leading to complaints too narrow and the wehls too steep there eras no berm betreen soarp and falling scarps In the old fort and the soarp ran dorm at a exteriorslope but there was a break the exterior In the new fort the line of slopescarp steeper ankle also crest down to the Stch It was ras continuous from exterior was adiredly a military defect less than the old scarp This steep to the soil conditions and but it represented a necessary aduntment vreather of the site

over the buried structures in the The profile of the earth Pill over s irilar ork in the old new fort showed a decided imbroreMent where it nattered dort There ras much Wore earth g3rticulrly of the buried structure This rres where above the exposed front angle The thicker cover slso shot gas to strike a Palling eney likely increased use of eiplosive shells helped to protect asainst the earth in the nerr Port cere better calculated The slopin angles of the interior breastheights for to deflect fire and the additional of defense nusLetrrprovided an extra margin

12 fn Barnard Report on Defenses 1871 p 38

3 55

vas rain It eras only because the defense system of Washington can tained and developed over Pour years that this sort of groth be observed on onesite Furthermore the large congressional ap propriations made for defense of the national capitol made possible the complete application oP the lessons which had been learned in de military d prectica 1 engineering The elaboratesstem of and Tenses around Washington was unusual in its extent strength one perfection Fort hard is even more unusual because it is part of these defenses in which vre can see at once the whole process from first hasty fort to improvements complete rebuildinb per that Fart fection and final dismantling e are very foTtunete and that F7ard and the system surrounding it are so yell preserved and has afforded this the City of Alexandria has acquired them opportunity for their study

6 56

APPIITDIX I

Descriptive Terinoloy

the technical names for parts The drawing will give following are of French War 2Sost of the terms of a fort of the Civil period which cannot well be illustrated deviation Some of the features are given in the glossary

Glossar

tiaor Silitary Structures

than FORT A relativelylarge more of b g attackeon enclosed defensive work oapable e0in YdePendedifromrn a entity any part of it as selfsustaininu to provide flanking A part of a fort designed BASTIOP proeeting to some guns so surfaoe of the fort or place fire along soae other fire most effective as to make their forward

pith defensive earthcorks in BATTERY A relatively small position be es yell as a bastion to the rear This may arced front but open should it oannot be depended if the enemy even a small fort but or along a defensive attack it from the flanks line should be placed to suporoo oneranothereries

Parts 4f Structures This a17sys The constructed setting Por a arannon iPLACiTT a s ller earth in surounted by oohs isted of a raised latfor in the case of guns a s big vood en planks or platform of heavy a Parrot 100 lber ceaert or bigger than

of There were two ma for types were in embrasure Those in barbette Pountedton highbnavalteand and the trail often turned in These had small heels carriages snivel Barbette guns so that the oould e seraicirola of traok gun ed over it were above the parapet and fir siege on either earth field or Guns in embrasure were mounted that the wheels were similar in appearance except earriaes These those were of 60 in diameter far instance of the siege carriage

C 5

of the field carriage only 57 in In general the siege carriage was a slightly heavier stronger version of the field carriage Somet7hat larger guns vrere mounted on siege carriages and they vrere higher above the ground

The embrasure itself eras a gap cut in the top of the parapet Inside the wall it was only slightly vrider and deeper than the muzzle of the gun which projected into it It sloped don and flared out so that the gun had a naximum freedom of traverse commensurate with the strength of the wall The sides were palled cheeks end the floor wasealled the sole

BREAST AEIGHT A nearly vertical Wall on the rear of some earth eove From tread to top could be no more than 4 f t 3 in or 4 ft 6 in Infantry men leaned against this wall when firing over the top of the earth structure leaving only their head and shoulders exposed

GORGE The narrow entrance to a structure such as an open empls ce ment or a bastion

TLRREPLEIN The level floor ins ide the Port far enough belay the crest of the parapet to be sheltered from enemy fire It night rise toward the foot of the banquette slope as it did in the Northwest Bastion of Fort S7ard

Materials

GABI023 A tube of basketvork 2 ft across and about 3 ft Ions This ryas filled yith dirt or turf and used to hold up steep malls of dirt

FASCINE A solid roll of trigs and branches bound together It might be 8 in across and up to 15 ft long also ued to revet

A SOD or A TURr A block 12 in square and 4 in thick Some blocks Acre aut 16 in long to be Iaid as he aders Re cut our blocks about 9 or 10 in across

Locations or Characteristics

PROFILE The height of the parapet above the ground its thioess the depth of the ditch and the steepnessof the slopes In effect the crosssectional military strength 58

with the lengths oP the TRACE The outline of a Port 3n plan various Planks related to of those flanks and the sp ace forbinfantrymenTTtopfiretfroracese cannon considers the overlapping arcs oP strength of Trace also fire along the bastionstheofethesdoroniistthemoutllinepmilitarytrength side enemy and back FRONT and HACr Front is the facingthe discussion of the 2Jorthest Bastion faces sway Throughout this t the front Paces almost due

CREST and FOOT The he loreat is its fthighuspthen tsosslopes areicontiguousathe will be the crest of the lorer foot of the upper slope

cover its surfaces from a fort to TO FLa2TK To project bastions griteto improve its Trace

dirt mall with some supporting TO RTET To hold up any steep wood sod blocks materiallong beams or vertical polesof gabionsf ascines or even masonry

1 1

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APPIIIDIX II

Historic Plans

ate knor of twelve drawings pertaining to Fort 7ard in the

riunbers National Archives All are in Reoords Group 77 They are

of 11015 170133 through 170141 and 171104 A desoription them follows

PROPERTY Size unknown 11015 PLAN SFiOttING OIIART2RiASTER AT FORT FIARD Seale unknown

Hard Defences of 7ashington South oP Potomac General PlanFart

a Note Building here is constructed like those of similar pur pose at forts North of Potonac

Defences South of Potomac October 12th 1865

This drawing shoes only the outline oP the nerr fort elon6 the interior crest Itis concerned with the three barracks each 906 z 182 the five officers quarters each 115 x 153 arxi office 246 x 166 and the back These mess hall 445 x 1006 with three wings buildings and a Pev smaller ones standbehind E of the S part of the fort They were arranged to form tto The sides of a street which approached the rear gste The nearest building eras less than 70 ft from the Port at property where these buildings stood is not present part of Fort ard Park

24 19 170133 FORT IARD x

25 f t to the inch See Draaring 9 1300

Fort S7ard on Lees Fazn near old Leesburg Road Fairfax County Va Seale One Izieh to 25 Peet

C i 61

of Old Fort Complete Plan tinted EiLht profiles In these Parapet and Ditch and tiro of magazines arashQn old profiles there is a break between tndexterior slope is no berm Profile LS and the steeper scsrp but there a bottom ti7idth nearest our section of the old ditch gives cover over the of 13 ft and a depth of 7 f t 3 in The magazines is clearly inadequate

There are tsentyeight gun platforms shorn indicating There wes already at rhatever type of gun and carriage mounted at the SA date this represents a 100 lber Parrot a of corner oP the fort lLpparently number iaQrovements with the situation had been made by this time as compared shown in drawing 141

There is sane pencil sketching and figuring including at the iLt corner one small proJeoted bastion

46 x 27 170134 FORT 7RD

18 in to 1 ft 196 1300 several New Fort Interior only Probably one of illustration for the drawings made to prepare the Yinal are indi book PTumerous spot elevations of Terreplein 2 should as 995 etc Presumably the digit cated ca 300 come before each number to give the elevation Civil Aar ft in feet as measure during the

Profiles of all rooms are finished draw in s lon gitudinal as well as sectional Longitudinal profiles so this is the rere not used in the final drawing only fort is source for them The interior plan of the shoTnin outline only

in the final Most profiles have mote dimensioning than o drawing ghat appeared in the book The longitudinal pr of the Iorth tiles ct they Po er ISagazine and Filling Room west Bastion clearly ow a palisade vith loopholes elosin3 have proposed as the gap between them This naY been only the nor in the final there is na evidence of itin plan in the soil in drawing 171104 There gas disturbanee a have been removed this area however as if palisade migrt there

at embrasure 3s indicated The type of gun platform each mounted there This is in pencil as is the type of gun of which to mount the source for our recoomendation guns where in the fiorthrest Bastion

7 i 62

170135 FORT ARD 47 z 27

1100 1300

Tew Fort Interior only Iiost profiles sham but not finished Interior not finished features sketched in pencil Probsbly an abandoned version of the finished drawing

i

a 28 170136 no title 34 attached sheets

25 ft to the inch 17 a 6 5 1300 1 a

New Fort complete line plan No profiles No labelling at all Several continuous survey Lines run across fort with elevations of all f loors slopes and crests givenranging Prom 2900 to 3138 ft Very faint sketches of profilesaas line crosses some earth covered rooms Profiles were dracrn up from these figures

This is probably the finish ed plan vrh ich was traced for the dravrin4 that appears in Barnard The profiles then were probably taken front dralving 170134

170137 TORT IAD 2 a 12

50 ft to the inch 1600

Old sort Grid of 50 ft squares shown around fort vith elevations measured at each line intersection Some elevations shon inside the fort and distances Prom point to point inside it Tentative plans for bastions and irs provemPnts sketched on this

170138 FORT FTARD 31 a 27

50 ft to the inch 1600

OldFort and surroundings Same 50 ft grid as in 137 but shoing a wider area Intervals of 2 ft are s ho in contour lines An area from 600 ft in Front

7 63

of the fort to 400 Pt at each end of it is shovrn Rifle trenches running N and S from the Port are shovn and the outlying battery 1iof the Port connected by rifle pit No details at ell are shorn inside the fortt but proposed bastions smaller than those actually built are sketched to take advantage of high ground

170139 FORT VARD 31 a 27

50 ft to the inch See Drawing 2 1600

Old For t Same grid plan and oontours as in 138 but slightly more finished drawing Again no details in side fort but somevrhat different proposals for an im proved trade shovrn vrith larger bastions Some distances given inside the old fort

24 170140 SECTIONS OF BOSBPROOFS AiD 4AGAZIlIES x 24 AT FORT ARDPLRCH 1864 1 f t to the inch 112 4 ft to the inch 148 10 Pt to the inch 1120

Transferred from the Office of Chf Fngr Defenses of ashington to Engr Dept Jany 1866

Unf ini shed profiles with revisions 4pptrently these shor the old fort dust before the renovation as there is very little dirt over the rooms no breast height and a flat roof on the timber covering

17014I no title 23z a 16Z

I fty inch 148 See Drawing 1

1ooden Ornamental Gate st rear of Port Front nd two horizontal rear and side elevations top vievr sections with complete details of oonetruction oellent drawing

3 64

33 x 23 t 170141 FONT iARDy VA

48 ft to the inch See Drasrino 8 1576

t 2nd IdY Vol Art y by order of Gus tv aagner Col Corsmg Refit

2nd N 2nd Arty Surveyed and Drawn by C Rollinsky Lieut Refit

with Old Fort Finished tinted drawing oP entire r four sections and lengths oP sides Po estimating peri meter capacity Only twenty three platforms are shown there is no 100 cf 170333 with twenty eight and lber Parrot All guns and platforms are identified shown in dif and the arcs of fire from 29 to 48 are ferent colors The perimeter was only 580 linear yards at this unkno4n time

30 x 22 171104 FORT ARD

1150 150 See Drawing 10

Final ink draring of Nets Fort hich was photo graphically reproduced in i3arnrds report

Stapp in corner reads Recd June 17 1870s Corps of Enrs

Presumably this teas crhen the drawing cae bac from the retiv York Printers

than the The draring is sorae7hat more clear repro duction in Barnard zind much larger and more legible

There is also a map in the United States Geological Survey

and files shooing the circuit of defenses around ashington

Civil their condition a quarter of a century after the ar

2 x 25 ACC i1o 1299 iap of the District of Coluabia and Vici oP 1 of 2 pityShoring the Principal Points Interest Including the Present Condi Scale unknovn tion of the Defenses of ashington Coniled from the Latest 1709 8nd Prom Oririnal Surveys and Reconnaissances by the Engineering Platoon of the Engineer Corps CiG FL Averill CF Fist Lieut Commr Platoon 1892 65

APPEIDIX III

Outlying Structures

Here I should mention that a good part of the defensive system contiguous to Fort 7ard is els o sti 11 preserved Although this was not properly part ofthis study it is significant Fort hard ras connected to Fort forth 1 mile to the 9 end For is Gareseh and Reynolds mile to the NE by continuous rifle trench or covered way which oonneoted all the forts around tashington This con sisted of a sunken road wide enough for an artillery train pro tected by a wall of ramped earth on the side Pacing the enemy A d itoh was dug outside this wall and th at dirt also added to 3 it for additional height The road and ditch might each be ft below original surface and the wall 4 ft 6 in above it giving over 7 ft of elevation to be surmounted byattacking enemy This vould be sufficient to prevent cavalry Prom breaking through be tveen forts and would greatly slow infantry and force them to mass at a place crhere they would be exposed to highly effective dross fire

these Batteries and gun emplacements were constructed along lines at various intervals to control the surface of the ground ese ere empty but would be ared with field cannon and manned along any stretch of the system where a seriousthreat developed the There was one forcrard battery constructed about 500 ft jT1 of N Bastion of Fort 7ard with connecting trench This outlying battery c anmanded a ravine which was hidden from the ma in Port

Not only is Fort Y7ard remarkably well preserved but so are the surrounding parts of the system The outlying battery and eonnectin trench are both visible although eroded There is at least 2000 ft of rifle trench still running S across the Episcopal High School Grounds on the other side of Braddock Road Prom Fort Rard Park and several gun emplacements To the NE the covered way is well preserved It runs about 1000 ft through the woods to the out for the Shirley Highway A battery is still extant on the far aide of the Shirley Highway

The covered way to NE and S are not pert of Fort Tard Park but they are in areas where they may be preserved Every effort should be made to protect these sections of trench The outlyin battery and its connecting trench are entirely Qithin the boundaries of the park and should be preserved and developed If additional area is acquired behind the fort the general loc9tion of the barracks and officers ouarters there should be marked as on Eis to ric dap No 11015

7 66

should be either acquired or The rifle trench to the t The to the S reached with the aners portion an if agreement School pan be preserved across the Episcopal High grounds to realize its significance the authorities there are made see the surround will be for the public to Thus it possible yard was so to Fort ing defensive system which important

7 67

r APLs IV t

Table of Art if act s

Dug Date By Description Item Trench Square Depth

EL Green Bottom of Bottle Surface 1 Bottle ea 3d Glass G1ASS 3165 thick

J L 2 2 mixed in GA 14 30 2 Oyster red fill Shell Frag

3 Gabion JL T4visted double GH 14 12 ire strand Eeoh strand 18d FTOm S side of embrasure

Dt Leafmold thick IK 3 030 616 38 4 Buried S il scrap 3 long o Surface adhering on both Soil sides Fibrous ma terial still d is tinct

5 Brick ed 030 616 Dzd 1 co rner 1 e 2 IK 3 frag of 2 different colors textures hence 2 bricks YI ell made rri th sufficient lime

6 Cemen t 1 616 DR Fra g across IK 5 0 2 frag Sialar light gray appears fairly modern

7 Roof Tar 614 JG thickfrag 34 IK 7 0 Tar frag across Coal tar

8 Roof 036 616 DG Tar frag IK 8c9 laduravelmiaedk Frith it

7 68

i 4 x a 9 Brick IR 89 038 616 DG 18 2Q well made Could Frag be modern

10 Glass iR 89 036 616 DG Light green 332 Bubbles in Frag thick Fabric Appears pre1900 or older j Probably ha nd blown

Double each 11 Barbed IR 88c9 036 616 DG strand Must Nire 332 thiok date 1880 or 2 pieces from laterthis seems to be a reoent type 1920 on Probably a surface Pind

to be 12 Decayed IR 10 0 614 JL Appears pieoes Wood of poles Prom 1 2dsawed to a 7 frags point Soft red wood with large grain

S Gabion 10N oP 13 15 717 JL Single strand 18 d 9 Wire GH D1 Piece long from N cheek of Embrasure

JL 1 1 14 Glass 10N of 13 15 717 lt green DM 2 frag GH browngreen frags 4 or smaller across

brown 15 Glass 10N of 13 15 17 EL Lt green x Frag GH 58

Tin 16 Tin 10N of 13 15 717 EL 116 thick Can Top GA of 3d Jp turned 58

2 17 Roof EF 45 36 617 JL thick lsyers of dirttar Tar e tardirt Tar 7 frags layers about thiok 1Qdgravel mined in some wood scraps

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Cut common 63 EL 5 30d 4 1 lOd Nails EF nails Cut 20 also g common nail 1 extra h e ad large Corroded some wood adhering No evi dence of fire

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common 628 8d Cut 5 78 evidence o f Idai1 EF No 9j fire

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3E 30d Cut aoon 36 g29 6 rood adhering 25 Nail Er Some

to 34 clearly 2 g27 DG 4 7 opal tar 26 Roof EF Tar 3 frags lOd Cut ac tnon 627 Dt 2 t 8 20d 3 27 Nails EF 1 3 to 6 lon g g27 Dit IIp 8 1 thick 28 Roof EF pride rested on Tar Fiad Sce 10 frags curved logs of bark p ine still adhering Dismeter of logs 6 or more

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