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^4 I) NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNERS 1974-1996

1974

- Eisaku SATO [deceased]

— Sean MACBRIDE [deceased]

1975

- Andrei SAKHAROV [deceased]

1976

— Mairead CORRIGAN

Address: Community of the Peace People, 224 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT 6GE, Northern Ireland. [Tel.: (01232) 663465; Fax: (01232) 683947]

Prize: Peace, 1976. Born: January 27, 1944; Belfast, North- Commentary: The award citation praised both Mairead ern Ireland. Parents: Father, Andrew Corrigan; Mother Corrigan and Belly Williams because they had "acted from Margaret Corrigan. Nationality: Irish. Religion: Catholic.' a profound conviction that the individual can make a mean- Education: No college degrees. Spouse: Jack Maguirc,'' ingful contribution to peace through constructive reconcili- married September 8, 1981. Children: 1. Career: Textile ation'1 and had "paved the way Cor the strong resislance factory, Belfast, Ireland, Bookkeeper, 1960-65; Guincss against violence and misuse ol power, which was present in Son and Company, Belfast, Ireland, Secretary, 1965-76; broad circle:-, ol" the people." Corrigan's impetus for siavliiui Peace People, Founder and Administrator, 1976-. Other the Iiish group Peace People came from the killing of llirce Awards: Carl von Ossictzky Medal, Berlin, 1976; People's of her nieces and nephews by a car driven by a terrorist who Peace Prize, Norway, 1976; Hall of Fame, Unil'cd States, had been shot. Al'ier her sister's dealh. she married her 1977. brother-in-law. Jack Maguire. She remains an active worker Selected Publications: "A Mother Pleads for Peace." for peace. (K.J.H.) Parade (December 29, 1985) 14-16. For More Information See: Current Biography Year- book. New York: HAV. Wilson, 1978, 88-91. Dcutsch, Richard. Mairead Corrigan, Belly Williams. Translated by Jack Bernard. Woodbury, NY: Barron's, 1977. Hershey, Robert D. "Nobels Go to 2 Ulster Women and to Amnesty International." A'Vu- York Times (October 11, 1977;: l+. 1976 (Cont'd)

Elizabeth WILLIAMS

Address: P.O. Box 725, Valparaiso, FL 32580, USA

Prize: Peace, 1976. Born: May 22. 1943; Andersonslown, circles of the people." Shocked into action by her witnessing Belfast, Northern Ireland. Parents: No record found. Na- of the accidental death in a terrorist incident of Corrigan's tionality: Irish. Religion: Calholic (mother)/Prolestanl (fa- three nieces and nephews and the subsequent death of Cor- ther) background. Education: No college degrees. Spouse: risan's sister, Anne Maguire. Betty Williams, along with Ralph Williams, married June 14, 1961, dissolved, 19S2; Corr'man. launched the organisation, Peace People, with the James T. Perkins, married 1982. Children: Paul, son; Debo- goal of endina the fighting and killing in Ireland. The rah, daughter. Career: Ireland, Clerk and Waitress. 1961- organi/ation, under Williams'* leadership, has remained a 76; Community of Peace People, Ireland, Leader, I976-. force in Ireland and in the world. (T.B.) Other Awards: Carl von Ossietsky Medal for Courage, 1976; Norwegian People's Peace Prize, 1976. Selected Publications: Occasional Writer for Peace by Peace, 1976-86. For More Information See: Current Biography Year- book. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1979, 434-37. Deutsch, Richard. Mairead Corrigan, Betty Williams. Translated by Jack Bernard. Woodbury, NY: Barren's, 1977. Commentary: Belty Williams shared the Nobel Prize with Mairead Corrigan in recognition of the fact that "their initiative paved the way for the strong resistance against violence and misuse of power which was present in broad

— Amnesty International

Address: 1 Easton Street, London WC1X 8DJ, U.K. Tel: (44-171) 413-5500, Fax: (44-171) 956-1157

Prize: Peace, 1977. Founded: 1961 in London, England. Commentary: The prize was given to Amnesty Interna- tional in 1977, the Year of Prisoners of Conscience, "for the contribution the organization has made to protect this group of prisoners against treatment which ignores humo.n rights. \Vith its work for the protection of human rights against degradation, violence, and torture, Amnesty International has contributed to securing a foundation for dignity, and thereby, also for peace in the world." (G.N.W.) -3- 1978

— Muhammed Anwar EL-SADAT [deceased]

— Menachim Wolfovitch BEGIN [deceased]

1979

— Teresa, Mother (Bojaxhiu, Agnes Gonxha) [deceased]

1980

— Aldofo Perez ESQUIVEL

Address: University of Peace, Apdo. Postal 199, 1250 Escalzu, Costa Rica; Servicio Paz y Justicia, Piedras 730, CP 1070, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Prize: Peace, 1980. Born: November 26, 1931; Buenos Commentary: Adolt'o Here/. L-^quivel was honored as "a Aires, Argentina. Parents: No record found. Nationality: spokesman of a revival of respect of human rights...having Argentinian. Religion: Catholic. Education: National shone a light through the darkness" of Argentina's military School of Fine Arts, Argentina, graduate, 1956. Spouse: rule. Perez Esquivcl left a distinguished career as a sculptor Amanda Pere/., married 1956. Children: Lcopoldo, son; 2 to become a human rights activist and Catholic church lay other sons. Career: Manuel Bclgrano [Iscuela N'acioinii tie leader, coordinating human rights efforts in Argentina and Bellas Aries, Buenos Aires. Argentina, Professor, 1956-73; in all of Latin America. He was mistreated and jailed by the Service for Justice and Peace in Latin America, Founder and Argentinian military government for 14 months early in his Secretary General, 1973-. Other Awards: Preniio La Nacii;;) career without charge or trial but has persisted in his efforts de Oseultura; Memorial Juan XXIII, Insiituio de Poledogia through the Service for Justice and Peace, which he founded, ViciorScix, Barcelona, Spain. 1977. and through a women's group. Las Locas de Mayo. (R.A.) Selected Publications: I'n:. \ Jnsiii'ia, Founder and Hdi- lor, 1973-. Christ in a I'i»ichi>. New York: Orhis Hooks. I9K3. For More Information See: Current Itiographv Year- hook. New York: HAV. YViKon. I9S1. 321-24. New York Times ttiographicul Sen-ice (October 14. 19X0): !455-5h. I WO Vela de Annas. Mexico City: Las Ldiciones del Ticmpo. 19X0.315-1(1. 473. -4 - 1981

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

Address: High Commissioner and Headquarters Case postale 2500, Depot, CH-1211, Geneve 2, Switzerland Tel: (41-22) 739-8111, Fax: (41-22) 731-9546 Prize: Peace, 1981. Founded: 1951 by the UN. Commentary: The Peace Prize, awarded in recognition of UNHCR's 30th birthday, was their second award. The UNHCR provides refugees with legal protection from forced repatriation, physical harm, and unjustified deten- tion, as well as assurances of adequate food, clothing, and shelter. (G.N.W.)

1982

— Alfonso GARCIA ROBLES [deceased]

- Alva Rentier MYRDAL [deceased]

1983

Lech WALESA

Address: ul. Polanki 54, Gdansk-Oliwa, Poland

i'rize: Peace, 19S.V Horn: September 29. 1943; Popow. Commentary: Lech Walesa was granted the Nobel Prize Poland. I'drctitx: Father, Uole^law Walc>a; Moilier. Fehksa for his efforts through negotiation and nonviolent protest to V.'alcsa h'dtionalilv: Polish Religion: Cailu>!ic. l',tl;:ca- gain the right for Polish workers to organize freely. Walesa tion: No college degrees. Spouse: MirosLuvi \\'alesa. ma: - was involved in labor unrest almost from his first working lied 1 9n9. C'ltildrcii: 4 son--: 4 d.rj'jliUT-, Career: I,emu clay and eventually (in 1976) lost his electrician's position Shipyard. Cidansk. Poland. Flectrician. l963-7('i; Polish I .a because of his activities. He was one of the founders of the 1 bur Leader, I 976-. Other Award ;: Man of the Year. Time. free trade union on the Baltic Coast in 1979, the forerunner 19X1; Love- International Award. 19X1; Freedom Medal. of the large union Solidarity, which Walesa has guided since U.S.A.. 19N1; Medal of Merit. 19SI; Social Justice Award. its beginnings. Harassed constantly and jailed by Polish 19S.V leaders, Walesa remains a symbol to Polish labor and the Selected Publications: The Stnt^lc d/ul ih.c Triiini/>li. Polish people, with his activities "characterized by a deter- New York: Arcade Publishers, 1992.' mination to soKc his country's problems through negotia- For More Information See: Aschcrson. Neal. The B<>"k tion and cooperation without resorting to violence." (J.H.S.) of Lech Vi'elesa. New York; Simon & Schuster, 1982. Brole- wic/., Walter. My Brother, Lech Walesa. New York: Tribeca Communications, 19^3.Current Biography Yearbook. New York: H.W.Wilson. 19S1, 436-39. -5-

1984

— Desmond Mpilo TUTU

Address: Truth and Reconciliation Commission, P.O. Box 3162, Cape Town 8000, South Africa. Tel: 021-24-51-61, Fax: 021-24-52-25

Prize: Peace, 1984. Born: October 7, 1931; Klerksdorp, For More Information See: Current Biography Year- Witwatcrsrand, Transvaal, South Africa. Parents: Father, book. New York: H.W. Wilson, January 1985,40-44. "Gifts Zachariah Tutu; Mother, Aletta Tutu. Nationality: South Seen and Heard." Commonweal III (November 30, 1984): African. Religion: Anglican. Education: Bantu Normal 645-46. Hammer, Joshua. "Urging Nonviolent Change in College, South Africa, Teacher's Diploma, 1953; Univ. of His Tortured Land: South Africa's Desmond Tutu Wins (he SouH-fAfrica, B.A., 1954; St. Peter's Theological College, Nobel Pri/e." People 22 (December 17, 1984): 185-87. South Africa, L.Th., 1960; King's College (Univ. of Lon- La;itier-.Sampson, P. DcsinonJTitlit. Milwaukee: G. Stevens don), England, B.D., 1966; King's College (Univ. of Lon- Children's Books. 1991. don), England, M.Th, 1966. Spouse: Leah Komalizo Shenx- Commentary: The Nobel Pri/.c Committee indicated ane, married July 2, 1955. Children: Trevor, son; Naomi, that Bishop Desmond Tutu's recognition "should lie re- daughter; Mpho, daughter; Thandi, daughter. Career: South garded not only as a gesture of support to him and to the Africa, Schoolmaster, 1954-57; Anglican Church, Souih Souih African Council of Churches of which he is leader, Africa, Parish Priest and various administrative positions, but also lo all individuals ai:d groups in Souih Africa who, I960-. Other Awards: Athena Prize, Onassis Foundation, with their concern for human dignity, IVaiernily and democ- Greece, 19SO; Family of Man Gold Medallion, 19S3. racy, incite the admiration ol the world." Tutu has been Selected Publications: dying in the Wilderness: The outspoken for much of his life against apartheid. South Struggle for Justice in South Africa. London: A.R. Mowbray Africa's system of strict race separation. In 1984 and 1985, and Co., 1982. Hope and Suffering: Sermons and Speeches. he became personally involved in intersenhii: in defuse Johannesburg: Skotaville Publishers, 19S3. violence and in advocating the withdrawal of foreign invest- ments from South Africa. (P.P.F.)

— International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Inc.

Address: 126 Rogers Street, Cambridge, MA 02142-1097, USA Tel: (617) 868-5050, Fax: (617) 868-2560

Prize: Peace, 1985. Founded: 1980 in Boston, MA. Commentary: This was one of the most controversial awards in the history of the Prize. According to the committee, the Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War "per- formed a considerable service to mankind by spreading authoritative information and by creating an awareness of the catastrophic consequences of atomic warfare." The award was meant as a message to President Reagan and Secretary Gorbachev, who were to have a summit meeting six weeks later. (G.N.W.) -6-

1986

— Elie WIESEL

Address: Boston University, 745 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA Tel: (617) 353-4566

Prize: Peace, 1986. Born: September 30, 1928; Sighct, For More Information See: Abrahamson, Irving. Romania^Parents^ Father, Shlomo Wiesd^Mother, Sarah_ Against Silence: The Voice and Vision of Elie Wiesel. New Feig Wiesef. Nationality: Romanian; later resident in York: Schocken, 1984. Brown, Robert. Elie Wiesel. South France; American citi7.cn. Religion: Jewish. Education: No Bend, IN: Univ. of Notre Dame Press, 1984. Cargas, Harry. decrees Spouse: Marion Erster Rose, married 1969. Chil- In Conversation with Elie Wiesel. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist dren: Shlomo-Elisha, son. Career: Writer and lecturer. Press, 1976. A Jew Today. New York: Random House, 1978. Other Awards: Martin Luther King Medallion, City College From the Kingdom of Memory. New York: Schocken of New York, 1973; Jewish Book Council Literary Award. Books, 1995. 1973; Congressional Medal of Achievement, 1985. Commentary: The Peace Award was granted to Elie Selected Publications: Night. New York: Hill and Wiesel for his self-accepted mission as "a messenger to Wan" I960. Dawn. New York: Hill and Wang, 1961. Tin- mankind: his message is one of peace, atonement and human Accident. New York: Hill and Wang, 1962. The Town dignity." Wiesel is a conrniued Jev. who survived two Na/.i Be\ond the Wall. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, concentration camps ami found himself after years of 1964 The Gates of the Forest. New York: Holt, Rinehart searching. His autobiographical Ni^ht (1958) hauntingly and Winston, 1966. A Beggar in Jerusalem. New York: evokes images of the Holocaust, explores what it means to Random House, 1970. The Oath. New York, Random be Jewish, and examines the tortuous journey from (lie living House 1973. The Fifth Son. New York: Summit, 1983. death of the concentration camp to life. In his later writings, the laureate introduced the element of hope, but a hope that is shadowed by the lurking specter of disaster. Wicsel's mission ol helping oppressed minorities extended to various groups and causes throughout the world. (J.H.S.) 1987

— Oscar ARIAS SANCHEZ

Address: Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress, Apdo 8-6410-1000, San Jose, Costa Rica. Tel: (506) 55-29-55, Fax: (506) 55-22-44

Prize: Peace, 1987. Born: September 13. 1941; Hercdia Commentary: Oscar Arias Sanches was cited by the Costa Rica. Parents: Father. Juan Raiacl Arias Trejos; Academy for his ''outstanding contribution to the possible Mother, Lilian Snnchex. Nationality: Costa Rican. Relig- return of stability and peace to a region long torn by strife ion: Most probably Christian. Education: Univ. of Costa and civil war." Arias was the impetus behind an agreement Rica, law degree, 1967; London School of Economics, that he hoped would end the long-time controversies involv- England, graduate degree. Spouse: Margarita Penon Lon- ing Nicaragua, Guatemala, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and gora, married 1973. Children: Silvia Eugenia, daughter; Honduras. This was one of the few times that the Nobel for Oscar Felipe, son. Career: Univ. of Costa Rica, Professor' Peace was awarded in an attempt to promote political initia- 1969-72; Politician, 1972-. tives that were deemed positive by the Academy. In this Selected Publications: Grupos de Presion en Costa case, the endorsement did not succeed in producing a peace- Rica. San Jose, Costa Rica: Editorial Costa Rica, 197 ]; Who ful or permanent solution to the conflicts in the area. (J.H.S.) Governs? San Jose, Costa Rica: Educa, 1976; Dawn of a New Political Era. San Jose, Costa Rica: Presidencia de la Republica, 1987. For More Information See: Abrams, Irwin. "Behind the Scenes." Antioch Review 46 (Summer 1988). New York Times (October 14, 1987): A!. -7 -

1988

The United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces

Address:

Prize: Peace, 1988. Commentary: The prize was awarded to ihe peace keep- ers in trouble spots around the world. In the committee's eyes, they represented "the manifest will of the community of nations to achieve peace."

— DALAI LAMA, The Fourteenth (Tsering, Tensin)

Address: Thekchen Choeling, McLeod Ganj 176219, Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Prize: Peace, 1989. Born: May 5, 1935; Takiser, Tibet. Commentary: The Dalai Lama received the Nnhcl Pri/e Parents: Father, Chujon Tsering; Mother, Dckyi Tsering. in recognition of ln-> nonviolent campaign to end China's Nationality: Tibetan. Religion: Tibetan Buddhist (La- long domination of his homeland. The Nohel committee maist). Education: No formal degrees. Spouse: None. Chil- praised him for "advocating peaceful solution based upon dren: None. Career: Religious and political activist tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the histori- Selected Publications: M\ iMnd and A/y People. New cal and cultural heritage of his people." In exile since he lied York: McGraw-Hill, 1962. The Opening of ihe Wisdom Eye Chinese occupation forces in 1959, the Dalai Lama traveled a/id the History of the Advancement of Kuddhadharnia in around the world, preaching the nonviolent Buddhist phi- Tibet. Bangkok: Social Science Association Press of Thai- losophy and working for Tibet's future. The Fourteenth land, 1968. The linddhixm oj'Tibct and the Ke\ n< the Middle Dalai Lama successfully passed all the requisite tests at the HV;v. New York: Harper & Row, 1975. age of five, and was confirmed, as the true reincarnation, by For More Information See: Goodman. Michael H. '/'lie the State Oracle of Tibet. (S.L.) Last Dalai Ltiina: A liin^reipliy. Boston: Shamhhala. 19X7. Gould, Basil. Report on ihe Discovers, Recognition, and Installation of ihe I'lnirteenih Dalai Lama. New Delhi. India: n.p., 1941. The Dalai Liuna: A /W/rv of Kindness. Ithaca. NY: Snow [.ion Publishers. 199?v .8.

1990

— Mikhail Sergeyevich GORBACHEV

Address: International Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Studies, Leningradsky prosp. 49, 125468 Moscow, Russia. Tel: (095) 943-99-90, Fax: (095) 943-95-94

Prize: Peace, 1990. Born: March 2, 1931; Privolnoye, Selected Publications: Tin' Coining Century of Peace. USSR. Parents: Father, Sergei Andreevich Gorbachev; New York: Eagle Publishing. 1986. Speeches and Writing. Mother, Maria Panteleyvna Gorbacheva. Nationality: Rus- 2 volumes. New York: Pergamon. 1986-87. Moratorium. sian. Religion: No record found. Education: Moscow Slate Moscow: Novosti P.R., 1986. Perestroikci. New York: Har- Univ., USSR, law degree, 1955. Spouse: Raisa Maksi- per & Row, 19SS. movna Gorbacheva, married 1956. Children: Irina, daugh- For More Information See: Butson, Thomas. Gor- ter. Career: Communist Party Official and Soviet Politician. bachev. New York: Stein and Day. 19S5. Zcimsov, llya. and 1952-91; International Foundation for Social and Economic John Farrar. Gorbachev. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, and Political Research, Administrator, 1991-. Other 1989. Ruge, G. Gorbachev. London: Chatto and Windus Awards: Order of Lenin, USSR, (3 times); Order of Red 1991. Banner of Labor, USSR Commentary: Mikhail Gorbachev won the Nobel for his "decisive contributions [to the] dramatic changes that have taken place in the relationship between East and West." Gorbachev's relaxation of the rigid control policies of previous Soviet leaders allowed the breakdown of the Berlin wall in Germany and the breakdown of more intangible walls between the peoples of the world inside and outside the "Iron Curtain." Gorbachev was equally well known for the two policies of glasnost (openness or political coexis- tence) and percstroika (a move toward a free market econ- 1991 omy). (B.S.S./J.H.S.)

AUNG SAN Suu Kyi

Address: c/o National League for Democracy, 54-56 University Avenue, Yangon, Myanmar.

Prize: Peace, 1991. Born: June 19, 1945; Rangoon, Burma. For More Information Set1: Current tiio^ra/>h\ Year- Parents: Father, Bogyoke Aung San; Mother, Khin Kyi hook. New York. NY: H.W. Wilson Co., 1992. 27—31 Aung San. Nationality: Burmese. Religion: Most probably Commentary: Suu Kyi Aung San was under house arresi Buddhisl. Education: Oxford Univ., England, B.A., 1967. in Burma when she won the Nobel, recognizing her as "the Spouse: Michael Aris. married 1972 Children: Alexander, leader of a democratic opposition that employs nonviolent son; Kim, son Career: United Nations, New York, Re- means to resist a regime characterized by brutality." The searcher, 1968-71; Foreign Ministry, Bhutan, Researcher, Committee noted the desire "to show its support for the 1972-74; Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Simla, India. many people throughout the world who are striving to attain Researcher, 1986-87; Nalional League for Democracy, Ran- democracy, human rights, and ethnic conciliation by peace- goon, Burma, Leadership Role. 1988- Other Awards: Rafto ful means." From August 1988, when she joined a pro-de- Memorial Pri/.c, 1990; Sakharov Pri/e. 1991; Bellisario mocracy movement in Burma, until July 1989, when she Pri/.e, 1992 disappeared from sight, Aung San, daughter of a legendary Selected Publications: Tin- Political Legacy of Aunt; Burmese hero, galvanized the people of Burma into support Sun. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ.. 1972; Hurnia and India. of democratic reform in a country governed by a military New Delhi. India: Indian Intitule of Advanced Studv. 1990 junta since 1962. Aung San was released from house arrest in 1995. She was the first Burmese and second Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Peace. (S.L.) - 9 -

1992

— Rigoberta MENCHU

Address: c/o Vincente Menchu Foundation, P.O. Box 5274, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA Prize: Peace, 1992. Born: 1959; Chimel, Guatemala. Par- Commentary: Rigoberta Menchu was awarded the No- ents: Father, Vicente Menchu; Mother, Juana Menchu. Na- bel Peace Prize for her work in Guatemala and in the world because she ''stands out as a vivid symbol of peace and tionality: Guatemalan. Religion: Christian. Education: No reconciliation across ethnic, cultural, and social dividing degrees. Spouse: None Children: None Career: Political lines." Menchu's life, devoted to the cause of freedom—a activist, 1981- cause for which she witnessed the death of those dearest to Selected Publications: /, Rigoberta. New York. NY: her—remains an inspiration for all. The Committee noted Routledgc, 1935 that "by maintaining a disarming humanity in a brutal world, For More Information Sec: Current Biography Year- Rigoberta Menchu appeals to the best in us. She stands as a hook. New York: HAV. Wilson, 1993, 398-402; La/o, C. uniquely potent symbol of ajust struggle." (J.H.S./B.S.S.) Rigoberta Menchu. New York: Dillon Press, 1994

— Frederik Willem DE KLERK

Address: Private Bag X999, Cape Town 8000, South Africa. Tel: (21) 403 3108, Fax: (21) 462 3008

Prize: Peace, 1993. Born: March 18, 1936; Johannesburg, Africa: Vlaeberg Publishers. 1990; Oliaway. H. Cluiinnl South Africa. Parents: Father, Johannes de Klerk; Mother, Together New York: Times Books, 1993 Hcndrina Cornelia Coctzcr de Klerk. Nationality: South Commentary: F. \V. tic Klerk received the Nnhel jointly African. Religion: Dutch Reform. Education: with Nelson Mandela for their "constructive policy of peace Potchefslroon Univ. for Christian Higher F.ducaiion, South and reconciliation [which] also points the way in the peace- Africa, 13.A.. L.L.B., \95$. Spouse: Marike Willem.se, mar- ful resolution of similar deep-rooted conflicts elsewhere in ried 1959 Children: Willem, son; Jan, son; Su-.m, daughter the world." de Klerk initiated the efforts toward peace and Career: Vereeniging Law Firm, South Africa. I.auyer. toward developing a nonracial democracy while Prime Min- 1972-89; Various political posls. Smith Africa, 19S9- ister of South Africa, although his racial policies prior to this For More Information See: de Klerk, W. /•'. H'. tic political turnaround, as well as his previous actions, were Klerk. Johannesburg, South Africa: Jonathan Ball Publish- ihc subject of much controversy when the award was an- ers, 1991; Kamsiecg, A. /•". H'. dc Klerk. Cape Town, South nounced. (B.S.S./J.H.S.)

— Nelson MANDELA

Address: Private Bag X1000, Pretoria 0001, South Africa Selected Publications: Nehon Mandela Speeches. New Prize: Peace, 1993. Born: July 18, 1918; Mvezo. South York: Pathfinder Press, 1990; Nehon Mandela Speaks. New Africa. Parents: Father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa Man- York: Pathfinder Press, 1993 dela; Mother, Nosekeni Fawny Mandela. Nationality: South For More Information Sec: Long Walk to Freedom. African. Religion: Methodist background. Education: Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1994; Ottaway, David. Univ. of South Africa, B.A., 1942;; Univ. of Witwatersrand, Chained Together. New York: Times Books, 1993. The South Africa, L.L.B., 1952. Spouse: Evelyn Mase, married Struggle Is My Life. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1990 1944, divorced 1956; Nomzamo Winnie Madikizela, mar- Commentary. Nelson Mandela was jointly awarded the ried 1958, separated 1992 Children: Makgatho, son; Nobel with F. W. de Klerk for their "constructive policy of Makaziwe, daughter; Zeni, daughter; Zindzi, daughter Ca- peace and reconciliation [which] also points the way to the reer: Attorney, 1952-56; Political activity and offices, 1956- peaceful resolution of similar deep-rooted conflicts else- Other Awards: Nehru Award, 1979; Kreisky Prize, 1981; where in the world." Long imprisoned as a result of his Bolivar Prize, 1983; Sakharov Prize, 1988; Gaddafi Prize, efforts to secure equality for the black community in South 1989: Hcn-n'KHiet Prir.e. 1991: AstijnrN Pri-^ iorr>- Mir. i . .< ,. :,u i , 1-1 ,..• -10-

1994

Yasser ARAFAT

Address: c/o Palestine National Authority, Jericho Area, West Bank

Prize: Peace, 1994. Born: August 24, 1929; Cairo, Egypt. Commentary: Yasir Arafat shared the Nobel Pri/.e with Parents: Father, Abd al-Raouf nl-Qudwa al-Husscini; Yii/.hak Rabin and .Shimon Peres for their "substantial con- Mother, Zahvva Abu Saud. Nationality: Palestinian. Relig- tributions to a historic, process through which peace and ion: Muslim. Education: Univ. of Cairo, Egypt, B. Engi- cooperation can replace war and hate" in the Middle Mast. neering, 1956.S/7tfH.re:SuliaTawil, married 1991 Children: All three winners labored diligently to develop a document Zahwa, daughter Career: Revolutionary, 1950- Other on Palestinian self-rule. The award, however, was the sub- Awards: Joliot-Curie Gold Modal, 1975 ject of much controversy. One committee member stepped For More Information See: Cowers, Andrew and Tony down ID protest Arafat's receipt of the Nobel, and there was Walker. Anifat. New York: Inierlink Publishing Croup, a series of bloody events in Israel and the West Bank after 1994; Hart. Alan. Anifnt. Bloomington, IN: Indiana Univ. the award was presented. But the march toward peace initi- Press, 19X9; Wallach, Janet and John Wallach. In the /;'\r.v aled by the three continued to move forward, even after the nfllic Me holder. New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1990 assasinalion of Rabin in November 1995. (B.S.S./J.H.S.)

— Shimon PERES

Address: The Knesset, Jerusalem, Israel.

Prize: Peace, 1994. Born: August 16, 1923; Vishneva, stantial contributions to a historic process through which Poland. Parents: Father, Yitzhak Peres; Mother, Sarah Per- peace and cooperation can replace war and hate" in the sky Peres. Nationality: Israeli. Religion: Jewish. Educa- Middle East. Peres was a critical architect of the document tion: No degrees. Spouse: Sonia Gellman, married May 1, which attempted to spell out the steps toward Palestinian 1945 Children: Jonathan, son; Nechemia, son; Zvia, daugh- self-rule. The awards were the subject of much controversy, ter Career: Israeli politician, 1948- and after the announcement, a series of bloody events oc- Selected Publications: David's Sling. London: Weiden- curred in Israel and the West Bank. Peace efforts continued feld and Nicolson, 1970; From these Men. New York: by all parties, even so. Peres became prime minister of Israel Wyndham Books, 1979; The New Middle East. New York: after Rabin was assassinated in November 1995. Holt, 1993 (B.S.S./J.H.S.) For More Information See: Golan, Matti. The Road to Peace. New York: Warner Books, 1989; Battling for Peace. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1995 Commentary: Shimon Peres was jointly awarded the Nobel with Yasir Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin for "their sub-

— Yitzhak RABIN [deceased] -11- 1995

Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs

Address: 63 rue de Lausanne, CH-1202 Geneve, Switzerland.

Prize: Peace. 1995. rounded: 1957 in Pugwash. Nova Scotia. Commentary: The Peace Pri/.e was divided equally between the Pugwash Conferences and Joseph Rolblat, one of the conferences' charter members and current presiding officer. In 1955, Rotblat joined Albert Einstein, Bertrand Russell, and six other scientists in signing a manifesto that led to the founding of the annual conferences, which have lobbied to convince governments to discontinue the con- struction and use of nuclear armaments. The conferences were praised by the committee for recognizing "the respon- sibility of scientists for their inventions" and for bringing together ''scientists and decision makers to collaborate across political divides on constructive proposals for reduc- ing the nuclear threat." (G.NAV.)

- Joseph ROTBLAT

Address: 8 Asmara Road, London, NW2 3ST, England. Tel: 0171-435-1471

Prize: Peace, 1995. Born: November 4, 1908; Warsaw, ''°'' More Inl'ormalion Sec: AVu -York• Timcx (October Poland. Parents: Father, Zygmunl Rotblat; Mother, Sonia 14> 1995): Al Rotblat. Nationality: Polish.later British citizen. Religion: Commentary: Joseph Roihlat shared ihe Nobel with the Jewish. Education: Free Univ. of Poland, M. A., 1932; Univ. orgam/.aiion he heads, the Put-wash Conferences on Science of Warsaw, Poland, Ph.D., 1938. Spouse: No record found :uul World Affairs, for [heir continuing effort "lo diminish Children: No record found Career: Univ. of Warsaw, Po- mc P-11'1 played by nuclear arms in imeniational politics, and land, Researcher, 1933-39; Liverpool Univ., England, Pro- in lllL' longer run. lo eliminate such arms." Roiblal. a refugee fessor, 1939-49; Univ. of London, England, Professor, from ihe Holocausi. w-oiked on developing llie aloinic hoinb \950-16OtherAwards: Russell Society Award, 1983; Em- '" lllc Manhattan Projeci.hu>. lel'i thai effort hue in the second stein Peace Prize, 1992 World War as a protesi ML- aUo left nuclear physics after Selected Publications: Scientists, the Anns Race, anil "^ ">"' '" w<"^ ()l1 upply'"^ physics lo medical research. Disarmament. Bristol, PA; Taylor and Francis, 1982; Cocx- 'SilK'c 'I';11 lilllc.nc h;ls Corked on the cause of peace, along ixteiicc, Cooperation, and Common Security. New York; St. with "lli^r prominent scientists, including Bertrand Russell Martin's, 1988; Striving for Peace. Security, and Develop- ^<-l Albert Einsiein. (B.S.S./J.li.S.) incut in the World. River Edge, NJ: Work! Scientific Publi- calion. 1991 -12 - 1996

Jose RAMOS-HORTA

Address: in exile in Australia

Bio: not available

- Mgr. Carlos Filipe XEMENES BELO

Address: Bishop's Residence, Dili, East Timor, Indonesia.

Bio: not available