DOCSLIB.ORG

“Gateway to the Past”: Designing AR-Enriched Brno City Guide to Historical Gates

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“Gateway to the Past”: Designing AR-Enriched Brno City Guide to Historical Gates “Gateway to the Past”: Designing AR-enriched Brno City Guide to Historical Gates Masaryk University Faculty of Informatics Bachelor’s Thesis Spring 2020 Júlia Gonová Declaration Hereby I declare that this thesis is my original authorial work, which I have worked out on my own. All sources, references, and literature used or excerpted during elaboration of this work are properly cited and listed in complete reference to the due source. Júlia Gonová Supervisor: MgA. Helena Lukášová, ArtD. Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, MgA. Helena Lukášová, ArtD., for her kind guidance, advice and support throughout this whole process. My thanks also goes to the employees of NPÚ ÚOP in Brno and Muzeum města Brna for providing me with relevant historical information. Last but definitely not least, I want to express my gratitude to my parents for everything they have given me and for never once wavering in their conviction that I will finish this work, and my brothers, for helping, supporting, and believing in me in their own brotherly way. Abstract This work focuses on the design and development of an interactive city history guide using augmented reality. To overcome the need for special devices or dedicated applications, the augmented reality aspect of this work is facilitated through a platform-independent web application. The printed guide provides basic information about the main topic, the historical gates of Brno, as well as their likenesses as 2D images. At the same time, the web application enriches the experience by supplying interactive 3D models of the gates in augmented reality. Index terms augmented reality, web augmented reality, webAR, web application, 3D modelling, historical architecture, history, architecture, design, graphic design, JavaScript, HTML Contents 0 Introduction 1 1 Augmented reality and its uses 3 1.1 Augmented reality 4 1.1.1 Uses of AR 4 1.1.2 Types of AR based on the tracking mode 6 1.1.3 AR mediums and disadvantages 8 1.2 WebAR 8 1.2.1 The AR.js library 9 2 Historical research about the city gates 11 2.1 Měnínská brána 13 2.2 Židovská brána 14 2.3 Ferdinandova brána 15 2.4 Brněnská brána 15 2.5 Veselá brána 16 2.6 Běhounská 16 3 Creation of the 3D models of the gates 19 3.1 Creating blueprints in Adobe Illustrator 20 3.2 Modelling in 3Ds Max 21 3.3 Sculpting in Sculptris 23 3.4 Selecting the model format for WebAR 24 3.5 Texturing in Blender 24 3.5.1 UVW Unwrapping 24 3.5.2 Choosing colours and materials 25 3.5.3 Software and techniques 26 3.5.4 Retouching the models for better texturing 27 4 Designing a city history guide 29 4.1 Design of pictograms used as AR markers 30 4.2 Design and layout of the guide 31 4.3 Typography of the guide 33 4.4 Contents of the guide 34 4.5 Map design 34 4.6 Assembling the final booklet 36 5 Implementation of the webAR application 37 5.1 Implementing a basic webAR application 38 5.2 Implementing the user interface 39 5.3 Implementing controls 39 5.4 Workflow of testing 40 5.5 Encountered problems, issues and bugs 41 5.6 Deployment and use of the web application 43 Conclusion 45 Bibliography 47 Electronic attachments 51 0Introduction For years now, modern technology has been continuously providing us with unique new ways of preserving history and presenting it to the public. In particular, life-like 3D digital models of architecture, whether standing or long-buried, allow for a more personal connection to the past than literature or flat imagery ever could. So many buildings remain no more than a few drawings and descriptions. However, we now have a unique opportunity to breathe life into these forgotten pieces of architecture, thanks to the growing capabilities of not only modelling software, but also smart devices. Like most medieval cities, Brno had its fortifications and gates leading in and out of it, but nowadays few people know of them. Although the gates had to give way to the city’s expansion long before they could be photographed, and drawings of them are few and not always clear, there is enough material to give us an idea of how they looked and where they stood. They were all unique in their use and design, and all but one of them met the same fate during the 19th century — they were torn down to allow Brno to expand. The last remaining gate, the Měnínská gate, underwent so much change that its current appearance does not say much of its past. Brno has its fair share of monuments to admire, but the forgotten gates are sadly 2 underrepresented. Thus, the main goal of this work is to use modern means to present them in an accessible, interactive way. To do so, I will design a graphic city guide to present basic information about the gates and hold their simplified representations in the form of a set of pictograms. Each pictogram will serve as a marker for a platform-independent web application that will display a 3D model of the given gate in augmented reality (AR). The app will provide some basic controls over the models, such as zooming and rotation. The 3D models will be created as accurately as possible based on historical drawings, literary mentions, and the few remaining pieces of the gates. The first chapter introduces AR both in general and in the context of web applications. The second chapter provides an overview of the available historical information about the gates. The third chapter deals with creating 3D models, while the fourth chapter presents the graphic design of the printed guide. The fifth chapter describes the process of implementing and testing the webAR application. Augmented reality and 1 its uses 1.1 Augmented reality Augmented reality (AR) is the enrichment of a real-world environment by computer-generated data, which can be visual or auditory. In comparison with virtual reality (VR), the real-world environment is not entirely substituted with a digital one. AR alters or adds to real-world objects and places, and thus provides the user with additional information and interaction. This work describes augmented reality, its uses, types, advantages and disadvantages only briefly, as these topics have been previously covered in other works.1 Instead, the focus of this work will be on WebAR and the circumstances and issues specific to graphic design and 3D modelling in conjunction with WebAR. 1.1.1 Uses of AR AR can enrich life in many different ways and areas, from entertainment through education to engineering. It is an excellent way of making advertisements more eye-catching and effective, and even cut down on the amount of space they take up in the 4 real world (and consequently lower the price of the ad), since they can be more detailed in the virtual one. Another area in which AR can be helpful is education — it can improve the quality and enjoyment of learning by allowing for quick, simple, and interactive ways to view the study material (such as displaying 3D models of internal organs, for example [1]). Interior designers, architects or engineers can also see the results of their work in a real-world environment before they create the actual physical product. Moreover, AR can be used to complete an artist’s vision and give their art new depth, and in conjunction with that, help to present history and historical architecture to tourists in novel ways. AR in history and architecture There have been multiple projects utilising AR to present history and architecture to the public. For example, an ongoing project called SensiMAR [2] uses AR, speakers, and a machine producing 1 For example, see J. Vavrík’s Model of the Historical Building in Augmented Reality, Masaryk University, Faculty of Informatics, 2019. smells to present the historical site of the House of Cantaber in the Conimbriga Ruins in Portugal. The SensiMAR application, developed by Anabela Marto, shows the user a 3D rendering of the building as it once was, overlayed over the current ruins. As a 360-degree experience, it allows the user to walk around the ruins and explore the site. It is enriched with an animation of Romans walking around and the sound of them talking, wagons riding by, and the smell of the fish market that used to be nearby. Another example is an application [3] developed in 2019 by Ahmed Emara, which uses AR to overlay ancient ruins in Alexandria, Egypt, with a virtual rendering of what the tomb once looked like. It completely replaces the surrounding ruins with the created 3D objects, and it features atmospheric sound and animated fire. Augtraveler [4] from 2019, is an educational travel application developed for tourists visiting India’s cultural heritage sites, and it is available both for iOS and Android devices. 5 It features many different augmented 3D models, audio, text and pictures. The application presents information about various subjects in the real-world environment, and offers closer looks Fig. 1.1: Screenshot from at detailed models of buildings or artefacts. Figure 1.1 shows an Augtraveler video [4] example of the application’s features [4]. BAMPFA AR — Augmented Timeline is a project led by architect Luisa Caldas [5]. Her team created an iOS application for interactive storytelling about the history of the new university building. The application uses AR to present the building at different stages of its existence, with digital models superimposed onto physical artifacts or models of the building.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Many-Storied Place
    A Many-storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator Midwest Region National Park Service Omaha, Nebraska 2017 A Many-Storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator 2017 Recommended: {){ Superintendent, Arkansas Post AihV'j Concurred: Associate Regional Director, Cultural Resources, Midwest Region Date Approved: Date Remove not the ancient landmark which thy fathers have set. Proverbs 22:28 Words spoken by Regional Director Elbert Cox Arkansas Post National Memorial dedication June 23, 1964 Table of Contents List of Figures vii Introduction 1 1 – Geography and the River 4 2 – The Site in Antiquity and Quapaw Ethnogenesis 38 3 – A French and Spanish Outpost in Colonial America 72 4 – Osotouy and the Changing Native World 115 5 – Arkansas Post from the Louisiana Purchase to the Trail of Tears 141 6 – The River Port from Arkansas Statehood to the Civil War 179 7 – The Village and Environs from Reconstruction to Recent Times 209 Conclusion 237 Appendices 241 1 – Cultural Resource Base Map: Eight exhibits from the Memorial Unit CLR (a) Pre-1673 / Pre-Contact Period Contributing Features (b) 1673-1803 / Colonial and Revolutionary Period Contributing Features (c) 1804-1855 / Settlement and Early Statehood Period Contributing Features (d) 1856-1865 / Civil War Period Contributing Features (e) 1866-1928 / Late 19th and Early 20th Century Period Contributing Features (f) 1929-1963 / Early 20th Century Period
    [Show full text]
  • Arrow-Loops in the Great Tower of Kenilworth Castle: Symbolism Vs Active/Passive ‘Defence’
    Arrow-loops in the Great Tower of Kenilworth castle: Symbolism vs Active/Passive ‘Defence’ Arrow-loops in the Great Tower of Kenilworth ground below (Fig. 7, for which I am indebted to castle: Symbolism vs Active/Passive ‘Defence’ Dr. Richard K Morris). Those on the west side have hatchet-shaped bases, a cross-slit and no in- Derek Renn ternal seats. Lunn’s Tower, at the north-east angle It is surprising how few Norman castles exhibit of the outer curtain wall, is roughly octagonal, arrow-loops (that is, tall vertical slits, cut through with shallow angle buttresses tapering into a walls, widening internally (embrasure), some- broad plinth. It has arrow-loops at three levels, times with ancillary features such as a wider and some with cross-slits and badly-cut splayed bases. higher casemate. Even if their everyday purpose Toy attributed the widening at the foot of each was to simply to admit light and air, such loops loop to later re-cutting. When were these altera- could be used profitably by archers defending the tions (if alterations they be)7 carried out, and for castle. The earliest examples surviving in Eng- what reason ? He suggested ‘in the thirteenth cen- land seem to be those (of uncommon forms) in tury, to give crossbows [... ] greater play from the square wall towers of Dover castle (1185-90), side to side’, but this must be challenged. Greater and in the walls and towers of Framlingham cas- play would need a widening of the embrasure be- tle, although there may once have been slightly hind the slit.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology at South Adger's Wharf: a Study of the Redan at Tradd Street
    Archaeology at South Adger’s Wharf: A Study of the Redan at Tradd Street By Nicholas Butler Eric Poplin Katherine Pemberton Martha Zierden The Walled City Task Force Archaeological Contributions 45 The Charleston Museum October 2012 Prepared for the City of Charleston and Mayor Riley’s Walled City Task Force Table of Contents Chapter I: Introduction . 1 The Walled City Task Force . 2 The Walled City . 2 The Present Project . 4 Research Issues . 5 Chapter II: Historical Background . 9 Early Charleston . 9 Charleston’s Colonial Defenses . 13 Eighteenth Century Charleston . 17 Charleston’s Colonial Markets . 23 Charleston’s Commercial Waterfront . 27 Chapter III: Fieldwork . 35 Site Description . 35 Excavations in 2008 . 36 Stratigraphy: Trench 1 and Unit 1 . 41 Trench 2 . 46 Trench 3 and Units 3 and 4 . 49 Stratigraphic Summary . 50 Fieldwork 2009 . 51 Stratigraphic Sequence . 53 Features and Horizontal Patterning . 58 Deep Excavations . 63 Chapter IV: Cultural Materials . 67 Laboratory Methods . 67 Analysis . 68 The Material Assemblage . 69 Olive Green glass . 69 Coarse Earthenwares . 70 Utilitarian Stonewares . 77 Table and Tea Ceramics . 79 Colono Ware . 90 Bottle Glass . 94 Pharmaceutical Glass . 95 Table Glass . 96 Other Kitchen Items . 98 Architectural Materials . 99 Arms . 100 Clothing . 101 Personal Items . 103 Furniture . 104 ii Tobacco Pipes . 105 Activities . 106 Ecofacts . 108 Zone 10 Assemblage . 108 Organic Materials . 110 Chapter V: Architecture of the Walled City . 115 Architecture of the Tradd Street Redan . 120 Granville Bastion . 125 Granville Bastion to Ashley Bastion . 126 The Half Moon Battery . 128 Carteret Bastion . 131 City Gate and Johnson’s Ravelin . 133 Summary . 134 Chapter VI: The Lower Market .
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Current State- Of-Art on Protection
    REPORT ON THE CURRENT STATE- OF-ART ON PROTECTION, CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL RUINS D.T1.1.1 12/2017 Table of contents: 1. INTRODUCTION - THE SCOPE AND STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT ........................................................................... 3 2. HISTORIC RUIN IN THE SCOPE OF THE CONSERVATION THEORY ........................................................................... 5 2.1 Permanent ruin as a form of securing a historic ruin .................................................................... 5 2.2 "Historic ruin" vs. "contemporary ruin" ............................................................................................ 6 2.3 Limitations characterizing historic ruins ....................................................................................... 10 2.4 Terminology of the conservation activities on damaged objects ............................................... 12 3. RESEARCH ON HISTORIC RUINS ................................................................................................................................ 14 3.1. Stocktaking measurements ............................................................................................................. 14 3.1.1. Traditional measuring techniques .............................................................................................. 17 3.1.2. Geodetic method ............................................................................................................................ 19 3.1.3. Traditional, spherical, and photography
    [Show full text]
  • Neville Trueman the Pioneer Preacher
    Neville Trueman the Pioneer Preacher William Henry Withrow The Project Gutenberg EBook of Neville Trueman the Pioneer Preacher by William Henry Withrow Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the header without written permission. Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is important information about your specific rights and restrictions in how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. **Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** **eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** *****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** Title: Neville Trueman the Pioneer Preacher Author: William Henry Withrow Release Date: November, 2004 [EBook #6826] [Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] [This file was first posted on January 28, 2003] Edition: 10 Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEVILLE TRUEMAN *** Produced by Seth Hadley, Juliet Sutherland, Charles Franks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. This file was produced from images generously made available by the Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions. NEVILLE TRUEMAN, THE PIONEER PREACHER. A TALE OF THE WAR OF 1812. BY THE REV.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Terms
    www.nysmm.org Glossary of Terms Some definitions have links to images. ABATIS: Barricade of felled trees with their branches towards the attack and sharpened (primitive version of "barbed wire"). ARROW SLITS: Narrow openings in a wall through which defenders can fire arrows. (also called loopholes) ARTILLERY: An excellent GLOSSARY for Civil War era (and other) Artillery terminologies can be found at civilwarartillery.com/main.htm (Link will open new window.) BAILEY: The walled enclosure or the outer courtyard of a castle. (Ward, Parade) BANQUETTE: The step of earth within the parapet, sufficiently high to enable standing defenders to fire over the crest of the parapet with ease. BARBICAN: Outworks, especially in front of a gate. A heavily fortified gate or tower. BARTIZAN (BARTISAN): Scottish term, projecting corner turret. A small overhanging turret on a tower s battlement. BASTION: A projection from a fortification arranged to give a wider range of fire or to allow firing along the main walls. Usually at the intersection of two walls. BATTER: Inclined face of a wall (Talus). BATTERED: May be used to describe crenellations. BATTERY: A section of guns, a named part of the main fortifications or a separate outer works position (e.g.. North Battery, Water Battery). BATTLEMENTS: The notched top (crenellated parapet) of a defensive wall, with open spaces (crenels) for firing weapons. BEAKED PROJECTION: see EN BEC. BELVEDERE: A pavilion or raised turret. BLOCKHOUSE: Usually a two story wood building with an overhanging second floor and rifle loops and could also have cannon ports (embrasures). Some three story versions. Some with corner projections similar to bastions.
    [Show full text]
  • Mughals at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500 - 1605
    Mughals at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500 - 1605 A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Andrew de la Garza Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: John F. Guilmartin, Advisor; Stephen Dale; Jennifer Siegel Copyright by Andrew de la Garza 2010 Abstract This doctoral dissertation, Mughals at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, examines the transformation of warfare in South Asia during the foundation and consolidation of the Mughal Empire. It emphasizes the practical specifics of how the Imperial army waged war and prepared for war—technology, tactics, operations, training and logistics. These are topics poorly covered in the existing Mughal historiography, which primarily addresses military affairs through their background and context— cultural, political and economic. I argue that events in India during this period in many ways paralleled the early stages of the ongoing “Military Revolution” in early modern Europe. The Mughals effectively combined the martial implements and practices of Europe, Central Asia and India into a model that was well suited for the unique demands and challenges of their setting. ii Dedication This document is dedicated to John Nira. iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisor, Professor John F. Guilmartin and the other members of my committee, Professors Stephen Dale and Jennifer Siegel, for their invaluable advice and assistance. I am also grateful to the many other colleagues, both faculty and graduate students, who helped me in so many ways during this long, challenging process.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook on USSR Military Forces, Chapter VI: Fortifications War Department (USA)
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln DOD Military Intelligence U.S. Department of Defense 1-1946 Handbook on USSR Military Forces, Chapter VI: Fortifications War Department (USA) Robert L. Bolin , Depositor University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dodmilintel War Department (USA) and Bolin, Robert L. , Depositor, "Handbook on USSR Military Forces, Chapter VI: Fortifications" (1946). DOD Military Intelligence. 27. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dodmilintel/27 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Defense at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in DOD Military Intelligence by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Technical Manual, TM 30-430 Handbook on USSR Military Forces Chapter VI Fortifications Robert L. Bolin, Depositor University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Technical Manual, TM 30-430, Chapter VI 1 January 1946 Handbook on USSR Military Forces Chapter VI Fortifications War Department Washington, DC Comments The copy digitized was borrowed from the Marshall Center Research Library, APO, AE 09053-4502. Abstract TM 30-340, Handbook on USSR Military Forces, was “published in installments to expedite dissemination to the field.” TM30-430, Chapter VI, 1 January 1946, “Fortifications,” is a detailed discussion of earthworks and structures used for defensive purposes. This chapter is illustrated with numerous drawings, diagrams, and charts. This manual is listed in WorldCat under Accession Number: OCLC: 19989681 1 Jan 46 TM 30-430 CHAPTER VI FORTIFICATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Figure Section I.
    [Show full text]
  • 3.1 Buthan06.Xp
    SLSA Jahresbericht 2009 Bhutan-Swiss archaeological excavation project 200 8–2010 Drapham Dzong, Bhutan. Report 2009 . Werner Meyer Introduction Silvia Scheuerer and Kuenga Wangmo In collaboration with Nagtsho Dorji and Sonam Tashi The Drapham Dzong is located in the Bumthang district in Central Bhutan on a moun - tain ledge in the Chamkhar Chhu valley (exact positio n: N27° 39 ' 15.4", E 90 º 45 ' 14.9", heigh t: approx. 2,930 m.a.s.l .). The elongated mountain ledge is steep on all sides and in places, the rock forms the foundation of the wall. An ancient valley path leads across the col, east of the fortress hill. The entire site is divided into two topographical parts – a mountain fortress and a projecting, fortified settlement in the south-east. The fortress consists of three layer s: a main and an upper castle, a lower castle, and advanced outer baileys situated in the north and the south. Two staircases fortified by towers connect the southern outer bailey with the valley settlement. The mountain fortress is 200 m long, measured along the longitudinal axis which approximately lies in the north-south direction. The archaeological excavation of Drapham Dzong is a major project, undertaken by the Ministry of Home and Culture Affairs of the Royal Government of Bhutan and Hel vetas Bhutan, in collaboration with the SLSA . It successfully began its first excava - tion in autumn 2008 under the scientific direction of Prof. Dr. Werner Meyer from the University of Basel. The compensation of salaries for the Basle team during the exca - vation period in 2009 was taken over by the Basle foundation FAG (Freiwillige Aka de - mi sche Gesellschaf t).
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact Off Crusader Castles Upon European Western Castles
    THE IMPACT OF CRUSADER CASTLES UPON EUROPEAN WESTERN CASTLES IN THE MIDDLE AGES JORDAN HAMPE MAY 2009 A SENIOR PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN- LA CROSSE Abstract: During the Middle Ages, the period from roughly AD 1000-1450, the structure of castles changed greatly from wooden motte and bailey to stone keeps and defenses within stone city walls. The reason for the change was largely influenced by the crusades as Europeans went to the Holy Lands to conquer. In addition to conquering, these kings brought back a new way of designing and fortifying their castles in England, Wales and France. Without the influence of the crusades, what we think of as true middle age castles would not exist. For my paper I will analyze the impact the crusades had on forming the middle age castles by evidence surviving in the archaeological record from before and after the crusades as well as modifications done on castles to accommodate crusader changes to show the drastic influence of crusader castle fortifications upon English, Welsh and French castles. 1 Introduction Construction of what is believed to be true middle age castles from A.D. 1000 to 1450 began as kings arrived back from the crusades to the Holy Lands, bringing with them ideas of how to make their castles grander and more easily defensible. Before the crusades William I of England was beginning to develop a new concentric style of castle beginning with the Tower of London. After the crusades many English, Welsh and French kings took the concentric concept and combined it with what they saw on the crusades and developed it to become majestic castles and fortresses like Chateau Gaillard in France, Dover Castle in England, and Caernarvon Castle in Wales.
    [Show full text]
  • Site Report: Fort Ward Northwest Bastion
    w y Fort Ward Alexandria Pirginie j yYGrY Exploratory Egoavation rt oP the Northwest Bastion f JuneJuly 1961 t rte a 1 3 Yti 1 by Edward Mob4 Larrabee Contraoting Arohaeologist August 26 1981 f3 4x t irrk r x gr d 51 th7c3yyri St7 RY KYs p i zx vtc U x I 1 I O i i I rC 1 o I t d Q o 1 u i i a o moo I W V e a iw i i r i 1 Historic Drawin Ys g No plans for the Wooden Gnte of Fort Ward 141 170 wl Table ofContents List of Drawings and Maps i List or Photographs li Aolmowledgements 1 I Introduction and Description Projeot History Working 9ohedule and Crew Site Description gho rt His tory4 II Esoavation and Findings A Filling Room 12 B Powder Magazine 16 C Parapet and Ditoh 24 D Gun 1lnbrasure 30 E Auger Test Line 33 III Sample Reoonstruotion 36 N Cono lus ions A Summary oP Structures an dFindings44 B Archaeologioal Conclusions 46 C ldfilitary Engineering48 D Historioal Conolusions 54 56 Appendix I Descriptive Terminology Appendix II List of ftis torio Iiaps 60 65 Appendix I II Outlying Struo to res Appendix IP Table oP ArtiPaots 67 r a SG o List of Drawings and Maps T b k y1 f Fart 1 His torso Drawing 170141Gate of WardFroatispLeoe gistorio Drawing 139170Original Contours6 3 Prot ile of Filling Room 14 4 Profile of Powder Magazine 19 i 5 Profile ofParapet and Ditah 28 fig Plan of Gun Embrasure 32 34 7 Profile oP Auger Line 8 Historic Drawing 170141Old Fart early stage51 t later 9 Histor is Drawing 170 133 Old Fort stage z t Final Plan53 10 Historic Drawing 171104New Fort 11 Drawing to Illustrate Terminology 59 end of 12 Plaa of Northwest Bastion
    [Show full text]
  • Argonne Offensive
    “The heroism of the foot soldier is defeated by the Volume I, Chapter 4 steelworker of the colossal factory who builds the huge cannons and by the engineer who mixes the long-irrtating The Weapons of gases in the back of his laboratory. The forces of matter annihilate the forces of bravery.” Abbot Charles Thellier de Poncheville, the Meuse- Military Chaplain, Verdun, France, 1916 Argonne Offensive How did soldiers who rest in the Meuse-Argonne Cemetery experience the collision of modern industry and military tradition? Matt Deegan German soldiers flee a gas attack at the front lines in Flanders, Belgium in September 1917. (Photo credit: U.S. National Archive) Section 1 Introduction In World War I, soldiers rode into battle on horses as airplanes The U.S.’s greatest battle of the Great War was a 47-day flew overhead. They clutched bayonets while dodging machine offensive in the Meuse-Argonne region of northeastern France. gun fire. Army couriers pedaled bicycles past tanks that weighed This chapter uses the Meuse-Argonne Offensive and the Meuse- six tons. And troops ran forward on the battlefield, sometimes Argonne American Cemetery as a window into the impact that into deadly clouds of gas. Factories and laboratories of the early modern weapons had on the war’s military tactics and on the toll 20th century concocted the world’s first industrial war, creating a they exacted on the soldiers themselves. How were these battlefield that juxtaposed the old and the new: centuries-old weapons used in the Meuse-Argonne? What was the best way to military tactics with modern technology.
    [Show full text]