Martello Towers Research Project

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Martello Towers Research Project Martello Towers Research Project March 2008 Jason Bolton MA MIAI IHBC www.boltonconsultancy.com Conservation Consultant [email protected] Executive Summary “Billy Pitt had them built, Buck Mulligan said, when the French were on the sea”, Ulysses, James Joyce. The „Martello Towers Research Project‟ was commissioned by Fingal County Council and Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council, with the support of The Heritage Council, in order to collate all known documentation relating to the Martello Towers of the Dublin area, including those in Bray, Co. Wicklow. The project was also supported by Dublin City Council and Wicklow County Council. Martello Towers are one of the most well-known fortifications in the world, with examples found throughout Ireland, the United Kingdom and along the trade routes to Africa, India and the Americas. The towers are typically squat, cylindrical, two-storey masonry towers positioned to defend a strategic section of coastline from an invading force, with a landward entrance at first-floor level defended by a machicolation, and mounting one or more cannons to the rooftop gun platform. The Dublin series of towers, built 1804-1805, is the only group constructed to defend a capital city, and is the most complete group of towers still existing in the world. The report begins with contemporary accounts of the construction and significance of the original tower at Mortella Point in Corsica from 1563-5, to the famous attack on that tower in 1794, where a single engagement involving key officers in the British military became the catalyst for a global military architectural phenomenon. However, the design of the Dublin towers is not actually based on the Mortella Point tower. There was no early master plan and Military Engineers in South Africa, Jersey and West Cork independently developed their own unique designs mirroring the tactical role and application of the Mortella Point Tower. These early towers show gradual refinements in construction being developed by Royal Engineer (RE) Officers. Instead, the Dublin towers are based on the design concept of a well-defended circular fortified gun platform overlooking a strategic coastal point, The architectural design and defensive features of the Dublin towers are based on earlier towers built by British Forces in Minorca between 1798 and 1802, which were in turn based on adaptations and refinements of two towers constructed by the Spanish 1780-1781 as part of the their fortification of Minorca. The report details the construction of the towers, with contemporary accounts from the RE officers, the builders and the local newspapers, followed by consideration of their military significance during the Napoleonic crisis, and their changing fortunes after 1815 when the threat of invasion passed. A „timeline‟ for each tower is provided, showing their construction, armament and re-armament, how they were used, and how that use changed over time as the towers gradually lost their military role and began to be sold off in the early 20th century, together with a thumbnail sketch of the towers as they stand today: ruined, abandoned, restored, altered, forgotten, remembered, adapted, re-used or lost to the waves or progress in times past. Of the 28 locations where the towers and batteries were originally constructed to defend Dublin City, 6 sites are lost, and 1 was re-discovered in 2007. The towers on Bray beach, Corke Abbey and Magharagh Point in Killiney Bay were lost to coastal erosion; Battery No. 8 at Killiney was sold and the defences removed to make way for the railway line; the Glasthule tower and battery were transferred to the Board of Public Works and dismantled in the mid-19th century; and the Dun Leary tower and battery was removed in the 1820s to allow for the railway and harbour. Battery No. 5 in Loughlinstown was believed to have been dismantled in 1812, but survey work in 2007 noted that substantial sections of the defensive walls, the guard house, the powder magazine and other structures stand to full height on the cliff edge overlooking Killiney Bay. All 12 towers constructed north of Dublin City are still in place, and form a unique resource for Fingal. Jason Bolton MA MIAI IHBC Conservation Consultant Contents Executive Summary Acknowledgements Abbreviations 1. Introduction and Purpose of the Project 2. Significance of the Towers 2.1 Historical Context 2.1.1 The Coastal Tower at Mortella Point, Corsica 2.1.2 Adoption and Development of the “Martello Tower” Building Type 2.1.3 Global Distribution of Martello Towers 2.1.4 The Towers of Minorca and the Canary Islands 2.1.5 Coastal Fortification in Ireland prior to the Construction of Dublin‟s Martello Towers 2.1.6 The Construction of Martello Towers in Dublin and north Wicklow 1804- 1805 2.1.7 The Military Significance of the Towers 1805-1815 2.1.8 The Towers after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, 1815 2.1.9 Martello Towers in the Rest of Ireland 2.1.10 „Bloomsday‟ and Rise of Interest in the Martello Towers 1954-present 2.1.11 Dublin‟s Martello Towers in the 21st Century 2.2 Assessment of Architectural Significance 3. Timeline History & Known Documentation for each of the Towers 3.1 South 1 Bray Head 3.2 South 2 Bray Point 3.3 South 3 Corke Abbey, Bray 3.4 South 4 Magharagh Point, Shankill 3.5 South 5 Loughlinstown Battery 3.6 South 6 Killiney Beach 3.7 South 7 Tara Hill, Killiney 3.8 South 8 Limekiln Battery, Killiney 3.9 South 9 Dalkey Island 3.10 South 10 Bartra Rock, Bullock 3.11 South 11 Sandycove 3.12 South 12 Glasthule 3.13 South 13 Dun Leary 3.14 South 14 Seapoint 3.15 South 15 Williamstown 3.16 South 16 Sandymount 3.17 North 1 Red Rock, Sutton 3.18 North 2 Howth 3.19 North 3 Ireland‟s Eye 3.20 North 4 Carrick, Portmarnock 3.21 North 5 Robswall, Malahide 3.22 North 6 Balcarrick, Donabate 3.23 North 7 Portrane 3.24 North 8 Rush 3.25 North 9 Drumanagh, Loughshinny 3.26 North 10 Shenicks Island, Skerries 3.27 North 11 Red Island, Skerries 3.28 North 12 Balbriggan 4. Primary Sources 4.1 Archaeological Survey of Ireland 4.2 British Library 4.3 Geological Survey of Ireland 4.4 Historical Newspapers 4.4.1 Freeman‟s Journal 4.4.2 Irish Independent 4.4.3 Irish Times 4.4.4 The Times, London 4.5 House of Commons Parliamentary Papers 4.6 Irish Architectural Archive 4.7 Military Archives 4.8 National Archives of Ireland 4.9 National Archives of the United Kingdom, London 4.10 National Library of Ireland 4.11 National Library of Scotland 4.12 Public Record Office of Northern Ireland 4.13 Trinity College Dublin, Department of Early Printed Books 4.14 Trinity College Dublin, Manuscripts Department 4.15 Trinity College Dublin, Map Library 4.16 Local Authority Records 4.17 National Inventory of Archictural Heritage Surveys 4.18 National Coastline Survey & Google Earth 5. Bibliography Endnotes Acknowledgements Gordon Barclay, Fortress Study Group Dave Bassett, Fortress Study Group Helena Bergin, Fingal County Council Edward Bourke, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government Henry Cairns, Bray Tim Carey, Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council Bill Clements, Fortress Study Group Margret Constant, Simon‟s Town Museum, South Africa Christiaan Corlett, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government Gerry Clabby, Fingal County Council Julie Craig, Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council Cathal Crimmins, Architect Willie Cummings, National Inventory of Architectural Heritage Joseph Dillon, martellotowers.ie Paul Ferguson, Trinity College Dublin, Map Library Sean Gaynor, Architect Dave Hurwitz, Simon‟s Town Historical Society, South Africa Commandant Victor Laing, Military Archives, Cathal Brugha Barracks, Dublin Simon Lang, Department of Early Printed Books, Trinity College Dublin Michael Lenihan, Bray Public Library Private Alan Manning, Military Archives, Cathal Brugha Barracks, Dublin Shane Maue, Department of Early Printed Books, Trinity College Dublin Liam McAlistair, Genealogical Society of Ireland Rory McKenna, Genealogical Society of Ireland Ross McKensie, Royal Military College of Canada Anna-Maria Mazzucco, Venezia, Italy Anna Meenan, Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council Michael Merrigan, Genealogical Society of Ireland Kevin Mooney, Department of Spatial Information Systems, Dublin Institute of Technology Dr. Reg Murphy, Museum of Antigua and Barbuda Lisa and the late Desmond Nicholson, Barbuda Niall O‟Donaghue, Martello Tower No 7 Tara Hill, Killiney Frank Prendergast, Department of Spatial Information Systems, Dublin Institute of Technology Marek Prokop, corsica.forhikers.com Nessa Roche, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government Cathy Salter-Jansen, Simon‟s Town Museum, South Africa Simone Stephenson, Architect, Bullock Martello Tower Tony Walsh, martellotowers.ie Teresa Zille, Monkstown Abbreviations ASI Archaeological Survey of Ireland BL British Library BWDP Handwritten entries contained within the “British War Department Papers 1944-1965 2/86032” document held in the Military Archives. CUCAP Cambridge University Committee for Air Photography DLRCOCO Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council archives FJ&WN* Freeman‟s Journal and Wicklow Newsletter GSI Geological Survey of Ireland IAA Irish Architectural Archive Ibid. From the latin „ibidem‟ meaing “the same place”, used to provide a reference to a source cited previously in the text. JRSAI Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland Kew The National Archives, Kew, London, England MA/LLF Military Archives – Loose-leafed file. MS Manuscript NIAH National Inventory of Architectural Heritage NLI National Library of Ireland NLS National Library of Scotland OPW Office of Public Works OS Ordnance Survey PRONI Public Record Office of Northern Ireland QF Quick-firing RA Royal Artillery RE Royal Engineers RIA Royal Irish Academy RMP Record of Monuments and Places RPS Record of Protected Structures TCD Trinity College Dublin Note: All tables and quotes have been transcribed as accurately as possible from original sources where available.
Recommended publications
  • Rathmichael Historical Record 1978-9
    Rathmichael Historical Record The Journal of the Rathmichael Historical Society 1 Rathmichael Record Editor M. K. Turner 1978 1979 Contents Page Editorial 3 Winter talks 1978 4 Summer visits Carrigdolgen 7 Tallaght 7 Delgany area 8 Old Rathmichael 9 Baltinglas 9 Kingstown - A portrait of an Irish Victorian town 11 Winter talks 1979 17 Summer outings 1979 Trim 20 Piperstown Hill 20 Rathgall 20 A glass of Claret 22 Course in Field Archaeology 26 2 Editorial Owing to pressure of work it is becoming increasingly difficult to produce the Record in time. We are, therefore, combining the two years 1978 and 1979 in this issue, Octocentenary Eight hundred years ago two documents of the greatest importance to students of the ‘churchscape’ in the dioceses of Dublin and Glendalough, issued from the Lateran Palace in Rome. I refer to the Papal Bulls of April 20th and May 13th 1179, in which Pope Alexander III, at the request of Laurence, Archbishop of Dublin and Malchus, Bishop of Glendalough, confirmed to them their rights over the churches in their respective dioceses. These documents occur among the great number of ‘records of Church interest collected and annotated by Alen, Archbishop of Dublin, 1529-34. Collated and edited, these records are known to students of the medieval Church as “Archbishop Alen’s Register”. In the introduction to his edition, Dr. Charles McNeill calls it “one of the precious pre-Reformation records of the See of Dublin... records transcribed into it...from originals still extant in Archbishop Alen’s time...beginning in 1155 and continuing down to 1533”.
    [Show full text]
  • Galway City Walls Conservation, Management and Interpretation Plan
    GALWAY CITY WALLS CONSERVATION, MANAGEMENT & INTERPRETATION PLAN MARCH 2013 Frontispiece- Woman at Doorway (Hall & Hall) Howley Hayes Architects & CRDS Ltd. were commissioned by Galway City Coun- cil and the Heritage Council to prepare a Conservation, Management & Interpre- tation Plan for the historic town defences. The surveys on which this plan are based were undertaken in Autumn 2012. We would like to thank all those who provided their time and guidance in the preparation of the plan with specialist advice from; Dr. Elizabeth Fitzpatrick, Dr. Kieran O’Conor, Dr. Jacinta Prunty & Mr. Paul Walsh. Cover Illustration- Phillips Map of Galway 1685. CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 UNDERSTANDING THE PLACE 6 3.0 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 17 4.0 ASSESSMENT & STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE 28 5.0 DEFINING ISSUES & VULNERABILITY 31 6.0 CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES 35 7.0 INTERPRETATION & MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES 37 8.0 CONSERVATION STRATEGIES 41 APPENDICES Statutory Protection 55 Bibliography 59 Cartographic Sources 60 Fortification Timeline 61 Endnotes 65 1.0 INTRODUCTION to the east, which today retains only a small population despite the ambitions of the Anglo- Norman founders. In 1484 the city was given its charter, and was largely rebuilt at that time to leave a unique legacy of stone buildings The Place and carvings from the late-medieval period. Galway City is situated on the north-eastern The medieval street pattern has largely been shore of a sheltered bay on the west coast of preserved, although the removal of the walls Ireland. It is located at the mouth of the River during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Corrib, which separates the east and western together with extra-mural developments as the sides of the county.
    [Show full text]
  • Ulysses Notes Joe Kelly Chapter 1: Telemachus Stephen Dedalus, A
    Ulysses Notes Joe Kelly Chapter 1: Telemachus Stephen Dedalus, a young poet employed as a school teacher; Buck Mulligan, a med student; and an Englishman called Haines, who is in Ireland to study Celtic culture, spend their morning in their Martello Tower at the seaside resort town of Sandycove, south of Dublin. Stephen, who is mourning for his dead mother, watches Buck shave on the parapet, they discuss things, Buck goes inside to cook breakfast. They all eat while a local farm woman brings them their milk. Then they walk Martello (now called the "Joyce") Tower at down to the "Forty Foot Hole," where Buck Sandycove swims in Dublin Bay. Pay careful attention to what the swimmers say about the Odyssey, Odysseus was missing, Bannons and the photo girl. presumed dead by most, for ten years after the end of the Trojan War, and Look for parallels between Stephen and his palace and wife in Ithaca were Hamlet, on one hand, and Telemachus, the beset by "suitors" who wanted to son of Odysseus, on the other. In the become king. Ulysses is a sequel to Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, which is a bildungsroman starring Stephen Dedalus. That novel ended with Stephen graduating from University College, Dublin and heading off for Paris to launch his literary career. Two years later, he's back in Dublin, having been summoned home by his mother's illness. So he's something of an Icarus figure also, having tried to fly out of the labyrinth of Ireland to freed om, but having fallen, so to speak.
    [Show full text]
  • Dymchurch Martello Tower No 24 KENT
    English Heritage Dymchurch Martello Tower No 24 KENT J G LOAD MA, FSA Inspector of Ancient Monuments Between 1793 and 1815 Britain was at War with the French Republic. After his campaigns in Italy, Egypt and Syria, Napoleon Bonaparte began extensive preparations to invade England. To counter the threatened invasion, the English built a chain of 74 Martello gun-towers along the Channel shores of Kent and East Sussex between 1805 and 1812. Of those that survive today, the Martello tower at Dymchurch is perhaps the best preserved. Fully restored and open to the public, it is dominated by an original 24-pounder gun carrying the cipher of King George III. CONTENTS 2 HISTORY 2 The Invasion Coast, 1803 6 Defending the South Coast 7 Origins and purpose of the Martellos 9 Building the Martello Towers, 1805-12 10 Design of the South Coast towers 13 Later History 14 DESCRIPTION 15 Interior of the Tower 17 Gun Platform 18 BIBLIOGRAPHY 18 GLOSSARY of technical terms Copyright © English Heritage 1990 First published 1990 Printed in England for HMSO Dd 6018381 C15 8/90 498 53309 ISBN 1 85074 300 2 1 HISTORY The Invasion Coast 1803 Dymchurch Martello Tower - no 24 in a chain of 74 built along the Channel coasts of Kent and East Sussex between 1805 and 1812 - was constructed to meet a threat of invasion as serious as the later one which faced England after the fall of France in the summer of 1940. The Peace of Amiens, signed in March 1802, had ended nine years of war with Revolutionary France, but Napoleon's territorial ambitions in Europe and elsewhere were to ensure that peace was short-lived.
    [Show full text]
  • November 2014 Newsletter Circulation 2,500
    Sandycove and Glasthule Residents Association November 2014 Newsletter Circulation 2,500 Dun Laoghaire Courthouse Saved Jane Dillon Byrne Neighbours Evening 2014 Meet your Councillors RESIDENTS MEETING Monday 24th November 2014, 8pm St. Joseph’s Pastoral Centre ALL MEMBERS AND PROSPECTIVE MEMBERS FROM SANDYCOVE AND GLASTHULE ARE WELCOME [email protected] Annual General Meeting May 2014 Dun Laoghaire Town Centre: There must be an end to the excessive investment The Chairperson’s Introduction their policies. along the seafront and a real creative investment in the commercial core of Paul O’Callaghan, Chairperson, welcomed Of the twenty one candidates, thirteen were the town. This to focus on employment all to the meeting, including Councillors, there on the night: John Bailey, Cormac creation in retail, office, tourism and Council candidates and Richard Boyd Devlin, Jane Dillon Byrne, Mary Fayne, education. End the lack of joined up Barrett, TD. Karl Gill, Melisa Halpin, Peter Kerrigan, thinking which sees the Senior College Mary McHale, James McCann, Michael moving out of town. The Shopping Centre Paul introduced the committee members. Merrigan, Ellen O’Connor, Donna Pierce needs a radical rethink and physical facelift He thanked Liam Madden for the excellent and Patricia Stewart. to reinvigorate the core area. Dunnes needs production of the Association’s latest to use or lease their streetfront shops. newsletter and thanked the volunteers Before the candidates addressed the Revive the Festival of World Cultures as a who faithfully deliver the newsletter. gathering, Paul outlined some of the issues Street festival in the town. He reminded us to support our local of concern to the association members.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAINING the HUDSON the Fight for the River in the American Revolution
    CHAINING THE HUDSON The fight for the river in the American Revolution COLN DI Chaining the Hudson Relic of the Great Chain, 1863. Look back into History & you 11 find the Newe improvers in the art of War has allways had the advantage of their Enemys. —Captain Daniel Joy to the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, January 16, 1776 Preserve the Materials necessary to a particular and clear History of the American Revolution. They will yield uncommon Entertainment to the inquisitive and curious, and at the same time afford the most useful! and important Lessons not only to our own posterity, but to all succeeding Generations. Governor John Hancock to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, September 28, 1781. Chaining the Hudson The Fight for the River in the American Revolution LINCOLN DIAMANT Fordham University Press New York Copyright © 2004 Fordham University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored ii retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotation: printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN 0-8232-2339-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Diamant, Lincoln. Chaining the Hudson : the fight for the river in the American Revolution / Lincoln Diamant.—Fordham University Press ed. p. cm. Originally published: New York : Carol Pub. Group, 1994. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8232-2339-6 (pbk.) 1. New York (State)—History—Revolution, 1775-1783—Campaigns. 2. United States—History—Revolution, 1775-1783—Campaigns. 3. Hudson River Valley (N.Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Isurium Brigantum
    Isurium Brigantum an archaeological survey of Roman Aldborough The authors and publisher wish to thank the following individuals and organisations for their help with this Isurium Brigantum publication: Historic England an archaeological survey of Roman Aldborough Society of Antiquaries of London Thriplow Charitable Trust Faculty of Classics and the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge Chris and Jan Martins Rose Ferraby and Martin Millett with contributions by Jason Lucas, James Lyall, Jess Ogden, Dominic Powlesland, Lieven Verdonck and Lacey Wallace Research Report of the Society of Antiquaries of London No. 81 For RWS Norfolk ‒ RF Contents First published 2020 by The Society of Antiquaries of London Burlington House List of figures vii Piccadilly Preface x London W1J 0BE Acknowledgements xi Summary xii www.sal.org.uk Résumé xiii © The Society of Antiquaries of London 2020 Zusammenfassung xiv Notes on referencing and archives xv ISBN: 978 0 8543 1301 3 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background to this study 1 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data 1.2 Geographical setting 2 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the 1.3 Historical background 2 Library of Congress, Washington DC 1.4 Previous inferences on urban origins 6 The moral rights of Rose Ferraby, Martin Millett, Jason Lucas, 1.5 Textual evidence 7 James Lyall, Jess Ogden, Dominic Powlesland, Lieven 1.6 History of the town 7 Verdonck and Lacey Wallace to be identified as the authors of 1.7 Previous archaeological work 8 this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
    [Show full text]
  • May 2018 Newsletter Circulation 2,500
    Sandycove and Glasthule Residents Association May 2018 Newsletter Circulation 2,500 Flooding The Baths Defibrillators Local News and Events Annual General Meeting Monday 28th May 8pm St Joseph’s Pastoral Centre ALL WELCOME [email protected] Qigong and T’ai Chi Classes Including the Renowned Dayan Qigong (Wild Goose) System At Christ Church Parish Hall, beside Peoples Park Beginners classes during the Summer months 2018 Also Private Practice Programs Available Further Details: Liam Murray, Ph.: 01 2806101 Web: www.taichi-dublin.com OF SANDYCOVE Albert House est.1860 PIZZA Served 4.00 - 9.30 weekdays ∕∕ 12.00 - 9.30 weekends Local Carpentry Services z 1st & 2nd Fix Carpentry service z Kitchens and Wardrobes Fitted z Solid and Laminate Flooring z Building maintenance service z Cabinet Making z Joinery z Free Quotations z Fully insured and Qualified z 20 Years Experience z Local Tradesman www.fitsgeraldsofsandycove.com ∕∕ Tel: (01) 280 4469 Contact. Daniel O’Connor find us on facebook Mob . 083 456 2665 Email. [email protected] Page 2 Sandycove and Glasthule Residents Association Newsletter May 2018 Annual General Meeting Our AGM will be held on Monday May 28th 2017 at 8pm in St Joseph’s Pastoral Centre. All members and prospective members are welcome. An Garda Síochána will give a presentation on local issues. They will also take questions from the floor. Judging from their previous presentations, this will be well worth attending. Dear Resident Subscription Renewal at AGM I hope you enjoy reading our latest newsletter. Membership subscriptions are due at AGM time There’s certainly a lot happening in the area at the and valid until the following AGM.
    [Show full text]
  • Crannogs — These Small Man-Made Islands
    PART I — INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION Islands attract attention.They sharpen people’s perceptions and create a tension in the landscape. Islands as symbols often create wish-images in the mind, sometimes drawing on the regenerative symbolism of water. This book is not about natural islands, nor is it really about crannogs — these small man-made islands. It is about the people who have used and lived on these crannogs over time.The tradition of island-building seems to have fairly deep roots, perhaps even going back to the Mesolithic, but the traces are not unambiguous.While crannogs in most cases have been understood in utilitarian terms as defended settlements and workshops for the wealthier parts of society, or as fishing platforms, this is not the whole story.I am interested in learning more about them than this.There are many other ways to defend property than to build islands, and there are many easier ways to fish. In this book I would like to explore why island-building made sense to people at different times. I also want to consider how the use of islands affects the way people perceive themselves and their landscape, in line with much contemporary interpretative archaeology,and how people have drawn on the landscape to create and maintain long-term social institutions as well as to bring about change. The book covers a long time-period, from the Mesolithic to the present. However, the geographical scope is narrow. It focuses on the region around Lough Gara in the north-west of Ireland and is built on substantial fieldwork in this area.
    [Show full text]
  • Irish Landscape Names
    Irish Landscape Names Preface to 2010 edition Stradbally on its own denotes a parish and village); there is usually no equivalent word in the Irish form, such as sliabh or cnoc; and the Ordnance The following document is extracted from the database used to prepare the list Survey forms have not gained currency locally or amongst hill-walkers. The of peaks included on the „Summits‟ section and other sections at second group of exceptions concerns hills for which there was substantial www.mountainviews.ie The document comprises the name data and key evidence from alternative authoritative sources for a name other than the one geographical data for each peak listed on the website as of May 2010, with shown on OS maps, e.g. Croaghonagh / Cruach Eoghanach in Co. Donegal, some minor changes and omissions. The geographical data on the website is marked on the Discovery map as Barnesmore, or Slievetrue in Co. Antrim, more comprehensive. marked on the Discoverer map as Carn Hill. In some of these cases, the evidence for overriding the map forms comes from other Ordnance Survey The data was collated over a number of years by a team of volunteer sources, such as the Ordnance Survey Memoirs. It should be emphasised that contributors to the website. The list in use started with the 2000ft list of Rev. these exceptions represent only a very small percentage of the names listed Vandeleur (1950s), the 600m list based on this by Joss Lynam (1970s) and the and that the forms used by the Placenames Branch and/or OSI/OSNI are 400 and 500m lists of Michael Dewey and Myrddyn Phillips.
    [Show full text]
  • Soldier Illness and Environment in the War of 1812
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library Spring 5-8-2020 "The Men Were Sick of the Place" : Soldier Illness and Environment in the War of 1812 Joseph R. Miller University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, Military History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Miller, Joseph R., ""The Men Were Sick of the Place" : Soldier Illness and Environment in the War of 1812" (2020). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3208. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3208 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “THE MEN WERE SICK OF THE PLACE”: SOLDIER ILLNESS AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE WAR OF 1812 By Joseph R. Miller B.A. North Georgia University, 2003 M.A. University of Maine, 2012 A DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in History) The Graduate School The University of Maine May 2020 Advisory Committee: Scott W. See, Professor Emeritus of History, Co-advisor Jacques Ferland, Associate Professor of History, Co-advisor Liam Riordan, Professor of History Kathryn Shively, Associate Professor of History, Virginia Commonwealth University James Campbell, Professor of Joint, Air War College, Brigadier General (ret) Michael Robbins, Associate Research Professor of Psychology Copyright 2020 Joseph R.
    [Show full text]
  • North American Martello Towers Author(S): Willard B
    North American Martello Towers Author(s): Willard B. Robinson Source: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 33, No. 2 (May, 1974), pp. 158-164 Published by: University of California Press on behalf of the Society of Architectural Historians Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/988909 . Accessed: 01/08/2013 20:57 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. University of California Press and Society of Architectural Historians are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 132.206.27.24 on Thu, 1 Aug 2013 20:57:31 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 158 North American Martello Towers As with all architecturefor defense,once the effectiveness of the basic configuration was proven, the defense was WILLARD B. ROBINSON formulated; only minor changes were thereafter made, either to improve efficiencyor to adaptto a particularsite. The Museum, Texas Tech University Circular or elliptical in plan, most Martello towers had diametersof thirty or more feet-in additionto being very HISTORICALLY, military architecturehas been noted for strong, curved forms enclosed a large amount of area per its beauty and logic.
    [Show full text]