NEWSLETTER

issued by the Council of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs Nobel Peace Prize 1995

55th Pugwash Conference, Hiroshima, Japan, July 2005

Volume 42 ½ Number 2 ½ December 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TO THE PUGWASH COMMUNITY: ...... 1

Special Tribute: The Life and Legacy of Sir Joseph Rotblat ...... 3

MEMORIAL PROGRAM, The Royal Society, 9 December 2005 ...... 3

RETROSPECTIVE, by John Holdren (Science, 28 October 2005)...... 4

REMEMBRANCES: Paolo Cotta-Ramusino and Tom Milne ...... 6

Select Quotations from Sir Joseph Rotblat ...... 8

Pugwash meeting no. 312 ...... 9 A Special Colloquium in Honor of Sir Joseph Rotblat London, UK, 10 December 2005

Pugwash Meeting no. 309...... 27 55th Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs: 60 Years After Hiroshima and Nagasaki Hiroshima, Japan, 22–27 July 2005

THE HIROSHIMA DECLARATION OF THE PUGWASH COUNCIL ...... 27

CONFERENCE STATEMENT OF THE PUGWASH COUNCIL ...... 28

MESSAGES OF WELCOME by Hitoshi Ohnishi, M.S. Swaminathan, ...... 31 Joseph Rotblat, Yuzan Fujita, Yohei Kono, Nobutaka Machimura, Kofi Annan

CONFERENCE SCHEDULE ...... 37

REPORT OF SECRETARY GENERAL, Paolo Cotta-Ramusino ...... 39

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS, M.S. Swaminathan ...... 42

PLENARY SESSIONS

DOROTHY HODGKIN MEMORIAL LECTURE, C.G. Weeramantry ...... 45

Reflections on Nuclear Weapons by Akihiro Takahashi, Lynn Eden, ...... 57 Masao Tomonaga

WORKING GROUP REPORTS ...... 62 Pugwash List of Participants ...... 80 Volume 42 ½ Number 2 REPORTS ON RECENT PUGWASH WORKSHOPS December 2005 Pugwash Meeting no.310...... 85 Editor: 3rd Pugwash Workshop on Science, Society and Ethics: The Ethical Dimensions of HIV/AIDS (held in conjunction with Jeffrey Boutwell the Pugwash Working Group on Threats without Enemies: The Security Aspects of HIV/AIDS) Research Assistant: Ajaccio, Corsica, France, 29 September–2 October 2005 Meghan Madden

Design and Layout: NATIONAL PUGWASH GROUPS Anne Read Thinking with Einstein: The Responsibility of Science ...... 98 for Peace in the 21st Century Printing: German Pugwash Group, Berlin, Germany, 14-16 October 2005 Cardinal Press Fredericksburg, Virginia REPORT FROM INTERNATIONAL STUDENT/YOUNG PUGWASH ...... 99

OBITUARIES: Hermann Bondi, Philip Smith ...... 101 COVER: Hiroshima Industrial Exhibition Building, photo by Members of the Pugwash Council...... 103

Goetz Neuneck Calendar of Future Meetings ...... inside back cover To the Pugwash Community

Sir Joseph Rotblat on such topics as: weapons of mass destruction in the Following his death on 31 August 2005 at the age of 96, region; Islam and the West; and the future of Iraq, and will Sir Joseph Rotblat was remembered and honored at emphasize especially the participation of specialists from memorial events around the world. From Moscow to the Middle East and East Africa.

Berlin, and Beijing to Washington, DC, Jo’s spirit was 50th Anniversary of the Pugwash Conferences manifestly with us as the Pugwash community gathered to July 2007 will mark the 50th anniversary of the founding pay tribute to his life’s work to eliminate nuclear weapons of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, and uphold the principle of science serving the good of all dating back to the 1st Pugwash Conference: Appraisal of humanity. Dangers from Nuclear Weapons, held at Thinkers’ Lodge These tributes culminated in the truly wonderful in Pugwash, Nova Scotia from 7-10 July 1957. That first memorial service held for Jo in London, at the Royal Soci- meeting comprised 22 participants from 10 countries ety, on 9 December 2005. Organized by Robert Hinde and (including seven from the United States and three from the Sally Milne, the service was a joyous blend of reminis- Soviet Union), the sole surviving participant of which is cences from friends, family and colleagues, and recordings Prof. Paul Doty of Harvard University. [Note: There were of Jo’s favorite music. The program for the memorial ser- two Pugwash conferences held in each of the years 1958, vice has been printed on page 3, followed by selected trib- 1959, 1961, 1964, and 1965; thus the 50th anniversary of utes to Jo from John Holdren, Paolo Cotta-Ramusino, and Pugwash in 2007 will mark the convening of the 57th Tom Milne, on pp. 4-8. Pugwash Conference, scheduled to be held in Italy.] The next day, a special colloquium in Jo’s honor was To commemorate the birth of Pugwash and the impor- held on the subject of Pugwash and eliminating nuclear tance of Thinkers’ Lodge in its history, the Canadian Pug- weapons. Held at University College, London, the collo- wash Group is in the process of organizing an Extraordi- quium featured papers from Douglas Roche, Hugh Beach, nary Workshop to be held from 5-7 July 2007 on the and John Finney, which can be found on pp. 9-25. subject, “Revitalizing Nuclear Disarmament: Like-Minded There can be little doubt that, through all the years States Working Together for a Nuclear Weapons-Free ahead, Jo’s indomitable spirit will remain with us all. World.” Under the direction Sen. Douglas Roche, member 56th Pugwash Conference on Science and of the Pugwash Council, the steering committee for the World Affairs project will meet in Pugwash, Nova Scotia in July of this The 56th Pugwash Conference on Science and World year to discuss the 50th anniversary commemorative Affairs - A Region in Transition: Peace and Reform in the events. Middle East, will be held in Cairo, Egypt from 11-15 Also of note are plans for the realization of the Pug- November 2006. As usual, the Pugwash Council will hold wash Peace Exchange, a combination museum and confer- meetings before and after the conference, and Interna- ence center that would be built on the grounds of tional Student/Young Pugwash will hold its two-day inter- Thinkers’ Lodge. Canadian Pugwash and the board mem- national conference on 9-10 November, just prior to the bers of the Pugwash Peace Exchange are working together start of the 56th Pugwash Conference. Given the critical to stimulate interest in the project as the Pugwash Confer- role of the Middle East to international security, the Pug- ences approaches its 50th anniversary. wash Conferences will focus the work of the conference

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 1 Addressing the Nuclear Weapons Threat: The wrote before his death (reprinted on page 87 of the June Russell-Einstein Manifesto Fifty Years On 2005 issue of the Pugwash Newsletter), the 50th anniver- The year 2005 marked the 50th anniversary of the Rus- sary of the 1955 Russell-Einstein Manifesto should be a sell-Einstein Manifesto, the founding document of the time of serious reflection on how far we have to go to Pugwash Conferences. In commemoration of the event, eliminate nuclear weapons and the sources of conflict. Pugwash recently published an Occasional Paper with Acknowledgments essays on the nuclear threat representing a diverse range of For continued support of the Pugwash Newsletter, we are perspectives. Among the contributors are Nobuysau Abe grateful to the Italian National Research Council, the Ger- (UN Under Secretary General for Disarmament), Hussain man Research Society, the John D. and Catherine T. Al-Shahristani (Iraq), Saideh Lotfian (Iran), Pervez MacArthur Foundation, and the Cyrus Eaton Foundation. Hoodbhoy (Pakistan), Douglas Roche (Canada), Rose Gottemoeller and Steven Miller (United States), and MS Jeffrey Boutwell, Editor Swaminathan, President of the Pugwash Conferences. As noted by Joseph Rotblat in one of the final articles he

Cairo - Site of the 56th Pugwash Conference, November 2006.

2 Pugwash Newsletter, June 2005 SPECIAL TRIBUTE:

The Life and Legacy of Sir Joseph Rotblat

Memorial Service for Sir Joseph Rotblat The Royal Society, London, UK 9 December 2005 Programme Introductory music played by the Cranford String Ensemble, Adrian Charlesworth (violin), Susannah Pattinson (viola), and Simon Wagland (cello), with Donald Watson ( clarinet).

Welcome and Introductions to speakers and music Ol’ Man River, Paul Robeson ROBERT HINDE, Chair, British Pugwash Group JUAN PABLO PARDO-GUERRA HALINA, KATHERINE AND HARRIET SAND International Student Pugwash Jo and family Where Have All The Flowers Gone? Joan Baez MACIEJ NALECZ Jo and Poland JACK HARRIS Jo and British Pugwash Polonaise in A Flat, Chopin Kol Nidrei, Max Bruch Op.47 BRUCE KENT Jo and the abolition of war JOHN MADDOX Jo and St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Last Night I Had The Strangest Dream, Pete Seeger DOUGLAS ROCHE Jo and the abolition of nuclear weapons. FRANCESCO CALOGERO The Nobel Prize Sorcerer’s Apprentice, Paul Dukas A Rill will be a Stream, and a Stream will be a MICHAEL ATIYAH Flood – commissioned by IPPNW Working with Jo as President of Pugwash TOM AND SALLY MILNE PAOLO COTTA-RAMUSINO Working with Prof Jo and Pugwash Film: Jo talking with Michael Douglas, Hamburg, Beethoven, Ode to Joy 2003 PROFESSOR ROBERT HINDE HITOSHI OHNISHI Closing Remarks Jo, Hiroshima and Japan Wine Reception D.L.O. MENDIS Jo, Sri Lanka and Pugwash

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 3 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

RETROSPECTIVE Joseph Rotblat (1908-2005)

John P. Holdren

ir Joseph Rotblat, who died on 31 the Biological Weapons Convention, August in London at the age of and the Chemical Weapons Conven- S96, was a participant in the Man- tion, among others. Joseph Rotblat hattan Project, a pioneer in medical was the organization’s first and physics, and one of the towering figures longest serving Secretary-General of the 20th century in the domain of the (1957 to 1973), and later its Presi- social responsibilities of scientists. He dent (1988 to 1997). For its entire was the only scientist to leave the Amer- existence until his death this year, he ican-British atomic-bomb project on was its animating spirit and the moral grounds once it became clear that embodiment of its commitment to the Germans would not succeed in diminish the dangers from weapons developing the bomb. Thereafter, he of mass destruction and from war devoted the rest of a long career in sci- itself. ence to clarifying the health impacts of A Polish Jew, Rotblat completed ionizing radiation. His parallel career in his doctorate in physics at the Uni- public affairs focused on building inter- versity of Warsaw. In 1939, he national communication and coopera- accepted a research fellowship to tion to reduce the dangers posed by nuclear weapons. work under James Chadwick, the discoverer of the neu- Rotblat was the youngest of the 11 signers of the 1955 tron, at the University of Liverpool. Later that year, he Russell-Einstein Manifesto, which called upon scientists to returned to Warsaw to collect his young Polish wife, but “assemble in conference to appraise the perils that have she was too ill to travel, and he had to return to England arisen as a result of the development of weapons of mass without her. The next day Hitler invaded Poland, and Rot- destruction.” (Most of the other signers, including Albert blat never saw his wife again. Einstein, Bertrand Russell, Max Born, Frederic Joliot- Rotblat’s own experiments at the end of the 1930s had Curie, Linus Pauling, and Hideki Yukawa, already had shown that the newly discovered fission process emitted neu- Nobel Prizes.) He was instrumental in planning the result- trons, and he was one of the first to realize that this opened ing 1957 conference in Pugwash, Nova Scotia, which the possibility of a chain reaction that could yield immense spawned a new international organization—the Pugwash explosive power. With Chadwick, he went to the Los Alamos Conferences on Science and World Affairs. It has since National Laboratory in New Mexico in 1943 as part of the held some 300 conferences, symposia, and workshops on British team assigned to the Manhattan Project (although he arms control and peace-building. did not become a British citizen until after the war). Even at the height of the Cold War, the Pugwash Con- When it became clear in 1944 that the Germans were ferences were able to assemble scientists and public figures losing the war—and clear, as well, through intelligence from both sides of the Iron Curtain for private discussions that was shared with Rotblat, that the German atomic of the thorniest science-and-security issues of the time. bomb project had gone nowhere—he packed his bags, left These meetings are widely credited with laying the techni- Los Alamos, and returned to Liverpool. He later told me cal foundations for the nuclear non-proliferation Treaty, and others that he had no wish to work on an atomic the Partial Test Ban Treaty, the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, weapon destined for use against Japan, known not to be

4 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

developing such a weapon itself. reaching that way station and he made its pursuit the cen- Back in England, he switched the focus of his scientific tral aim of his own life’s work in the nuclear arena and a work to medical physics, pioneering the use of linear major theme within the Pugwash Conferences. accelerators for radiation therapy and becoming one of the He contributed a number of significant ideas to the world’s leading authorities on fallout and the effects of multi-decade debate about the desirability and feasibility ionizing radiation on humans. He also began to work on of eliminating nuclear weapons, along with tireless energy, educating the public and policy-makers on the dangers of unmatched eloquence, and total commitment to the cause nuclear weapons and shortly after the war’s end, became of peace. The Pugwash Conferences served as an invalu- one of the founders of the Atomic Scientists Association— able vehicle for pursuing these goals. Knowing full well the British counterpart to the Federation of American Sci- that this quest would take longer than the span of his own entists that was established in the United States at about life, he invested tremendous effort in recruiting to the the same time. cause, and mentoring students and young scientists. He In 1954, Rotblat met the eminent British philosopher was instrumental in founding in the 1980s, and nurturing and mathematician Bertrand Russell through a British thereafter, an international Student/Young Pugwash coun- Broadcasting Corporation television program about the terpart to the “senior” organization. hydrogen bomb in which they were both interviewed. He In 1995, Joseph Rotblat was awarded half of the became an adviser to Russell on the details of nuclear- Nobel Peace Prize with a citation that read “for efforts to weapon science, and was subsequently recruited by Rus- diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international sell to sign the Russell-Einstein Manifesto and chair the affairs and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms.” The press conference that released the document. other half of the prize went to the Pugwash organization. Recognizing that the knowledge of how to build Rotblat was elected to the United Kingdom’s Royal Soci- nuclear weapons could not be eradicated, the signers of the ety in the same year and was knighted in 1998. With his Russell-Einstein Manifesto emphasized that safety for civi- passing, the world has lost a great champion of peace. But lization would come only when war itself was abolished as the compelling example of his life, which has already a means of settling disputes among nations. A prohibition inspired and instructed so many about the social responsi- on nuclear weapons, while desirable, would only be a way bilities of science and scientists, will continue to do so. station on the road to safety. Joseph Rotblat, however, Reprinted with permission from Science, became increasingly preoccupied with the urgency of volume 310, 28 October 2005, AAAS.

Participants of the First Pugwash Conference, Pugwash, Nova Scotia, Canada, 7–10 July 1957.

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 5 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

Remembrances In memory of Joseph Rotblat

Paolo Cotta-Ramusino Secretary General, Pugwash Conferences 6 September 2005

n learning of Jo Rotblat’s death, many of eration treaty. He was openly critical, in par- Ius experienced an immediate and almost ticular, of US leadership, both for not taking unbearable sense of great loss. The passing responsibility for getting the world out of the away of a man whose example, words, ideas, nuclear stalemate and for contributing to the and actions over so many years were so preservation of the dangerous nuclear status inspirational is certainly a dramatic event. quo. He was concerned about the slow but But those of us who were so closely associ- persistent nuclear proliferation: the new ated with Jo Rotblat for quite some time “unoffical” nuclear weapons states, the situa- should really ask ourselves, what would have tion in the Middle East, the Korean penin- been Jo’s suggestions at this very critical Joseph Rotblat as a sula, the Indian subcontinent and other young man. moment? places. He was worried about the failure of Certainly not to lock ourselves in sorrow, but instead the NPT Review Conference, which happened in a period to strengthen our activities and actions in the direction he when he was already critically ill, but nevertheless always and the Pugwash community together have been following extremely attentive to what happened in the world. for more than half a century. Jo was a great man whose The task for Pugwash, and for those who were associ- extremely rich set of ideas can be easily traced back to one ated with Jo Rotblat, is to remember him in deeds. Critics single, very important and very difficult goal: to eliminate at times called his ideas utopian, but the real “utopia” (in nuclear weapons, make them illegal, remove the causes Greek “something that exists nowhere”) is to believe that that prompt States to acquire them, and prevent their use mankind can continue forever in allowing some states to at any cost. have nuclear weapons and others not, that nuclear He always recalled, as stated in the Russell-Einstein weapons can be accumulated in various arsenals and never Manifesto, that war in the nuclear age could become a be used, that non-nuclear-weapon States when pressured deadly global threat to mankind. Without Jo and people by nuclear States will not try to acquire nuclear weapons, like him, we would now live in an even more dangerous that dangerous fissile materials are well-enough protected world, with many more states having their people behind so as to never fall into potential terrorists’ hands. Seeking the nuclear button and many more available nuclear but- an international order where nuclear weapons are banned, tons. and understanding the required steps in the difficult path But Jo was not satisfied with the progress towards the toward the elimination of nuclear weapons, is not an elimination of nuclear weapons. He saw that, after some utopia—it is in fact realism, if we care about the future of good steps towards nuclear disarmament, the nuclear humanity. We need to be realists as Jo Rotblat was for his weapons states became oblivious to their commitment to long and extremely rich life. disarm, which is, incidentally, required by the non-prolif-

6 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

Joseph Rotblat A Remembrance

Tom Milne

met, and began working with, Jo (or “Prof” as I knew He was fiercely independent. In the early days of Pug- Ihim) in 1990. wash, a UK foreign office official, seeking to shape the It was an exciting time. The Cold War had just ended Pugwash agenda, reported that the “main problem was and it was possible to believe that the nuclear menace getting Rotblat to take any notice of what we say!” Many could, after all, be controlled. found the same. The point is not that he was not open to Jo launched and directed a seminal study on world- new ideas, but that he did not shift with the times and wide nuclear disarmament. The resulting monograph, fashions. translated into Russian, Chinese and several other lan- And he was generous with encouragement and advice guages, was the inspiration for the Australian govern- to anyone who shared his broad objectives. Pugwash oper- ment’s Canberra Commission on the Elimination of ates mainly “behind the scenes,” but Jo also sought a Nuclear Weapons. broader engagement with the peace movement and public. By 1990 Jo was also well into the ninth decade of his He could not be sure how or from where the best ideas life. He had experienced and participated in events that would come and was genuinely interested in a wide variety had shaped the twentieth century. of approaches. Mass movements are sometimes effective, He wanted, in old age, to reflect on his unique experi- he reasoned. And the larger the numbers involved, the ence—to share thoughts and hopes for the century to fol- greater the chance of finding persons of quality who might low. He began a series of dazzling addresses to the annual have an individual impact. Pugwash conferences and forums around the world. The And as a person? nuclear issue always central, but ranging far and wide to: There’s a story, often told about Jo, in which it is said • International law he pushes past a group of lads at Tottenham Court Road • Independent funding for the United Nations station and they shout at him: “What’s the hurry, you’re • World government an old man!” And Jo replies: “Don’t you see? It’s because • World citizenship I’m an old man, that I’m in a hurry!” • Openness in science—and especially in the weapons True, I’m sure – it captures Jo’s exuberance – but a laboratories romanticized picture. The fuller picture is even better! He • Complex social responsibilities of scientists dashed through London’s underground system every day, • Ethical vetting of scientific research (as of medical barging past a group of slow-moving teenagers a mere tri- research) fle. In fact, only the escalators at Tottenham Court Road • Corrupting effect of a war system on society would delay him! For some reason, try as he might he • Education as a source of irreversible progress couldn’t run up these in his later life! They vibrated at a frequency that made his legs go shaky! In my opinion these essays should be collected and He charged around the world in the same way. Urging published. taxi drivers on towards the airport – he was a disgraceful What was he like to work with? back seat driver! First on the aircraft, first off…then pole He was resolute in keeping the goal to the forefront. position in the terminal, at the luggage delivery point, He refused to get sucked into discussion of arms control waiting for a huge battered red suitcase that he took with minutiae – to allow the objective to be broken into frag- him everywhere, held together by an old belt! Almost ments so small that the whole becomes unrecognisable. impossible to lift, packed full of Pugwash papers!

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 7 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

Impatient, demanding, impassioned, tireless – chasing SIR JOSEPH ROTBLAT: conference papers, commissioning contributions to books, SELECT QUOTATIONS demanding public statements, harassing working group rapporteurs… One of the national newspaper obituaries “In the nuclear age, the human race has become an reported a rumour that an Israeli scientist had been endangered species.” interned in the basement of the Pugwash office, prevented “The Quest for Global Peace”, 2002 from leaving until he produced the book chapter he owed. “The quest for a war-free world has a basic pur- That’s absolutely true – I had to take him soup! pose: survival. But if in the process we learn how to And the energy didn’t subside much even when “off achieve it by love rather than fear, by kindness duty.” After the 1999 conference in Rustenburg, South rather than by compulsion; if in the process we Africa, I travelled down to Cape Town with Jo and learn to combine the essential with the enjoyable, another Pugwash colleague. We were driving around look- the expedient with the benevolent, the practical ing for our hotel and had got lost in a remote part of the with the beautiful, this will be an extra incentive to city and pulled to the side of the road to look at the map. embark on this great task. Above all, remember We’d been warned that we should be careful on streets your humanity.” that we didn’t know. But Jo spotted a gang of young men Nobel acceptance speech, across the street and in a flash he was out of the car, across December 1995. the road, and in amongst them, guidebook in hand, 90 “I do not believe that the people of the world would years old! And came back with the directions! accept a policy that is inherently immoral and “Fashion your resources to your aims, not your aims likely to end in catastrophe … We have to move for- to your resources” was one of Jo’s guiding principles. ward from a now outdated security system based The goals of nuclear and general disarmament are dis- on nuclear deterrence and alliances, to one based missed as a utopian dream. But Jo had lived long enough, on cooperation and allegiance to humankind.” and seen enough change, to believe that “what is a dream Message to 7th Review Conference of the Nuclear today may be reality tomorrow.” And that this would be Non-Proliferation Treaty, New York, May, 2005 brought about “not by miracle but by consistent effort.” “I believe that we must … seek to abolish war itself. Jo devoted the main part of his long life to seeking the This aim, intrinsic to the Russell-Einstein Mani- prohibition of nuclear weapons. Disarmament, when it festo, will take us on a long hard road. It does not comes, will be in part the result of his 60 years’ consistent necessarily mean pacifism as that is generally and impassioned effort. understood, but it means choosing to seek a world There were 60 years of age between Prof and I, but we with “continual progress in happiness and wisdom”, became firm friends. He inspired thousands, young and old, a world in which morality, law and mutual respect the world over, of which I am one. That is also his legacy. govern the relations between nations, and no nation uses military power to impose its will on others.” Message to 55th Pugwash Conference at Hiroshima, July 2005

“Let me, in conclusion, remind you that the basic human value is life itself; the most important of human rights is the right to live. It is the duty of scientists to see to it that, through their work, life will not be put into peril, but will be made safe and its quality enhanced.” Message to the Inheritors of the Manhattan Pro- Jo’s last annual conference, Seoul, South Korea, October 2004, ject, 12 July, 2005 flanked by Robert Hinde and Sally Milne.

8 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 PUGWASH MEETING NO. 309 “Pugwash and Eliminating Nuclear Weapons: The Way Forward” A Special Colloquium in Honor of Sir Joseph Rotblat 10 December 2005 • University College, London, UK

The day following the memorial service held for Joseph Rotblat at the Royal Society, Pugwash convened a special colloquium in honor of Jo, held at University College, London, near Russell Square. A total of 22 participants attended and heard presentations from Douglas Roche, Sir Hugh Beach, and John Finney. Discussion focused on the way forward for the Pugwash Conferences in achieving the goal so central to Jo’s life—the elimination of nuclear weapons.

The Rotblat Legacy: Interlocking Strategies for a Nuclear Weapons-Free World

By Hon. Douglas Roche, O.C.

“Morality is at the core of the nuclear issue: are we going to base our world on a culture of peace or on a culture of violence? Nuclear weapons are fundamentally immoral: their action is indiscriminate, affecting civilians as well as military, innocents and aggressors alike, killing people alive now and generations as yet unborn. And the consequence of their use might be to bring the human race to an end. All this makes nuclear weapons unacceptable instruments for maintaining peace in the world.” — Sir Joseph Rotblat, Letter to 2005 Review Conference

These words are the quintessential Rotblat. They combine on the planet. Nuclear weapons are anti-human. Humani- the intermingling of the scientist and the ethicist that char- tarian law has always recognized that limitation and pro- acterized Rotblat’s personality. They speak outward to portionality must be respected in warfare. But the very society in a pointed warning. And they were uttered just a idea of a nuclear weapon – even a tactical nuclear weapon few months before his death, reflecting his ceaseless drive — is to kill massively; the killing and the poisonous radia- to rid the world of nuclear weapons. Though physically tion cannot be contained. The social and economic conse- frail, his voice could only be stilled by death itself. quences of nuclear war in a world intimately inter-con- Einstein is often quoted for his remark that the atomic nected in life-support systems would be catastrophic. The bomb changed everything except how we think. Rotblat severe physical damage from blast, fire and radiation in showed how human thinking can indeed change: how we any type of nuclear exchange would be followed by the can, in short, lift up our eyes to a vision of a nuclear collapse of food production and distribution and even weapons-free world. water supplies. The prospect of widespread starvation As we in the Pugwash movement continue our work, it is would confront huge masses of people. Rampant disease the Rotblat vision that should guide us. I state sincerely to would follow the break-down in health care facilities. my Pugwash colleagues that just as Jo Rotblat was my men- These immense brutalities would violate the universal tor in life, so his words continue to inspire and guide me. norm of life – to go on living in a manner befitting a Nuclear weapons and human security cannot co-exist human being with the inherent right to life.

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 9 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

No civilization, no culture has ever denied this com- must be codified as a crime against humanity. The present mon foundation upon which all peoples stand. Leaving deadlock in the operation of the Non-Proliferation Treaty aside the massive suffering, which by itself ought to stir combined with the increasing danger of the use of nuclear the consciences of the nuclear proponents, the entire ques- weapons demand a focused effort to start building the tion of human rights would be up-ended. The right to a architecture to support a nuclear weapons-free world. social and international order, as set forth in the Universal Time is urgent. Declaration of Human Rights, would be completely lost. All this might be considered the short-term strategy. It The structures underpinning humanitarian law would be cannot wait for the peaceful resolution of conflict around gone. Order would be inverted into disorder. the world, as if regional tranquility must be achieved The humanitarian question is of growing concern to before the nuclear weapons states will give up their arse- scientists and technologists who see the fruit of their work nals. Neither can we wait for humanity to overcome its turned into instruments of death. A code of conduct for proclivity for greed, as if a more compassionate human scientists, strengthening their hand in resisting more nature must be developed before society can lay down its advances in the technology of killing, can come about by instruments of mass destruction. this emphasis on the assault to life that nuclear weapons It is true that nuclear weapons are about far more than pose. This was, in fact, the stance taken by Bertrand Rus- nuclear weapons. They are about power. They are about sell and Albert Einstein when they signed the Russell-Ein- economic exploitation. They are about racism. They are stein Manifesto in 1955, along with nine other scientists, about fear. Nuclear proponents have deceived the public including Joseph Rotblat. Their scientific critique of for a long time that nuclear weapons are about deterrence, nuclear weapons ended with the stirring words: “We that they are necessary to ensure our own security and that appeal as human beings to human beings: Remember your their use, while to be regretted, is justified in the protec- humanity and forget the rest.” tion of our way of life. Just as truth is the first casualty of It is empowering to note that the age of weapons of war, the rationale constantly advanced for the possession mass destruction arrived just at the time when the Univer- of nuclear wars is deceitful and an insidious manipulation sal Declaration on Human Rights and its follow-up instru- of public thinking. ments were being codified. Just when we have learned that A thorough analysis of the true reason for the contin- every human, no matter the culture, religion, ideology or ued existence of nuclear weapons leads into the terrain of geography, has the right to life, we have perfected our abil- the human psyche. The same is true of war. Is a war neces- ity to kill massively. The U.N.’s formulation of a Culture sary to resolve a problem of aggression in any given cir- of Peace is leading us inevitably to the recognition that cumstance, such as Vietnam, Afghanistan or Iraq? Or is every human being has the right to peace, in fact, as is said war the outcome of the determination of a political or mil- in the early declarations on this subject, to the “sacred” itary actor to defend vested interests? The military-indus- right to peace. The gradual increase in humanity’s under- trial complex, a powerful influence in political decision- standing of itself will lead to a societal condemnation of making, benefits commercially from war and profiteers nuclear weapons when it is fully understood that such from the maintenance of the nuclear weapons systems. instruments of evil are a violation of life itself. They do not want to let go, and seize on instabilities to The impact on humanity must be the basis of Pug- make their case, always appealing to the fear, grief and wash’s stance on nuclear weapons as we go forward in the anxiety of the human condition. post-Rotblat age of Pugwash. Both a short-term and a The human condition is clouded by aggression at the long-range strategy are required. best of times. That may be expressing reality too mildly. Every effort must be made to obtain a Nuclear We have fought wars throughout human history (though Weapons Convention to ban the production, as well as the there have been intermittent periods of peace). The inter- use, of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons must be for- action of human beings always engenders conflict. And so mally declared illegal; any use anywhere for any reason the pessimists say that, human nature being what it is, we

10 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

will always need to protect ourselves. We cannot expect because the effects of the human condition have driven angels to walk the streets of the world. them too far apart. Civil society, even that element most This view of humanity – dark, apprehensive, acquisi- attuned to nuclear dangers, cannot do it alone because it tive – is a significant obstacle to a nuclear weapons-free does not have its hands on the levers of power. But players world. Nuclear weapons have become part of the condi- and groups within each can create a critical mass to move tion of continued existence in a decidedly imperfect world. government machinery and public thinking forward at the Yes, they are dangerous, people tell pollsters. Yes, the same time. This fusion of effort occurred in the develop- world would be better without them, the polls record. But ment of the Anti-Personnel Land Mines Treaty and the behind a benevolent response lies lassitude borne of an International Criminal Court, and it can occur in a grow- interior conviction that the human condition is such that ing movement to banish nuclear weapons from Earth. nuclear weapons will continue to exist. That is just the It is not as if such an effort has to start from scratch. way it is. There is, in fact, considerable historical momentum The necessary architecture for a nuclear weapons-free behind the evolution of human rights thinking and the world – the strengthening of international law and verifica- gradual rejection of any moral or legal base for nuclear tion systems – is summarily rejected because pessimists weapons. The strong legal basis of the Non-Proliferation assume we cannot change human thinking. Human think- Treaty as a result of the deliberations of 1995 and 2000, ing does, of course, change. Legalized slavery, colonialism, the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice apartheid were all done away with when societal thinking of 1996, the formation of the New Agenda Coalition, the matured and decided to instigate the proper political and discernible restlessness within NATO, the formation of the legal machinery. But such transformations take a long time. Abolition 2000 network, the growing effectiveness of How long will it take for the public mind to awake, if research centres and other institutes, the public opinion not erupt, and decide that nuclear weapons are too dan- polls – all this constitutes movement forward. From a his- gerous a threat to the very development of the human con- torical point of view, humanity has already begun the long dition that, through science, technology and the apprecia- journey from Hiroshima to a nuclear weapons-free world. tion of human rights instruments, is making the world a The challenge for Pugwash is to show how both the better place? In other words, when will there be a public short-range and the long-range strategies can be advanced clamouring to excise the threat of nuclear weapons from at the same time. While concentrating on the steps toward the continuation of life on the planet? the abolition of nuclear weapons, Pugwash must continue Once such a clamour (call it a concerted campaign) to illuminate the integrated agenda for human security. starts up, and the public determines that it will be freed of Pugwash’s work on issues related to development, the the nuclear apocalypse, putting the pieces of the architec- environment and human rights is instrumental in address- ture for a nuclear weapons-free world into place will be ing the seeds of conflict. much easier. The awakening of the public mind to the full Towards the end of his life, Rotblat began insisting benefits of life on earth without nuclear weapons is, per- that Pugwash must reach out to other civil society groups, haps, a long-term strategy. Human beings do not change collaborating in appropriate ways to work for human overnight. security and nuclear weapons abolition. Many NGOs The short-term strategy, immediate action, needs a long- need the expertise on nuclear weapons issues that Pug- term strategy to be effective. The long-term strategy needs wash can provide. Pugwash itself can be strengthened by the short-term strategy to give it focus and impetus. Both working relationships with others who have expertise in strategies need each other. They are inter-locked. Immediate the range of human security fields. steps and a full vision are mutually complementary. Combining short-range and long-range strategies for We have a vision – the legacy of Joseph Rotblat — to the abolition of nuclear weapons, Pugwash must go for- implement a two-pronged course of action. Governments, ward, reaching outward in a collaborative effort with other for the most part reeling with daily crises, cannot do much civil society leaders to bring about true human security.

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 11 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

Tactical Nuclear Weapons A British view by Hugh Beach

Tim Hare, the former Director for Nuclear Policy in the mines and surface-to-air defence missiles were all given British Ministry of Defence has recently commented on nuclear warheads. This force posture was developed at a UK nuclear policy in the following terms: 1 time when Soviet conventional forces in western Europe The policy makes it clear that the role of nuclear outnumbered NATO’s by a factor of three to one or weapons is fundamentally political and that there- more.4 The dismemberment of the Warsaw Pact and of the fore any rationale for their retention is political. The Soviet Union, followed by the expansion of NATO, has UK does not possess nuclear weapons as part of the meant that the ratio of conventional forces as between military inventory, they have no function as war Russia and NATO has been more than reversed. Most of fighting weapons or to achieve lesser military objec- the TNW systems have been mothballed or destroyed. It tives. … They are indeed ‘special’ and reason might have been expected that these facts would lead to enough not to put them into the hands of generals some reconsideration of the doctrine. But no such change and admirals for the achievement of military goals. has taken place. Thus Mr. Hoon, British Secretary of State for Defence, in a written answer to a parliamentary ques- But not all nations take so dismissive a view. In July tion on 11th July 2002, said: 2005 a Chinese General spoke publicly and matter-of- A policy of no first use of nuclear weapons would factly about the likelihood that if the United States inter- be incompatible with our and NATO’s doctrine of fered in a clash between China and Taiwan, nuclear deterrence, nor would it further nuclear disarma- weapons would be used. 2 More to the point, if Hare is ment objectives. We have made clear, as have our right, why are NATO doctrine and deployment still based NATO allies, that the circumstances in which any on a quite different hypothesis: why are the Americans use of nuclear weapons might have to be contem- apparently moving back towards a policy of the greater plated are extremely remote. Our overall strategy is usability of nuclear weapons to fulfil military objectives? to ensure uncertainty in the mind of any aggressor NATO nuclear doctrine and forward basing about the exact nature of our response, and thus to The classical NATO nuclear policy emerged in a series of maintain effective deterrence.5 This makes it clear ‘guidelines’ put out between 1967 and 1972. 3 The aim that NATO’s policy still remains one of flexible was to defend at three levels: direct defence (which meant response, involving the possibility of first use of conventional defence) against a non-nuclear attack for as nuclear weapons as a last resort. long as possible: controlled escalation through the use of Even more surprising is that, as a counterpart to this Tactical Nuclear Weapons (TNW) and finally general doctrine, American TNW are still held ready for use on nuclear response if all else failed. These guidelines, under the territory of six non-nuclear members of NATO and in the general rubric of ‘flexible response’ coupled with the the UK. These arrangements date from the late 1950s and overt acceptance of ‘first use’ by NATO as a last resort, early 1960s when bi-lateral Programs of Cooperation were given substance by the development of weapons sys- were concluded between these countries and the US, most tems to match. Air forces were equipped with free-falling of which remain in force today. The weapons are stored in and guided bombs and air-to surface guided missiles. specially constructed vaults on twelve airfields: three each Navies, in addition to aircraft bombs, developed nuclear in Germany and Turkey; two in Italy, and one each in Bel- depth charges and anti-submarine rockets. Armies were gium, the Netherlands, Greece and the UK. The weapons equipped with nuclear artillery of various calibres and are B-61 gravity bombs, delivered by strike aircraft. All free-flight rockets. Ground-launched cruise missiles, land- the aircraft are dual capable, being specially equipped for

12 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

nuclear munitions in addition to their normal role. The be the best method. Meanwhile increased transparency in crews are trained and exercised in peacetime for their pos- this area is a necessary first step. sible nuclear missions. The nuclear weapons are all owned The US Nuclear Policy by the US and in peacetime they remain under the sole control of the US Air Force. In most cases (but not the UK) Great concern has been aroused by the American Nuclear they would be transferred to the partner nations in the Posture review (NPR) submitted to Congress on 31 event of war. The vaults have a total capacity of 360 December 2001, of which excerpts have become publicly 8 weapons but it is believed that the holding of live weapons available. It establishes a New Triad consisting of: is about half this, say 150-180 bombs. The vaults were • Offensive strike systems, both nuclear and non- being refurbished in 2005 to keep them operational till nuclear 2018. The costs to the US Air Force of providing and stor- • Defences, both active and passive; and ing the weapons and to the allied air forces of owning and • A revitalised defence infrastructure operating the aircraft are said to be ‘extraordinarily high’.6 bound together with enhanced command, control and Common sense would suggest that both the policy and information systems. In his covering letter to Congress practice of ‘nuclear sharing’ are out of date and should be Secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfield said that the result scrapped. Why has this not happened? It seems clear that would be to make the US less dependent than it has been the continued presence of American TNW in Europe is in the past on nuclear forces to provide its offensive deter- due more to institutional paralysis than to logic: the desire rent capability. But several of the proposals in the report to demonstrate America’s continued commitment to Euro- suggested, on the contrary, a greater emphasis on nuclear pean security, some vague concept of risk and burden weapons. sharing among NATO allies, or, most absurdly, adherence The report gave examples of ‘immediate contingencies’ to the simplistic concept ‘no nukes, no troops’. As Mr. for which the US must be prepared in setting requirements Hoon said, in a written answer to the House of Commons for nuclear strikes. These included a North Korean attack on 1st February 2002: “Some US nuclear weapons remain on South Korea or a military confrontation over the status based in the UK in accordance with long-standing NATO of Taiwan. It listed also Iran, Syria and Libya among policy. Nuclear forces based in Europe and committed to countries that could be involved in such contingencies, on NATO provide an essential political and military link the grounds that all sponsored or harboured terrorists and between the European and North American members of all had active programmes to develop weapons of mass the Alliance”.7 It would be more rational to argue that destruction and missiles. Europe and the US share a common interest in reducing Under the heading of an ‘Advanced Concepts Initia- the thousands of tactical nuclear warheads in Europe left tive’ proposals were made for modifying existing nuclear over from the cold war. Nearly all of these are Russian. As weapons to provide additional yield flexibility, improved long ago as 1997, in Helsinki, Russia and the US mooted earth penetrating weapons and reduction of collateral further measures to reduce tactical nuclear systems, but damage. nothing has come of them. If the six non-nuclear members Taken together these clearly implied a renewed willing- of NATO who currently train for a tactical nuclear role ness to regard nuclear weapons as useful and indeed were ready to give this up it could open the way for repa- usable weapons. triating all the remaining American TNW. This would Even more alarmingly, a draft document, the Doctrine meet Russia’s long-standing wish to rid European territory for Joint Nuclear Operations JP 3-12, appeared on the 9 of nuclear weapons within range of her territory. It could Pentagon web site in the summer of 2005. This relates act as an important confidence building measure, and specifically to the use of nuclear weapons within a theatre, encourage further mutual reductions in TNW. In view of i.e. tactically. It says that such use requires that nuclear America’s acute reluctance to enter into fresh treaty com- and conventional plans must be coordinated to the great- mitments, an exchange of unilateral announcements might est extent possible. And it gives examples of conditions

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 13 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat under which theatre commanders can request Presidential trate only about 20 feet into dry earth when dropped from authority to use nuclear weapons. These include: 40,000 feet. This means it could not destroy very deeply • an adversary using or intending to use WMD against buried bunkers or caves. Nor is there any prospect that the US or allied forces or civilian populations radioactivity of the weapon’s nuclear burst could be con- • imminent attack from adversary biological weapons tained. 12 According to one well-founded calculation, a that only nuclear weapons can safely destroy weapon twice the length of the B61, even if accelerated by • attacks on adversary installations including WMD, a rocket, could not penetrate more than about 80 feet. The deep hardened bunkers containing chemical or bio- fallout produced by a one-kiloton warhead at that depth logical munitions or the command infrastructure would kill everyone on the surface within a radius of required to attack the US or its allies about half a mile in still air. Wind could carry it for tens of • to counter potentially overwhelming adversary con- miles.13 The new warhead would apparently be designed ventional forces including mobile and area targets ‘with a much lower yield … producing less fallout by a (troop concentrations) factor of ten or twenty’.14 But immense lethal fallout • for rapid and favourable war termination on US would still be bound to result. terms In any case the notion of ‘bunker-busting’, is beset with • to ensure success of US and multinational operations practical difficulties. How is one to determine the location • to demonstrate US intent and capability to use of such bunkers with the necessary pinpoint accuracy - nuclear weapons to deter adversary use of WMD unless of course our own troops are already there, in which • to respond to adversary-supplied WMD use by case better methods suggest themselves? What is to be done surrogates against US or allied forces or civilian if the bunkers have been thoughtfully located under populations. schools, hospitals or apartment blocks? How can one be sure which bunkers are occupied anyway? If the target to It appears that negotiations within the Pentagon are be attacked is believed to contain chemical, biological or still in progress and the draft may well be modified before nuclear weapons material, how can one be sure of inciner- final clearance by the Secretary of Defence.10 The point, ating it all, rather than distributing it in active form over a however, is that this document represents an explicit and large area. It is therefore welcome news that funding for internally coherent doctrine for the tactical use of nuclear this project has been dropped from the Fiscal 2006 budget weapons, which has found favour at a senior level. Those at the request of the National Nuclear Security Administra- who regard this as a disastrous way of thinking have tion of the Energy Department. It looks as though this pro- focussed on two projects in particular: ‘bunker-busting’ ject may now be dead since the statement added that the and ‘mini-nukes’. Defence Department will now focus its research into earth- ‘Bunker-busting’ penetrating technology using conventional weaponry.15

The case for developing a nuclear warhead specifically for ‘Mini-nukes’ the defeat of hardened and deeply buried targets (HDBTs) The case for ‘mini-nukes’ is less well defined. The Pentagon rests on the alleged existence of over 1400 underground is said to be seeking a completely new warhead design with facilities, known or suspected, for use by potential enemies a yield of 5 kilotons or less. This could address one or more as command centres, refuges or stores for missiles and of the requirements set out in the NPR ‘to attack mobile nuclear, biological or chemical weapons. We are told that and re-locatable targets, to defeat chemical or biological the depth of these structures, together with their steel and agents, to improve accuracy and limit collateral damage’. concrete reinforcement, call for highly accurate intelli- 16 It is said that to rely on high-yield strategic weapons for gence and precise weapon delivery. They may defeat any such purposes would be self-deterring and the development attack by conventional weapons.11 In 1997 the US added of mini-nukes could ensure flexibility in decision making. an earth-penetrating version of the B61 bomb to its In particular, America has wanted to keep its opponents nuclear arsenal. But tests have shown that it could pene- guessing as to how it would respond to chemical or biolog-

14 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

ical attack. As an official explained in 1996: ‘we think the offer a far more cost-effective solution, ‘minus the fallout’. ambiguity involved in the issue of nuclear weapons con- And it need hardly be pointed out that the capture of a tributes to our own security, keeping any potential adver- city that is being defended from house to house is as sary who might use either chemical or biological [weapons] unsuitable a task for TNW as it is possible to imagine. unsure of what our response might be’.17 More recently it Still more implausible is the notion of using TNW in seems that the veil of ambiguity has been to some extent set response to enemy use, or intending use, of chemical or aside. According to a report in The Washington Times biological weapons. If the aim were to retaliate upon the (31st January 2003) a classified document signed by Presi- source of these weapons one would either have to trace dent Bush on September 14th 2002 said: “The United the missile launchers (a notoriously difficult task) or, in the States will continue to make clear that it reserves the right case of bombs or crop-spray aircraft, to attack their bases, to respond with overwhelming force - including potentially which are not a lucrative target for TNW. If, more plausi- nuclear weapons - to the use of [weapons of mass destruc- bly, the aim is simply to punish the regime by ‘making the tion] against the United States, its forces abroad, and strongest possible response’ then of course anything goes. friends and allies”. The Presidential request for Funding in There is no call for accuracy or minimal fallout - why not the Financial Year 2006 included a sum of around $10 mil- a megaton strike on the seat of government or the power lion for a Reliable Replacement Warhead (mininuke), but base of the ruler? as at the time of writing this project remains to be agreed in But simply to say this is to show why such a concept Congress and its future is uncertain.18 lacks all contact with reality. Frank von Hippel has pointed out that American presidents have in the past threatened to Is the increased usability of NW for real? use nuclear weapons in situations which did not threaten During the hey-day of tactical nuclear planning in NATO the existence of the nation: Truman to force an armistice in (during the 1950s and 60s) target analysis for TNW con- Korea; Eisenhower to stop Chinese bombardment of centrated on the blunting of dangerous enemy thrusts, the islands in the Taiwan strait; Nixon to obtain a face-saving attack of troop concentrations (where the ability of neu- exit from the war in Vietnam. In the end they all realised tron flux to penetrate armour and dug-in infantry posi- that the political costs of breaking the nuclear taboo ‘vastly tions with overhead cover was particularly useful), the outweighed the military benefits from nuclear weapon use’. destruction of bridges and the blocking of defiles (all but 20 Today these political costs would be certain to include impossible by conventional weapons before the arrival of converting the whole of the third world into violent revul- precision guidance) and the attack of dispersed relatively sion against the US; greatly encouraging recruitment into soft targets such as formation headquarters, anti-aircraft anti-American terrorist organisations; destroying NATO; sites, supply dumps and communication nodes. 19 The discrediting the United Nations beyond repair and fatally draft doctrine quoted above seems to be harking back to undermining the nuclear non-proliferation regime as more Cold War as critics have been quick to point out. and more countries came to regard a nuclear insurance pol- The idea of using nuclear weapons against such targets icy as indispensable in a world become radically more today is highly implausible. This is not because the wars of unpredictable. As many people have pointed out ‘Nukes today do not present such targets. The Taleban blocking are the only weapon that could pose a threat to US sur- approaches to Kabul, and the Iraqi Republican Guard vival. Why would you want to open Pandora’s box? 21 defending Baghdad could certainly have been suitable for The UK attack by F-15 or F-16 aircraft using B61 bombs; or by the mini-nukes said to be under consideration for attacking These arguments apply all the more strongly to the UK. mobile and re-locatable targets, with improved accuracy The Ministry of Defence, in its Report and Accounts, and less collateral damage. But in every such case modern 2004-5, says: precision weapons coupled with carpet bombing by B-52s, The UK’s nuclear weapons have a continuing use as tank-busting runs by A-10 and the use of C-130 gun-ships a means of deterring major strategic military threats, and a continuing role in guaranteeing the

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 15 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

ultimate security of the UK.22 emploi] policy. Nuclear weapons are not battlefield weapons for us … as The reference to ‘major strategic the force de frappe is a political deter- military threats’ carries a whiff of rent.26 cold-war thinking, in line with the ossified NATO doctrine referred to In replying to a parliamentary ques- above. No one can pretend to fore- tion Defence Secretary John Reid has see with any precision the geo-polit- said that the ‘Labour Party’s manifesto ical context of the mid-twenty first for the 2005 general election made clear century, but even as a worst case it [its] commitment to retain the UK’s is hard to envisage any power but independent nuclear deterrent. Although Russia able to pose such a threat. Be decisions on any replacement for Tri- that as it may, the ‘use’ and ‘role’ dent are likely to be taken in the current foreseen in this statement clearly Parliament, it is too early to rule out, or refer to a deterrent at the political rule in, any particular option’.27 It is level rather than as a means of Photo by Peter Hoennemann, reprinted courtesy of clear, therefore, so far as this govern- TheCommunity.com fighting a war. The British Govern- ment is concerned, that the question is ment has not, since the end of the cold war, claimed any not whether to replace Trident but in what form. One such military use for its nuclear weapons. All battlefield or the- option is clearly to follow the Americans by stretching the atre nuclear weapons in British hands have been disposed operational life of the existing four Trident submarines of. The government then announced a ‘sub-strategic’ role and replacing the existing D5 missiles by the upgraded for Trident in the following terms: version known as D5A. The life of these systems could The ability to undertake a massive nuclear strike is apparently be extended to 2040. An alternative solution, not enough to ensure deterrence. An aggressor apparently much cheaper, might be to upgrade Tomahawk might, in certain circumstances, gamble on a lack of cruise missiles for long-range delivery and fit them with a will ultimately to resort to such a strike. We also new British built nuclear warhead, to be launched from need the capability to undertake nuclear action on a aircraft. The argument in this paper has no bearing on the more limited scale in order to demonstrate our will- pros and cons of this issue save in one crucial respect. Buy- ingness to defend our vital interests to the utmost, ing a cruise missile version of the deterrent could be seen and so to induce a political decision to halt aggres- as lowering the nuclear threshold to the tactical level by sion without inevitably triggering strategic nuclear giving the weapon a military function. As Michael exchanges. 23 Meacher has pointed out -reflecting what seem to be wide- spread misgivings in the Parliamentary labour party - Malcolm Rifkind, then Defence Secretary, made it ‘Frankly this is a neo-con idea for using tactical nuclear plain that this involved no concept of fighting and winning weapons rather than the massive Trident system’. 28 The a war. It remained a question of deterrence, albeit at a question might then become not whether ministers wish to slightly lower level than all-out retaliation.24 As Richard retain an independent British deterrent but whether they Hatfield, then MOD Director of Policy explained, [the agree - or even half-agree - with the developing American substrategic role] ‘is a form of deterrence, not necessarily a doctrine of usable pre-emptive nukes.29 specific weapon’.25 This concept has much in common In the quotation at the beginning of this article Tim with the French notion of ‘Pre-Strategic’ use, as a shot Hare asserted that ‘the UK does not possess nuclear across the bows of any intending aggressor or last-but-one weapons as part of the military inventory, they have no resort. As General Henri Bentégeat, French Chief of function as war fighting weapons or to achieve lesser mili- Defence Staff, has explained: tary objectives’. It is greatly hoped that this statement con- Deterrence has been adapted to remain credible tinues to hold good. within the enduring framework of a non-use [non-

16 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

References

1 Tim Hare ‘What Next for Trident?’, RUSI Journal, April 2005, 14 ‘Nuclear Posture Review (see above, note viii), p.17 p. 30 15 Senator Pete Domenici, (Republican, New Mexico), chair of the 2 Max Hastings, ‘New Weapons, Old Wars’. The Sunday subcommittee that oversees the Energy Department’s budget, Telegraph. 31 July 2005. quoted by CNN on 25 October 2005, posted: 10:39 p.m. EDT 3 Hugh Beach and Nadine Gurr, ‘Flattering the Passions: Or, the 16 ‘Nuclear Posture Review (see above, note viii). pp. 16-18. Bomb and Britain’s Bid for a World Role’, I.B.Tauris, London, 17 Steven Weinberg, ‘The Growing Nuclear Danger’ The New 1999, p. 78. York Review of Books, 18 July 2002. www.nybooks.com/ 4 Fred Mulley, ‘The politics of Western Defence’, Thames and articles/15604 p. 38 Hudson, London, 1962, pp. 45 and 123. 18 Washington Nuclear Update June 29 2005. www.basicint.org/ 5 Hansard, Column 1133W. update/WNU050629.htm 6 Otfried Nassauer, ‘NATO’s Nuclear Posture Review: Should 19 ‘Flattering the Passions’ (Note iii), Chapter 2, passim Europe End Nuclear Sharing’, BITS Policy Note 02.1, April 20 Frank N. von Hippel, ‘Does the US need new Nuclear 2002. Berlin Information Centre for Transnational Security. Weapons’ Physics and Society, Vol.31. No.3, July 2002, p.4. The costs of the weapons, aircraft and bunkers are, of course, 21 Nicholas D. Kristof, ‘Flirting with Disaster: Nuclear talk ‘sunk’, unless the plan to refurbish the bunkers goes ahead. harms the US’, International Herald Tribune, 15-16th Costs of training and custody are recurrent. February 2003. 7 Hansard, Column 602W. 22 MOD Report and Accounts 2004-5 para 75. October 2005. 8 ‘Nuclear Posture Review [Excerpts]’ See www.globalsecurity. See http://www.mod.uk/publications/modara04-05/index.html org/wmd/library/policy/dod/npr.htm 23 Statement on the Defence Estimates 1994 9 See www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/policy/dod/ 24 Malcolm Rifkind, ‘UK Defence Strategy: a Continuing role for jp3_12fc2.pdf nuclear weapons’, speech to the Centre for Defence Studies, 10 Walter Pincus, ‘U.S.Weighs Draft Nuclear Plan’, Wall Street London on 16th November 1993 Journal, 20th September 2005 25 ‘Minutes of Evidence taken before the Defence Committee’ 11 ‘Nuclear Posture Review’, (see above, note viii)) pp. 16,17 HC 138-II, of session 1998-99, p.16, para. 180. 12 Mark Bromley, David Grahame and Christine Kucia, ‘Bunker 26 David.S. Yost, ‘France’s evolving nuclear strategy’ Survival, Busters: Washington’s Drive for New Nuclear Weapons’, Autumn 2005, pp. 120,121. BASIC Research Report 2002.2, July 2002, p.43, 27 Written Questions, 20 Jun 2005 : Column 666W http://www.basicint.org/pubs/Research/2002BB.pdf 28 Colin Brown, Deputy Political Editor 13 Steven Weinberg, ‘The Growing Nuclear Danger’ The New York Review of Books, 18 July 2002. www.nybooks.com/ articles/15604

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 17 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

Jo and the WMD Awareness Programme John Finney, Dept of Physics and Astronomy, University College London

For the last three years of his life, Jo put much of his time be more willing to collaborate with other organizations in and effort into an initiative of which he was both the insti- the sense of spearheading a large effort to provide infor- gator and the inspiration. Although this initiative was – mation to the general public. Pugwash is a movement of and remains – fully consistent with the Pugwash reputation scientists, but the job of the scientist is not only to do orig- for integrity and scientific reliability, it departed in some inal research; education is an essential element of it. And ways from traditional ways of Pugwash operation. With this is in essence what I propose.” the changes that were occurring in foreign policies – in par- So was born the UK WMD Awareness Programme. ticular of the Bush administration – he felt it was increas- The genesis of the Programme ingly urgent to develop new approaches that would target not only the decision makers, but also the general public. The collaboration was initiated at a meeting that Jo called in Jo can, of course, speak for himself. He set out his the British Pugwash office in September 2002, to which rep- ideas specifically at a meeting of IPPNW in 2002: resentatives from BASIC, CND, the Movement for the Abo- The situation is grim; the way things are moving is lition of War, Abolition 2000, MEDACT, Greenpeace UK bound to lead to catastrophe. If there is a way out, and the Oxford Research Group were invited. In characteris- even if seemingly unrealistic, it is our duty to pursue tic style, Jo set out the current situation and the reason for it. … If we can bring to the notice of the general the meeting. No-one was saying that nuclear weapons public the grave dangers inherent in the continua- should not exist, nor that they are already legally forbidden. tion of current policies, at the same time pointing Under the Bush administration matters were getting worse: out the long-term merits of policies based on equity the Nuclear Posture Review saw nuclear weapons as usable and morality, we may succeed in putting the nuclear and to be integrated into US military planning. There were issue back on the agenda of public concern. moves to develop new nuclear weapons such as the so-called mini-nukes. There will be strong pressure to test these new The core of his message was clear. Pugwash should weapons, and he noted the US failure to ratify the CTBT as work to raise public awareness of the dangers of current an indicator of possible intent. If the US restarts testing, then nuclear weapons policies and the merits of other China is likely to follow, or even Russia, India or Pakistan. approaches to achieving international security. Fully rec- He argued that we were on the threshold of a new arms race. ognizing that this was a tremendous task, he argued that However the public does not understand the dangers, as Pugwash should collaborate with other organizations in indicated in the continuing low salience of nuclear weapons trying to achieve this. He put more flesh on this in his pub- issues in the public mind, with recent opinion polls showing lic lecture at the Halifax Pugwash Conference in 2003: that only 1-2% of the UK population saw nuclear weapons The task of influencing public opinion is far too big issues as important. for an organization like Pugwash to undertake by The question was: what can be done? Can we arouse itself. Collaboration with other organizations would public opinion to influence future developments? He felt be essential. This would go against our traditional that normal Pugwash channels on their own were unlikely modus vivendi; Pugwash has often been accused – to work. He suggested we appeal to the public on both the perhaps justifiably – of being an exclusive club. But legal and moral aspects of nuclear weapons. even if our mode of work has been justified in the The brain storming period that ensued raised a number past, I believe that the time has come to open up. of potentially promising ideas on how best to proceed. There I am not advocating that Pugwash should become a was a strong feeling that by working together, exploiting the mass movement; what I am suggesting is that we should differing expertise of each of the collaborating organizations,

18 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat we could have a greater impact on the public consciousness It is this strategy that we are now implementing, and than could any one organization acting alone. It was agreed building on to inform our next moves and future pro- that as a first step a small group would produce a synopsis of gramme. the proposed “campaign” with a mission statement and pro- The first year of the Programme. posals for fund raising. A number of other groups would also be approached to participate. This has been encouragingly successful. The expanded group met the following month, with Awareness-raising events additional representatives of other groups attending1. The Programme and the website were launched in Septem- Remarkably, the Programme aims were settled almost ber 2004 by a series of events and media conferences immediately following a rapid writing down of a stream of focused on a visit by President Gorbachev. Jo led the consciousness from Bruce Kent: the overall aim of the Pro- launch (see figure). The activities involving President Gor- gramme would be (a) to raise British public awareness of bachev included: the grave dangers of present nuclear weapons policies, and • Interviews on the BBC TV ‘Today’ Programme, (b) to shift public perception towards the feasibility of a Channel 4 News, BBC Radio 4 ‘PM’, BBC World secure world free from the threat of nuclear weapons. The Service ‘Hardtalk’ and BBC TV ‘Newsnight’. bulk of the meeting then discussed the much more difficult • A press conference which resulted in a great deal of problems of how to move forward to achieve these aims. worldwide media coverage. What messages did we want to get across? What target • A lunch with editors and key journalists. audiences could we most usefully identify? What possible • A private meeting in Downing Street with Sir Nigel actions should we take to get our messages across to those Sheinwald, advisor on Foreign Affairs to the Prime audiences? Minister. Crucially, the first thing we did was in the Pugwash • A fully booked public meeting and reception at the tradition of using state of the art professional knowledge – headquarters of the UK Trades Union Congress. this time of the public opinion and media experts. We • A visit to Holland Park School in west London. commissioned research on public opinion in order to Further events have followed periodically, some of inform us in developing an effective media strategy. This these also including high profile visitors, with the particu- initial work – though the time it took frustrated Jo – con- lar event tailored to the visitor involved. We have tried all vinced us that a new approach was essential if we were to the while to relate the events and visitors to issues that will have any chance of achieving our goals. Working with attract the media (we cannot dream of paying for media public opinion professionals, we then carried out a more coverage!), to target different audiences, to use existing detailed study, the results of which gave us a picture of the platforms appropriate to different target audiences and to psychological and social landscape of the issue that we did work locally on events in collaboration with local organi- not have before. This enabled us to put together a compre- zations. hensive communications strategy, targeted at the specific An example of using an existing platform appropriate group the study identified as the most likely to respond.2 to our prime target audience was our participation in the Elements of the public education programme we have Guardian Hay Festival, an annual literary festival that implemented based on the research include the following: takes place at the ‘book town’ of Hay on Wye in the Welsh • large scale (some VIP) events to highlight the urgency of the issues and periodically raise media and public borders. Sponsored by the Guardian newspaper and interest; Channel 4 TV, excellent print and television media cover- • a proactive, reliable, factual and attractive website age is pretty well guaranteed. We hosted Robert McNa- (www.comeclean.org.uk); mara and his wife and took them to Hay for the 2005 Fes- • communications with parliamentarians and opinion tival. Mr McNamara’s visit received a great deal of media formers; coverage and the issue of nuclear policy was raised in • curriculum development and youth education. every media item. Activities and coverage included:

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 19 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

• An advance two page spread in the Guardian news- events in increasing hits on the site, further exposing the paper. public to nuclear weapons issues. It is also important to • An advance interview with Channel 4 News. exploit ideas and events that will attract the media: for • An interview on BBC Radio 4 Today Programme. example, the media love anniversaries around which they • A well attended press conference that was covered in can build extended coverage. Although it is hardly ever the Guardian. possible to be sure why certain issues do get high coverage, • BBC World TV “Hardtalk” interview. we worked hard in advance with the media to raise the • Coverage in a TV programme with Jonathan Dim- profile of the 60th Anniversary of Hiroshima and bleby. Nagasaki, and were very pleased indeed with the high • Live transmissions from Hay on BBC News 24 and degree of coverage the Anniversary spawned. BBC Wales. However, not all events need to be high profile to be • Coverage of McNamara at Hay in the Times news- effective. Good results can be achieved by working within paper, BBC News (repeated throughout the day) and environments appropriate to particular target audiences, internationally. and by working locally with other sympathetic groups. Two examples illustrate this. BBC TV showed ‘The Fog of War’ just before his visit. First, in targeting younger people, we had a presence at This looked like an attempt to pre-empt Channel 4! the 2005 Glastonbury Music Festival, at which 5,000 Mr. McNamara spoke at Hay with Professor Robert ‘competition’ postcards were distributed. The question Hinde (Chair of British Pugwash) and Jon Snow (a major was a simple one on the number of nuclear weapons in the UK TV news anchorman and reporter) in a venue that world and the information on the card was about the deci- held 1,100 people and was sold out. sion looming on the future of Trident. Not only did people Mr. McNamara also spoke in the House of Lords to a read the cards and try the competition (for which the prize room packed to capacity with Lords and MPs. was a signed CD from a popular group) but they actively As a third example, the Programme hosted Senator discussed the issue with their friends. The fact that the Douglas Roche, chair of the Middle Powers Initiative, competition had to be entered via the website further jointly with the British Pugwash Group and the All Party encouraged access to the website and exposure to the Parliamentary Group on Non-Proliferation. He had just issues we are trying to raise. completed a consultation at the Atlanta Foundation with Secondly we again targeted younger people by running President Jimmy Carter and others and was on a European a concert for peace in Birmingham. In addition to com- Tour to deliver their recommendations for the NPT. His memorating Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the event also schedule included: looked forward to a future world where we could live • A press conference that resulted in an interview with without the nuclear threat and in peace. The event was the BBC’s Security Correspondent to be broadcast supported also by West Midlands CND, Amnesty, Oxfam, during the NPT Review Conference. Drop Beats not Bombs, and Food not Bombs, showing • A meeting with the Foreign and Commonwealth again the effectiveness of combining forces with appropri- Office. ate other organisations. The concert had a great deal of • A well attended public meeting. support from the music community in Birmingham, with • A meeting with senior NGO representatives. 10 groups and over 40 musicians performing over a five • A meeting of the All Party Group in Parliament. hour period. In addition there were four speakers, one of A major aim of these high profile events is to raise pub- whom was in Birmingham in place of the Reverend Jesse lic interest periodically through the media. We learned Jackson. Two leading graffiti artists also took part. A quickly that excellent press coverage can be obtained with major part of the aims of the event was achieved in the high profile visitors and at very low cost. Monitoring extensive regional and local media coverage. A film and access to the website underlined the effectiveness of these digital recording of the event was also made for future use.

20 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

The musicians taking part and the young people there felt media interactions. It is also of course crucial to establish a this was exactly the right way to involve the next genera- reputation of credibility and integrity, and here the Pug- tion. The artists are enthusiastic to take part in a similar wash association is critical. As the media work has shown, event at an appropriate time in the future. there are low-cost (in money if not in time) opportunities A strong message coming from the events part of the available to get our messages across to a range of audi- programme is to take advantage of opportunities that are ences. They should, and can, be used effectively. there. There are many of them. With limited funds, it is Contacts with Parliamentarians and opinion formers totally unrealistic to mount advertising campaigns of any sort in the major media. But creating interest in the media These are important aspects of the Programme. As men- can encourage their coverage of the messages we want to tioned above in the context of the events we have run, vis- get across to the particular audiences that the research iting VIPs have made their presences felt in both Parlia- suggested we should focus on. ment and in Downing Street. The Programme has continued to exploit opportunities within the UK parlia- Media targeting mentary system using mechanisms such as Early Day Continuing the theme of using the media at minimal cost, Motions to raise issues on the floor of Parliament which the programme has tried a number of approaches includ- can then be latched on to by the press. ing placing opinion pieces in the major news media. Again because of the access it gives to Parliamentari- Again, these can be targeted at different audiences by ans, Civil Servants and the media, launching reports in using the appropriate media. Thus, our efforts are not lim- Parliament can have added benefits. A case in point is a ited to Op. Eds in the ‘serious’ newspapers. For example, report on the UK Trident nuclear weapons system that at relatively low cost a cartoon was commissioned and was written by John Ainslie and published by the pro- placed in the New Musical Express, a newspaper popular gramme3. Its launch in the House of Commons brought in amongst younger people. This was linked to a competition members of the House of Lords as well as the House of that would engage younger people with the NPT Review Commons, civil servants and the press. There was an Conference, and part of the competition process encour- excellent discussion involving MPs from all sides. The aged access to the website. The band Radiohead and copies of the reports themselves were snapped up, and comedian Mark Thomas donated signed CDs as prizes. more requests followed by email. . The Clerk to the A particularly successful example of using media Defence Select Committee asked for extra copies for MPs opportunities was working with the production company on the committee and the Ministry of Defence (MoD) for a satirical Channel 4 TV programme ‘Bremner, Bird requested extra copies twice as they said it had become and Fortune’. The show that went out on election night ‘Required reading at the MoD’. 2005 contained material on British nuclear weapons pol- We held a lively debate at the annual conference of the icy that we had suggested might be included and for which governing Labour Party that also focused on Trident. The we had provided the background material and the evi- leaflets that we produced to advertise the meeting went dence. The item was run in the period between the times down very well and stimulated good responses from dele- the poll closed and the results started coming in, a period gates and even indeed from Jack Straw (the Foreign Secre- when people would be watching attentively. We appear to tary) who came over specifically to get one from the coor- have established a credible reputation with the show in dinator who was handing them out! The debate itself was that a further item on UK nuclear weapons was put out in excellent and feedback we had from the MPs present again a later edition of the programme. underlined a clear need for good quality information on Clearly, to be effective in getting material used in the the Trident issue. The ‘system’ can clearly be thirsty for media, relationships need to be built up with appropriate good quality information. The Awareness Programme people in the media, including of course journalists. The works to provide this, and here again the Pugwash name programme is fortunate in that its coordinator (Carol gives the Programme added credibility. Naughton) has extensive experience and expertise in

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 21 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

The Website teaching techniques including role play and the materials The professionally-designed website include cartoons, videos and CDs. (www.comeclean.org.uk) is an important device for both Once modified and resourced, the lesson plans, back- raising awareness generally and as a repository for good ground resource material and suggested pupil activities quality information on WMD issues. Expert consultants were trialled in secondary schools in Birmingham. Initial review papers before they are placed on the site, and the feedback from both teachers and pupils was very positive site includes up-to-date news items and reports. Access and enabled us to refine the lesson plans and guided us in statistics have exceeded expectation, with the design com- providing more resources. Pupils seem to have enjoyed the pany commenting on the unexpectedly high (to them) hit activities and commented that they have a better under- rates that we are regularly getting. As we had hoped, standing of the issues. Our worries that teachers may be access indeed increases at times when high profile events wary of using materials that could loosely be called ‘politi- are held, or when competitions requiring access to the site cal’ were unfounded. are run. Feedback on the site itself has been very positive. We are now working up to final production of these The site also includes the educational materials we are modules for their launching and distribution to secondary developing for schools (see below). As this education pro- schools. A part time education officer is about to be gramme develops further, the site will be used to support appointed to oversee the launch and to interact with that programme by making available additional materials teachers in the implementation of the modules and the that can be used by teachers. provision of additional and updated materials. An attractive, easily accessible and readable website is One of Jo’s priorities was young people. This work an essential aspect of the Programme. It is inexpensive to aims to take this priority forward in a positive and effec- run yet it can reach a wide range of people. To be effective, tive way. it must contain authoritative material and build up a repu- Future plans tation for reliability and honesty without much of the The success of the first year of the Programme seems to hype that is too often found on campaigning websites. have validated the approaches we have taken that were Here again the Pugwash association is important in estab- guided by the initial research. We now plan to build on lishing the necessary integrity. this, with the following objectives for the next two years. Educational programme Initiate new research into public knowledge and atti- As 1945 recedes further into the past, the collective mem- tudes about WMD and global security. The original ory of the effects of nuclear weapons will fade unless research on which our strategy is based is now two years action is taken to maintain awareness. This is especially old, and we need to revalidate or possibly modify our the case with respect to today’s youth, the younger frac- approach in the light of possible shifts in attitudes since tion of which has not even a memory of the Cold War, let then. This will also give us signposts as to how successfully alone nuclear weapons. An important part of the WMD we are tailoring our messages to the reality of public per- Awareness Programme is therefore its youth education ception in order to help people consider the issues in a crit- programme. ical and well informed way. Central to this is the development of teaching modules Arrange a series of events to involve constituencies for schools that fit in with the UK Citizenship Curriculum that we have not engaged with so far. These include faith and afford us the opportunity to implement recommenda- groups, visual and performing arts groups, minority com- tions of the UN Study on Disarmament and Non-Prolifer- munities, trades unions, women’s organisations, environ- ation Education. Aimed at 14 –16 years olds, the materials mental groups and scientists. For specific programme cover aspects of global security and WMD, particularly events, we will expand our way of working to encourage nuclear weapons. Six lesson plans have been completed the involvement of major society organisations such as and given to teachers for comment. They use a range of Amnesty, Oxfam and the Women’s Institute.

22 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

Organise up to four high profile events a year, some of and radio and television networks. We will continue to which will feature figures of world stature. These events encourage TV production companies to commission docu- will focus on global security and be of interest to a wide mentaries on the subject of WMD and global security and audience. Where possible, they will coincide with impor- to include aspects of these issues in popular programmes tant dates to encourage media interest and coverage. as we successfully did with the ‘Bremner, Bird and Fortune’ Examples include events at major UK Festivals in 2006/7; show on election night. for example we are developing a programme for the three Funding weeks of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 2006. We are developing further our collaboration with the Guardian We have been very encouraged by the responses from a Hay Festival of Literature that was so successful in 2005. number of funding organisations that have enabled the This year the Festival has instituted a Joseph Rotblat Programme to get off the ground. Initial seed funding Memorial Lecture and we are working to invite a high from British Pugwash and Greenpeace UK was critical in profile speaker to give this. A ‘cross-professions’ meeting the early stages and in funding the research. The Joseph on the future of the UK’s nuclear weapons policies is Rowntree Charitable Trust helped with further seed fund- planned for a high profile venue in autumn 2006, and a ing that enabled us to develop the Programme, and this meeting to raise discussion on the practicalities of nuclear was followed by an initial year of core funds. Other organ- disarmament among both scientists and the scientific isations that have contributed include the Network for media is being proposed for the 2007 UK Festival of Sci- Social Change, and donations and grants have come from ence in collaboration with VERTIC. a number of other organisations and private individuals. Launch the schools education programme. Funds per- Rowntree has recently awarded us a further two years of mitting, we will distribute the education packs to all 6,900 core plus funding and Network for Social Change has just schools by summer 2007. The education officer will visit informed us that they will be supporting the schools edu- schools as needed to explain, promote and support the cational programme for the coming 12 months. programme, and negotiate other speakers as requested by Core costs have worked out at about £45,000 per year. the schools. These have largely covered the salary of one full time coor- Further develop and promote the website so that it dinator, half a day per week for a webmaster, and basic becomes even more interactive and the top site for anyone office and running costs. Additional funding has been putting the term WMD into their search engine. As part of obtained for specific events (Pugwash helped to fund the collaborative work with Acronym, BASIC, and ORG Gorbachev visit) and of course for the educational pro- focussing on the UK Trident situation, we have created a gramme. Costs are often shared with collaborating organi- new section on our website that will act as a clearing sations, especially in situations such as the Hay Festival, house for information, opinion and discussion on this where our participation was of clear mutual benefit. Sup- issue. We will expand the kind of stimulus we have port ‘in kind’ has come from a number of sources. We engaged in this year, such as web based competitions, to have moved from a situation at the start where building encourage visits to the site. up sufficient funds to do anything useful looked an almost Expand our engagement with parliamentarians and impossible task to one where we – perhaps unusually for political parties through events in Parliament and the Party the UK NGO community – have secure core funding for a Conferences. We will continue to work with the All Party two year period. Parliamentary Non-Proliferation Group to coordinate vis- It was good to receive the following comment from our its of high profile figures with meetings in parliament. We major funder when the most recent award was given: will continue to act as a catalyst to stimulate MPs to call Trustees have been encouraged by the work of the for debates and the placing of Early Day Motions. programme over the past year. … they are very sup- Develop our media work with the placement of opin- portive of the experimental and ambitious approach ion pieces and features in the newspapers and magazines, that is genuinely seeking to reach new audiences.

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 23 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

They see this kind of approach as absolutely crucial on by others, and it is encouraging that there are initiatives if there is to be any prospect of raising public and in other countries along related lines. The success of the political awareness on these issues. UK programme was underpinned by the initial research, without which we would have been likely to go in direc- What has been achieved? tions that, in hindsight, would have been not just relatively This of course is difficult to assess objectively. Within the ineffective but positively counterproductive. Again in the UK, there is a general feeling that nuclear weapons issues tradition of Pugwash, we looked to state of the art exper- are now more frequently raised and discussed than they tise – this time in the social sciences – to guide our strategy. were two years ago. How the WMD Awareness Pro- In the light of this experience, we would strongly urge oth- gramme may have contributed to this raised profile is ers interested in trying to something similar nationally to impossible to document, though we do feel that our undertake an initial period of research. impact has been significant and positive. When Jo returned to the UK after leaving the Manhat- A recent Greenpeace UK opinion poll showed some tan Project, he worked through the British Atomic Scien- interesting results. 46% of the UK public now oppose our tists Association (BASA) to educate the public about developing a new nuclear weapons system to replace Tri- nuclear matters. At the end of his life, he found himself dent, as against 44% that support such a development. back where he began his peacemaking career with BASA When the cost of replacement was given, the ‘against’ fig- in the 1940s: focussing on the need for public education. ure increased to 54% while the ‘for’ percentage fell to As Jo said in the peroration of his public lecture in Halifax 33%. With respect to nuclear weapons issues more gener- in 2003: “Pugwash is a movement of scientists, but the job ally, 87% of the UK public oppose using the bomb against of the scientist is not only to do original research; educa- a non-possessor of nuclear weapons, 77% oppose using it tion is an essential element of it.” The WMD Awareness against a possessor state that is not using it, while 55% Programme is attempting to do this within the UK, taking oppose using it in retaliation even if attacked by a nuclear advantage of the expertise and knowledge available in weapon. These results – which contrast with the 1-2% of other concerned organizations and communities to the population that felt that nuclear weapons issues were increase the effectiveness of the attempt. With his inspira- important a few years ago – were a surprise to many, and tion and commitment still with us, we will continue to suggest that perhaps we are beginning to push against a take this part of “Advancing the Legacy of Joseph door that may be opening – at least in the UK. Rotblat” forward.

Concluding comments Notes As mentioned in the opening paragraph, in his last few 1The current Steering Group of the Programme consists of repre- years Jo felt very strongly that, as well as continuing to sentatives from Abolition 2000, Acronym, Atomic Mirror, work in its traditional way, Pugwash should also reach out British American Security Information Council (BASIC), to the general public. The integrity of Pugwash could be British Pugwash, CND, Greenpeace UK, Medical Action used to advantage to inform the public of the “grave dan- (MEDACT), Movement for the Abolition of War, Oxford Research Group (ORG), Pax Christi, Quaker Peace and Social gers inherent in the continuation of current policies”, but Witness, Student/Young Pugwash UK, and the World Court he realized that “the task of influencing public opinion is Project. Organizations associated with the Programme include far too big for an organization like Pugwash to undertake Scientists for Global Responsibility, the United Nations Associ- by itself” and that therefore “collaboration with other ation and the Verification Research, Training and Information Centre (VERTIC). organizations would be essential”. 2 A full write up of the results of the research work is available The WMD Awareness Programme has, with Jo’s from the author. encouragement, hassle, and support, tried to fulfill this 3 John Ainslie: “The future of the British bomb”, WMD Aware- aim in the UK context. The way the Programme has pro- ness programme 2005. Available from the Programme Coordi- nator [email protected] or electronically via the Pro- ceeded may perhaps provide a model that could be built gramme website www.comeclean.org.uk.

24 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

Participants

Amb. Sergey Batsanov, Director, Geneva Office of International Pugwash; Member, Pugwash CBW Steering Committee; Member, International Advisory Board, Geneva Centre for Democratic Reform of Armed Forces (DCAF)

Sir Hugh Beach, Member, British Pugwash Executive Commit- tee; Member: Center for Defence Studies, VERTIC, and ISIS, London, UK

Dr. Jeffrey Boutwell, Executive Director, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, Washington, DC, USA

Prof. Francesco Calogero, Member, Pugwash Council; Professor of Theoretical Physics, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy

Mr. Luca Ciciani (Italy), PhD Candidate in Environmental Engi- neering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK; Member of Steering Committee for WMD Aware- ness Project, Student Young Pugwash UK; National Coordinator Student Pugwash UK; Member of Society for Radiological Pro- tection, UK Michael Douglas and Joseph Rotblat. Photo by Peter Hoennemann, reprinted courtesy of TheCommunity.com Prof. Paolo Cotta-Ramusino, Secretary-General, Pugwash Con- ferences on Science and World Affairs; Member, Pugwash Execu- tive Committee; Professor of Mathematical Physics, University of Milan, Italy; Director, Program on Disarmament and Interna- tional Security, Landau Network – Centro Volta, Como, Italy

Prof. John Finney, Professor of Physics, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, UK

Prof. Robert Hinde, former Royal Society Research Professor (now retired), formerly: Master, St. John’s College, Cambridge, UK

Dr. Venance Journé, Researcher, National Scientific Research Council (CNRS), Paris, France

Prof. Michiji Konuma, Professor Emeritus of Physics, Keio Uni- versity, Japan

Mr. Rian Leith, Master’s degree candidate in Diplomatic Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Lecturer in Contemporary History, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria; National Representative, Student Young Pugwash South Africa; ISYP Jo with Ruth Adams at the First Pugwash Conference July 1957. Board Member

Dr Tom Milne, Policy Development, Specialist Schools and Academies Trust, UK; Member of British Pugwash Group Execu- Prof. Hitoshi Ohnishi, Member, Pugwash Council; Vice Presi- tive Committee. dent, and Professor of International Relations in the School of Law, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Dr. Götz Neuneck, Physicist, and Member, Pugwash Council; Project Leader, “Interdisciplinary Research Group Disarmament, Mr. Juan Pablo Pardo-Guerra, Researcher, El Colegio de Mexico Arms Control and New Technologies”, Institute for Peace (PROCIENTEC); Chair of the Executive Board, International Research and Security Policy (IFSH), Hamburg, Germany Student/Young Pugwash

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 25 A Special Tribute to Joseph Rotblat

Dr. Georges Parisot, Senior Adviser, Technical and Strategic PUGWASH STAFF Assessment, France Telecom R&D, Paris, France Sally Milne, Pugwash London office, 63a Great Russell St., Lon- Senator Douglas Roche, O.C., Member, Pugwash Council; don WC1B 3BJ, UK Chairman, Middle Powers Initiative; Author, Lecturer; Member Claudia Vaughn, Program Coordinator, Pugwash Conferences, of the Senate of Canada (1998-2004) and Canadian House of via della Lungara 10, I-00165 Rome, Italy Commons (1972-84)

Dr. Carsten Rohr (Germany/UK), Senior Policy Analyst, Sustain- able Energy Policy Division, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), UK; Member, British Pugwash Execu- tive Committee

Dr. Mark Byung-Moon Suh (Germany/South Korea), Member, Pugwash Council; Senior Researcher and Korea Coordinator, Free University of Berlin, Germany; President, Korean Pugwash Group; Chairman, Corea Trust Fund; Visiting Scholar, Institute for Peace Affairs (IPA), Seoul

Prof. Takao Takahara, Professor of International Politics and Peace Research, Faculty of International Studies, Meijigakuin University, Yokohama, Japan

Dr. Giancarlo Tenaglia, voluntary Staff Member, Pugwash Con- ferences on Science and World Affairs, Rome, Italy; Member, Italian Pugwash Group

Dr. Christopher Watson, Senior Consultant ; Emeritus Fellow, Merton College, Oxford

With students from the University of Liverpool at Llandudno just after the war.

26 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 PUGWASH MEETING NO. 309

55th Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs 60 Years After Hiroshima and Nagasaki 27 July 2005, Hiroshima, Japan

Hiroshima Declaration of the Pugwash Council

On the 60th anniversary of the nuclear devasta- The dangers are clear. A nuclear confrontation tion of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, we call upon could spin out of control in the event of a major political leaders, scientists, and citizens of the regional conflict. To protect against the threat of a world to overcome the dangerous complacency terrorist use of a nuclear device, far more needs to regarding the ever present threat posed by nuclear be done to control and eliminate excess nuclear fis- weapons to the entire international community. sile material to prevent a catastrophic attack. Pug- wash has proposed concrete steps for the elimina- The decade since 1995, when Pugwash last met in tion of highly enriched uranium to prevent it Hiroshima, has been one of missed opportunities falling into the hands of terrorists. We call upon and a marked deterioration in global security, not governments to act on these recommendations, least regarding the nuclear threat. In that time, and quickly. additional states have acquired nuclear weapons, there has been little tangible progress in nuclear Members of the Pugwash Council, meeting just disarmament, new nuclear weapons are being pro- steps away from Hiroshima’s ground zero, urge posed, and military doctrines are being revised our fellow scientists and citizens to confront the that place a greater reliance on the potential use of threat of nuclear weapon use that could material- such weapons. ize at any time, without warning, in any part of the world. To political and government leaders, We call upon all states to respect their commit- our message is simple, but stark: as long as nuclear ments to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, to weapons exist, they will one day be used. ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, and to conclude a Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty, as Only by acting in the spirit of the 1955 Russell- important near-term steps to reduce the nuclear Einstein Manifesto—“we appeal, as human threat. Beyond that, we urge the nuclear weapons beings, to human beings: Remember your human- states to recognize that the security of each is best ity, and forget the rest”—can a nuclear catastrophe served by concluding a Nuclear Weapons Conven- be averted. What happened in Hiroshima and tion prohibiting such weapons. Nagasaki must never happen again.

Nuclear weapons must be declared illegal and immoral. Steps must be taken to devalue the dan- gerous importance of nuclear weapons in military doctrines and greatly reduce the numbers of strate- gic and tactical nuclear weapons, prior to their prohibition and elimination.

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 27 Pugwash Meeting No. 309

Conference Statement of the Pugwash Council 27 July 2005, Hiroshima, Japan

The Pugwash Council, meeting dur- Nuclear Weapons hands of terrorist groups. Significant ing the 55th Pugwash Conference The Seventh Review Conference of numbers of tactical nuclear weapons held in Hiroshima, Japan from 22-27 the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty continue to be deployed in Europe July 2005, on the 60th anniversary of (NPT), held in the spring of 2005 in and elsewhere, while pressures mount the nuclear devastation of Hiroshima New York, ended in deadlock. The from certain quarters for developing and Nagasaki, is extremely con- five original nuclear-weapons states and deploying space weapons. cerned with the ever present threat (US, Russia, UK, France and China) Given that no weapons are currently posed by nuclear weapons to global showed themselves unwilling to take deployed in space, now is the time to security. decisive action to implement their preserve the sanctuary of space for its The decade since 1995, when obligations under Article VI of the tremendously important civilian Pugwash last met in Hiroshima, has NPT to move decisively toward the benefits. been one of missed opportunities and irreversible elimination of their High oil prices, the development a marked deterioration in global nuclear arsenals. The obstructionist of new and safer nuclear technolo- security, not least regarding the attitude of the US administration in gies, and concerns over global cli- nuclear threat. In that time, addi- particular pre-ordained the NPT mate change have once more made tional states have acquired nuclear Review Conference to failure. Other nuclear power a potentially attractive weapons, there has been little tangi- states must share the blame as well, option for generating energy. Serious ble progress in nuclear disarmament, however, for missing a solid opportu- attention must be paid, however, to new nuclear weapons are being pro- nity at the Review Conference to the proliferation ramifications of posed, and military doctrines are resolve problems such as equitable building a new generation of nuclear being revised that place a greater access to civilian nuclear technolo- power plants and spent fuel repro- reliance on the potential use of such gies, as allowed under Article IV, cessing facilities. Of special concern weapons. while at the same time tightening are necessary measures to prevent Hopes in the immediate post-Cold protections that such materials not be plutonium-based fuel cycles. Options War period in the 1990s that a new diverted to military use. such as multilateral control of global order might be emerging have The broad framework of nuclear nuclear fuel cycles, as recently pre- been dashed by the rise of radical weapons disarmament is in danger of sented in a report from the Interna- international terrorism, unilateral mil- collapsing. The Comprehensive Test tional Atomic Energy Agency, could itary interventions and threats of pre- Ban Treaty (CTBT) has not entered help strengthen the barrier between emption, and the lack of progress in into force, the US and Russia need to civil and military nuclear programs. meeting basic human security needs. accelerate and enlarge the reductions In this regard, more information All of these issues will require a called for by the Moscow Treaty, and is needed on the recent talks between renewed commitment to the tenets of negotiations have yet to begin on a the US and India on resuming full international law and equity, true Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty cooperation in civilian nuclear issues. multilateral cooperation, and the (FMCT) to eliminate production of While we grant the necessity of shar- strengthening of regional and inter- weapons-grade Highly Enriched Ura- ing technology and best practices to national organizations that can give nium (HEU) and plutonium. Far make nuclear power as safe and effi- needed priority to the human security more needs to be done to control and cient as possible, one must carefully of all, rather than the national pre- dispose of existing stockpiles of HEU weigh the precedent for other coun- rogatives of some. that run the risk of falling into the tries of such cooperation between a

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nuclear-weapons state and a non- over the nuclear program of the East. Major complicating factors member of the NPT. Democratic People’s Republic of include Israel’s policy of nuclear The Pugwash Council calls upon Korea (DPRK). The DPRK’s with- opacity, Middle East states that have all states to respect their commit- drawal from the NPT in early 2003 not yet signed and ratified either or ments to the NPT, to ratify the CTBT, posed one of the gravest challenges both of the Chemical or the Biologi- and to conclude a FMCT, as impor- ever to the non-proliferation regime. cal Weapons conventions, and the tant near-term steps to reduce the An agreement that codifies North lack of resolution on the modalities nuclear threat. Additional measures Korea’s stated commitment to a and aims of Iran’s uranium enrich- such as the adoption of nuclear No nuclear-free Korean peninsula, and ment program. First Use polices and the de-alerting the return of the DPRK to the NPT, In this volatile region in the of nuclear delivery systems would would be a major boost for global world, bold steps are needed to provide additional security against non-proliferation. reduce threats from nuclear, chemi- miscalculation and inadvertent use of Similarly, the situation in South cal, and probable biological nuclear weapons in a crisis. Asia gives reason for optimism that weapons, through steps toward Additionally, the Pugwash Coun- India and Pakistan will continue to implementing a WMD-free zone in cil believes that constructive work improve relations and open up the Middle East. More broadly, inter- should be started by like-minded toward each other. The Pugwash ini- national support for democratic States to identify the legal, political tiative in December 2004 on the reforms and economic development and technical requirements for the Kashmir issue is one element in a could do much to blunt the attraction elimination of nuclear weapons. As broad array of confidence-building of radical terrorist groups. Of critical recommended by the Middle Powers measures between the two countries. importance to enhancing regional Initiative, these efforts would be a Nonetheless, great caution is needed security will be a solution to the contribution to the NPT process and to ensure that possible future tensions Israeli-Palestinian conflict. could provide the framework for do not lead to conflict and the possi- Conflict and instability in other eventual negotiations for a Nuclear ble use of nuclear weapons, making regions of the world, from the newly Weapons Convention prohibiting the implementation of nuclear confi- independent states in central Asia and eliminating such weapons. dence-building measures between the and the Caucasus, to West and East Nuclear weapons must be two states all the more important. Africa and Southeast Asia, is of con- declared illegal and immoral. Meet- The situation in the Middle East cern as well, even if these areas are ing just steps away from Hiroshima’s is, of course, far more worrisome. not as prominent in terms of the ground zero, we urge our fellow sci- Terrorism and instability continue to threat of nuclear-weapons use. Effec- entists and citizens to confront the plague Iraq, postponing the date for tive cooperation among regional and threat of nuclear weapon use that the needed withdrawal of US and for- international organizations, rather could materialize at any time, with- eign troops so that Iraq can build its than unilateral action, premption or out warning, in any part of the own political future. Similar concerns excessive use of military force, pre- world. To political and government exist in Afghanistan. Israel and the sents the best chance for resolving leaders, our message is simple, but Palestinians have a long way to go in conflicts. In particular, dialogue must stark: as long as nuclear weapons resolving their conflict, the next stage be promoted between old and new exist, they will one day be used. of which is the critically-important strategic alliances, namely between Israeli withdrawal from the Gaza NATO and the CSTO (Collective Regional Conflicts Strip, which must be followed by a Security Treaty Organization), as In East Asia, there are hopeful signs return to negotiations aimed at a just well as between the European Union that the resumption of the Six-Party and peaceful solution. and NATO, regarding potential talks could lead to a relaxation of Pugwash has invested much effort cooperation in peace support and in tensions and a negotiated solution on the issue of a WMD-free Middle any future crisis.

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Human Security majority of them continue to face Manifesto, the founding document of True global security will never be unacceptable deprivation in their the Pugwash Conferences, Sir Joseph, possible until the fundamental com- access to basic human necessities. in his message to the conference, ponents of human security, including Intensive international cooperation, recalled the words of the Russell-Ein- equitable access to food, water, especially between industrial and stein Manifesto on its 50th anniver- healthcare, education, and economic developing countries, is needed to sary – “we appeal, as human beings, opportunity, are attained. redress these imbalances, many of to human beings: Remember your At the 55th Pugwash Conference which contribute directly to human humanity, and forget the rest”. in Hiroshima, these and other themes insecurity and conflict. As noted dur- The Pugwash Council urges all of were touched on by speakers such as ing the 55th Pugwash Conference, us to act in this spirit, and for Judge C.G. Weeramantry of Sri the promise of new technologies for national governments, multilateral Lanka, who gave the Dorothy advances in the sustainable use of institutions, and international NGOs Hodgkin Memorial Lecture, by Dr. resources is clear, yet such benefits to lead the international community Nobuyasu Abe (Under Secretary are not distributed evenly to the away from a misplaced reliance on General for Disarmament Affairs at world’s peoples. It is critically impor- nuclear weapons and the catastrophic the United Nations), Mayor tant for scientists to remember their dangers that await us if clear progress Tadatoshi Akiba of Hiroshima, Prof. individual responsibility regarding is not made to decisively reduce and John Holdren (Harvard University), the beneficial applications of their eventually eliminate nuclear weapons. and by Prof. M.S. Swaminathan and work in promoting true human secu- What happened in Hiroshima and Prof. Paolo Cotta-Ramusino, the rity for all individuals, and to carry Nagasaki must never happen again. President and Secretary General, that message to the public, govern- The 55th Pugwash Conference, 60 respectively, of Pugwash. ments, and international institutions. Years After Hiroshima and In the context of the UN Millen- *** Nagasaki, was attended by 159 par- nium Development Goals announced The 55th Pugwash Conference is ticipants from 37 countries, including in 2000 and being reviewed in the fall the first that our co-founder and past 29 International Student/Young Pug- of 2005 at the United Nations, the President, Sir Joseph Rotbalt, has not wash participants, and was held at sad truth remains that human secu- been able to attend since Pugwash the International Conference Center rity for the world’s peoples is at was founded in 1957. As a co-signa- Hiroshima. greater and greater risk. The large tory of the 1955 Russell-Einstein

30 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 PUGWASH MEETING NO. 309

55th Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs 60 Years After Hiroshima and Nagasaki

MESSAGES OF WELCOME

arms in international politics and in the Russell-Einstein Manifesto: Opening Address the longer run to eliminate such Remember your humanity, and forget Hitoshi Ohnishi arms.” the rest. Looking at the time to come, the This place is undoubtedly one of Your excellencies, honoured guests, prospect for future may have become the most suitable places to remember ladies and gentlemen. worse or darker since ten years ago. your humanity and forget the rest. On behalf of Pugwash Japan, I When Pugwash held the 45th Annual When you stand here on ground zero wish to extend my heartfelt welcome Conference in Hiroshima in 1995, we in Hiroshima, you must naturally to dear colleagues upon your visit to conceived rather an optimistic view and strongly feel that all the victims Hiroshima again. on the feasibility of a nuclear- of the indiscriminate bombing were We are now going to start the weapon-free world. In contrast, the our fellow creatures. Similarly, the 55th Annual Conference of Pugwash present international situation around possible victims who could occur as a with deep emotion associated with nuclear weapons is severe and even result of the use of “usable nuclear the past and a firm resolution terrifying: the failure of the recent weapons” against a “rogue country” towards the future. NPT Review Conference; the plan for would be human beings. Millions of Looking back at the history, the development of a new type of small people who are today suffering from year of 2005 is especial for us, at size nuclear weapons or so-called civil wars, political repression, least, in a triple sense: first, the year is “usable nuclear weapons”; and, hunger, poverty and environmental the 60th anniversary of the end of the accelerated nuclear proliferation. destruction are equally human beings Second World War and the Bombings Today, after a ten-year gap, we as well. against Hiroshima and Nagasaki; sec- gathered again here in Hiroshima to Dear fellows! Let us develop our ond, in July 1955, or just half a cen- discuss how we can overcome such a discussion fully and deeply in this tury ago, the Russell-Einstein Mani- horrible situation and realize a just most advantageous site. Let us talk festo was announced, and, as a direct and peaceful world. I am sorry that with the local citizens who have been outcome of the Manifesto, this Pug- this 55th Conference is the first one consistently the most conscious of wash movement was kicked off two without the presence of Jo Rotblat. and active towards the abolishment years later; third, in 1995, or ten As you know, Jo has attended all of of nuclear weapons. And, at the end years ago, Pugwash and Sir Joseph the last 54 conferences. However, he of this Conference, let us put forth Rotblat were jointly awarded the is not able to participate in this Con- something encouraging and cogent Nobel Peace Prize for “their efforts to ference due to his ill health. Jo fre- towards a just and peaceful global diminish the part played by nuclear quently quotes the famous words in society, again, as human beings to human beings.

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Nobel Committee had made a special I cannot find words to give ade- Dr. M.S. Swaminathan reference of the message of hope quate expression to our indebtedness President, Pugwash Conferences given in the Hiroshima Conference of to Prof. Hitoshi Ohnishi, Prof. 1995. Recent events including the Michiji Konuma and the other mem- Your Excellency, Mr. Yuzan Fujita, collapse of the Non-Proliferation bers of the Japan Pugwash Organiz- Governor of Prefecture of Hiroshima, Treaty (NPT) negotiations and this ing Committee for their tireless Prof. Hitoshi Ohnishi, Chair, the growing violence in the human heart efforts to make this Conference pos- Organizing Committee, Prof. Michiji as evident from the expansion of sible. Our sincere thanks also go to Konuma and Member of the Orga- global terrorism indicate that a Prof. Taizo Muta and the office nizing Committee, Prof. Taizo Muta nuclear-peril free world is an idea Members of the Hiroshima Commit- and Member of Hiroshima Commit- whose time is yet to come. This is tee and to the wonderful team of tee, Ms. Sarara Maeda and Members why this Conference being held on helping staff led by Sarara Maeda. of the Helping Staff, Members of the the occasion of the 60th Anniversary The ten years since we met here Student and Young Pugwash, Prof. of the nuclear holocaust here and in last have proved to be wasted years Paolo Cotta Ramsino, Prof. Marie Nagasaki, and the 50th Anniversary in a period when the uncommon Muller and Members of the Pugwash of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto opportunities appeared by the end of Council, Pugwash Participants from assumes great significance. I would the Cold War and the break-up of the different parts of the world, and like to express our gratitude to the Berlin Wall for lasting peace and har- members of the media. governor of the Hiroshima Prefec- mony in our planet were frittered Ladies and Gentlemen, we are ture, Mr. Yuzan Fujita, and the away. What we witness instead is the meeting here at a critical time in Mayor of Hiroshima Mr. Tadatoshi proliferation of nuclear weapons and human history. Ten years ago (1995), Akiba, who will be addressing us the rise of hatred and terrorism. The the Pugwash Conference was held tomorrow, for their generosity in prospects for nuclear terrorism and here on the occasion of the 50th hosting this Conference in this his- adventurism have become real. The Anniversary of the nuclear destruc- toric city, which I regard as the con- voice of sanity of the survival of the tion of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and science-keeper of the world. 1945 nuclear annihilations in the 40th Anniversary of the Russell- Einstein Manifesto which urged us to remember our humanity and forget the rest. On that occasion, the Pug- wash Council observed, “The era of the Cold War, and the beginning of deep reduction in the huge nuclear arsenals that the war spawned, have provided an unprecedented opportu- nity for the abolition of nuclear weapons as well as the abolition of war.” Ladies and Gentlemen, the expec- tation of 1995 and the hope and enthusiasm for peace generated by the Pugwash movement and Sir Joseph Rotblat being awarded the 1995 Noble Peace Prize have unfor- Panel Session on Prospects on the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons: tunately been beheld. The Norwegian Masao Tomonaga, Pervez Hoodbhoy, Francesco Calogero, Ye Ru’an, Lynn Eden.

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki is yet to be At the same time, we in the scientific is, however, running out, since the heard. This is unfortunate since they community should always keep in culture of peace is being eclipsed by a only know what hell on earth means. mind the advice given to us by Albert climate of violence. I would therefore At the same time, the unique Einstein, whose discovery of his the- like to end by quoting what Mahatma opportunities opened up by the ory of relativity 100 years ago is Gandhi said in January 1945, a few explosive progress in science and being commemorated this year in the days before he was arrested. technology for achieving the UN Mil- form of an “International Year of “Forget the Past, Remember lennium Development Goals of food, Physics.” everyday dawns to us from the water, health, education and work “Concern for Man himself and moment we wake up. Let us all, every for all as well as of clean air and his fall must always form the chief one, wake up now.” energy and a healthy environment, interest of all technical endeavors in This Conference is a wake-up call are yet to receive the political atten- order that the creation of our mind to all of us, particularly to the politi- tion and investment decisions they shall be a blessing and not a curse.” cal leaders of the world who are in a also urgently and richly deserve. The If political leaders, the public who position to save us from the brink of extensive coexistence of unacceptable elect them to positions of power, sci- nuclear disaster, and take us to an era poverty and unsustainable lifestyle is entists and technologists, and the of sustainable human security and not conducive to the creation of a cli- mass media function like Members of happiness, as enshrined in the UN mate for peace and harmony. What a Symphony for Peace and Human Millennium Development Goals. we urgently need is a shift in empha- Security, we can still enter a nuclear sis from military to world leadership. peril and terrorism free world. Time

But there is another reason why This is no way to run the world. Sir Joseph Rotblat this conference is of special signifi- Imagine a world governed forever by cance, a reason that dwarfs the oth- mutual fear. Surely, that is not a I am glad of this opportunity to wel- ers. Earlier this year, the NPT Review world that any of us would want to come you, albeit from a distance, to Conference ended in virtual failure. live in, yet it is the way the politicians this, the 55th Pugwash International This disaster, for such it is, must spur are taking us. One reason for their Conference. It has a very special sig- us on to even greater efforts. Ulti- ability to do so is spelled out in the nificance for a number of reasons. It mately, its failure was due to the Russell-Einstein manifesto. marks the 60th anniversary of the refusal of nation-states to relinquish “People scarcely realise in imagi- explosion of the first nuclear weapon even one iota of their national sover- nation that the danger is to them- on this city and, a few days later, the eignty. The original nuclear weapon selves and to their children and their attack on Nagasaki. It is also 50 states hold on to their nuclear status, grandchildren, and not only to a years since the signing of the Russell- and even seek to augment their dimly apprehended humanity. They Einstein Manifesto, of which I am the nuclear armoury. One of them even can scarcely bring themselves to last remaining signatory, and the seeks to retain its military capability grasp that they, individually, and tenth anniversary of the award of the so that it can impose its will on the those whom they love are in immi- Nobel Peace Prize for our contribu- rest of the world. Other states seek to nent danger of perishing agonis- tions to world peace. As you can acquire nuclear weapons to deter an ingly.“ imagine, for these reasons alone I am attack from others that possess them. Hitherto, Pugwash has owed its deeply sorry that I am not able to be Carried to its logical conclusion, this success to maintaining impeccable with you. It is the first International would mean that every nation scientific respectability and thereby Conference that I have missed. acquires its own nuclear weapons. earning the respect of politicians. It is

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 33 Pugwash Meeting No. 309 because of this reputation that I am of a nuclear conflict are about as high hard road. It does not necessarily able to congratulate the present Sec- as they have ever been. In the UK we mean pacifism as that is generally retary-General on his initial success have been running a campaign, in understood, but it means choosing to in facilitating meetings between the collaboration with other organisa- seek a world with “continual two sides in one of the world’s main tions, to make the public aware of progress in happiness and wisdom”, trouble spots. But I am coming to the danger. I hope that Pugwash a world in which morality, law and believe that the time has come for Groups in other countries will follow mutual respect govern the relations Pugwash, while not for a moment and improve upon our efforts. between nations, and no nation uses relinquishing its scientific integrity, to I believe that we must go beyond military power to impose its will on lay the facts before the public. The that, and seek to abolish war itself. others. end of the Cold War has led to public This aim, intrinsic to the Russell-Ein- complacency, but in fact the dangers stein manifesto, will take us on a long

with a formidable set of obstacles. We, along with international Yuzan Fujita Within this context, Hiroshima agencies, the central government, Governor, Prefecture of Hiroshima Prefecture finds itself not just non-governmental organizations, as demanding the abolition of nuclear well as local governments, believe we To the Pugwash Conferences Presi- arms, but based on the theory of can serve an important role in these dent, Mr. Monkmbu (Sambasivan) “peace building”, peeling away the new peace-building structures. Swaminathan, organization commit- various threats to harmony, continu- Via this reconstruction aid as well tee chair Hitoshi Ohnishi, and all of ing to stabilize still unstable conflicts as the activities of the Hiroshima the participants here today, as a repre- and conflict regions, and continuing UNITAR office, we henceforth plan sentative of the citizens of Hiroshima to advance policies contributing to to play an important role in interna- Prefecture, together with heartfelt truly lasting peace. tional society, particularly in the sta- words of welcome, I would like to As one of those steps, we are cur- bilization of peace and harmony in express our deepest respects for the rently engaged in providing aid aimed Asian and Pacific regions. significant effort and enthusiasm you at revitalizing the fields of education The discussions and debates that have poured into your activities. and health care in Cambodia. In addi- will occur in the upcoming confer- Sixty years ago, Hiroshima and its tion, in collaboration with JICA ence are thus deeply meaningful for people were brought to ruin by the (Japan International Cooperation our Prefecture. We are happily antici- dropping of the Atomic Bomb. How- Agency), human resource develop- pating progress towards peace, a ever, their desire for peace never ment projects are currently occurring progress made expressly without the wavering, thanks to both strong will at the Hiroshima International Center. use of military force. as well as heartfelt aid from overseas, Furthermore, at the United To the participants here today, it Hiroshima was rebuilt into a city Nations Institute for Training and would, in addition, be my great overflowing with greenery and vitality. Research (UNITAR), an institution honor if you all took this opportunity As such, the opening of the 55th established at the request of the Pre- to experience the history, culture, and Pugwash Conference here in fecture, programs such as “Training industry here in Hiroshima. Hiroshima is an exceptional honor. and Human Capacity Building in In conclusion, for both confer- Issues such as ethnicity, religion, Post Conflict Countries” are being ence participants as well as interna- and poverty; into these deeply inter- carried out, targeting leaders and tional society as a whole, I would like twined challenges new regional con- scholars throughout the Asian and to pray for a productive and fruitful flicts and terrorism have been borne; Pacific regions. meeting. Thank you all very much. international affairs has presented us

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Yohei Kono Speaker, House of Representatives, Japan

I respectfully extend my welcome to you, distinguished scientists of the world, who have gathered this day in Hiroshima once again to discuss the topic, “60 Years after Hiroshima and Nagasaki.” Ten years ago, as Minister of For- eign Affairs, I sent a welcome mes- sage to your annual conference, also held in Hiroshima, which had the theme “Towards a Nuclear Weapon- Free World.” In that memorable year 1995, the Pugwash Conferences received the Nobel Peace Prize together with Sir Joseph Rotblat, for its strenuous efforts towards the Model of Hiroshima with famed Industrial Exhibition Building. elimination of nuclear weapons. Then we saw a series of positive developments, such as the publica- tion of the advisory opinion of the But we must be aware that the inflicted horrendous damage to other International Court of Justice, the wishes of the people remain nations, leaving over three million adoption of the Comprehensive Test unchanged, namely the elimination of compatriot deaths. Ban Treaty, and the agreement at the nuclear weapons and attainment of a We solemnly adopted the New NPT Review Conference in 2000 on world without war. In light of the Constitution of Japan, which forever the so-called “13 plus 2” practical grave situation concerning the renounces war. We take much pride steps towards nuclear disarmament. prospects of nuclear disarmament in the fact that the spirit of our Con- At the turn of the century, however, that we face today, your activities stitution embodies the wisdom of the the United States began to oppose the have become all the more important Russell-Einstein Manifesto, launched CTBT. More recently, North Korea to the peoples of the world. exactly 50 years ago, which pointed declared its withdrawal from the Sixty years ago, literally standing out the necessity to abolish war. NPT. The outcome of the 2005 NPT in the midst of the rubble of destruc- I wholeheartedly send my best Review Conference, as we all know, tion, we Japanese could not but wishes for the success of the 55th was extremely disappointing. painfully reflect upon the war that Pugwash Conference.

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Nobutaka Machimura Kofi A. Annan Minister of Foreign Affairs, Japan Secretary General United Nations It is my great pleasure to extend greetings to the 55th Pugwash Con- As we observe this sixtieth anniver- ference, being held in Hiroshima. The sary after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Government of Japan heartily wel- we are all Hibakusha. Let us mourn; comes all the participants from let us recall our commitments; let us across the world. resolve for the future. Tadatoshi Akiba, Mayor of Hiroshima. Although the fear of nuclear con- We must all mourn that, on 6 frontation between the Superpowers August and 9 August 1945, more is over after the end of the Cold War, than 100,000 men, women and chil- the nuclear threat still hangs over the dren were killed instantly when the world today in different forms, such atom was split over Hiroshima and the UN Charter — a future “in larger as the development and acquisition Nagasaki. More than 200,000 more freedom”. We can, and we must, of weapons of mass destruction by men, women and children were con- continue to work toward a world countries of concern and terrorists. demned to horrific and lethal sick- free of nuclear dangers, and ulti- To deal with these emerging ness. Untold destruction and human mately, of nuclear weapons. All threats, the world community has suffering were unleashed on innocent States must do everything in their devised new tools, such as the Addi- civilians. power to ensure that the horrors of tional Protocol to the IAEA Safe- As we look back, we must all rec- Hiroshima and Nagasaki are not vis- guards Agreement and United ognize that in August 1945, global ited on any peoples, anywhere, ever Nations Security Council Resolution again. The obligation to advance dis- 1540. These specific measures are politics were transformed forever. We most effective when they are under- entered a new and terrifying era, in armament and non-proliferation is pinned by the norm that nuclear pro- which the complete annihilation of not just legal, moral or wise: it is liferation should be banned, and humankind could happen in a matter existential. This September, world when such a norm is deeply installed of minutes. Our mutual vulnerability leaders will convene at the United in, and strongly confirmed by, the became inescapable. And yet — that Nations for what is expected to be international community. It is there- same interdependence also ushered in the largest gathering of Heads of fore truly regrettable that the State the hope of the United Nations. The State and Government the world has Parties could not reach consensus on link between the horrors of seen. I appeal to them: let us not for- any substantive issues at the NPT Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the get the past; let us know our obliga- Review Conference this year. It is all founding aspirations of the UN was tions; let us have the courage to fulfil the more important that we renew quickly manifest: The UN General them, for the sake of succeeding gen- and affirm our commitment to the Assembly, in its very first resolution, erations. cause of nuclear disarmament and declared that our common goal must non-proliferation on every occasion. be the elimination of all weapons The Pugwash Conference in “adaptable to mass destruction”. Hiroshima offers one of the most The first resolve for us, as it was suitable occasions for the eminent for the founders of the United persons of the world to issue such a Nations, is to pass on to our children message. I sincerely hope that your a brighter inheritance than that ardent discussions will make a signif- bequeathed to us. We can, and we icant contribution to this aim. must, build a future as envisioned in

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Conference Schedule

Wednesday 20 July Arrival of Pugwash Council (PC) & Int’l Student/Young Pugwash (ISYP) 14:00-17:00 Pugwash Executive Committee Meeting

Thursday 21 July PC Meeting and 3rd ISYP Conference

Friday 22 July All day Arrival and Registration of Conference participants PC Meeting and 3rd ISYP Conference 18:00 Informal reception 20:00-21:00 Meeting of Conveners and Rapporteurs (after dinner) if necessary.

Saturday 23 July 09:00-9:45 OPENING PLENARY SESSION [Open] Welcome by Hitoshi Ohnishi, Chair, the Organizing Committee Welcome by Yuzan Fujita, Governor of Prefecture of Hiroshima Response by M.S. Swaminathan, Pugwash President Paolo Cotta Ramusino, Pugwash Secretary General 10:15-10:45 Visits to Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park & group photo 11:00-12:30 EXTRA PLENARY SESSION [Open] Movie and an account of a victim’s experience of the Atomic Bombing Lunch 14:00-15:30 PLENARY SESSION I: Keynote Speech [Open] John Holdren (USA) 16:00-17:00 PLENARY SESSION II: Secretary General’s Report [Closed] 17:15-18:45 Working Groups meet in parallel sessions 19:30 Dinner After dinner Meeting of PC with National Pugwash Groups

Sunday 24 July 09:00-10:30 Working Groups meet in parallel sessions 11:00-12:30 Working Groups meet in parallel sessions Lunch 14:00-18:20 PLENARY SESSION III [Open, with translation] 14:00-14:20 Speech by Tadatoshi Akiba, Mayor of Hiroshima 14:20-16:20 Panel Discussion: 60 years after Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Prospects on the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons Masao Tomonaga (Japan), Pervez Hoodbhoy (Pakistan), Ye Ru’an (China), Lynn Eden (US)

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 37 Pugwash Meeting No. 309

Conference Schedule continued

16:50-18:20 Dialogue with Citizens 19:30- Dinner After dinner Meeting of PC with ISYP participants

Monday 25 July 09:00-10:30 Working Groups meet in parallel sessions 11:00-12:30 Working Groups meet in parallel sessions Lunch 14:00-16:30 PLENARY SESSION IV: [Open] Panel Discussion: Security and Disarmament in the Middle East Sami Al-Mudhaffar (Iraq), Mohamed Shaker (Egypt), Saideh Lotfian (Iran), Galia Golan (Israel) 17:00 Cruise excursion with dinner

Tuesday 26 July 10:00-12:00 PLENARY SESSION V: [Open] Panel Discussion: Regional Security in East Asia Kiichi Fujiwara (Japan), Hwang Dong Joon (Korea S.) Yang Chengxu (China) Ralph Cossa (USA) Lunch 14:00-16:00 PLENARY SESSION VI: [Open] Panel Discussion: The Future of Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Nobuyasu Abe (Japan), A.A. Soltanieh (Iran), Steve Miller (USA) 16:30-18:00 Dorothy Hodgkin Memorial Lecture [Open] Dr. C.G. Weeramantry 19:00 Banquet

Wednesday 27 July 09:00-11:00 PLENARY SESSION VII: Reports from WGs and ISYP [Closed] 11:30-12:30 PLENARY SESSION VIII: Presidential Address [Open] 12:30-12:45 CLOSING SESSION [Open] Lunch Afternoon Press Conference / Departure of participants 14:00- PC Meeting

Thursday 28 July Morning Departure of remaining participants and PC

38 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 Pugwash Meeting No. 309

Report of the Pugwash Secretary General Paolo Cotta-Ramusino Hiroshima, Japan, 23 July 2006

The Pugwash movement has devoted or non-state actors to acquire nuclear the unequivocal commitment to a large part of its activities in the last weapons or WMDs. nuclear disarmament, and other 48 years to the risks associated with 3. Keep addressing the issues per- important steps. nuclear weapons and other weapons taining to the social responsibility of The very modest outcome of the of mass destruction, and to the steps scientists. NPT Review Conference showed in a necessary to get rid of these danger- The year 2005 saw the five-year clear way the present crisis of nuclear ous weapons. The founder of Pug- Review Conference of the Non-Pro- disarmament. wash, Jo Rotblat, who is not present liferation Treaty. As is well known, Support for nuclear disarmament among us for the first time in 48 the Conference ended with no final inside the Nuclear Power States (and years, has been active in support of document. Even the result of the de-facto Nuclear Power States) is at a nuclear disarmament all his life, and 2000 Review Conference (including very minimum. On one side the the Pugwash movement is fully com- the so called 13 steps) were hardly rhetoric associated with the so called mitted to pursue the same goal for mentioned during the 2005 confer- “war on terror” does not generate the time to come. ence, and certainly were not remem- support for any form of disarmament Drawing from our experience of bered in any type of conclusive docu- (nuclear or otherwise), and on the the last 48 years, in particular from ment. other side there are calls for initia- the experience we had in promoting So the Conference ended without tives aimed at forcefully dismantling dialogue between scientists, political recalling the importance of the entry military or nuclear capabilities in & military leaders and experts from into force of the Comprehensive Test states with suspected clandestine nuclear rivals, Pugwash has in the Ban Treaty, the definition of a Fissile nuclear or WMD activities, irrespec- last period developed an agenda Material Cutoff Treaty, the elimina- tive of the soundness of these suspi- focusing on three main points: tion of Tactical Nuclear Weapons, cions. One should add that if the so 1. Promote nuclear called “critical states” disarmament and non- feel the pressure of proliferation; support much more powerful the elimination of chem- states, they must ical and biological undoubtedly realize that weapons, and promote if they possess nuclear other forms of disarma- weapons or WMDs, ment. they would have a bet- 2. Work on “conflict ter chance of resisting resolution”, especially in those pressures. regions where Weapons In this respect the of Mass Destruction are comparison of Iraq and or may be present, and North Korea is very help in preventing the enlightening. We are Paolo Cotta-Ramusino and Pope Benedict XVI, St. Peter’s Square, incentives and the November 2005. witnessing the growth opportunities for states of incentives for poten-

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 39 Pugwash Meeting No. 309

tial proliferators. This adds to the validity of the NPT treaty, which sur- in meetings. Pugwash is fully commit- traditional incentive given by the vives as a fundamental instrument of ted to the development of dialogue “prestige” which is associated with peace and stability. The call for and communication on such impor- the possession of nuclear weapons by nuclear disarmament will not end in tant issues as WMD in the Middle official Nuclear Power States - which 2005; other opportunities will arise East, among all the Middle Eastern are still the only permanent members and Pugwash is on the frontline of Countries with no limitations. The of the UN Security Council. this battle. result of bringing together people A closer look at the internal A traditional Pugwash activity in from antagonistic nations is in itself a dynamics of the NPT review Confer- the field of disarmament, namely the significant step forward. ence shows that key states prioritized series of workshops on chemical and We also organized a series of political gains (outside the NPT biological weapons, continued in small informal meetings in Washing- Review Conference) as opposed to a 2004-2005 with two workshops, in ton, DC (April 2005) between Syrian collective strengthening of the NPT Geneva (4-5 December 2004) and and US experts in order to discuss the regime. The pressures of some states Oegstgeest, The Netherlands (16-17 tension that exists between western and the NGO community to bring April 2005). This series of workshops countries and Syria, and to have a the NPT Review Conference to a constantly monitors the evolution of frank discussion on the positive steps more constructive conclusion, yielded this delicate field and is a key refer- that could be undertaken. to the will of the strongest powers ence point for all the people working Finally, several members of Pug- who decided to downplay the role of in this area. wash participated in the International collective multilateral action and On point two of the Pugwash Conference on Nuclear Technology instead stress the role of unilateral agenda, namely “conflict resolution” and International Development that initiatives, or initiatives supported by in critical areas of the world where was held in Tehran on March 5-6, few, in the fight against proliferation. WMD are either present or may be 2005, which meeting included a trip Altogether, one of the very few (if not present in the forthcoming future, to the Esfahan Nuclear Research the only) official occasion to discuss significant work has been done. Center on March 7. nuclear disarmament has been lost. The method we follow in this Another critical area where Pug- During the NPT Review Confer- activity is to call together, when pos- wash has a deeply rooted activity is ence in May 2005 Pugwash joined sible, the main actors in a regional the Indian subcontinent, particularly efforts with other NGOs to organize critical situation and facilitate direct the relations between India and Pak- two meetings in New York with dele- dialogue and understanding. Here istan. Together with the general prob- gates of the Conference and to sup- ‘direct’ means that the dialogue is not lems in the relationship of these two port a more positive outcome of the necessarily organized through the countries and the aspects related to Conference. Immediately before the “hub” of western countries or main nuclear stability, in 2004-2005 Pug- NPT Review Conference, power States. wash developed a large initiative on Pugwash also participated in a Together with the WMD Commis- the Kashmir issue. We invited repre- meeting of member states of Nuclear sion, chaired by Hans Blix, and the sentatives from the two halves of Weapon-Free Zones promoted by Egyptian Council of Foreign Affairs “Jammu and Kashmir” (the former Mexico. Pugwash is wholly supportive we organized a meeting in Cairo on under Pakistani and the latter under of this initiative aimed specifically at Nuclear Weapons and WMD in the Indian administration) to meet consolidating a group of states com- Middle East (28-31 January 2005). together for the first time in decades mitted to promoting the agenda of This meeting saw the participation of in Kathmandu, Nepal. The Indian, nuclear disarmament on a global level. representatives from various countries Pakistani and Nepalese governments While the modest results of the in the Middle East (including Iran, helped this process which has been a NPT conference present a setback, it Syria, Egypt, Jordan and Israel) that real turning point in intra-Kashmiri will not immediately undermine the normally do not participate together relations.

40 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 Pugwash Meeting No. 309

At this meeting, there was unani- third such HIV/AIDS workshop, held This establishes Pugwash as a mous support for a resolution claim- outside Cape Town, South Africa truly international organization. In ing that violence is not an acceptable from April 29-May 1, 2005, is in the fact, Pugwash is one of the few non- method to yield any result. For a full June 2005 issue of the Pugwash governmental international organiza- discussion of the Jammu and Kash- Newsletter. tions in the field of security and non- mir Kathmandu meeting, please see With the help of the French Pug- proliferation. the December 2004 issue of the Pug- wash group, the 2nd Pugwash Work- Pugwash National Groups have a wash Newsletter. shop on Science, Ethics and Society very significant role in promoting ini- Subsequently we organized was held in Ajaccio, Corsica from 10- tiatives worldwide. In fact, I have smaller meetings in Islamabad (Pak- 12 September 2004 (also covered in omitted, for reasons of space, all of istan) and Srinagar (Indian State of the June 2005 issue of the Pugwash the various initiatives organized Jammu and Kashmir), respectively on Newsletter). specifically by single, national March 9, 2005 and April 23, 2005 in In carrying out these diverse groups. order to discuss plans for future activities, Pugwash relies on an inter- We are fully committed to actions on the Kashmiri issue. national coordinating structure that, expanding the Pugwash community In the general area of non-mili- although very slim in terms of central worldwide. New national Groups tary threats to security, we organized structures, is very rich in terms of have been created in Pakistan and a series of workshops with the sup- worldwide diffusion and the number Iran, and we have strengthened our port of the South Africa Pugwash and relevance of Pugwash national groups in the Middle East and in group on the spread of the HIV/AIDS groups. We have now very small North East Asia. In short we are par- virus, the need to curb this spread, offices in Rome, Washington DC, ticularly keen in developing and the social responsibility of workers in London, and Geneva, with only 3 to expanding the presence of Pugwash the area of prevention of infectious 4 full time staff, while our national in the critical areas where WMDs diseases, and the security conse- groups are growing in size and num- and nuclear weapons are a particu- quences that will result if such spread bers (now totaling nearly 50). larly significant problem and the risk proceeds unimpeded. A report on the of nuclear use and proliferation is high. A final remark concerns our pub- lications. We have a periodic newslet- ter, in 2005 we published an issue brief on “Eliminating Excessive Stocks of Highly Enriched Uranium,” and a collection of papers addressing the legacy of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto is in preparation. In addi- tion, the Pugwash website maintains current overviews of all Pugwash activities, and a new form of email alerts and communications among the international Pugwash commu- nity, Pugwashforum, has recently been initiated.

Will Marshall, Sergei Batsanov, Jessy Cowan, Detlev Wolter, Goetz Neuneck, Moira Goodfellow.

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 41 PLENARY SESSIONS 27 July 2005, Hiroshima, Japan

Remember your Humanity: The Lesson of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

end of the cold war, and the begin- Hiroshima’s ground zero, have hence Presidential Address ning of deep reduction in the huge appealed to fellow scientists and citi- M S Swaminathan nuclear arsenals that the war zens to confront the threat of nuclear President, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs spawned, have provided an unprece- weapon use that could materialize at dented opportunity for the abolition any time, without warning, in any part of nuclear weapons as well as the of the world. To political and govern- On August 6, 1945, the most dread- abolition of war”. Meeting again in ment leaders, our message is simple, ful among the weapons of mass Hiroshima in July 2005, the Pugwash but stark; as long as nuclear weapons destruction—the atom bomb—was Council observed, exist, they will one day be used. dropped in the civilian area of The decade since 1995, when The Seventh Review Conference Hiroshima. Three days later, another Pugwash last met in of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation atom bomb was dropped in Hiroshima, has been one of Treaty (NPT), held in the spring of Nagasaki. In 1955, Bertrand Russell missed opportunities and a 2005 in New York, ended in a dead- and Albert Einstein issued their marked deterioration in global lock. The five original nuclear- famous manifesto seeking the aboli- security, not least regarding the weapons states (US, Russia, UK, tion of nuclear weapons and appeal- nuclear threat. In that time, France and China) showed them- ing to all inhabitants of Planet earth, additional States have acquired selves unwilling to take decisive “Remember your humanity and for- nuclear weapons, there has action to implement their obligations get the rest. If you can do so, the way been little tangible progress in under Article VI of the NPT to move is open to a new paradise; if you can- nuclear disarmament, new decisively toward the irreversible not, there is before you the risk of nuclear weapons are being elimination of their nuclear arsenals. universal death”. proposed, and military doc- All states must share the blame for In 1957, the Russell—Einstein trines are being revised that missing a solid opportunity at the Manifesto led to the birth of the Pug- place a greater reliance on the Review Conference to resolve prob- wash Conferences on Science and potential use of such weapons. lems such as equitable access to civil- World Affairs, an organization ian nuclear technologies, as allowed The prospects for nuclear terrorism devoted to the causes of ending the under Article IV, while at the same and adventurism have now become nuclear peril and reminding scientists time tightening protections to ensure real. The voice of sanity of the sur- of their ethical responsibility for the that such materials are not diverted vivors of the 1945 nuclear annihila- consequences of their discoveries, to military use. tion in Hiroshima and Nagasaki is particularly in the area of nuclear The broad framework of nuclear yet to be heard. This is unfortunate threat to human survival. weapons disarmament is in danger of since only they know what hell on The Pugwash conference held in collapsing. The Comprehensive Test earth means. 1995 at Hiroshima on the occasion Ban Treaty (CTBT) has not entered Members of the Pugwash Council, of the 50th anniversary of the advent into force, the US and Russia need to meeting just steps away from of atomic weapons, concluded, “the accelerate and enlarge the reductions

42 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 Pugwash Meeting No. 309 called for by the Moscow Treaty, and negotiations have yet to begin on a Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT) to eliminate production of weapons-grade Highly Enriched Ura- nium (HEU) and plutonium. Far more needs to be done to control and dispose of existing stockpiles of HEU that run the risk of falling into the hands of terrorist groups. Large num- bers of tactical nuclear weapons con- tinue to be deployed in Europe and elsewhere, having no military ratio- nale whatsoever, while pressures mount from certain quarters for developing and deploying space The Hiroshima Peace Arch Memorial. weapons. Next month, a UN Summit will be held at New York to review the in scientific laboratories everywhere to both the present population and to progress made in achieving the UN in the world. the generations yet to be born. Even Millennium Development Goals in It will be useful to recall the role now, harmful mutations are being the areas of food, water, health, edu- Jawaharlal Nehru played in mobiliz- observed in children in Hiroshima cation and clean environment for all. ing scientific opinion against nuclear and Nagasaki. Thus, the genetic The explosive progress in science and weapons. Early in 1954, he called harm is as serious as the immediate technology witnessed in recent “for the setting up of a Committee of harm. Jawaharlal Nehru played a decades has provided uncommon scientists to explain to the world the major part in getting the first UN opportunities for realizing these goals. effect a nuclear war would have on Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Yet, most developing countries, humanity”. This idea was taken up Atomic Energy organized in Geneva including India, are falling behind the by Joseph Rotblat, who along with in 1955. This conference was chaired targets set. The extensive co-existence Pugwash was awarded the Nobel by the late Dr Homi Bhabha, the then of unacceptable poverty and unsus- Peace Prize in 1995, and Eugene Chairman of the Atomic Energy tainable lifestyles is not conducive to Rabinowitch, resulting in the organi- Commission who outlined in his the creation of a climate for peace and sation of the Pugwash Conferences Presidential Address a strategy for harmony. What we urgently need is a on Science and World Affairs. The harnessing the multiple contributions shift in emphasis among militarily name of the organisation comes from that nuclear tools can make to and economically powerful countries the Pugwash Village in Novoscotia, strengthen food, health and energy from military to moral leadership. At Canada where the first conference security in the world. the same time, Einstein’s advice to fel- was held in 1957. Jawaharlal Nehru In my Presidential Address deliv- low scientists, “concern for Man him- was also the first foreign Prime Min- ered at the Pugwash Conference held self and his fate must always form the ister to visit Hiroshima. In 1957, he in Hiroshima on 27 July 2005, I out- chief interest of all technical endeav- praised the atom bomb survivors for lined the following six steps to ours in order that the creation of our their determination to spread around achieve the goal of a nuclear peril minds shall be a blessing and not a the globe information on the enor- free world. curse,” should be the guiding motto mous harm that radiation can cause

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 43 Pugwash Meeting No. 309

UN may convene an would be useful to introduce in all International Confer- school curricula information relating ence on the Civilian to the consequences of the use of Uses of Atomic Energy nuclear weapons in Hiroshima and to develop a Code of Nagasaki in August 1945, so as to Conduct to ensure that bring home the immediate and long the non-military use of term disastrous impact of a nuclear nuclear fuels does not war. Without public and political Plenary session with Steven Miller and A.A. Soltanieh. get abused and to fur- education, the climate for peace and ther strengthen safe- nuclear disarmament will not exist. guards and the inspection role and Looking at the brighter side, 1. All nations with nuclear monitoring capacity of IAEA. nuclear weapons have existed for 60 weapons should adopt during 2005 a 6. Democratic systems of gover- years but have fortunately not been legally mandatory policy of “no first nance are fast spreading in the world, used. This is a tribute to the work of use of nuclear weapons” as homage which involve the holding of free and Pugwash and numerous civil society to the survivors of the nuclear fair elections periodically. It would be organizations. Unfortunately the tragedy of 1945 useful to develop a Hiroshima— growing number of suicide bombing 2. Respect commitments to the Nagasaki 60th Anniversary Appeal incidents indicate that we are now nuclear non-proliferation treaty which calls upon all political parties entering an unchartered territory in (NPT), ratify Comprehensive Test in every country to include in their human conflicts and retribution. Ban Treaty (CTBT), conclude a Fis- next election manifesto, a firm com- Atleast to prevent the potential non- sile Material Cut Off Treaty, and ban mitment to work for speedy nuclear state use of nuclear weapons, all research relating to the develop- disarmament with a view to rid the Nuclear Weapon States should not ment of new nuclear weapons world of the nuclear-peril as soon as lose even a day in working towards 3. Conclude a Nuclear Weapons technically feasible. Without global the goal of zero in the existence of Convention outlining a road map for political commitment, this goal can- such weapons. getting to Zero by 2020. not be achieved. At the same time, it 4. Avoid prospects for nuclear ter- rorism and adventurism by eliminat- ing all unsecured nuclear fissile mate- rial and by implementing the concrete steps proposed by Pugwash for the elimination of highly enriched uranium; otherwise there is risk of nuclear power groups and individuals emerging, in addition to nuclear power states. 5. Because of the multi-dimen- sional threats posed to human secu- rity by climate change, and the conse- quent need for reducing green house gas emissions, interest and invest- ment in nuclear power plants are growing. The civilian uses of atomic

energy are likely to grow. Hence, the MS Swaminathan, President, Pugwash Conferences

44 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 Pugwash Meeting No. 309

PLENARY SESSIONS 27 July 2005, Hiroshima, Japan

50 Years after the Manifesto, How can Scientists make a difference?

of their position in this order of past few decades and this is the time Dorothy Hodgkin Memorial Lecture things and to consider what best they therefore, to reflect on the question can do to avoid the terrible fate that “What does the scientist do to get Judge C. G. Weeramantry otherwise hangs over humanity like more deeply involved?” the sword of Damocles. In the fascinating world of scien- Mr. President, Mr. Secretary General, The life and work of Dorothy tific knowledge there are penetrating Your Excellencies and Members of Hodgkin are replete with guidance insights that can be gained into the Pugwash. and instructions to the academic and nature of the universe and into the It is indeed a privilege to deliver the professional in relation to what nature of matter. We have a better this lecture in honour of Dorothy they can do to mould world opinion knowledge of the ultimate particles Hodgkin and her life and work. towards a successful achievement of of which the universe is built and this Dorothy Hodgkin was an out- the abolition of Nuclear Weapons. opens up an area of intensive study of standing scientist of her time. She was The special knowledge and influence the infinitesimal. This is fascinating deeply concerned with the humanitar- of the academic and the professional but we have to avoid the danger of ian urge to make science an instru- must be directed towards the amelio- only seeing what we see through the ment of service to the entire global ration of the condition of humanity barrel of the microscope of each dis- population. As Senator Roche said at as a whole and particularly so in the cipline, for increasing specialisation is the last session, the existence of precarious times in which we live. required in our various specific fields 34,000 Nuclear Weapons in our midst This applies not merely to scien- and there is a strong temptation to is like a volcano. This is the reality we tists but to all who have specialized investigate this deeper and deeper to live in. Yet, at the same time the knowledge in various fields. I make the exclusion of a macroscopic vision majority of the world’s people do not particular mention of lawyers as well of our discipline and its position in want nuclear weapons and we have because, if scientists have been drag- the overall panorama of human lots of things going for us, including, ging their feet on this matter, so have knowledge. This observation applies as was mentioned, the “Advisory lawyers, and these are two very influ- to the lawyers as well for they tend to Opinion” of the International Court ential branches of public opinion have get too deeply involved in the vast of Justice. So how do we marshal all leadership potential which has not ramifications of new legal knowledge these various strands of opinion and been used to the full in this cause on and only see what is relevant to the the various intellectual tools we have which the very survival of humanity case in hand, to the exclusion of the for the purpose of achieving a nuclear depends. So there is a danger here that larger picture. Where is the time to free world, especially in the year of the in this age of specialization we have stop and think? 50th Anniversary of the Russell Ein- become so deeply involved in our par- We can all be inspired by Dorothy stein Manifesto and 60th Anniversary ticular area of specialization that we Hodgkin’s example. In the minute of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? do not see the wood for the trees. world of Crystallography, she proba- It is indeed time for reflection. It Scientific knowledge has multi- bly had no equal. She was pushing is time for the scientists to take stock plied, maybe a hundredfold in the back the frontiers of science and

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 45 Pugwash Meeting No. 309 knowledge as few of her generation thoroughness in the world of the infin- membership of the Medical Aid did. It was the world of infinitesimal itesimal should not obscure the imper- Committee for Vietnam and the Pug- crystal structure and molecular pat- ative need to turn scientific knowledge wash Movement. She made it a point terns, betalactin and thiazolidine to the advancement of the human con- to attend all Pugwash workshops. A rings, the molecular structure of dition. Her research on the structure of further principle that was illustrated Insulin, Penicillin and Vitamin B-12. Insulin, Vitamin B 12, Penicillin were by her work was the leadership role What could be a more minute, all inspired no doubt by this desire to which scientists can play in society. more specialized and more enthralling be of service to humanity. Here was a She took an interest in the world field of research? Yet, she was able to second great principle that emerged around her in a very special way project her vision from the micro- from her life’s work. A third principle using her scientific knowledge to pro- scopic to the panoramic, from the was that scientists need to ensure that vide leadership. This became spe- universe of atoms and molecules and their research and knowledge cut cially important having regard to thiazolidine rings to the universe of across all national, and regional such facts as the estimate in the human wants and human needs, and boundaries and she did this par excel- 1980s that half the scientific man- to global problems and global cooper- lence. She maintained scientific contact power of the world was engaged in ation. Her range of vision encom- with scientists in China and the USSR. the armaments industry. Scientists passed the betterment of the human When there was a great political who should be providing the leader- condition across all frontiers of debate, whether Pugwash should hold ship role in leading us towards a nationality and ideology. She gave us its conference in Poland, despite all the world of peace betray that role when all an object lesson in being able to opposition she insisted on Poland as a they are leaders in the race towards move from topics like the 3D struc- venue. She had her way and the con- death and destruction. ture of Rombo Heat to the peace ference was held in Poland. When I wrote a book in 1987 on issues involved in the Vietnam war, A fourth principle was to look at the responsibilities in International Her life was also replete with inspira- the ethical perspectives of one’s disci- Law of scientists who make nuclear tional examples in regard to many pline and to discharge one’s role as a weapons, I pointed to the statistic principles, of special importance in scientist with due respect to the high that while half the scientific man- this age of burgeoning dangers to the ethical principles underlying all scien- power of the world was engaged in human condition. So there is much tific research. These range all the way the armaments industry, less than 2% we can derive from her by way of from fidelity to scientific truth to a was engaged in solving the problems inspiration, which is deeply relevant consideration of how one’s work of the disadvantaged and impover- to the problems we face today, when impinges on the human problem. A ished. I doubt very much whether the we are so deeply involved in our day- fifth important principle highlighted figures have changed since then. to-day activities, whether of science by her work was the importance of People like Dorothy Hodgkin or law or whatever and have no time bonding with fellow scientists, for no make an enormous difference to our for the larger picture. field of scientific research is an island world by exemplifying all these prin- Her life was a trailblazer to scien- unto itself. ciples through their life’s work. tists in a number of ways. One princi- She was a member of 16 British So much for Dorothy Hodgkin ple she stood for was that whatever be and International Societies and Presi- and the sterling example she offered one’s discipline, one has to do all one dent of the British Association for the to all scientists. can to further it through thoroughness Advancement of Science. Yet another I pass now to matters more of research. She spent 10 laborious principle her life’s work illustrated closely related to nuclear weapons – years in exploring the structures of the was the necessity for a linkage the underlying concern of the Rus- crystals of Vitamin B 12 and she did between science and humanitarian sell/Einstein manifesto. that to perfection. At the same time she causes. Her commitment to humani- War has long been looked upon showed how concentration on such tarian causes was illustrated by her as a natural part of the human condi-

46 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 Pugwash Meeting No. 309 tion, There are even philosophers like that he should make it his business to Many years ago, in the 1980s, I Clausewitz, who propagated the view inquire and ascertain the ultimate wrote a book on this. I called it The that “war is a natural extension of end of his work. And if the ultimate Slumbering Sentinels. It was pub- diplomacy”. Many believe that this end of that work is, that it is part of a lished by Penguin and the Slumbering still holds true although he wrote great overall plan to make a nuclear Sentinels I referred to were the Law around 200 years ago. Most of the bomb, then that scientist is guilty of and Human Rights. What I was say- people in power in the world today complicity in the criminal act ing was that science was forging still proceed, though they do not say involved. After all the same building ahead and was getting completely out so, on the Clausewitzean philosophy expertise that constructs a torture of the control of lawyers and judges that war is the ultimate means of chamber constructs a church, and if and legal systems and the judges were resolving their disputes. It does not the constructional engineer says “I sleeping on their watch. The Penguin appear to trouble them that this is the am only concerned with my scientific artist very cleverly drew a picture of a most barbaric means of doing so. work and with my engineering exper- judge in full traditional regalia fast I pass now to another point. Presi- tise. I do not consider what the ulti- asleep on the bench. That was on the dents and Prime Ministers and Gener- mate end product of my work is” he cover of the book. Now that is a good als not only look upon war as a is shutting his eyes to the fact that he illustration of the way in which means of solving disputes, some of is party to a criminal enterprise. The lawyers have been sleeping on their them are even prepared to use nuclear same building rules and engineering watch. Likewise, those who should weapons to do so. But what is strange expertise may apply, but making a guide the scientific community have is that all the Presidents and Prime torture chamber is far different from probably also been sleeping on their Ministers and Generals of the world making a church. I believe that, based watch because they have been permit- put together cannot make one hun- on the example of Dorothy Hodgkin, ting science to get out of hand and to dredth of one nuclear bomb. Who we should carry on a campaign to destroy our liberties and not only does it for them? It is the scientist bring to the scientific community an merely our liberties but to threaten who do it, and why are the scientists awareness of their participation in the very extinction of our civilization. doing it for them? The scientists are this criminal enterprise, without If that is done by any group of people, doing it because I suppose, various which all the Prime Ministers and then that group of people as well as rewards are offered to them. Power, Presidents and Generals of the world their leaders have much to answer for. and position, prestige and wealth cannot talk so glibly as they do of the So, that is what Dorothy come their way through their partici- use of nuclear weapons. Hodgkin’s work was about and that pation in this ignoble enterprise. It is While science is at the cutting is what we are about at this Pugwash vitally important that scientists edge of human progress, at the same meeting. Pugwash is one of the most should realize that when they partici- time every scientific endeavour has distinguished groups of scientists pate in the enterprise of making a also its negative aspects, whether it who have exhibited a social con- nuclear weapon they are directly par- be Nuclear Reactors or Cloning or sciousness and it was led by two of ties to a crime against humanity. Information Technology or Genetic the greatest intellects we have known Each one of them individually Engineering. All of these are all in recent times. Pugwash has the best becomes guilty of participation in advances in scientific knowledge, but credentials, it has worked actively, it this crime. This can be demonstrated at the same time they all undermine has achieved results in certain areas from International Law and I believe human rights, and lawyers have been but it has to press forward very much we need to carry this message to sleeping on their watch, not examin- harder in this wonderful task it has them. A computer scientist engaged ing to what extent the law should before it of helping the world to rid in some part of the process of manu- protect the public against unchecked itself of the greatest scourge that has facturing will be working in the pri- scientific erosions of their basic ever hung over humanity since the vacy of his room but it is important human rights. evolution of our race.

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That is what the nuclear bomb is. they are a much more influential of the arms establishments will offer The scientists are making that bomb. group, they command much more scientists employment, wealth, influ- The scientists should be preventing attention from the general public, ence, recognition, honours, and dis- that bomb. They should be leaving who are looking for people they can tinctions. These blandishments must the arms establishment in droves, if, depend on and people whose words be resisted and Pugwash must show they are called upon to make these they can trust. Paradoxically how- them how to do so. weapons. But they are not doing so ever, it is the scientists who give to Now it strikes me, that if you and I believe we need to stir up their the world’s political leadership, look at world history and at the his- conscience on this matter. This which is so lacking in moral author- tory of civilization, you see that from applies not merely to the scientists ity, the most powerful weapon with the very commencement of recorded but the lawyers also. The lawyers which to reinforce their physical history, indeed from the very com- have to help the scientist to show authority. In other words the scientist mencement of human society, there every individual scientist the extent has strangely become an agency have been the thinkers, the philoso- to which he or she is committing a through which weak morality is phers, the idealists, the visionaries. total transgression of every basic They have done all they could, they principle of morality when he or she have spoken out as much as they helps to make a nuclear bomb. The moral leadership of the world could in their respective times. But, Sadly, the scientist has become a is not in our political leaders. on the other hand, there is the world vital part of the military industrial of the statesman, the general, the They exercise very little moral complex of which President Eisen- coloniser, the dictator, the emperor. hower so eloquently warned us. It is authority though they are skilled That is another world altogether. now a military industrial technologi- That is the world of realpolitik and if in making morally high-sounding cal complex and the scientist is an you look at the whole of recorded important part of that complex, pronouncements. history for the last 3000 or 4000 which is one of the determining fac- years and if you look even further tors shaping the direction in which beyond that, you will see these two the world is moving. We have to alter entrenched in the highest places. groups, the world of the visionary that and Pugwash can play a leader- Pugwash can provide the leadership and idealist and the world of realpoli- ship role in doing so. in detaching them from this curious tik as existing separately, They lead Now the nuclear weapon is as I role and Dorothy Hodgkin was one two totally different existences, and said the product of the scientists, but of those who showed how this can the bridges between them have been it dominates a world over which be done. very, very few. politicians, by and large, preside. So Pugwash is uniquely positioned Occasionally there have been They have little moral leadership. I for this leadership role. What greater great figures in history who have say this with much respect, but never- endorsement can it have than the built bridges between them but that theless the moral leadership of the names of Einstein and Bertrand Rus- has not been lasting and the world of world is not in our political leaders. sell and the example of people like realpolitik carries on in its endeav- They exercise very little moral author- Dorothy Hodgkin, and just as scien- ours and in its work with little regard ity though they are skilled in making tists have a leadership role among for the world of the philosopher. morally high-sounding pronounce- people Pugwash has a leadership role Now this is where we can bridge the ments. They are nice forms of words among scientists. So the responsibility gap. The world of realpolitik has but often they are not sincerely that devolves on the shoulders of Pug- always triumphed. They have had meant. There is a great deal of double wash is enormous, particularly at this their way and not the philosophers. talk in political language. Scientists critical time in world history. As I said And why have they triumphed? are a much more respected group, the world of realpolitik and the world Because so many people are prepared

48 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 Pugwash Meeting No. 309 to follow them. There is the arms ple but they are day dreamers, utopi- ation from the strictly legal rules of establishment that will support them ans, they are not realists, they don’t conduct. But the area of conduct through thick and thin. There are the have their feet on the ground, What which even simple requirements of people who receive wealth, people do they know of how nations should morality require us to follow is who receive power and position. All be governed? We are the people who policed by the law only to a very sorts of things are in the gift of know that. We in the corridors of minute extent. Illegal conduct is only realpolitik. And many people suc- power are the people who know how a tiny fraction of immoral conduct. cumb to that influence. to govern nations. That is their phi- The vast area which legal regulations Why must the scientist? Should losophy and they have got away with and prohibitions do not reach is the not the scientist be the one group that it for 30 centuries. It is time that their area wherein most of the conduct should tell the world of realpolitik bluff was called and you are a group damaging to society and the human where they stand? The world of that can call that bluff. So here is the future tends to occur. Nearly every realpolitik is supported by all these great enigma of history that the profession and every sphere of activ- influences - the arms manufacturers, world has been rich - enormously ity needs to work out codes of ethics the media, the multinational corpora- rich - in philosophy but that philoso- to cover areas which the law by itself tions and, sadly, even the scientists. phy has never been harnessed or has is simply unable to reach. These groups are all giving them not been adequately harnessed to the Let me give you a good illustra- power and with that power they can cause of world progress. tion. We recently had the terrible override the world of philosophy and All the most powerful forces in tsunami calamity. Hundreds of thou- idealism. society cast in their lot with the world sands of people were affected in so If the scientist were only to shift of realpolitik and we have got to many countries. Now, if you are a cit- from the one camp to the other the change that. Those who control our izen of one of those tsunami affected whole history of the world will destinies, order are affairs and lead us countries, you do not offend the law change, because the world of realpoli- into wars. They think very little of the if you do not spend one cent or one tik cannot do its nefarious business high moral principles on which all moment of your time on helping the without the help of the scientists and civilizations were built. They are con- tsunami victims. You are perfectly if the scientists put the weight of their cerned with temporal power, military within the law. The law does not cast knowledge and influence on the side power, economic power, political a moral duty upon you. Your moral of the world of philosophy and the power, colonial power. That is what code may do so, your religion may do world of idealism, the world would they want. They are dazzled by it. so but the law does not. be a different place. That is what I They see nothing else and scientists The law can thus be totally would exhort Pugwash to try to do. who see so much more, whose knowl- unable by itself to impose duties Try to tell the world of science of edge is so divorced theoretically from upon you to do what is obviously so which you are leaders, try to tell them the pursuit of wealth and power and necessary from a moral point of view. how they can tilt the balance and how position, can make this important Likewise, in the world of the scien- world history can be altered by what difference tist. The scientist has to be governed the scientists can do in shifting their How can they make this differ- not merely by what the law permits allegiance from the world of realpoli- ence? There is a common fallacy that him to do but he must have an ethical tik to the work of philosophy and ide- the law by itself can commit us to a code. There must be an ethical code alism. That is precisely what Dorothy moral code of conduct. The law is governing scientists and the scientific Hodgkin stood for. totally unable by itself to achieve endeavour. Now it is for bodies of So we have this fact that the moral conduct on the part of the citi- scientists to work out ethical codes world of realpolitik smiles a rather zens of any country. The law can only for their respective disciplines. Every cynical smile at the world of the tell you what you are prohibited from group of scientists should have a very philosopher. Yes, they are good peo- doing and impose sanctions for devi- carefully worked out Hippocratic

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oath. Something on those lines care- tems laid down the duty of perform- the natural law philosophy that was fully tailored to the needs of the par- ing your moral obligation in such a built up in particular in the Renais- ticular discipline of science which situation. It was too obvious even to sance period and shortly thereafter, that person is following, is surely need formulation. Modern law has when there was a careful examina- needed in every department of sci- tended to distance itself from the tion of the duties of people according ence – chemistry, engineering, medi- obvious dictates of morality, and to that higher law that overrides cine, biology, pharmacology and, of there is a tendency to restrict oneself national law. This is a law which course, nuclear physics. to the minimum standard of conduct binds everybody irrespective of their In the book I wrote several years which the law requires. We have to nationality or national allegiance. For ago on the duties of scientists in rela- build those bridges once more over 3000 years this concept of a tion to nuclear weapons Nuclear between legal and ethical standards. higher law has been the subject of Weapons and Scientific Responsibil- As I said the area of legal prohibi- discussion. Failure to respect it has ity, Longwood Academic, 1987, I tion will be only a small part of the resulted in hundreds of wars and it worked out a code of ethics for area of moral prohibition. The area has meant the sacrifice of millions of nuclear scientists and in that code of of legal detection will be only be a lives. Ultimately the concept of the ethics for scientists,1 I pointed out small part of the area of legal prohi- higher law received at least some that the making of a nuclear weapon bition and the area of legal prosecu- degree of state attention. For exam- is a transgression of the basic princi- tion will be only a small part of the ple, the Congress of Westphalia 1648 ples not only of morality but also of area of legal detection. Yet again the which occurred after the Thirty Years international law as we understand area of legal conviction will be a War which was one of the most dev- it. The basic principles of individual smaller part still. In consequence the astating wars Europe had faced, responsibility worked out in the area of legal conviction will be just a accorded some recognition to the Nuremburg trials apply also to a sci- dot in the totality of that area of need for a higher law. So also the entist who is party to this enterprise moral prohibition. So, we cannot rely Congress of Vienna in 1815, after the of making nuclear weapons. upon the law to give us the indica- fall of Napoleon, Versailles 1919, The general public is not suffi- tions of how we should or should not after World War I, San Francisco ciently aware of the huge gulf behave. 1946 after World War II, each gave it between that which is legally prohib- Since the gap between legal and some limited recognition and paid lip ited and the much wider area of con- moral obligation has to be bridged service to it. Yet each time we duct which is morally unacceptable. through ethical codes, there is a repeated the mistakes of the past. A Sensitising scientists to this gulf which heavy responsibility lying on organi- very significant advance was achieved often passes largely unperceived is sations like Pugwash to work out after World War II, namely, the Char- one of the activities which is particu- ethical codes for scientists in all disci- ter of the United Nations. That was larly within the province of Pugwash. plines and particularly in the area of the first time in a known world his- Let me offer another example: international responsibility for the tory of 3000/4000 years when the Under the common law if a person is making of nuclear weapons. nations of the world got together to passing by a little baby drowning in a Now let me a say a word about form an organisation of the nations puddle of water and he just passes by, International Law. I think scientists of the world. That Charter, achieved he commits no offence under the law. should be given a little more under- after so much sacrifice and the loss of That is because the common law by standing of International Law than so many millions of lives, should be itself does not lay down such a duty they currently have. International respected. It has given us much help of going to the assistance of someone Law is the result of human aspira- in the shaping of the world order of in distress. But our traditional tions towards a better world. It is the future. So there is an obligation moral systems, our traditional ethical based upon the thinking of philoso- on us to respect it. If we do not, we systems, our traditional religious sys- phers down the ages. It is based upon are doing away with the sacrifice of

50 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 Pugwash Meeting No. 309 so many millions of lives, which future century a century of peace. first century that has dawned with would have been sacrificed to no After all, the 19th Century had seen mankind having the power to destroy cause - if we flout the Charter of the the Napoleonic wars, and had been itself. If we mess up this century, we United Nations. the bloodiest century up to their time. shall have no further chance. People Likewise, for the first time in They did not want a repeat of this such as scientists and lawyers can human history in 1948, we had the and the Tsar of Russia, Nicholas II make a difference to the way the Universal Declaration of Human sent out a message in 1898 to all the world handles this century. Rights, which collected together basic nations of the world. It said in effect “ The principles we should act on human rights as understood by all the Let’s have a Peace Conference and try are transparently clear. I was telling cultures and traditions of the world. to avoid wars in the future. A brand you about the origins of International When Mrs. Roosevelt was chairing new century is dawning and let us Law. May I just give you a few exam- that committee, the pundits of the make it a century of peace.” As a ples of bedrock principles of interna- time were predicting that it would be result the great Peace Conference of tional law, which nobody could deny, impossible to reach an agreement, 1899 took place at The Hague, plan- which are transgressed every time They said the differences between ning for this wonderful new century one builds a nuclear weapon. There cultures could not be straddled, but of peace and they made some good are, for example, the prohibitions through the perseverance of her Com- resolutions. But still they did not against cruel and unnecessary suffer- mittee this was achieved. For the first achieve all they wanted to and I ing. Now all civilization, all religions, time in all our millennia of history we remember reading for example some all traditions agree that there should had a document embodying the discussions about it where people be no imposition even in war of cruel agreed views of the entire world on were saying “at last a bridge has been and unnecessary suffering. I’ll give basic human rights. thrown between the world of power you a good example. In the 19th cen- So these are prized achievements represented by the Tsar and the world tury there was invented a bullet of humanity through all the ages but of philosophy and aspirations. Let’s which was known as the “dum dum our statesman and politicians do not make use of the bridge and build a bullet’. The dum dum bullet is a bul- see this. They do not see what they better world order for the future”. let which when it enters the body of are trampling underfoot when they What happened? We botched that its victims explodes and causes declare wars or commit violations of century as no century has ever been unnecessary suffering. After all, you human rights. In doing so they are botched before. We made it the only want to kill that person, you just acting as though they had never bloodiest century in the history of don’t want to cause him too much occurred, the sacrifices of these human affairs. We cannot undo his- suffering. That was the thinking of untold millions of people and the tory. We have made that mistake. It the time and all the nations got centuries of human suffering. It is was a century of lost opportunity. We together in more than one Interna- only through these that we have have now started another century tional Humanitarian Conference, achieved even so much and we do and we all had the most wonderful where they solemnly declared “that need to wait for World War III to put hopes of a century of peace. Sadly, it they the civilized nations” as they our house in order. We cannot wait has not gone along that track and has called themselves, “would not coun- for World War III. Everybody knows opened on a note of war. But, unlike tenance the use of dum dum bullets that World War III would destroy all the 20th century which was a century in warfare”. civilization as we know it. of lost opportunity, where we could Why? Because they go beyond the Just to give you an historical botch it and yet have another chance, purposes of war and they inflict cruel overview, shortly before the com- if we botch the 21st century, we shall and unnecessary suffering, So all the mencement of the 20th century in have no other chance. So, it is not a civilized nations agreed and that 1898-1899, everyone was speculating century of lost opportunity. It is our agreement still stands. It is still valid on how best we could make the century of last opportunity. It is the law that you cannot use a dum dum

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 51 Pugwash Meeting No. 309 bullet. But, the same civilized nations is the mass killing of whole sections Rama was fighting a righteous cause tell us that it is valid law that you can of populations. Yet that does not and he was fighting Ravana and at use a nuclear weapon, which can kill deter the nuclear lobby. one stage his generals told him that a hundred thousand if not a million What does the nuclear bomb do there was a hyper destruction weapon people in one instant and which can but genocide? So, Whoever is party that would be available to him, a cause damage to posterity for untold to the construction of a nuclear bomb weapon which would presumably kill generations and damage to the envi- or who threatens to use it or who thousands of the enemy and ravage ronment which is irreparable. That is stores it up with an intent to use it, is the country-side. We do not know all right! Civilized nations can use guilty of genocide. what the weapon was, but that is how that but they cannot use dum dum Humanitarian Law has always it was described and Rama was told bullets. The absurdity of this will drawn a distinction between the “Here is a weapon which is available strike any school child. A visitor from killing of combatants and the killing to you, but of course you can’t use it outer space visiting our planet would or wounding of innocent civilians. without consulting the sages of the think “What’s gone wrong with these Therefore it has worked out the prin- law.” So he had to consult the sages people, Is there some ailment that has ciple of discrimination. A weapon is of the law and the sages of the law afflicted their mental capacity?” But, not lawful which does not discrimi- told him “You cannot use that nevertheless, there are people in the nate between combatants and civil- weapon in warfare.” Why? “Because highest positions in the world today ians. What is a nuclear weapon, but a it goes beyond the purposes of war. who tell you solemnly that they can weapon of indiscriminate killing? What are the purposes of war? To use a nuclear weapon, that it is law- Combatants are only a minuscule subjugate your enemy and live in ful to use a nuclear weapon, and portion of the totality of the popula- peace with him thereafter – not to indeed they will use a nuclear tion that is killed by any nuclear destroy thousands of his citizens and weapon if the situation arises where weapon. 99.99% of the people killed ravage his countryside.” And so it their national interest require it. Isn’t will be civilians. They will be old was prohibited and he did not use it it beyond any words to describe the men, old women, children, nursing and he could not use it. In my dissent- absurdity of this? mothers and so forth, and that is ing opinion in the International Court I’ll tell you what a school child of what we are prepared to do in our of Justice, I referred to this as an ten once said in a school essay, modern civilized age. example from the numerous tradi- “Everybody says they do not want Then we have the general rules tions of the world showing how we nuclear weapons, and they do not about protection of civilians, and have a responsibility not to use this like nuclear weapons, but, they still that irreversible environmental dam- sort of weapon. have nuclear weapons, Somebody, age should never be caused. We tend I will also tell you another story somewhere is lying”. A school child to forget that we are not the owners from Sri Lankan history to illustrate can see that, but our statesmen, presi- of the land space or the sea space that this: the great emperor Asoka of dents, prime ministers cannot. The we use. We are only trustees. Modern India was converted to Buddhism prohibition against cruel and unnec- international law thinks that it has and his son Mahinda became a Bud- essary suffering is just one rule. worked this out as a result of modern dhist monk. Mahinda came to Sri Everyone agrees of course that it is a legal skills, but it is a very old princi- Lanka and preached a sermon to the cruel thing to impose cruel and ple. It is there in the ancient books – king when he was out on a hunting unnecessary suffering, but we are not 2000 and 3000 years ago. trip. The king was out with a large prepared to take the necessary steps I’ll tell you a story. I come from Sri number of his followers hunting deer to prevent that, when it come to the Lanka and in Sri Lankan history and in the royal forest. The monk most massive cruelty of all – the in Indian history there is this great accosted the king and said “What is nuclear weapon. Moreover it offends episode of the war between Rama of this that you are doing? Causing the principles against genocide which India and Ravana of Sri Lanka. Now harm to these innocent creatures”

52 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 Pugwash Meeting No. 309 and said “ Oh king, you may be the rendous health damage caused by the states to impose that kind of damage king of this land, but you are not the nuclear testing in her part of the on third states? owner of this land, you are only the world. One thing she said was that Then again there is inevitable dam- trustee. You hold it for the benefit of the women were giving birth to age to the cultural heritage. When a those who are to use it, both now deformed children, to children with bomb is dropped on a historic place, and in the years to come.” That again all sorts of terrible birth defects. all the history of maybe 5000 years or is an embodiment in ancient tradition There was one woman who gave more is lost. We see that happening of a principle which we think we birth to a child with two heads, and even in the current Iraq war, where have discovered, namely the trustee- another to a child with four toes and one of the homes of ancient civiliza- ship of the land and our environmen- so forth but the worst of all are the tion going back to 8000 years has tal duties. jellyfish babies, who have translucent been under attack. So many of its arte- Let me tell you also of an African skin and through this translucent skin facts, a priceless heritage of the whole tradition – African tradition says this one can see the heart palpitating. Such human family, have been destroyed. “That if you take any important deci- a child was not treated as a human Imagine what must happen with a sion about humanity, you have to being, but as just an object and they nuclear bomb. That applies also to consider the threefold nature of had to dispose of it. Now that is the other special places like places of wor- humanity - those who went before result of nuclear testing as deposed ship and hospitals. us, those who alive here now and before the International Court of Jus- Then again, the purpose of war is those who are yet to come. If it is a tice by a lady from the Marshall to return to peace eventually. The major decision you are taking, you Islands who said, “I have come all the nuclear weapon nullifies the return to have to consider all those three way to tell you judges about the very peace because it destroys one antago- aspects of humanity.” We think only sad situation in my country. This nist. Then there is the principle of of ourselves and of us who are living information is not published, the proportionality. What is your griev- here and now. And we do not spare world does not know it, but this is the ance? Your weapon must be propor- one thought for the generations yet to reality of the suffering that the tionate to your grievance. Is this pro- come. What right have we to pollute nuclear bomb has caused us.” portional to any grievance that any the planet which is their birth right Then again there is the rule human being or nation can have just as much as it is ours? And what against noxious gases. There are against any other? Then of course does the nuclear bomb do but that? solemn treaties that say that the one must not damage the food chain Intergenerational damage is prohib- weapons that emit noxious gases and and this is precisely what the nuclear ited by such ancient traditions in the fumes are not permitted. What about weapon does. light of the proven evidence that this radiation? There is always a very We also need to counter the folk- nuclear weapon causes genetic dam- learned argument as to whether radi- lore of the nuclear age. “Look at age to generations yet to come. What ation is a noxious gas or something Hiroshima, look at Nagasaki” we are sort of civilisation is this, which per- analogous to it. Then again interna- told. They suffered a nuclear attack mits the infliction of such damage? tional law is quite clear that if nation but see how they have risen from the How many generations we do not A and nation B have a quarrel and A ashes and what wonderfully prosper- know. The mutations caused are hor- wants to attack B, nations C, D, E, F ous places they are. That is the sort of rendous. Yet we seek to justify it, to and G and so on right down to Z myth that the nuclear establishment help in this enterprise and to support cannot be affected. A and B must see likes to propagate, but everybody its perpetrators. to it that no third states, no neutral knows that Hiroshima and Nagasaki In the Nuclear Advisory Opinion, states are affected. But with a nuclear were two sitting ducks for the nuclear we had a lady who came before us weapon everybody knows that all weapon because they could not from the Marshall Islands and she neighbouring states are affected and respond with a nuclear weapon. was giving us a description of the hor- what right have the two combatant Everybody knows that today if a

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 53 Pugwash Meeting No. 309 nuclear weapon is used, there will be and Sri Lanka and spoken to 12 and one, then it grew to five, then to a nuclear response and an escalation 13 year olds about these principles seven then to eight and now we don’t going all the way up to annihilation and you should see how their eyes know where we stand in that regard. of a large portion of life on the light up to know that there are prin- So there is an increase in the number planet. In that context we must ciples like this recognized by the of fingers on the nuclear button. remember also what the scientists world community which are Secondly, there are a whole lot of have told us about the nuclear winter. ingrained in a system called interna- non state actors who would love to A multiple exchange of nuclear tional law. Their idealism responds to have a nuclear weapon and with weapons produces a cloud of dust in that and if we do that on a massive enormous funds at their disposal they the atmosphere which obstructs the scale, I think we will have more pop- would try to get the nuclear know sunlight from reaching the crops on ulations protesting to their rulers how, if not a nuclear weapon, into earth. All earth crops will fail or they against the possibility of the use of their hands. will fail over a large segment of the nuclear weapons. There are scientists in the market, globe and there will be global famine. But now we have vast popula- I am sad to say, who were formerly So that again is a natural conse- tions in the so called advanced coun- employed by nuclear establishments quence of a nuclear weapon used in tries who do not know these princi- and they may sell their expertise to this day and age. Do our Presidents ples, who do not know with what anyone prepared to pay them the and Prime Ministers who talk of it difficulty these principles were won necessary price. give a thought to that possibility and and when their Presidents and Prime Then there is the proliferation of to their responsibility before poster- Ministers talk about war they just knowledge. We live in the age of ity, for having initiated such a devas- remain mute. And they sometimes internet and computers and the way tation of all that humanity stands even vote for them. Now, this is in which a nuclear weapon can be for? So all these are basic principles, I because I believe, they do not know put together, which was formerly the would say bedrock principles of these basic principles and it is one of secret knowledge of the military international law, which everybody the tasks of scientists and even more establishments, is now much more should know, but I am afraid and I of lawyers to carry this sort of mes- widely known. That small group of am very sorry about this that popula- sage to the general public. nuclear scientists is no longer so tions across the world are unaware I should also refer to the fact that secret and it can even spread. A com- that these are hard won basic today the situation is much worse, petent student using a computer bedrock principles of international much more dangerous than it was in might be able to find out how a law. They need to be instructed about the time of Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear weapon could be put this from the school level upwards. I because the danger from of a nuclear together. have tried to do this in a small way incident somewhere in the world is I once said this at a meeting in myself. We must take this topic into growing almost by the month. There London and after the meeting, there schools and tell the schoolchildren is a little booklet that I have made was a professor of physics there who that these are the basic principles of available to those who are interested. spoke to me and I asked him “Did I international law. I meant it to be a sort of pocket book, over paint the picture?” He said “Not International lawyers have tried which people could read in the bus or at all. If I had a PhD student in Physics to preserve an element of mystique a train as they travel. There I have who would not be able, after some about international law, making it a given more than 15 reasons why the months of research, to put together sort of arcane mystery known only to danger of a nuclear event somewhere the know-how as to how a crude themselves. There is no mystery in the world is growing by the day. nuclear weapon is made, I would not about it. Any school child can under- I’ll give you a few of the reasons. think him as worthy of a PhD.” stand these basic principles. I have First of all, we have an increase in the So, that knowledge is proliferat- gone to schools in Australia, America number of nuclear states. It was first ing and when that knowledge prolif-

54 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 Pugwash Meeting No. 309 erates, it is anybody’s guess as to be tribal wars, they may well be local have nuclear reactors. However, the when some unauthorized person will conflicts, but behind every little war material discharged from the nuclear get it. Then there is the storage of there may be a bigger party and reactors and the fissile material that these thirty odd thousand bombs. behind that bigger party there may be is available is not the subject of any They are not all carefully stored. a yet bigger party. That party may see proper inventory and the more They can spring leaks. They can be some strategic value in the area nuclear reactors there are the more stolen. We do not know what the where these people are contending uninventorized stocks of fissile mate- policing facilities are in the different for power and one of those parties rial there will be and there again is arsenals in which they are kept. could have a nuclear weapon. That another source of danger. There is the possibility of nuclear could be a nuclear power and that The deployment of weapons in accident. There have been 30 to 40 could lead to the possibility of a space was spoken about today. I am recorded instances of such incidents nuclear weapon being used. delighted to know that a book is and there is also the possibility of Then of course, there is the coming out about the deployment of accidental nuclear war. growth in terrorism. Everybody weapons in space which poses Another common myth that is speaks about it today but those who another whole heap of dampers. propagated by the nuclear establish- seem to speak most about it in high There is also the possibility of fissile ment is that any use of the bomb places don’t seem to see that the way material being deployed in space. requires the specific approval of the that they are handling the nuclear Then another very serious danger highest personage in the state, The weapon problem is giving to the ter- is this – If everybody respects Interna- President or Prime Minister must rorist the possibility that sooner or tional Law you can have some specifically order a nuclear weapon later either in a car or even in a knap- restraints. Take the members of a to be used. That is a total myth. A sack a terrorist will be able to carry club . They have their set of rules and submarine commander may have to some sort of nuclear device. Despite everybody respects the rules. Then make a decision. There is what you all the prohibitions in the NPT and the rule will tend to be obeyed, but call a LOWC (Launch on Warning elsewhere, research is progressing on the moment the powerful members of Capability) where there are machines how to improve and refine the the club act as if they are above the with a hair trigger mechanism that nuclear weapon and make it ever rules, then that is a license for every- can go off if a suspicious intruding smaller and more particularly body else to do likewise. Imagine a object is detected coming into the air- directed towards specific objects. small club where that happens and space of a country, and there have So in consequence of all that is the President of the club says “Well been recorded instances where these happening, we are playing into the these rules apply to everybody else LOWC devices have nearly gone off. hands of the terrorists and once a ter- but not to me.” Who is going to They are set to go off some time after rorist has such a weapon, nobody respect those rules thereafter? But 5 or 10 minutes. The President or could predict what the end would be. that is precisely what is happening on Prime Minister may be fast asleep at The carriage of nuclear weapons and the world scene today and is precisely that time. The machine takes the nuclear materials, is taking place all the position that the nuclear powers decision but fortunately on a few the time. Even on the roads of Eng- are putting to everybody else. “It is occasions the machines have been land there are nuclear materials being perfectly lawful for me to have stopped, when the machine was carried without the general public nuclear weapons, but, you are a about to give the order to fire. knowing this. We had a session in rogue state, if you have it we will see So there is the ever-present possi- London a few months ago, where to it even by the use of nuclear bility of accidental nuclear war. this was brought out in some detail. weapons that you do not acquire Another danger is that at the present Then there is the growth in the these weapons because you are not fit moment we have 30 or 40 little wars number of nuclear reactors. All over to have them.” By their own judg- raging all over the world. They may the world everybody is pressing to ment they alone are fit to have them

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 55 Pugwash Meeting No. 309 and they lay down the law. One law That is in regard to the situation These are various dramatic devel- for the others and one law for them- where a nation is under attack and its opments that are taking place in the selves. What respect can that law very survival is at stake. They did not world of nuclear weaponry and I command? And that is the basic rea- want to express an opinion whether a would earnestly plead that there be a son behind the failure of the NPT nuclear weapon could then be used. greater emphasis of this by scientists negotiations. That in my view was an important throughout the world, given the lead- Then we also have the fact that defect in the judgment, and for that ership of Pugwash. the NPT was a bargain between the reason I wrote an Opinion in which I The Russell-Einstein Manifesto nuclears and non-nuclears. Now it is said very categorically that the was never more important than it is an elementary rule of contract which nuclear weapon cannot be used in any now and there are of course all the every first year law student knows, circumstances whatsoever. I would world traditions and human survival that if you have a contract, both par- welcome scientists as well reading perspectives that operate against the ties must keep to their parts of the that Opinion because it spells out all use of nuclear weapons. I could go on bargain, if they are to expect perfor- the arguments that I have been at quite some length. If you look at mance by the other. But the nuclear putting before you and I am glad to any world tradition you will find in it powers expect performance by the see that that Opinion is gaining recog- something that is against the use of non-nuclears of their part of the bar- nition. For example, there was a trial nuclear weapons. For example, take gain which is “don’t acquire nuclear in Scotland some time ago when Islamic tradition – you will find that weapons.” But they themselves do nuclear protestors protesting against even a poisoned arrow is forbidden as not keep to their part of the bargain, the “Trident Submarine” stormed the a weapon and was declared not per- which is to take serious steps to dis- premises where it was being manufac- missible in warfare because it causes mantle their arsenals with a view to tured and did some damage to its more suffering than necessary. The total abolition. That is where the instruments. And when they were Lateran Council of the Church in the opinion of the World Court comes in. charged they said, “What is being 13th century said that the cross bow All the judges of the World Court done here is a crime against humanity. and the siege engine were unlawful unanimously said that “responsibility We are protesting as concerned citi- and could not be used in warfare existed on the nuclear powers, to zens against this crime against among Christian nations because they take meaningful steps forthwith, with humanity. If we do not protest who impose unnecessary suffering. a view to the elimination of their will? We are perfectly within our So we are now at a vital stage of nuclear arsenals” rights in protesting.” I was extremely human history, where the fate of Have they done that and is there pleased to hear that the defence they humanity hangs in the balance. any indication to the rest of the world cited was my Dissenting Opinion. The Everybody who can make a contribu- that they are complying even with sheriff read it, and having read it tion is under a duty to do so espe- that World Court opinion? Now that directed the jury to acquit all the cially those in privileged positions I am on that World Court Opinion, accused, and all the accused were like scientists and lawyers. Pugwash may I just say that the World Court acquitted. is in an extremely privileged position Opinion was a tremendous step for- So that was a tremendous victory and I am so delighted to see the lead- ward in the statement of the law relat- for this principled position that ership it is giving in this field. As we ing to nuclear weapons, because there nuclear weapons violate every funda- heard today, it has been doing active was a unanimous condemnation of mental norm of International Law and work in South and North Korea, in the nuclear weapons by all the judges. that there is a duty on the citizenry of relation to this, and its voice has been The only problem about the judgment the world to protest against their man- heard. Here is an unmatched oppor- was that there was a little aperture ufacture and most of all of course not tunity for the scientists to express left open by the majority of the Court. to help in their construction. their views, and the lawyers also to

56 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 Pugwash Meeting No. 309 join, in throwing in their weight on the side of humanity and a better Reflections on Nuclear Weapons: world of the future. In doing so they Testimony of an A-Bomb Survivor should have resort to the principles of international law involved and the Secondly, the industrial area and the sacrifice of millions of lives involved Akihiro Takahashi center of the city where houses were in achieving such international law as Former Director of Hiroshima clustered were targeted by the bomb. we have. The Nuremberg Principles Peace Memorial Museum In order to overthrow militarism, the also show that you cannot shelter killing of a great number of Japanese behind superior orders or lack of Out of about 60 classmates of mine citizens was necessary. Thirdly, they awareness in committing crimes at the time, only 14 are still alive. I selected cities that had been hardly against humanity. If scientists dis- am one of the few survivors. Nearly damaged by incendiary bombs from tance themselves from the nuclear 50 of my classmates including air raids, since the air raids on such weapons enterprise we will go very Yamamoto and Hatta were cruelly cities were banned. These are the far towards achieving the objectives killed by the atomic bomb. three reasons to prove that the atomic that Russell and Einstein set before Ever since the war, I have lived bomb was used to experiment with its themselves and before the scientists thus far pledging that I should never power and destructive energy. of the world. We shall have a century waste their deaths. I have lived with The US takes the view that drop- of last opportunity being used to the conviction that it is the duty and ping the atomic bomb was the right avert the catastrophic damage that responsibility of those who survived thing because it saved 1 million US would otherwise be the fate of to convey the unheard voices and will officers and men and the Japanese citi- humanity. So scientists have a cardi- of the tremendous number of dead. I zens. But I’d like to call to the United nal role to play in this and I congrat- live and work on behalf of my dead States to stop and think. This 1 mil- ulate Pugwash on its initiative in try- friends. lion lives is only an assumption. The ing to achieve this and I wish all of Even under the harshest of cir- atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima you a very successful and fruitful cumstances, we must never forget to and Nagasaki killed well over continued mission to convince fellow open our hearts to others. We sur- 300,000 people. How does the US scientists, as well as the world in gen- vivors have discussed this among our- regard this number of lost lives? Don’t eral, of the total indefensibility of the selves and have lived since the war we always say that the life of a single nuclear weapon under any principle with this lesson etched in our minds. person weighs more than the earth? of law or morality. I believe it is clear that the atomic Nuclear weapons are an absolute Thank you. bomb was dropped for experimental evil- we victims of A-bombs object to 1 This ethical code for nuclear scientists purposes. There are three reasons that all war and appeal to the world for has since been reproduced in The Ency- support my view. First, the United the prompt and total abolition of clopaedia for Social Inventions: Over States manufactured two different nuclear weapons while overcoming 500 of the best ideas from around the all the grief and hatred we feel as A- world – new and imaginative non-tech- types of atomic bombs and wanted to nological visions, systems, services and compare them in terms of destructive bomb victims. Currently, it is said projects for teaching social problems, capability. One was the ‘little boy’- that there are as many as 16,000 and improving the quality of life, the uranium type which was dropped nuclear warheads on earth. Of those, Nicholas Albery and Valerie Yule (eds.), 90% are in the US or Russia. It is only Institute of Social Inventions, London, on Hiroshima. The other one is ‘fat 1989, pp.194-196. man’ or plutonium type which was the US and Russia that maintain huge dropped on Nagasaki. These two arsenals of nuclear weapons. The five atomic bombs are different models nuclear-weapon states, the US, Rus- and have different nuclear substances. sia, the UK, France and China, are

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 57 Pugwash Meeting No. 309 protected by the Nuclear Non-Prolif- merely walk a mile in our shoes, so victory, and certainly no peace, can eration Treaty (NPT). This contradic- they say, and honestly attempt to come from power controlling power. tion has been allowed by the interna- understand the unacceptability of We must value the frameworks built tional community. We, the A-bomb nuclear weapons. so painstakingly by the nation of the survivors, cannot help but feel strong In 2004, “the Nuclear Black Mar- world and be determined to live in resentment to such an obviously irra- ket,” which had been established by peaceful coexistence with other peo- tional and unjust situation. Dr. Kahn and other scientists who ples, other religions, and other cul- As I expected, the NPT Review played a central role in nuclear devel- tures. I firmly believe that only on Conference in May closed without opment in Pakistan, was revealed. It that foundation can we build a world any concrete result due to the egoism turned out to be that nuclear prolifera- of security prosperity. of the five nuclear powers setting pri- tion was accelerating much faster than The human family is struggling ority to national interests, an among expected. It was a terrible blow to us, with the negative legacy of the 20th other, the unilateralism of the United the A-bomb survivors, and we are century, including wars, nuclear States. extremely perplexed in how to react to weapons, terrorism, global warming, Nevertheless, no matter how this fact. It obstructs our work famine, refugees, violence, and viola- many times we are knocked down, towards the elimination and prolifera- tions of human rights. If people living we, the A-bomb survivors, rise again. tion of nuclear weapons, and we can- in the 21st century fail to deal prop- We will tenaciously continue to not forgive such a dangerous act. erly with this negative legacy, the pre- appeal and act against wars and work Scientists have a major responsi- sent century may become the last towards the abolition of nuclear bility for the emergence of nuclear with humans on this Earth. I, myself, weapons up until our last breath. weapons. I sincerely ask for the dis- now strengthen my determination to I urge the five official nuclear- tinguished scientists to continue to live my remaining days in full aware- weapon states, especially the United speak and work more actively than ness of my responsibility as a crew States, not to cling to their national ever towards the abolition of nuclear member on ‘Spaceship Earth.’ I interests, and rather to think seri- weapons. would like you to convey my view ously about the interests of Unless we all have respect for and wishes to all citizens in all parts humankind and to lose no time in international law and order, the of the world. meeting their responsibility to inter- world will never know peace. As we Thank you very much for your national society. have seen in the war in Iraq, no true very kind attention. Thank you. Dear leaders of nuclear-weapons states! If you still insist on maintain- ing nuclear weapons, you should experience the same suffering we, the A-bomb survivors, were forced to suffer through. Perhaps only after you have experience first-hand the atrociousness of heat rays and blast, only after you become familiar with the horror of radiation aftereffects, will you understand our honest and desperate plea. Yet, it is our primary desire to prevent another single human being from experiencing such horrors as we did, firsthand. Perhaps it would be enough if you were to Mustafa Kibaroglu, Jeffrey Boutwell, Goetz Neuneck, Steve Miller

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60 Years after Hiroshima and Nagasaki fatalities and severe injury and, and Prospects for the Elimination of within minutes, the beginning of a gigantic and engulfing firestorm. Nuclear Weapons And yet, despite my concentrated research, being here, in this superb world without nuclear weapons is museum and on this site, and in the Lynn Eden through the experience of this neighborhood, brought me—and Co-chair, U.S. Pugwash and museum: the world would be safer if brings us all—to a different vantage member of Pugwash Council every time a state leader considered point: not outside and far away look- developing or using nuclear weapons, ing in, but here, surrounded by pho- Today I am going to begin with time he or she would have to spend hours tographic panoramas of hell, of a city and place. The time is now, 60 years in the Hiroshima Peace Memorial “reduced to a plain of burned rub- after the atomic destruction of Museum, in the Peace Park, at the “A- ble,”1 close to the world of tornadoes Hiroshima and Nagasaki. And the Bomb Dome”—that is, the bombed- of flying glass, of heat and fire of vol- place is here, in Hiroshima, the first out remains of the Hiroshima Prefec- canic intensity that melted steel and site of this destruction, very near tural Industry Promotion Hall, and in glass, and inflicted injury to human where the bomb was detonated. the neighborhoods nearby. And the beings, to human bodies, that is sim- Today, I will not give the talk I world will be safer the more that citi- ply insupportable, almost unbearable had thought that I would: a policy- zens of every nuclear and potential to see in photographic representation. oriented talk on the prospects for the nuclear state can see for themselves To see this, and more—the many elimination of nuclear weapons. the horrific consequences of using artifacts that help us witness the Instead, I want to honor the place nuclear weapons. destruction, the maps and pho- where we are now, this site of destruc- Yet, I found myself asking, after tographs, and placards outside, that tion and unspeakable pain, this site of spending two intense days in the show the dense neighborhoods and reconstruction and knowledge. museum and the nearby area, what, ways of life that were extinguished in How can Hiroshima, how can really, have I learned being here? I an instant—to see this is to take into history, or more precisely, the repre- had already studied and written one’s mind and body knowledge at a sentation and study of history, help about the bomb damage to scale of human nightmare. This us to build a more peaceful world? Hiroshima. I had read John Hersey’s knowledge leaves us with a far deeper One way that the history of book, Hiroshima. I had read fiction understanding—and an immense Hiroshima can help us to build a about the bombing. I had studied the sadness. world without nuclear weapons is pre- detailed and voluminous technical The knowledge gained here cisely the way that citizens and may- reports on the destruction of the city. renews our commitment, first, to ors of Hiroshima have done and con- I had spent many hours on the Peace doing the hard work of further under- tinue to do—use the name and place Memorial Museum’s excellent web- standing context and history—and I and meaning of Hiroshima to exhort, site. I had spent many hours talking commend to you the just published to declare, to protest, to pressure, to with physicists who had done careful history of the surrender of Japan in insist that what happened here must work on the intensity and magnitude World War II, a critically important not happen again. We in Pugwash of atomic damage at Hiroshima. I international history called Racing the meet in Hiroshima for the same rea- understood what most Americans Enemy, by Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, son: to use the name and place and still do not (but all in Hiroshima do): which draws on Japanese, Russian, meaning to insist that what happened that the atomic detonation not only and English language sources.2 here must not happen again. released an extraordinary blast wave, And, being here renews our com- Another way that the history of but released vast amounts of thermal mitment to a future without nuclear Hiroshima can help us to build a energy—heat—that caused many weapons. In Pope John Paul’s words

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 59 Pugwash Meeting No. 309 here, almost 25 years ago: “To Late Medical Effects of Atomic Bombs remember Hiroshima is to abhor Still Persisting Over Sixty Years nuclear war. To remember Hiroshima is to commit oneself to peace.” To understand Hiroshima—or, I There were three major types of should say, to try to understand what Masao Tomonaga, M.D. Ph.D. leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia happened here at Hiroshima—does (AML), acute lymphoid leukemia deepen our commitment to a world 60 years ago, on August 6th and 9th (ALL) and chronic myeloid leukemia without nuclear weapons, to a world 1945, two atomic bombs with similar (CML). AML and CML were most of peace, and in so doing, it increases physical powers were used to destroy prevalent among adults and ALL the prospect of being able to achieve the military-involved cities of among children. such a world. Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The physi- Compared with the incidence 1 Caption from exhibit at Hiroshima cal effects of the bombs were enor- rates of these leukemias among non- Peace Memorial Museum. mous, destroying two moderate-size exposed persons (the effective dose of 2 Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy: cities in Japan. About 120,000 and radiation did not reach more than Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of two kilometers from the hypocenter), Japan (Cambridge: Harvard University 75,000 persons - including many Press, 2005). civilians and children - died instanta- the incidence rates among proxi- neously or died of acute effects such mally-exposed persons (within two as severe flash burn, bowel destruc- kilometers from the hypocenter) were tion and bone marrow damage. dramatically high. Especially among Almost the same number of people children the rate was almost fifty-fold survived the acute effects but eventu- elevated. The most recent summary ally faced the fear of late appearing results of statistics suggest that the effects of atomic bomb irradiation leukemia risk begins to elevate such as leukemia and cancers. This upwards at approximately 200 mSv paper reports the most recent sum- exposure dose as a linear quadratic mary of the late effects of the atomic curve. This dose response curve is the bombs. The most outstanding finding direct evidence that the atomic bomb is the persistence of cancer and irradiation actually induced human leukemia risks among proximally- leukemia. exposed persons over sixty years. I The elevated leukemia incidences Whole World on Fire: also try to speculate about the mech- declined rapidly for ALL and CML Organizations, Knowledge, and anisms of long-lasting effects of radi- after 1955-1960 and gradually for Nuclear Weapons Devastation ation on the human body. AML over 1970-1980. However, by Lynn Eden recent epidemiological investigation What kinds of cancer were Published by Cornell Studies in suggests an elevated incidence of Security Affairs induced? myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) Whole World on Fire focuses on Induction of cancer among proxi- among the proximally-exposed per- a technical riddle wrapped in an mally irradiated persons began to organizational mystery: How and sons during 1980-2004. MDS is a appear as early as three years after why, for more than half a century, disease closely related to leukemia bombing. The first cancer was that of did the U.S. government fail to that was previously called pre- predict nuclear fire damage as it blood cells, namely leukemia. The leukemia. Anemia is the main symp- drew up plans to fight strategic incidence rate of leukemia quickly nuclear war? tom of MDS patients and about 25% elevated within five years and of them later develop acute leukemia. reached the peak around 1950-55.

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This finding is being observed both in malities were identical between lym- transformation to cancer stem cells Hiroshima and Nagasaki. phocytes and red blood cells, strongly by inducing genetic instability. These Solid tumors such as cancer of suggesting that blood forming stem cancer stem cells produce huge thyroid, breasts, stomach, lungs, (mother) cells were target cells of amounts of descendant cancer cells. colon, ovaries, skin and brain began atomic bomb irradiation damage to A cancer tumor is therefore a kind of to increase in incidence after 1960-65 chromosomes and probably to their hierarchy with stem cells in the top following the decline of leukemia inci- content, namely DNA. It is well minority and their descendant cells in dences. The most recent statistical known that our bone marrow con- lower majority. summary suggests that the elevated tains a low number of stem cells that When we incorporate the above incidences of solid cancers are still produces every day a tremendous mentioned stem cell theory for gen- persisting in 1980-2004. A statistical amount of all types of blood cells eral understanding of human cancer estimation was recently reported from including red blood cells, white blood development, risks of solid cancers Radiation Effects Research Founda- cells and platelets. Lymphocytes are and leukemia/MDS may persist over tion (RERF) for the number of future one of the white blood cells. It is also the whole lives of atomic bomb sur- cancer occurrences based on an known widely that only stem cells vivors because the atomic bomb irra- assumption that cancer and MDS risk can continue to live long enough to diation triggered such stem cell dam- will never cease and persist over the maintain blood formation over the age at DNA level. Further studies are entire lives of the proximally-exposed whole life of a person. We hematolo- now being conducted to prove stem survivors; about one third of solid gists routinely transplant normal cell damages in other organs from cancers have been developed from the stem cells (containing bone marrow) where various solid cancers develop. proximally-exposed population dur- to save the lives of leukemia patients. Nuclear weapons are more ing the 1965-2004 period and two The stem cells regenerate the bone dangerous than we have thirds of solid cancers are expected to marrow and provide a cure for thought previously develop during 2005-2020. leukemia patients after eradication of Our study on atomic bomb survivors cancers from the diseased bone mar- Evidence of long lasting effects conducted by joint teams of of the atomic bomb irradiation row. Thus, it could be a reasonable Nagasaki University, Hiroshima Uni- on blood cells of proximally hypothesis that the stem cells were versity and the Radiation Effect exposed survivors irradiated and damage was done to Research Foundation thus clearly chromosomes and eventually DNA The easiest study is to analyze chro- indicate that the atomic bomb irradi- by the atomic bomb irradiation in mosomes of blood cells circulating in ation-induced genetic damage per- proximally- exposed persons who are 1945, which still persists a half cen- sists over half a century and probably otherwise healthy. In 1995 we con- tury later. over the entire lives of the survivors. ducted such a study on 60 persons Stem cell theory as cancer This finding provides discrete evi- with moderate (1Gy) to high (4Gy) cell origin dence that all nuclear weapons are exposure doses. We found 5 to 20 % What kind of cells do become cancer dangerous because of emitting radia- of blood cells carried chromosome cells and develop clinical tumors? tion and should be abandoned imme- abnormalities. The percentage Recent development of sophisticated diately. increased proportionately to expo- technology including molecular biol- Scientists and physicians must sure dose. This is good evidence that ogy and stem cell purification began cooperate to eradicate nuclear the atomic bomb irradiation actually to make it clear that stem cells in weapons induced chromosome abnormalities. each organ are the right target cells In the 1980s, physicists and physi- Such blood cells were analyzed for cancer development. Genetic cians collaborated to establish a the- separately for lymphocytes that are damage to chromosomes and DNA ory of Nuclear Winter. This study immune cells and red blood cells. In of stem cells elevate a probability of clearly showed that the simulation of several persons chromosome abnor-

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a nuclear war between East and West WORKING GROUP REPORTS over the Northern Hemisphere could produce enough climate destruction - called Nuclear Winter – such that WORKING GROUP 1 human beings could not even survive The Legacy of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto in the Southern Hemisphere. Our doctors’ anti-nuke organization IPPNW joined this project. Moreover, radiation exposure Conveners: bombs – which embodied the possibil- other than the two atomic bombs, ity to annihilate the human race. This Karen Hallberg and such as the Chernobyl nuclear power innovation, which was not only lim- Alexander Nikitin station accident in the former Soviet ited to the creation of a new weapon Union and the radio-contaminated, Rapporteur: but was in fact part of a broader former Soviet nuclear testing site of Juan Pablo Pardo-Guerra reconfiguration of the nature of war, Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan, pro- led eminent members of the scientific duced a large number of radiation community to react. Their reaction Fifty years after its creation, and in a victims. The JCO accident in Japan was, however, not one dimensional. time when global instability threatens also was a serious exposure to neu- The manifesto they produced is a mul- mankind, it is fitting to revisit the trons. In these instances the most tilayered vision that transects several Russell-Einstein Manifesto, a core ref- important subject to study is how pressing issues, in particular, the rejec- erence within the Pugwash movement low a dose of radiation is dangerous tion of war as an instrument for con- and arguably one of most important for cancer development. Such studies flict resolution, the peril posed by documents of the last century. must be urgently undertaken to nuclear weapons and the consequent During the 55th Pugwash Confer- establish radiation protection policy necessity of their abolition, the need to ence on Science and World Affairs on global scale. Our efforts must be learn to think in new ways, and the held in Hiroshima, Japan, Working focused at banning nuclear weapons need for scientists to become involved Group 1 convened to explore the as well as rescuing radiation-exposed in the construction of a better world. meaning and current importance of victims. These four issues shape the structure the Russell Einstein Manifesto. Given of this report. its connections to a variety of issues Masao Tomanaga is Director, Atomic ranging from nuclear weapons and The Manifesto and War: a Call Bomb Disease Institute, Graduate international security to the social for Comprehensive Conflict School of Biomedical Sciences, responsibility of scientists, the discus- Resolution Nagasaki University, Nagasaki City, sion was divided into four main “Here, then, is the problem which we Japan, and a board member of Inter- themes. We dealt with the legacy of present to you, stark and dreadful national Physicians for the Prevention the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, the and inescapable: Shall we put an end of Nuclear Weapons, Boston, U.S.A. history of the nuclear era, the state of to the human race; or shall mankind and trends in disarmament and non renounce war?” proliferation, and the role and effec- Long after the signatories of the tiveness of nuclear awareness and Manifesto called for mankind to for- education. ever renounce war, we are still The Russell Einstein Manifesto haunted by countless hostilities was the product of an overwhelming around the world – be it on a smaller concern about the emergence of a new scale than in the first half of the 20th technology – the atomic and hydrogen century. Furthermore, the emergence

62 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 of new global threats, all of which broader sense, including items such a more fundamental way by encour- contribute to endanger civilization, as the elimination of conflict and the aging research on the true conse- compel us to reconsider the nature of resolution of the global inequities. quences of war and, specifically, on the Russell Einstein Manifesto and In this respect, it is imperative for the devastating aftereffects of nuclear the reading that it should have within peace to become a key element in the weapons. the Pugwash Community. foundation of future legal systems. Overall, participants felt that the In particular, participants raised Article 9 of the Japanese constitution appeal of the Russell Einstein Mani- the question of whether emerging – which renounces war as an instru- festo “to remember our humanity” problems – such as ecological collapse, ment of policy – serves as a useful should be insisted upon. However, the existence of “undemocratic” pock- example which should be taken into there were some interesting question- ets throughout the world, and the rise consideration during the formation ings as to the universality of the con- of irrational national pride – parallel of a common European Constitution. cept “humanity;” perhaps the con- in one way or another the nuclear Education was identified as an cept needs to be reviewed in order to peril presented by the Manifesto. important instrument for setting the harmonize it with the multicultural Emerging threats such as these must foundations for peace. Keeping alive context of the 21st century. be interpreted as important elements the memory of tragic events such as The Manifesto, Disarmament, in the constitution of an unsustainable the bombing of Hiroshima and and Non-Proliferation environment which becomes fertile Nagasaki in 1945 should become a “The general public, and even many ground for the emergence of conflict. means to convey the danger of men in position of authority, have not Many of the questions put forth in the nuclear weapons and war in general. realized what would be involved in a past were simply forgotten; but the If we are not careful the memory of war with nuclear bombs. Whatever challenges continue to be the same; what happened will fade. Neverthe- agreements not to use H-bombs had that most of the new threats are the less, these actions should be con- been reached in time of peace, they result of old ones which were not dealt ducted within a historically aware would no longer be considered bind- with in due time. framework and in the context of the ing in time of war” In this sense, the Manifesto quest for long-lasting reconciliation. Interpreting the manifesto as a should be interpreted as presenting a This requires understanding the reaction from a specific group within civilizational crossroad: we stand at a dynamics of how societies cope with the scientific community requires point in history where we have some the past. In this area, Pugwash should framing its conception in the broader resources that enable us to focus our support more interaction between context of the bipolar world con- efforts on preventing conflicts before national groups with the purpose of gealed after the Second World War. In they occur. This requires understand- developing strategies for promoting this respect, some participants within ing the interconnectedness of the reconciliation. the working group raised the ques- problems as well as the role that we Nuclear awareness was recog- tion of whether the manifesto as scientists and members of society nized as an important area in which retained its original strength: in play in the world. We have to think Pugwash could have significant today’s global scenario, the possibil- how we can work together and what impact. This would require, neverthe- ity of complete annihilation is not as we can do to cope with the current less, adopting a broader understand- manifest as it was at the height of the state of affairs. This is precisely the ing of nuclear weapons and linking Cold War, nor are current juxtaposi- task of the Pugwash Movement. the issue of disarmament with other tions (as those between the West and Some participants stressed that topics – such as environmental prob- the Islamic world) comparable to the our views of peace and history play lems and the threats of terrorism – in situation which prevailed fifty years an important role in the construction order to increase public support for ago between the United States and of a secure and equitable world. the cause of nuclear abolition. Addi- the USSR. Peace should be interpreted in a tionally, Pugwash could contribute in

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The argument was also made that secure nuclear weapons and fissile In sum, we ought not to waste the dominating approach to disarma- materials to prevent their use in ter- time getting frustrated, but rather set ment focuses too much on the contra- rorist activities. Furthermore, aboli- the foundations for a nuclear position between the United States tion requires concerted international weapons free world. Pugwash’s and Russia. Even though it was actions to stop both horizontal and expertise could be instrumental in acknowledged that the United States vertical proliferation, along with the setting up a properly organized study has extensive influence on the status of developing and testing of new gener- group that would focus on identify- international nuclear diplomacy, it ations of nuclear weapons. Nuclear ing the practical mechanisms for was also mentioned that efforts weapon states must also come to reaching this point. toward disarmament should not focus respect existing commitments pend- Thinking in New Ways: solely on US policies. With the recon- ing the conclusion of multilateral Involving Scientists in the figuration of American nuclear strate- legally binding assurances. Finally, Construction of a Better World gic policies, the international commu- the expansion of Nuclear Weapons “We have to learn to think in a new nity should work on parallel initiatives Free Zones should be considered as way” which do not directly involve the an important instrument in the fight The point was raised that nuclear United States. Some agreements on against nuclear weapons. weapons cannot be seen as isolated disarmament and non proliferation Participants in the group sug- artifacts but should be instead inter- could be negotiated regionally, on the gested that Pugwash focus on several preted as elements of the fabric of the margins of the US-Russia dialogue. agenda items for their discussion in military industrial complex. There- Likewise, relying on the leverage of coming years: for example, the fore, disarmament requires a deeper other nations (such as Japan and some quicker implementation of the consideration of the technological select countries) could be instrumental Moscow Treaty, incorporating the path taken by humankind. To some in reactivating the global discussion debate on the control of non-strategic extent disarmament implies altering on disarmament. The current inter- weapons in the current negotiations fundamentally the prevailing para- lude in the disarmament process and in further treaties, promote de- digm which connects our notions of should thus be used for generating alerting existing arsenals, preventing science, progress, technology, devel- constructive actions in countries inter- the development of new kinds of opment, and cooperation. Without ested in the ultimate abolition of nuclear weapons, the negotiation of a such reconsideration, the institutional nuclear weapons. We should not stall fissile material cut-off treaty, making structure which supports warfare – our efforts until there is a tragic event the adherence to the IAEA’s addi- and the nuclear establishment – will that shifts the minds of our leaders. tional protocols standard, finding remain embedded within the fabric of Pugwash should therefore identify the ways to make the CTBT enter into society, and peace will be more diffi- existing diplomatic niches and exploit force, identifying mechanisms to cult to achieve. It was noted, how- them accordingly. implement 13 steps recommended by ever, that it is not necessary to tackle Our ultimate goal – shared with the 2000 NPT Review Conference, the entire military industrial complex the Russell-Einstein Manifesto – is and reconsidering the many dimen- to achieve nuclear disarmament. The for the complete abolition of nuclear sions of the nuclear fuel cycle aiming impossibility to uninvent nuclear weapons. Nevertheless, such aboli- to develop a comprehensive control weapons should not be a setback for tion must be based upon a sound system of fissile and related materials. their abolition. political, legal, and diplomatic foun- Also, a strong argument was made Any efforts to change the para- dation which requires encouraging for Pugwash to establish collabora- digm must take into consideration nuclear weapon states to stop nuclear tive links with other organizations, in other problems. For instance, while it sharing under any kind of arrange- particular, with the Middle Powers must be aware of the connections ment, and seeking to reduce and/or Initiative. between peaceful and military

64 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 Pugwash Meeting No. 309 nuclear technologies, it must also WORKING GROUP 2 consider the need to reduce global emissions and therefore the possibil- Non-proliferation, Arms Control and Disarma- ity of a great expansion in civil ment: Multilateral Initiatives nuclear energy facilities in coming years. This crossroad requires us to ument of 2000 Revcon (13 steps). At think in new ways, and to implement Co-Conveners: the same time there was a general new approaches which do not have Gotz Neuneck, Sergey Batsanov feeling that the upcoming September the same asymmetric characteristics Rapporteur: UN summit in New York offered an as the first generation of nuclear Abdul Hameed Toor opportunity for the world leaders to institutions (for instance, the Non address explicitly the issues of Proliferation Treaty). For example, in nuclear disarmament and non-prolif- order to close some technical loop- The working group discussed the eration. holes, we should push for a global Nuclear Proliferation Treaty (NPT) agreement on the multilateral control 2005 Review Conference and its con- Future Course of Action to of the fuel cycle. Pugwash should sequences on the future of the treaty, Strengthen the NPT push in this direction since it would challenges faced by the treaty and Several proposals were presented by eliminate current ambiguities in possible ways to move forward, the members regarding the priority nuclear diplomacy (any facility that regional problems of nuclear prolifer- steps in this area, such as, ation, risks of nuclear terrorism, the does not fall into a multilateral con- • Reaffirmation of the commitment need for further progress in nuclear trol mechanism would immediately for nuclear disarmament under disarmament, outer space security be classified as a nuclear weapons Article VI of the NPT and concrete issues, and the situation regarding facility.) To some extent this would steps in that direction be a start to a proliferation-proof chemical and biological weapons • Upholding moratorium on nuclear technological path. conventions. The working group was test explosion (pending the entry Finally, scientists and technolo- composed of 33 members with back- into force of the Comprehensives gists hold a great responsibility to ground in science and diplomacy Nuclear-test-Ban Treaty) inform the general public about exist- from nineteen different countries. ing and emerging threats, for they are, Below is brief description of the • Negotiation on a Fissile Material in some areas, more capacitated to points discussed. Cut-off Treaty understand the impact of specific NPT 2005 Review Conference • Model Additional Protocol as the developments. On the basis of sci- standard for verifying compliance There was a deep and widely shared ence, we should discuss how to realize with Article III of the NPT concern about the failure of the NPT a peaceful culture and society, and 2005 Review Conference to achieve Other proposals were to reach an therefore give continuation to the results in strengthening the imple- agreement on the no-first use of spirit of the Russell-Einstein Mani- mentation of compliance with the nuclear weapons, address the prob- festo. Equally, we have an obligation treaty. Although the views about the lem of tactical nuclear weapons, to to seek to influence political spheres specific causes and measures to be prohibit the development of new in order to secure the world for future taken were some what different. nuclear weapons, the examination, generations. In the case of Pugwash – Many participants felt that the five for example, by like minded states, of traditionally scientific community – nuclear weapon states parties fall the legal, political and technical this could be done in coordination short of fulfilling their commitments requirements for negotiations leading with other organizations, in order to to nuclear disarmament and arms to a nuclear weapons free world. It increase our political leverage. control as expressed by the final doc- was further proposed that the intro-

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duction of legal dispute settlement gram as well as six party talks on efforts to develop space-based body to address issues of compliance North Korea would bring speedy weapons, including the readiness of with Article VI of the NPT would positive results. deployment of a ‘test bed” system by help in breaking the deadlock on the In general the need to achieve the the United States, following steps issue of disarmament. universality of the NPT was strongly were recommended: emphasized. Pugwash should support efforts to Article IV and Peaceful Use of urgently negotiate a prohibition on Nuclear Technology Nuclear Terrorism space-based weapons and the adop- The group also discussed issues In the context of discussion on tion of a system of common security related to Article-IV (peaceful uses of nuclear terrorism it was emphasized in outer space, a legal mechanism nuclear technology). The importance that there is urgent need to secure the which deals comprehensively with the of exploring multilateral options for existing stockpiles of the nuclear various problems of space security. improved control over sensitive parts material and to eliminate such mater- A working group/workshop of of the nuclear fuel cycle was stressed, ial as soon as possible. It was sug- Pugwash should be setup to look into along with the need to ensure the gested that technically it is possible the space security issues. right of NPT state parties to develop for a terrorist group having access to nuclear technology for peaceful pur- sufficient quantity of Highly Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions poses and to have guaranteed supply Enriched Uranium (HEU) to manu- of nuclear fuel. facture a primitive nuclear explosive The group received a detailed report Based on the argument that it is device to destroy a large part of a on the status of the implementation not possible to eliminate the possibil- city, killing many people. It is impor- of the conventions prohibiting ity of nuclear proliferation from a tant to note that this primitive respectively chemical and biological nuclear energy fuel cycle, it was sug- nuclear explosive device is much eas- weapons. It was emphasized that gested that the use of nuclear energy ier to manufacture compared to a efforts to achieve universality of the should be banned in a phased man- nuclear weapon developed by nuclear two conventions and to improve situ- ner. Renewable energy sources were states for military use. Some steps ation regarding their respective suggested as an alternative which are have been taken to improve the national implementation measures cheap and environmentally friendly. accounting and physical security of should be intensified. There was strong reservation from the nuclear material through cooper- some members on the proposal to ative arrangements. Another impor- ban the use of nuclear energy. How- tant development in this regard is the ever, it was decided that alternative 1993 “HEU deal” between US and sources of energy should be explored. Russia to down-blend the surplus Regional Nuclear Situations stockpiles of HEU of Russia to Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) to sell it to In 1998 there was a major setback to the United States Enrichment Corpo- the NPT regime when both India and ration (USEC), but the progress in Pakistan conducted nuclear weapon this is too slow. tests; it was proposed to study ways and means to bring them into the Outer Space Security nonproliferation regime. It was pointed out that there is no Regarding other regions there justification for deployment of was widely shared hope that the weapons and weapon systems in ongoing efforts to resolve the dis- space as it would lead to arms race in putes around the Iranian nuclear pro- space. Keeping in view the existing

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WORKING GROUP 3 has been the creation of more enemies than the “war” has destroyed. This, Terrorism, Human Rights and in turn, is thought to have increased International Security the number of active participants in terrorist activity, and, in parallel, gious authority of fighting “for the Co-Convenors: increased the number of supporting name of God” , with violence. The non-participants. Many persons feel Mohammed Kadry Said, impact is operational and ideological, that the actions of the United States in Gothom Arya and has a global reach. It can be very its “war on terror” may have created Rapporteur: efficient, on both the macro and indi- a self-fulfilling prophecy. The U.S. Adele Buckley vidual level. For example, anti-West policy on terrorism was formed under radical Islamic ideas have prevailed the Clinton administration, who were in Egypt, in less than 15 years. The well aware of al Qaeda as a poten- Terrorism Overview organization is not hierarchical; its tially deadly enemy, set-up a counter- Terrorism of the present covers a networks are increasing in number, terrorism group, and made many wide geographic scope, and uses both are difficult to detect, to predict and attempts to thwart it. The Bush simple and sophisticated means of to arrest. administration perceives that the destruction. As a result, there is an Terrorists try to divide society, threat is from militant Islam, labelling unprecedented threat to personal and do not want democracy. Acts of it the “global radical Islamist threat”, safety, security of states and the terrorism, it is believed by some, which is understood to be most dan- world economy. Terrorism has yet to could be better handled as a complex gerous when backed by resources of a be defined under international law. criminal and sociological problem, state. Because the threat is intolerable, The international criminal court has with a global scope. It is not hard to with no end in sight, all means are not designated terrorism as a war understand that we all identify with seen to be justified. crime, even though it may occur in people who think like ourselves. In Regional Security war as in peace. Kofi Annan’s High an environment where Western ways Level Panel has proposed a definition and ideals are the norm, outsiders Many states, and whole regions, have involving any actions intended to experience alienation, arising from faced terrorism and continue to be cause harm to civilians or non-com- the feeling that the group is under challenged. The intent of the terrorist batants. The roots of terrorism are attack. Oversimplifying this phenom- is to create instability, and their acts many, and are frequently site-specific. enon as an “us” and “them” situa- are planned to rivet the attention of In addition to historic conflict, tion demonizes the other side. all, so that the political impact will be poverty and under-development are Instead, the idea was expressed that maximized. Fear and panic are their factors. Deprivation and insults to we must win hearts and minds, and tools; destruction of civilian’s lives is human dignity make entire social to “remember your humanity”, we intentional. These are common fac- groups feel oppressed. Political inca- have to humanize even the terrorist, tors, but each has its own particular pacity is a most significant factor, not while protesting to the utmost our circumstances, and should be only in failed and fragile states, as opposition to their acts. addressed individually. The interpre- expected, but in the United States, tation of religious extremism does where the response to terrorism and Role of the United States not fit all, and also often disguises an the threat of terrorism has been mis- In this Working Group, many essentially economic protest. Extrem- conceived. expressed an aversion to the Bush ists who claim association with reli- Many, but not all, terrorist acts administration terminology “war on gion have, in some twisted way, a have roots in extreme interpretations terror”. Because of their violent and goal of publicity (which should be of Islam, backed by the apparent reli- military response to terrorism, there denied where possible).

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The most frequent occurrences of their motivation is not believed to be of Iraq is caused by the current war terrorist activity are local or regional, religious in nature; instead these indi- and occupation, as expected, but a rather than global. Specific situations viduals and groups are actually seek- component of it would be greatly in the Middle East, Africa, Iraq/Iran, ing influence and local importance. relieved if the economy was not in a Egypt and Thailand are reviewed here In the ethnic conflict in the South of shambles. It is strongly recommended as examples (there are, unfortunately, Thailand, violence on the part of that reconstruction be supported and many regions that have experienced security forces begets more violence. begin immediately. terrorism). It is almost universally true Egypt has had the experience of The memories of the Iraq-Iran that there is a historical antecedent to bringing a terrorist group under con- war of the 90s are still very clear, and every struggle, and the terrorist act is trol, but has now seen it rise again, although post-Saddam Iraq will cer- seen after a long buildup, with ratio- this time with more fanaticism and tainly be different, it will be hard for nale rooted in old conflict. the probable external high-level influ- Iraq to enter into a different relation- The Palestine problem is said to ence of al Qaeda. ship with Iran. Iran, it is proposed, exist as a result of collective acts of It was thought that Saddam Hus- should now get markets, and influ- injustice in its formation. Both sides sein might align himself with hostile ence in Iraq, and could seek a new of the conflict have inflicted grave Islam, and this is the background of level of relationship. One reason harm on civilians who are non-com- the American obsession with Iraq advanced is that it should be recog- batants. Israel has occupied Palestin- and the parallel obsession with Iran, nized that the majority in both coun- ian territory, and has used measures an Islamic state. The opinion was tries are Shiite Muslims, constituting that one would classify as state-led expressed that terrorist activity in a natural alliance. Iraq is, however, terrorism. Palestinian terrorism has Iraq is not the result of U. S. occupa- wary of interference from Iran in Iraq taken the form of suicide bombings in tion, but instead it is a type of mili- politics, while Iran is afraid of the Israel. Recently, Israel decided that its tary action against the eventual U.S. presence there. Over the long best recourse to protect its citizens establishment of a stable democratic term, the two countries will work out against suicide bombing was to build government, where militants cannot a new balance of power. a wall. The wall goes beyond protec- thrive. It may be that the Bush In Africa, long standing ethnic tion and has become a new instru- administration is mis-using the argu- conflicts are at work, with not much ment for repression, separating neigh- ment that its presence is required for evidence of religious motivation, even bours from each other, holding up security in Iraq to establish its global though different religious factions are normal flow at checkpoints, and caus- dominance. Democratizing the Mid- in conflict. Colonial wrongs in ing economic stress and humiliation dle East, including Syria, is part of Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda, and in to citizens on a daily basis. The entire the overall American plan. the Congo were at the root of the Palestinian population is affected, but External influence is widely conflicts in the 90s. Here again is an continues to hope that Israel can accepted to be behind the terror example of insecurity that is regional. abide by the International Court of attacks in Iraq. Old-regime personnel In 1972 there was killing and terror- Justice advisory ruling to the UN. are also involved in Iraq’s ongoing ism carried out by Tutsis against the Israel hopes for normal access to the terrorism. The host of unemployed Hutus. In Rwanda’s bordering coun- neighbouring Arab world. In the pre- men, most of whom have no motiva- try Burundi, the first Hutu president sent situation of escalating instability, tion except to collect their pay, makes was installed– he was assassinated by not only are both sides disadvan- it easy to execute a car bombing. the Tutsi minority. Rwanda felt the taged, but the security of the entire Reconstruction and the resulting pressure of lack of land for its agricul- region is threatened. improvement in employment turally based economy. Many sources Egypt, Thailand and others have prospects is thought to be able to of conflict existed and the Rwandan indigenous terrorists, some of whom bring with it relief from the bulk of crisis need not have been a surprise espouse religious views. However, the terrorism. The present situation for the international community.

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Although the UK had previously ability of success in nuclear terror- Therefore, control of HEU would experienced the IRA bombings, a ism. reduce the probability of constructing “regional” insecurity only occurred The international community a bomb to practically zero. (A with recent terrorist attacks, in Lon- must come together and cooperate on remaining threat is that a terrorist don and Madrid. Here the “region” preventing nuclear terrorism. This group could access under-secured, was the countries of the EU. The 9/11 would enable a network of informa- incomplete bombs in Russia. ) terrorists attacks in New York have tion to be established, better success An agreement between the US caused a regional insecurity in North at cutoff of money flow, analysis of and Russia, with a small contribu- America. To report on the status of why terrorist attacks are increasing, tions from the UK and others, has set terrorism in 2005, it must be stated and thus should provide a better up a system for de-enriching HEU, that terrorism now has a broad spec- chance of a workable global strategy. for subsequent use as nuclear fuel. trum of causes and a global scope. Through the UN, the international However, a serious strategic error on community should move forward on the part of the U.S. has allowed the Nuclear terrorism disarmament, and local and regional entire scheme to be privatized. Com- Because terrorism arising from Nuclear Weapons Free zones could mercial constraints mean that Rus- extreme interpretations of Islam aims cover a much wider geography. sia’s HEU will take 20 years to be de- at mass killing, panic, and major Plans are needed for protection of enriched. Meanwhile, this huge political impact, the preferred choice cities, and large cities particularly. Russian stockpile is vulnerable, as it could be a nuclear bomb. Possibilities Use of civilian rather than military would, for example, only take cor- for nuclear terrorism are not only a means offers major benefits, because ruption of a few workers to enable nuclear bomb in a city, but also occu- protection can be achieved without transfer to terrorist hands. Many in pation of a nuclear power station, or destruction. An extensive develop- the WG expressed astonishment that a nuclear missile site. ment of sensors technology (now at the U.S. could be so short sighted in The nuclear weapons materials in the prototype stage) has been pro- this matter, while at the same time the nuclear weapons states are not posed for both biological and nuclear issuing statements that WMD terror- fully secured against access by terror- materials detection. To install a com- ism is the greatest threat faced by the ists. The sheer quantity of the large plete system for such devices, for United States. nuclear arsenals of the US and Russia example, at all US ports would take Some Pugwash members have increases the chance of a breech of $10 billion annually, but such “insur- met with American leaders to explain security; international black markets ance “ is not more expensive than a this very dangerous situation but it do exist. Research reactors used for single failure to protect by military- has fallen on deaf ears – this WG development of new weapons are not type methodology. It was proposed would encourage extreme persistence well secured. The hawkish stance of that this means of protection should by Pugwash on the HEU issue until the US spurs proliferation, and pro- be installed until a period when there is action. Relatively, the cost is duces more potential access points to denial of access to nuclear material is bearable, and the alternative to inac- the terrorist groups. Security of assured. tion could well be a city destroyed by weapons grade material in new The true protection against an in-situ nuclear bomb. nuclear weapons states is likely to be nuclear terrorism is through denial of The question was asked regarding unsatisfactory as a barrier to terrorist the key component – the fissile mate- how the NPT commitment that every access. In addition energy is a neces- rial. Plutonium could be used, but the country has a right to the peaceful sity for all nations and to satisfy this technical implementation is complex. use of nuclear energy would be kept. need, many nuclear power plants will Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) can The plan put forward by the IAEA1 is be built, thus generating more access be assembled into a nuclear bomb that, for all countries newly installing points for weapons materials. These with materials and complete specifi- a nuclear power plant, HEU would factors combine to increase the prob- cations that are readily available. be produced at a central secure loca-

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tion and a supply of nuclear fuel the probability of a silent support tural roots and the mainstream cul- would be guaranteed. This would go base for acts of terrorism in that ture was a factor in the recent Lon- a long way toward resolving the crisis place and possibly against the MNE’s don bombings. As well as a positive in Iran, but would imply some loss of property. In Palestine, one large role, dialogue may have a negative sovereignty, so achieving take-up of MNE is a source of scholarships, effect as a distraction from ongoing this plan would not be straightfor- environmental and social benefits. oppressive actions occurring in paral- ward When MNE operations do not bene- lel to the dialogue between the con- It was pointed out that agreement fit the people, there is no relief from flicting parties. to take on the protections of the NPT motivation for terrorism. Revenues On an international level, the eco- was achieved over many years and at paid to the government for mining nomic destruction that would result first only a few signed. Over the operations must be seen to benefit the from nuclear terrorism should be of years, however, it has been signed by people. Tourism revenues must bene- immediate concern to the multina- all but three nations. A similar pat- fit not only the MNE/operator but tional enterprises. They should work tern may be possible with the must be seen to spread through the through and enlarge organizational Nuclear Fuel Cycle program, and so local economy. In Egypt, for exam- means such as the UN Global Com- nuclear material from power genera- ple, terrorism led to closure of chain pact to strengthen the global treaty tion could be secured and made inac- restaurants, loss of jobs – a visible system, fully support the IAEA and cessible to terrorists. One of the par- lesson to local terrorist sympathizers. secure nuclear power plants, ports ticipants suggested that new nuclear Would these MNEs have been spared and border checkpoints. energy use should be delayed until we if they sponsored social programs? On a global scale, the UN is the know how to properly safeguard it. Multilateral dialogue can easily obvious facilitator of monitoring, deteriorate to fixed “national inter- and of dialogue. Soft power in the The Effects of Globalization est” positions. One route to open a hands of the UN, for comprehensive With globalization, the Multinational dialogue that leads to improved verification as well as monitoring, Enterprises (MNEs) have increased human security would be a people- would add to security. The UN sys- their influence and power, but gener- to-people approach because they see tem has produced some relative fail- ally are non-participants in global issues in relation to their own inter- ures at the local level, because of cor- security matters. Since all of society is ests. If true dialogue is facilitated ruption. In the Congo, for example, affected by terrorism, all must partic- between persons of different cultures the people are said to hate the UN ipate in alleviating it, including and religions, there is a belief that mission, some of whose members MNEs. Over the years, the Corporate differences can be accepted and violate the rights of local people. In Social Responsibility (CSR) move- respected. This would be a gradual the Great Lakes region of Africa, it ment has taken hold, because it is in process, a path to improved human was said that the UN mission had the interest of corporate sharehold- security, and a means of setting an data on movement of people, access ers. Now is the time for MNEs to example. Such efforts could be valu- to information on water and, gener- recognize that their self interest lies in able in the developing world where ally had means of intervening at a augmenting their famous triple bot- globalization tends to dilute or even stage before conflict became serious. tom line, so that it becomes the destroy local cultures. As people of Greater analysis of UN information quadrupule bottom line – Economic, many cultures migrate to the devel- and use of UN facilitation is recom- Environment, Social and Security. oped world, a multicultural society is mended. MNEs can have a positive effect seen to exist. Too often, these sepa- Hope for the Future on the local social and economic rate but accepted cultures become environment for a relatively small isolated, and espouse radical ideas. It was generally agreed that the only expenditure, and thus decrease local There is a belief that such disconnec- true way out of terrorism is through impoverishment. That then decreases tion of people from both their cul- the law. No country or group must

70 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 Pugwash Meeting No. 309 be above the law. Replacing injustice ment and insults to human dignity replaced by understanding through with justice is essential, and over that characterize terrorism in failed integration of multicultural commu- time, injustice will ease. or fragile states. Justice must replace nities. To have hope for the future, it There is already religious toler- injustice. All sources of influence and is essential to believe that terrorism is ance amongst Christians, Muslims power, including states, NGOs, temporary, working case by case to and Jews. It is counterproductive and multinational enterprises and individ- understand the problem and apply an inflammatory to use terms like uals have a responsibility to partici- appropriate remedy. “Islamic terrorist”, and it is strongly pate in these efforts. Since terrorists recommended that this be avoided in developed countries have been dis- 1 IAEA – International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEA has proposed a method- Where there is mistrust, we need placed from their cultural roots and ology known as the Nuclear Fuel Cycle. more transparency, and where there not integrated into society’s main- is cultural separateness to the degree stream, their mistrust must be that there is widespread misinforma- tion, we need integration of commu- nities, not separate cultures under the WORKING GROUP 4 apparently tolerant umbrella of mul- ticulturalism. The Islamic World and Relations with the West To have hope for the future, it is essential that we believe that terror- Convener: cussants were Muslims. Our discus- ism is temporary, working within sions were vigorous and well- Talat Masood each region, case by case to under- informed. stand the problem and apply an Rapporteur: We operated on two basic appropriate remedy. Siddiq Wahid assumptions. First, that the relation- SUMMARY ship between the world of Islam and the West today are abysmal. Second, Terrorism, as practised in 2005, has a This constitutes the proceedings of that neither the West nor Islam is a broad spectrum of causes and a Working Group 4 of the 55th Pug- monolithic entity. These assumptions global scope. Prevention of nuclear wash Conference on Science and should be kept in mind when going terrorism is a priority, and a co-oper- World Affairs. Our brief was to dis- over the recommendations of the ative international effort would cuss “The Islamic World and its Rela- Group. improve the chances of success. tions with the West”. Given the free-flow format of the Immediate, rather than gradual, de- Our Group met for all six ses- discussion and the breadth of its enrichment of HEU is a priority, so sions, with an average attendance of scope, it was decided at the start that that the chain of supply of potential twenty-three participants. Twenty- the rapporteur should focus on three bomb material can be broken. The seven individuals had signed up for central questions during the discus- so-called “war on terror” has been participation in it. There were partic- sions. These were: (i) what are the misconceived, and over-reaction of ipants from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, root causes of the negative relation- the U.S. has created new enemies and Canada, Egypt, France, India, Iran, ship between Islam and the West? (ii) more terrorist supporters. The termi- Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Pak- Given that the symptoms of this con- nology “Islamic terrorist” is an istan, Palestine, Russia and the dition were antagonism and violence inflammatory and counter-productive United States. We had in our midst on the part of both sides, how do we terminology because it labels a individuals who were academics, bridge the divide between them? And diverse community of 1.5 billion politicians, businessmen and techni- (iii) what can/should Pugwash do to Muslims. More resources should be cal professionals. Fourteen of the dis- address the situation? supplied to alleviate the impoverish-

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The Root Causes resulted in psycho-social problems problems that, it was suggested, can Broadly speaking, the Group identi- for all societies. The post-colonial be addressed only by radical changes fied two broad causes for the prob- Muslim world, deprived of either in its constitution. Pakistan, although 1 lematic of the relationship between instruction or debate in this arena, founded by a secularist in an argu- the West and Islam. These were issues had led to economic and social inse- ment over political power sharing, that are, equally it must be empha- curity on a larger scale. has shown alarming tendencies sized, internal and external to Islam Next, it was recognized that dur- towards Islamist ideology. And many today. ing the late colonial age and after, Iraqis, struggling to survive as a there has been a growing rift between nation and a state, are caught Causes internal to Islam: the Western-schooled Muslim (often between the paradox of having to First in this category was mention of co-terminus with liberal Muslims) endorse Western (chiefly American) differences in the interpretation of and the overwhelming majority who intervention and simultaneously bear Islamic canons and extra-canonical are not literate in Western languages the burden of “proof” that this is not commentaries. In other words, as in or often even in the vernacular. This at the cost of its own sovereignty. other religions, there are several lev- condition has resulted in the mis-edu- To summarize the discussion on els at which the Islamic scriptures can cation of both “liberal” and “conser- the possible internal causes of the be interpreted. However, vested inter- vative” Muslims as to a future direc- problems in the Islamic world: it is a ests adopt one or another stance, as it tion for the adherents of the religion. religion at a theological cross-road in favors political opportunity. It was The participants of our Group its journey through history and it is a repeatedly emphasized that although also recognized the difficulty pre- group of almost a hundred Muslim- this phenomenon was not unique to sented by the problem of determining majority countries at a turning point Islam, it was aggravated in the case who would speak for the Muslims. in their political evolution. The West of Islam because of its large popula- Muslim-majority lands are scattered can either join it in its philosophical tion, the diffusion of this population between Morocco and Indonesia; debate and participate in its political and the diversity of its social, ethnic, and increasingly Europe and America institution building, or aggravate the national and political make up. are home to significant numbers who situation by manipulating ignorance It was also pointed out that con- profess the religion. The lack of any to create prejudice and bigotry. tested interpretations were not provision, within the theological and Some causes external to Islam unique to Islam in modern times. political framework of the religion, Exegetical debate and intellectual dis- which locates a single “leader” or The framing of my last sentence has sent has existed in Islam from the even “spokesperson” for this diffuse been deliberate. Several members of earliest times. Mutazilite rationalism population, adds to the complexity. the Group expressed the importance of the 9th century, ibn Taymiyya’s Finally, we also had enlightening of avoiding the temptation of facilely puritanism a few centuries later and “case study” presentations of some placing the blame for the Islamic other movements were mentioned to Muslim majority countries which world’s current woes solely on the illustrate this point. Yet it was illustrated the problems not only on a Western doorstep. Yet, there was accepted that the present-day dissent global scale, but locally as well. decided consensus that there are his- has led to socio-political actions that Egypt and Iran have had significantly torical causes initiated by the West are radical and, increasingly, violent rich traditions of liberal academic that have aggravated the Islamic con- in nature. and social discourse, but the prob- dition today and threaten to prolong Another view within the Group lems of political liberty and freedom and deepen it. It was these that were pointed out that the challenges of of expression persist. Jordan today chiefly discussed in the context of the modernity (roughly meaning the remains a monarchy, is considered external causes to the problems fac- post-industrial revolution period in “moderate” and finds favor with the ing the Islamic world. this case) were such that they have West; yet it has difficult structural To begin with, the participants

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mooted the post-16th century devel- to gain power through ballot-box the Group with regard to the prob- opment of Western political domi- politics. lem within Islam. The crux of this nance on the world stage. It has Finally, time and again, partici- problem might be stated in the fol- seemingly been cultivated into a cate- pants used the reference point of the lowing manner: gorical imperative to domination that mid-1970s, as directly responsible for “Is the concept of an Islamic has persisted well into the twentieth the current low in the relations shariah state compatible with century. It manifested itself through between Islam and the West. This, it that of a democratic secular colonialism. will be remembered, was when state?” In the first half of the 20th cen- aggressive U.S. policies sought to There were those amongst us, tury, the West’s recognition of the control the energy resources in the Muslim and non-Muslim, who felt criticality of harnessing energy Middle East and elsewhere. It was a that the two ideas were indeed com- resources coincided with the disman- move that dramatically alienated the patible. These individuals held that tling of the Ottoman legacy. As is Muslims of those regions from the although the “democracy” thus born well known, these resources lay in West. At the same time, given the pal- would not necessarily be modeled Muslim lands, resulting in the argu- pable exclusion of the common man along Western lines, it nevertheless ment to Western hegemony as well, a in democratic processes by their own would be a democracy. At the same process that was begun by the princi- rulers, and Western support for the time there were others amongst us, pal empire of the day. latter, the alienation of the Muslim Muslim and non-Muslim, who The process of decolonization in masses resulted in political mobiliza- argued that the two concepts (Islamic the mid-20th century resulted in the tion on the basis of religion. shariah state and democratic secular newly independent Muslim majority To summarize this part of the dis- state) were incompatible and that countries having to adopt, and adapt cussion, the general trend of the argu- what was needed was for Muslim to, modern political institutions on ment seemed to be that the West in majority countries to transform the one hand and, on the other hand, general over the past half millen- themselves into secular democratic address the social and economic nium, and the United States in partic- states, without prejudice to minority inequities that a century or more of ular over the last half a century, has religions in particular and all its citi- Western colonialism had left behind. become habituated to political domi- zens in general. This was not unrelated to the tacit nance. It is loathed to countenance Needless to say, this was not an alliances that were formed between any substantive challenge to it. At the easy question to address. And I also Western educated Muslim rulers (as same time, the lack of political free- wish to report that we did not find a mentioned earlier) and Western pow- dom in many if not most of the Mus- solution to it in the half hour of dis- ers, creating a gap within populations lim majority countries has resulted in cussion that was left to us! But at the in Muslim countries. the alienation of the ruling elite from same time, the Pugwash Council This gap, it was perceptively the ruled. These two alienations, of might consider it as the central ques- pointed out by some members of the the Islamic world from the West and tion to address and debate in the sub- Group, was often filled by a “lumpen Muslim citizens from their rulers, sequent meetings of this very critical intelligentsia”,2 who either half- have converged to form a powerful Group in the Pugwash initiatives on understood radical critiques of west- anti-Western sentiment. It is this cycle world affairs. ern dominance by Muslim intellectu- of reinforcement that needs breaking. als or were manipulated by Before concluding this section of Bridging the divide between Islam and the West charismatic political leaders to seize the discussions on the “root causes” political power. They used the idiom of the problems between Islam and As I said at the start, this was an of religion in political discourse. In the West I would be remiss in not informed discussion. The Group any event, it created a new class of reporting a seminal juxtaposition members recognized the futility of leadership amongst those who sought that was posed by some members of suggesting ways and means to over-

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 73 Pugwash Meeting No. 309 come the difficulties in the divide There was some discussion as to • Pugwash could ask its national between Islam and the West, two whether some of the difficult political chapters to identify Muslim scien- diverse mosaics, in vague generalities. problems that exist in the Muslim tists, writers and others who had con- However, it was still felt that some world, led by the Palestine – Israel tributed positively to the world’s general and directional suggestions one, had their genesis in religious knowledge wealth. Once identified, it could be made as an initial step. rivalry or political power play. There could find ways to publicize them These were as follows: were some who argued that it was and talk about their positive influ- To begin with, there was consen- indeed a religious problem, and oth- ence in their specific societies or in sus on the need for the West and for ers who argued that it was a political the world at large. Islam to reach out to each other. one entangled in a religious idiom. Given the history of the divide and, Predictably, we did not reach a con- 1 I must point out that these analyses perhaps, its length, this could not be sensus on this question! must be understood without prejudice done without conscious effort and It was felt by many in the Group to many exceptions to this rule that dot the history of Islam. There were, in strong political will. Both must be that regardless of the genesis of the other words, many social reformers, garnered. problem, the resolution of the Pales- but their success was either limited to a We had a thought provoking pre- tine – Israel conflict and the balancing small social circle or simply cut short. sentation which sought to argue that of the United State’s unqualified sup- 2 The term ‘lumpen intelligentsia’, first there is a need to think in terms of a port of Israel would go a long way in introduced by well-known scholars on political Islam, was not used by anyone paradigm of “pluralistic universal- convincing the Muslim world of the during the discussions; however the ism” rather than politics and eco- now-official Washington position that sense of it, meaning a hazy and shallow nomics. That is, an understanding of the United States is not anti-Muslim. understanding of the philosophical, his- each other by the world’s societies torical and theological underpinnings of What can Pugwash do? Islam, appeared to be what was meant based on civilizational analogy, by those who critiqued the role of this Again, the Group did not have empathy, legitimacy and acceptance; segment of Muslims around the world. something that would make room for enough time to discuss this practical rewarding civilizational dialogue and important question at any rather than civilizational clashes. length. However, members of the During this discussion we were pre- Group did mention some points to sented with an intriguing set of paral- the rapporteur, which I list here. lels between Islam and Buddhism, • Pugwash must continue its ini- two religions that are popularly con- tiative in sponsoring this dialogue as sidered to be poles apart, and shown an important part of its deliberations. how the two could work in an It is much needed, and will bear fruit alliance of civilizations towards in time. global order. • It was proposed that the ISYP Several Muslim members of the members could take the lead in a Group pointed out that there was an practical sense by using the potent increasing need for the moderate-lib- mediums of media and tourism to eral Muslim, on the one hand, to bond the youth of communities in educate the West on the positive adversarial positions. The Middle aspects of Islam and, on the other Eastern case was mentioned explic- hand, for this same group to speak itly, but could hold true in other out against misinterpreted and aber- regions of the Muslim world as well. rant forms of Islam. The Pugwash forum could be used to kick-start these ideas.

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WORKING GROUP 5 both Pyongyang’s and Tokyo’s mis- calculation. The historical legacy also Regional Security in East Asia affects the issue. Neither Pyongyang nor Tokyo has a clear definition of the issue’s resolution. It might well be larly from the US in the form of secu- Conveners: addressed in a broader context of the rity guarantee, and eventually the Yang Chengxu, human rights and welfare issue. peace treaty. Since rapprochement with Behzad Shahandeh the US and Japan is regarded to be yet Sino-Japan Relation and East Rapporteur: remote, the two Koreas would go Asian Security Masako Ikegami ahead with mutual recognition of their The group agreed upon the impor- respective sovereignty, which is to be tance of the ‘shared future’ across The group recognizes that the North followed by proactive economic and national boundaries in dealing with Korean nuclear crisis poses a serious industrial engagement. The time is ripe the legacy of history. The historical challenge to the NPT regime and the for the North-South rapprochement. legacy and Japan’s war crime issue future regional security. The group Since the early 1990s, the North have surged frictions with China and had discussions based on our consen- Korean nuclear crisis has gone Korea with almost regular intervals sus on (1) the nuclear-free Korean through a number of lost opportuni- in the past two decades, such as the Peninsula, (2) peaceful dialogue for ties, misjudgement out of distrust, Yasukuni Shrine and a history text- opening a window of opportunity, (3) lack of communication, lack of book. But recent incidents show that peace & stability of East Asia. The coherent policy and divided decision- such historical legacy issues are now group agrees that any nuclear test making among the governments linked to geo-political issues such as would be an unmitigated disaster. The involved. Geo-politics of the region territorial disputes. In Japan, the war group discussed the following issues. also complicate the situation. legacy used to be an issue of ideologi- An enriched uranium issue could cal confrontation between the conser- North Korean Nuclear Crisis and make a formidable bottleneck to a the 4th 6-Party Talks vative and radical liberals. A particu- peaceful diplomatic solution. lar war memory is to be balanced The group paid much attention to Pyongyang is not ready to discuss the with relativity. For instance, in the understanding Pyongyang’s percep- issue of the 6-Party talks, because past, the Hiroshima memorial tion regarding the nuclear crisis. complete denuclearization is synony- museum had exhibitions of only the Pyongyang suffers from a severe mous to disarmament in Pyongyang’s atom-bomb victims. Now an exhibi- sense of insecurity and betrayal due eyes. Thus, the 6-party talks might put tion on Japan’s past invasions in wars to various incidents such as nuclear aside the enriched uranium issue. For has been added to give a more bal- blackmailing during the Korean War the US, on the other hand, the North anced picture. Urged are intellectual and a potentially offensive posture of Korean attitude on the uranium issue efforts to learn a universal lesson the US forces against N. Korea, is a benchmark of Pyongyang’s sincer- from these particular historical inci- accession to the NPT upon the ity on denuclearization. Accepting dents. Soviet’s inducement, and economic North Korea as a de facto nuclear Politicization of war memories is crisis. Such severe circumstances and weapon state would be a fatal prece- a dangerous deed. While war memo- isolation can easily formulate an dent and damage the NPT regime, ries tend to stay emotional, govern- autistic perception. Thus it is impor- which might cause dangerous spill- ments tend to exploit war memories tant for the 6-party talks to formulate over effects on other parts of East Asia for their political agenda, which in convincing measures to have North and elsewhere. turn harm their foreign policies and Korea feel easy and safe. The Japanese abduction issue is a strategy by narrowing their own pol- Pyongyang sincerely wishes politi- highly sensitive one, triggered by icy-options. Rather, more efforts are cal recognition of its regime, particu-

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 75 Pugwash Meeting No. 309 to be made toward the ‘shared already a sign of the risk in the East Mongolia, Russia, China, the two future’. China Sea, Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands. Koreas and Japan. Sino-Japan relations have been For oil business with Iran, Beijing has Anticipated shortages of oil susceptible to partial perceptions stated is opposition to bringing the resources prompt efforts of nuclear affected by the war legacy. History issue of Iran’s uranium enrichment energy, which has many side-effects. shows that improved mutual-percep- program before the UN Security Nuclear energy technology transfer, tions of objective understanding of Council. Energy issues can inflict as dual-use technology, should be historical facts helped solve major negative impacts on security issues, if scrutinized carefully. diplomatic and territorial issues, as not addressed properly. Finally, the group discussed was the case with the US-China rela- There is a possibility of regional China’s nuclear weapons policy, tions in the 1970s. Thus, reconcilia- cooperation on other related issues, regarding a PLA major-general’s tion between China and Japan is such as technological cooperation for recent controversial remarks on vitally important to achieve a win- liquid natural gas and anti-pollution China’s no-first-use policy. The win situation on many pending issues devices, an area in which Japan is Chinese government thereafter re- between the two countries. pre-eminent. There has been much iterated its non-first-use policy, discussion, albeit with little concrete however. De-emphasizing nuclear Impacts of the energy issue in East Asian Security actions, on Northeast Asian energy weapons and improving the security cooperation, connecting by pipelines milieu are necessary. China-Japan competition over energy has intensified. For instance, the two countries are competing over oil in Iran/the Middle East and Russia. China is vigorously approaching the WORKING GROUP 6 Middle East for energy deals. Japan’s alleged Azadegan oil business with Sustainable Development and Non-Military Iran was constrained by the US Threats to Security because of the concern over Iran’s uranium enrichment program. Fossil fuel replacement by other energies is Shaping the Pugwash Agenda yet remote. Co-Conveners: The purpose of the working group The energy issue affects geo-poli- Marie Muller, M.S. Swaminathan was twofold: It served as an incuba- tics and strategy. In China, the energy Rapporteur: tor for identifying new topics for the issue is related to geo-political issues Tom Børsen Hansen Pugwash agenda, but it also such as Taiwan and the Malacca addressed the basic principles of Pug- Strait. Like Japan in the 1970s, China More than 30 persons participated in wash, which should guide the identi- is expanding its diplomatic scope for working group 6 having diverse geo- fication of the new topics. securing its energy sources to diver- graphical and disciplinary back- Three prime criteria were sug- sify its oil supply sources into the grounds. Over 20 papers and talks on gested in the working group to facili- Middle East, Central Asia and Rus- diverse topics were presented during tate the selection of new topics for sia. China-Japan competition over oil the first four working group sessions, further elaboration: of Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Russia is leaving little time for discussions. Rec- 1. The topic should be an emerg- noteworthy. ommendations for actions of Pug- ing issue, i.e. that is largely uncharted Surging energy consumption and wash constituencies were discussed in in public awareness and still offers demands in the region could cause a the fifth working group session. scope for remedial action; risk of energy conflicts. There is

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2. The topic should comprise a Non-military threats to human ern Africa (“first wave countries”) real or potential security challenge, security with countries that are expected to i.e. be a threat to sustainable peace; The first of the UN’s development experience a “second wave” (China 3. It should pose analytical and millennium goals is to reduce by half and India) in the global spread of the ethical challenges to current conven- the proportion of people living on HIV/AIDS pandemic. Factoids tional wisdoms, and therefore require less than a dollar a day, and hence to regarding HIV / AIDS statistics and a way of thinking fitted to the new decrease the number of people who the role of military in the spread of circumstances. suffer from hunger. When promoting HIV/AIDS were unmasked, and the food security one must distinguish history of political (mis)-management Second order criteria may also between three types of hunger: of the AIDS epidemic in South Africa often be used: chronic hunger that is caused by was reviewed, which is of special 1. To a certain level it should be a poverty, hidden hunger (vitamin and importance for policy-makers in sec- controversial subject that, if neces- mineral deficiency) and temporal ond wave countries. The proposed sary, may require the unmasking or hunger caused by drought, flood and fifth workshop in India will therefore debunking of established political civil/ethnic conflicts. All three types be timely. discourses and of ‘factoids’ (scientific of hunger must be addressed by A working group presentation or popular myths or opinions that national strategies aimed at fulfilling unravelled publicly held myths are repeated so often that they are the UN millennium goals. Such related to nutrition and HIV/AIDS. perceived as facts); strategies must ensure that food is Good nutrition and micronutrient 2. It should be an analytical or available, accessible to people, and supplementation can largely cure conceptual challenge amenable to that it is absorbed in the body. Meet- malnutrition, but cannot cure clinical trans-disciplinary academic/scientific ing the UN goal of reducing the num- HIV/AIDS. Untreated HIV/AIDS analysis and debate; ber of people suffering from hunger is exacerbates malnutrition, and a well- 3. It should not only be relevant closely related with the creation of balanced sound nutrition can only at the short term, but especially form jobs, and the transformation of prevent and cure malnutrition, and a long-term issue as well; unskilled workers into skilled ones. delay the inevitable. Underlying dis- 4. The selection should take into Fulfilling the first UN goal in Africa ease needs to be treated. Thus a drug consideration Pugwash’s particular is related to an increase of agricul- cum nutrition approach needs to be strengths and areas of core compe- tural productivity. Such an increase promoted. tences. If skills are lacking they can be created by a rainbow revolu- The risk of an influenza pandemic should be identified and co-opted. tion reflecting the agricultural diver- for which we have no medical rem- An argument was delivered for sity of the African continent. edy widely and promptly available, Pugwash to open up its agenda to The background and outcomes of was addressed in a presented paper. deal with a framework of human the three Pugwash exploratory work- During the working discussions it security and human development. It shops on HIV/AIDS viewed as a was contested whether an influenza was based on the observation that global security threat were presented. pandemic is an emerging new threat most present day conflicts show a dif- These workshops explored potential to global security. Similarly other ferent constellation of conflict factors Pugwash roles in the enlarged security potential forms of bio-perils and bio- than earlier “old conflicts” of the agenda to address threats with no terrorism will have to be carefully cold war era. Present day conflicts enemies, of which HIV/AIDS is an monitored. have an intrastate nature and are his- example. The purpose of the third The tsunami disaster was dis- torical, dynamic and multi-dimen- workshop was to share the experi- cussed in three papers. It was argued sional phenomena that have multiple ences and lessons, both good and bad, that no single country can success- causes and consequences. learned in the management of the fully take-on an early warning system pandemic in South Africa and South- of tsunamis and earthquakes. It was

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suggested that UN should take a The role of CO2 sequestration, An iconoclastic critique of univer- leading role in setting up such sys- and particularly that of wetlands (e.g. sity science education was posed. tems, though the process of setting up the Siberian Tundra), needs to be One point of criticism was test-based early warming mechanisms should understood better. Energy issues in learning that leads to students’ mem- take into account traditional national the context of climate change were orising facts instead of thinking for security interests. discussed, in particular which role themselves. To overcome this prob- The impact of the tsunami disas- renewable and nuclear energy lem it would be helpful to review and ter and the post-tsunami reconstruc- should/could play. Energy conserva- revise pedagogic methodologies. Stu- tion in Sri Lanka were addressed. tion is important too, as might be dents also need time to reflect on

Two examples of what was viewed as CO2 capture and storage in connec- what they are doing, and why they inappropriate tsunami restoration in tion with the continued use of fossil are doing it. Knowledge and values Sri Lanka were mentioned — rejec- fuels. A proposal was made to hold a are interconnected. tion of rebuilding new housing on the workshop on comparable advantages A presented paper argued that we seafront on stilts, and an announced of different energy sources. must follow certain values or princi- 100 meter seafront safety zone that ples if we are to prevent global Science and values does not take height above main sea threats and hence achieve a sustain- level into account. Two contrasting views on the rela- able future. Values for sustainable liv- tions between science and values were ing were identified, and categorised Climate change and the Kyoto identified. From one perspective val- protocol as the minimum common denomina- ues are seen to be culture specific, and tor for all cultures and even all indi- Climate change is a serious threat, hence no universal standard of ethical viduals. The highest possible degree but how to deal with it is con- behaviour in science as such can be of – but not total – diversity of values tentious. There are tensions and formulated. The opposite viewpoint is assumed. In decision-making today emerging conflicts due to different was put forward that global moral pragmatic strategies are often chosen views on climate change and particu- imperatives do exist, such as: Never ignoring value-based approaches that larly the economic impact of the shall we put an end to the human race hold certain values as un-negotiable. Kyoto protocol for different nations. (cf. the Russell-Einstein Manifesto). It was suggested to promote more a The Kyoto protocol is only a small Some participants called for promot- culture of peace, and harmony with step but causes significant problems. ing ethical codes of conduct. nature. The Kyoto protocol was negoti- There are also the emerging dif- ated based on experience from arms ferences in perception and policy for- Towards sustainable development control treaties, which is not always mulation in respect to new technolo- best suited for tackling climate gies, particularly food and A possible reconciliation strategy to change, and may not give enough agricultural biotechnology. Pugwash solve regional conflicts was identi- incentives to move in the right direc- has undertaken studies in the fields fied, based on the idea that conflict- tion and fast enough. CO2 emissions analysing risks and benefits in the ing parties must realise that the are not warheads. This point of view area of agricultural and food biotech- future of the children, affected by was contrasted by the point of view nology. It may be useful to continue conflicts, is stolen from them, and that not just the overall level of CO2 this careful analysis further, since that the adults have failed to solve reduction is important but also the there are both potential trade and the conflicts. The seeds of peace must rate of change. A positive aspect of political conflicts arising from differ- be sowed in the minds of children by the Kyoto protocol is that it can slow ent perceptions on the benefits of pediatricians, nurses, schoolteachers down the emissions, and hence buy biotechnology including nano- and others working with children time for finding better solutions. biotechnology. affected by conflicts.

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Integrated Costal Zone Manage- ment (ICZM) was presented as a way for governments to manage ecologi- cal problems in the coastal areas. It acknowledges the interrelationships among – and the potential conflicts between – coastal and ocean uses and users as well as the effects on the environment. ICZM is designed to overcome fragmentation inherent in sector-split management, and is a holistic management technique that requires data on many different phe- nomena. It was suggested that the trans-disciplinary way of thinking embedded in the ICZM and other fields be studied further. Excursion in Hiroshima Bay: Douglas Roche, Claudia Vaughn, Jean Edgerton, A project aimed at writing a book Paolo Cotta-Ramusino, and Behzad Shahandeh. series on Science and Civilisation in Sri Lanka on the lines of Joseph non-military threats to security like could be very useful in that regard. Needham’s famous Science and civili- bio-perils (e.g. the HIV/AIDS pan- During the elaboration of topics sation in China was presented. Dur- demic and potential threats of bioter- in these workshops it is essential to ing discussions it was emphasized rorism), climate change and water reflect on the underlying values, that Do How does not automatically issues, hunger and poverty, environ- political ramifications and ethical follow from Know How, as technol- mental security, and distribution of aspects, as these have gradually ogy needs adaptation to the local economic and natural resources. become an integral part of any context. Time was not available to thor- responsible scientific approach Two papers addressed urban oughly discuss these threats in detail towards contemporary global/ issues. The first one focused on envi- or to prioritise them. The important regional/national issues. Similarly, it ronmental assessment tools and message from this working group is was suggested that education, dis- development of urban infrastructure. that Pugwash should remain open to semination and public advocacy be The second paper analysed key fea- new emerging threats and, therefore, integral parts of any approach tures from the draft World Charter to new agenda items selected in terms adopted. on “the Right to the City” presented of the prime criteria mentioned in the The proposed Pugwash workshop by various NGOs at the World Social beginning of this report. series could develop regional overlays Forum, 2005. It was proposed that Pugwash of the various potential sources of Conclusion start a process of internal reflection conflict. These areas of potential One of the purposes of working on how to deal with the challenges of environmental insecurity can be group 6 was to identify potential new these non-military threats. Pugwash superimposed on Pugwash analyses topics for further elaboration by Pug- Netherlands is prepared to host a of political and nuclear scenarios to wash. The group’s discussions cen- first workshop on this topic to out- develop composite maps that charac- tred round non-military security line those new challenges to human terize regions of the world that are threats. Working group participants security and sustainable develop- particularly at risk from multiple suggested that Pugwash could pursue ment. The proposed Dutch workshop forms of security challenges.

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Participants

Dr. Sadek Abdelaal, Founder and Chair- Pacific (HOAP), Japan, Director, Mrs. Sandra Ionno Butcher, Independent man, PeaceDiatrics Society, Cairo, Egypt; IPS/UNITAR Publication Series in Peace- consultant, Pugwash History Project, Pediatrician, Cairo University, Children’s keeping [formerly: Chief, New York Falls Church, VA, USA Hospital Office, UNITAR] Prof. Francesco Calogero, Member, Pug- Dr. Mohamed Ezzeldine Abdel-Moneim, Prof. Masako Bando, Director, Media wash Council; Professor of Theoretical Professor, International Law & Organiza- Information Center, Aichi University, Physics, University of Rome “La tion, Suez Canal University, Cairo, Egypt; Miyoshi, Aichi, Japan Sapienza”, Rome, Italy Senior Adviser on Arms Control and Prof. Gabriel Baramki, Consultant to the Col. (ret.) Pierre Canonne, Member, Pug- Strategic Affairs, The League of Arab Palestinian Ministry of Higher Education, wash Council [formerly: Senior Lecturer, States; Member, United Nations Commit- Ramallah; President, Palestinian Council Disarmament and Arms Control, Univ. tee on Economic, Social and Cultural for Justice and Peace Marne-la-Vallés/Paris, France Human Rights Mrs. Haifa Baramki, Director, Education Ms. Chen Huaifan, Director, General Amb. Nobuyasu Abe, Under-Secretary- for Life-Palestinian branch; Chairperson Office, Chinese People’s Association for General for Disarmament Affairs, United of the Board of Directors of Peace and Disarmament (CPAPD), Nations, New York, NY PANORAMA: Palestinian Center for the Beijing, China Dr. Clark Abt, Chairman, Abt Associates Disemination of Democracy & Commu- Mr. Ralph Cossa, President, Pacific Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; nity Development; Member, Executive Forum CSIS, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA; Associate, Belfer Center for Science and Council of the Palestinian YWCA Executive Director, US Committee, International Affairs, Kennedy School of Dr. Kayhan Barzegar, Assistant Professor Council for Security Cooperation in the Government, Harvard University of International Relations, Islamic Azad Asia-Pacific (CSCAP) Gen. (ret.) Mansour Abu Rashid, Chair- University (IAU), Science and Research Prof. Paolo Cotta-Ramusino, Secretary- man, Amman Center for Peace and Campus; Editor-in-chief, Journal of Law General, Pugwash Conferences on Science Development, Amman, Jordan and Politics; Senior Research Fellow, and World Affairs; Member, Pugwash Center for Scientific Research and Middle Amb. (ret.) Ochieng Adala, Member, Executive Committee; Professor of Math- East Strategic Studies, Tehran; Associate Pugwash Council; Africa Peace Forum ematical Physics, University of Milan, Editor, Discourse: an Iranian English lan- (APFO), Nairobi, Kenya Italy; Director, Program on Disarmament guage Quarterly; Associate Fellow, Cen- and International Security, Landau Net- Dr. Abbas Al-Hussaini, Senior Lecturer ter for Strategic Research (CSR), Tehran work – Centro Volta, Como, Italy and Researcher, School of Architecture Amb. Sergey Batsanov, Director, Geneva and the Built Environment, University of Dr. Parvin Dadandish, University Profes- Office of International Pugwash; Mem- Westminster, London, UK; Chair of Iraq sor, School of Media Studies, Tehran, Iran ber, Pugwash CBW Steering Committee, Higher Education Organising Commit- former Director, Special Projects, Organi- Dr. Guido den Dekker, Attorney-at-Law, tee, UK zation for the Prohibition of Chemical De Brauw Blackstone Westbroek, Ams- Dr. Athem Alsabti, Professor of Physics Weapons (OPCW), The Hague, The terdam, The Netherlands [formerly : Uni- and Astronomy at the University of Lon- Netherlands versity teacher, Public International Law don Observatory / University College (until 2002)] Prof. Rosina M. Bierbaum, Dean and London; International Relations Officer Professor, School of Natural Resources Prof. Nola Dippenaar, Professor, Dept. of for the Iraqi Academy of Science and Environment, University of Michi- Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty Prof. M. Shamsher Ali, President, gan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Board of of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, and Directors: American Association for the Pretoria, South Africa; Vice-Chair, South Vice-Chancellor, Southeast University, Advancement of Science African Pugwash Group Dhaka Dr. Jeffrey Boutwell, Executive Director, Prof. Walter Dorn, Associate Professor Mr. Gothom Arya, Director, Mahidol Pugwash Conferences on Science and and Co-Chair, Department of Security University Research Center on Peace World Affairs, Washington, DC, USA; Studies, Canadian Forces College, Building, Nakornpathom, Thailand Member, Pugwash Executive Committee Toronto, and The Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario Prof. Motofumi Asai, President, Dr. Adele Buckley, Chair, Canadian Pug- Hiroshima Peace Institute, Hiroshima wash Group; Vice President, Technology Dr. Lynn Eden, Member, Pugwash Coun- City University, Japan & Research, Ontario Centre for Environ- cil; Associate Director for Research/ Senior Research Scholar, Center for Inter- Ms. Nassrine Azimi, Director, UN Insti- mental Technology Advancement national Security and Cooperation tute for Training and Research (UNI- (OCETA), Toronto, Ontario, Canada (CISAC), Stanford Institute for Interna- TAR), Hiroshima Office for Asia and the tional Studies (SIIS), Stanford University,

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Participants continued

Stanford, California; USA, Co-Chair U.S. Science Studies, University of Copen- Dr. Victor Kamyshanov, Vice-Chairman, Pugwash Group hagen, Denmark; International Federation for Peace and Conciliation, Moscow, Russia; Prof. Karl-Erik Eriksson, Professor, Mrs. Anissa Hassouna, Board Member, Department of Engineering Sciences, Egyptian Council for Foreign Affairs, Dr. Kang Daeseok, Assistant Professor, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden Cairo, Egypt; Assistant General Manager, Division of Environmental System Engi- Misr Iran Development Bank neering, Pukyong National University, Dr. Eric T. Ferguson, Secretary of Pug- Busan, So. Korea wash Netherlands; Consultant on Energy Prof. Robert Hinde, former Royal Society and Development, MacFergus bv, Zeist, Research Professor (now retired) [also Prof. Katsuko Kataoka, Graduate School Netherlands formerly: Master, St. John’s College, of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima Uni- Cambridge, UK; Hon. Director, Medical versity, Japan; Vice President, Interna- Prof. John Finney, Professor of Physics, Research Council (MRC) Unit on the tional Physicians for the Prevention of Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Univer- Development & Integration of Behavior] Nuclear War sity College London, UK Prof. John Holdren, Teresa & John Heinz Dr. Noriyuki Kawano, Research Associ- Prof. Georg Frerks, Professor of Conflict Professor of Environmental Policy, ate, Research Institute for Radiation Biol- Prevention and Conflict Management, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard ogy & Medicine, Hiroshima University, Centre for Conflict Studies, Utrecht Uni- University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Profes- Japan versity, The Netherlands; Professor of sor of Environmental Science & Policy, Disaster Studies, Wageningen University; Dr. Ayman Khalil, Center for Research on Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Chairman, Pugwash Nederland Arms Control and Security (CRACS), Harvard University; Director-Designate, Amman, Jordan; Prof. Hisakazu Fujita, Professor of Inter- Woods Hole Research Center; Chairman, national Law, Kansaii University School National Committee on Energy Policy; Dr. Mustafa Kibaroglu, International of Law, Osaka, Japan President-Elect, American Association for Security Program & Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center for Science and Prof. Kiichi Fujiwara, Professor of Inter- the Advancement of Science International Affairs, John F. Kennedy national Politics, Graduate Schools of Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy, Member, Pug- School of Government, Harvard Univer- Law and Politics, University of Tokyo, wash Council; Professor of Nuclear sity, Cambridge, MA, USA; Associate Japan Physics, Department of Physics, Quaid-e- Professor (non-proliferation, arms con- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Dr. Narsi Ghorban, Director, Interna- trol & disarmament matters), Bilkent Chairman of Mashal Books; independent tional Institute for Caspian Studies, University, International Relations documentary filmmaker for popularizing Tehran, Iran; Vice Chairman, Azar Department, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey Energy; Managing Director, Narkangan science in Pakistan; activist for peace and Prof. Sergey Kolesnikov, Member of Gas to Liquid International Company social reform Russian Parliament; Deputy Chairman of Prof. Mikulá Huba, Head, Scientific Prof. Alexander Ginzburg, Member, the State Duma Committee for Education Committee, Institute of Geography, Slo- Russian Pugwash Committee; Deputy and Science; Vice-President of “Interna- vak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava; Director, A.M. Oboukhov Institute of tional Physicians for the Prevention of President, Society for Sustainable Living; Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy Nuclear War “(Nobel Peace Prize, 1985) of Sciences; Director, Development and EuropeanEcoForum Board Member; Prof. Michiji Konuma, Chair, Executive Environment Foundation Alliance of Northern People for Sustain- ability-ANPED Board Member Committee for Pugwash 2005; Professor Prof. Galia Golan-Gild PhD, Professor of Emeritus of Physics, Keio University; Dr. Masako Ikegami (Sweden/Japan), Government, Interdisciplinary Center Advisor, International Student/Young Professor and Director, Center for Pacific (IDC), Herzliya, Israel; Professor Pugwash; Visiting Researcher, Interna- Asia Studies (CPAS), Stockholm Univer- Emerita, Department of Political Science, tional Peace Research Institute, Meiji sity, Stockholm, Sweden; Guest Lecturer, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Gakuin University, Tokyo; Japan Faculty of International Studies, Meiji- Prof. Karen Hallberg, Member, Pugwash Gakuin University, Tokyo Prof. Mitsuru Kurosawa, Osaka School Council; Professor of Physics, Balseiro of International Public Policy, Osaka Uni- Prof. Yuzo Itagaki, Professor Emeritus, Institute, Bariloche, Argentina; Research versity, Japan Fellow, National Council of Science and The University of Tokyo, Japan [for- Dr. Peter H. Langille, Department of Technology, Centro Atomico Bariloche; merly: Member & Chair of the Humani- Political Science, Social Science Centre, Member, Board of the Argentine Physical ties Division, Science Council of Japan] University of Western Ontario, London, Association, and of the Bariloche Group Dr. Venance Journé, Researcher, National Canada; for Science and World Affairs Scientific Research Council (CNRS), Dr. Tom Børsen Hansen, Guest Professor, Paris, France Centre for the Philosophy of Nature and

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Participants continued

Prof. Le The Que, Dean, Department of position), Student Pugwash USA; Execu- Dr. Norman P. Neureiter, Director, Cen- International Studies, University of Social tive Editor (voluntary position), Environ- ter for Science, Technology and Security Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam ment magazine Policy, American Association for the National University (VNU), Hanoi Advancement of Science (AAAS), Wash- Prof. Anne McLaren, Member, Pugwash ington, DC, USA Prof. Lee Jong Won (South Korea), Fac- Council; Group Leader, Wellcome ulty of Law and Politics, Rikkyo Univer- Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Insti- Mr. Nguyen Song Binh, Fellow Researcher, sity, Tokyo, Japan tute of Cell & Developmental Biology; Vietnam Peace Committee, Hanoi Member, Executive Committee of the Dr. Francesco Lenci, National Research Dr. Alexander Nikitin, Member, Pugwash British Pugwash Group; Member, Euro- Council (CNR) Research Director, Pisa, Council; Director, Center for Political and pean Group on Ethics; former Foreign Italy; President-Elect (2003-05) and, International Studies (CPIS), Moscow, Secretary, The Royal Society starting September 2005, President of the Russia European Society for Photobiology Mr. Lucius (D.L.O.) Mendis, Advisor, Sri- Mr. Niu Qiang, Secretary General, Chi- Lanka-Singapore Tsunami Relief Project Dr. Wolfgang Liebert, Scientific Director, nese People’s Association for Peace and (Merlion Project); Secretary/Convenor, Interdisciplinary Research Group in Sci- Disarmament (CPAPD), Beijing, China Sri Lankan Pugwash Group ence, Technology and Security (IANUS), Prof. Hitoshi Ohnishi, Member, Pugwash Darmstadt University of Technology, Acad. Jorma K. Miettinen, Academician Council; Vice President, and Professor of Darmstadt, Germany and Emeritus Professor of Radiochem- International Relations in the School of istry, University of Helsinki, Finland; Prof. Saideh Lotfian, Associate Professor Law, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Emeritus Professor of Military Science, of Political Science, and Associate Dean Institute of Military Science; President, Prof. Ryo Oshiba, Department of Law, for Research, Faculty of Law and Politi- Finnish Pugwash Group Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan cal Science, University of Tehran, Iran Dr. Steven Miller, Director, International Gen. Pan Zhenqiang, Member, Pugwash Prof. Alexey Malashenko, Senior Associ- Security Program, Center for Science & Executive Committee; Professor, Institute ate, Institute of Europe, Russian Acad- International Affairs (CSIA), Harvard of Strategic Studies, National Defense emy of Science, Moscow; Professor, University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, University, PLA, Beijing, People’s Repub- Moscow State Institute of International USA; Editor-in-Chief, International Secu- lic of China Relations (University) of Ministry for rity; Member, Pugwash Council; Co- Foreign Affairs of Russia (MGIMO- Prof. Gwyn Prins, Alliance Research Pro- Chair, U.S. Pugwash Group University) fessor, London School of Economics and Prof. Kazumi Mizumoto, Associate Pro- Political Science, UK and Columbia Uni- Dr .Miguel Marin-Bosch, Member, Pug- fessor, Hiroshima Peace Institute, versity, New York, UK wash Council; Professor of Disarmament Hiroshima City University, Japan and International Security; President of Dr Ra’Ed Qaqish, Jordanian Member of Desarmex, an NGO in Mexico D.F. [for- Dr. Robert Mtonga, Public Medical Prac- Parliament; Assistant Professor, Computer merly: Deputy Foreign Minister] titioner & Peace Activist, International Aided Learning (CAL), Computer Man- Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear agement Learning (CML), Computer Lt.-Gen. (ret.) Talat Masood, Indepen- War (IPPNW), Lusaka, Zambia Aided Design (CAD), Digital Designs & dent Columnist, Commentator and Ana- Education; Member, Jordanian Parliament lyst, Islamabad, Pakistan, formerly: Prof. Marie Muller, Chair of the Pugwash retired Lt. General; Secretary, Defence Council; Dean, Faculty of Humanities, Prof. Abdul Ahrar Ramizpoor, Lecturer, Production Division, Ministry of University of Pretoria, South Africa; Kabul University; Director, National Pro- Defence, Pakistan gressives Council of Afghanistan Prof. Taizo Muta, President, Hiroshima (NPCA); Director, Afghanistan Human Prof. Jiri Matousek, Professor of Toxicol- University; Graduate of Physics Depart- Rights Activists Foundation (AHRAF) ogy, Masaryk University Brno, Faculty of ment, Kyushu University, Japan Science, EU Research Centre of Excel- Dr. Omar Rashad, Ex-Minister of Science Prof. Giuseppe Nardulli, Professor of lence for Environmental Chemistry and and Technology of Iran and former Theoretical Physics, University of Bari, Ecotoxicology, Brno, Czech Republic Chairman of Iraqi Nonproliferation Italy Foundation Program; former Director of Prof. Masatsugu Matsuo, Director, Insti- Dr. Götz Neuneck, Physicist, and Mem- the Establishment for construction of oil tute for Peace Science, Hiroshima Univer- ber, Pugwash Council; Project Leader, projects, Ministry of Oil, Baghdad sity, Japan “Interdisciplinary Research Group Disar- Senator Douglas Roche, O.C., Member, Prof. Alan H. McGowan, Chair, Science, mament, Arms Control and New Tech- Pugwash Council; Chairman, Middle Technology and Society Program, Eugene nologies”, Institute for Peace Research Powers Initiative; Author, Lecturer; Lang College, New School University, and Security Policy (IFSH), Hamburg, Member of the Senate of Canada New York, NY, USA; Chair (voluntary Germany

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Participants continued

Dr. Carsten Rohr (Germany/UK), Senior Global Environmental Facility (GEF), Mr. Luciano Tanto Clement, Secretary in Policy Analyst, Sustainable Energy Policy Tokyo, Japan; Member, Student Pugwash charge of the Nuclear Desk, Department Division, Department for Environment, USA Board of Directors of International Security & Nuclear Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), UK; Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Prof. Ivo Slaus, Member, Pugwash Coun- Member, British Pugwash Executive Argentina cil; Director, World Academy for South- Committee east Europe Division; President, Croatian Dr. Giancarlo Tenaglia, voluntary Staff Ms. Christine Rovner, Executive Direc- Pugwash; Member, Club of Rome; Fel- Member, Pugwash Conferences on Sci- tor, Student Pugwash USA, Washington, low, Academia Europea ence and World Affairs, Rome, Italy; DC Member, Italian Pugwash Group Ambassador A.A. Soltanieh, Deputy Acad. Yuri Ryzhov, Member, Pugwash Director General, International Political Prof. Masao Tomonaga, Director, Atomic Council; President, International Engi- Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bomb Institute, Nagasaki University, neering University, Moscow; Chair, Russ- Tehran, Iran (since 2002) Japan ian Pugwash Group; Academician, Russ- Dr. Mark Byung-Moon Suh Dr. Abdul Hameed Toor, Associate Pro- ian Academy of Sciences, Russia (Germany/South Korea), Member, Pug- fessor, Department of Physics, Quaid-i- Mr. Nasser Saghafi-Ameri, Senior Fellow, wash Council; Senior Researcher and Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Foreign Policy and International Rela- Korea Coordinator, Free University of Dr. Mahmoud Vaezi Jozeh, Deputy of tions Department (FPIRD), Center for Berlin, Germany; President, Korean Pug- Foreign Policy and International Rela- Strategic Research, Tehran, Iran wash Group; Chairman, Corea Trust tions, Center for Strategic Research, Fund; Visiting Scholar, Institute for Peace Maj.-Gen. (ret.) Dr. Mohamed Kadry Tehran Iran Affairs (IPA), Seoul Said, Member, Pugwash Council; Head of Prof. Siddiq Wahid, Maharaja Gulab Military Studies Unit and Technology Dr. Olga Sukovic, Freelance Consultant Singh Chair Professor, University of Advisor, Al-Ahram Center for Political on Security and Disarmament matters Jammu, Jammu, J&K State, India and Strategic Studies, Al-Ahram Founda- [formerly: Consultant, UN Department tion, Cairo,Egypt for Disarmament Affairs, New York; Sci- Hon. Christopher Gregory Weeramantry, entific Adviser, Institute of International Justice of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka Prof. Shoji Sawada, Emeritus Professor, Politics and Economics, Belgrade, (1967-1972) Department of Physics, Nagoya Univer- Yugoslavia sity, Japan; Representative Director of Dr. Detlev Wolter, Vice-President of the Japan Council against A&H Bombs Dr. Sun Xiangli, Deputy Director, Arms First Committee of the UN General Control Division, Institute of Applied Assembly; Political Counsellor, German Prof. Behzad Shahandeh, Professor of Physics and Computational Mathematics Mission to the UN, New York, NY East Asian Studies, Faculty of Law and (IAPCM), Beijing, China Political Science, Tehran University, Prof. Xia Liping, Director,, Department Tehran, Iran; Advisor to the Managing Dr. Tatsujiro Suzuki, Visiting Professor of Strategic Studies, Shanghai Institute for Director, Kish Free Zone, Kish Island, and Project Professor, University of International Studies, China Iran Tokyo; Senior Research Scientist, Central Maj. Xu Qiyu, Researcher, Institute for Research Institute of Electric Power Amb. Mohamed Shaker, Vice Chairman, Strategic Studies, National Defense Uni- Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo; Co-Founder, Egyptian Council for Foreign Affairs versity, PLA, Beijing, China Peace Pledge, Japan (ECFA), Cairo; Chairman, Sawiris Foun- Amb. Yang Chengxu, Chair, China dation for Social Development; Chair- Prof. M.S. Swaminathan, Chairman, National Committee for Pacific Eco- man, Regional Information Technology National Commission on Farmers, Govt. nomic Cooperation (CNCPEC), Beijing Institute (RITI) of India; President, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, Chairman, Mr. Ye Ruan, Vice-President, China Arms Dr. Hideaki Shinoda, Assistant Professor MS Swaminathan Research Foundation, Control and Disarmament Association, and Research Fellow, Institute for Peace Chennai Beijing, China; Senior Fellow, China Science, Japan Institute of International Studies Prof. Takao Takahara, Professor of Inter- Prof. Erika Simpson, Associate Professor, national Politics and Peace Research, Fac- Ms. Yu Xiaoling, Associate Researcher, University of Western Ontario, London, ulty of International Studies, Meijigakuin China Defence Science and Technology Canada; Executive Member and Trea- University, Yokohama, Japan Information Center, Beijing, China surer, Canadian Pugwash Group Ms. Mariko Taniuchi, Journalist, Tokyo, Mr. Moeed Yusuf, Consultant, Economic Dr. Dann Sklarew, Chief Technical Advi- Japan [formerly : Secretary General of Policy, Sustainable Development Policy sor & Project Director, GEF International The Japan 22 Committee for Nuclear Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan; Regular Waters: LEARN (project), United Disarmament] columnist (freelance), The Friday Times Nations Development Program (UNDP)-

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 83 Pugwash Meeting No. 309

Participants continued

Dr. Aharon Zohar, Senior Consultant on Information Systems & Computing, Ms. Wakana Mukai, Graduate Student, national planning to the National Plan- Brunel University, Uxbridge Middlesex, Graduate School of Public Policy, Univer- ning Administration, and Head of the UK sity of Tokyo, Japan; Co-chair of Stu- construction of 8 Bedouin new towns; dent/Young Pugwash Japan Mr. Mads Fleckner, Student of Political Consultant, Regional and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Den- Ms. Yumiko Nogami (Japan), Research Planning, Carmei-Yosef, Israel mark; Press Secretary/Political Adviser; Student, Department of Peace Studies, Dr. Bob van der Zwaan, Senior Scientific Political Election Campaigns Director Bradford University, UK Researcher, Energy research Center of the Ms. Moira Goodfellow, Student in Law, Mr. Juan Pablo Pardo-Guerra, Netherlands (ECN), Amsterdam, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Sco- Researcher, El Colegio de Mexico (PRO- Harvard University tia, Canada; Member, International Stu- CIENTEC); Chair of the Executive ISYP dent/Young Pugwash (ISYP) Board Board, International Student/Young Pug- wash Ms. Rebecca Arkell, PhD Student, Uni- Jiang Ling, Assistant Research Fellow, versity of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Col- Chinese People’s Association for Peace & Dr Arthur Petersen, Senior Policy Analyst lege, UK; Chair, Cambridge University Disarmament (CPAPD), Beijing, China and Director, Methodology & Modeling Student Pugwash Society Program, Netherlands Environmental Ms. Frida Komesaroff, Convener, Global Assessment Agency (MNP), Bilthoven, Ms. Victoria Baldwin, Global Youth Pro- Youth, Global Reconciliation Network, The Netherlands; Treasurer, International ject Manager, Monash University, Centre Monash Centre for the Study of Ethics in Student/Young Pugwash; Treasurer, Pug- for the Study of Ethics in Medicine and Medicine and Society, Monash Medical wash Netherlands Society, Department of Medicine, Alfred School, Prahran, Australia Hospital, Prahran, Australia; Global Rec- Mr. Moritz Riede, PhD Student in Solar Mr. Masaki Kudo, PhD Candidate, onciliation Network Committee member; Cell Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Osaka School of International Public Pol- Research & Events Organiser, Centre for Solar Energy Systems, Freiburg, icy (OSIPP), Osaka University, Japan the Study of Ethics in Medicine and Soci- Germany; Chair, Student/Young Pugwash ety Mr. Rian Leith, Master’s degree candidate Germany in Diplomatic Studies, University of Pre- Mr. Cameron Bess, Graduate Fellow, The Mr. Benjamin Rusek, Research Associate, toria, South Africa; Lecturer in Contem- Rockefeller University, New York, NY, Committee on International Security and porary History, Tshwane University of USA Arms Control (CISAC), National Acad- Technology, Pretoria; National Represen- emy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA Dr. Nikolai Bobylev (Russia), Japan Soci- tative, Student Young Pugwash South ety for Promotion of Science - United Africa; ISYP Board Member Ms. Natalija Ryznar, PhD student in Nations University Postdoctoral Fellow, post-graduate Environmental Manage- Ms. Sarara Maeda, Master’s Student, Tokyo, Japan ment Study, University of Zagreb, Hiroshima University, Graduate School Croatia Mr. Luca Ciciani (Italy), PhD Candidate of International Development & Cooper- in Environmental Engineering, Imperial ation, Japan; Intern at UNESCO, Social Mr. Robert Sancton (Canada), Staff College of Science, Technology and Medi- and Human Sciences Sector Member for Security and Armed Con- cine, London, UK; Member of Steering flict, Pax Christi International, Brussels, Mr. Rens de Man, Researcher, National Committee for WMD Awareness Project, Belgium Environmental Assessment Agency, The Student Young Pugwash UK; National Netherlands Mr. Yujiro Tokumitsu, Master’s Student, Coordinator Student Pugwash UK; Mem- Hiroshima University Graduate School ber of Society for Radiological Protec- Dr. William Marshall, Research Fellow, for Internatnoal Development and Coop- tion, UK Kennedy School of Government, Harvard eration, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Ms. Jessy Cowan-Sharp (Canada), Founder, Oxford UK Student Pugwash; Ms. Ulrike Wunderle, PhD student, Uni- Researcher, Space Security Index, Space Member, Institute of Physics versity of Tübingen, SFB “Kriegser- Generation Foundation, Washington, DC fahrungen”, Germany Ms. Lian Merkx, Management Trainee, Mr. Brian Engel, PhD Student in Chem- Technical University of Delft, The Ms. Jung-ah Yoo, Master’s candidate, istry, Queen’s University Ionic Liquid Netherlands American Studies Program, Yonsei Uni- Laboratories (QUILL), Queen’s Univer- versity, Seoul, South Korea sity Belfast (QUB), Northern Ireland, UK Eng. Karim Mohamed Kadry Said, Appli- cation Engineer, Consukorra for Energy Dr. Inas Ezz, Lecturer on Information and A/C Systems, Cairo, Egypt; Head, Systems & Computing, Sadat Academy PANORAMA Theatre Team; Chair, for Management Sciences, Cairo, Egypt; Egyptian Student Young Pugwash Visiting Research Fellow, Department of

84 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 PUGWASH MEETING NO. 310

3rd Pugwash Workshop on Science, Ethics and Society Ethical Dimensions of HIV/AIDS Ajaccio, Corsica, France, 29 September–2 October 2005

assistance, political science, military sus prevention-led strategies; (5) role Workshop Report and historical studies, geography, of religion and ethics in the preven- by Arthur Petersen conflict and disaster studies, socially tion and control of the epidemics. responsible business management, In this report, the presentations The HIV/AIDS pandemic confronts and uncertainty assessment. held at the workshop are outlined global society with stark, dreadful The workshop was held Ajaccio, and the discussions are reflected. and inescapable ethical questions. Corsica, France, from 29 Septem- Subsequently, the most salient points These questions were identified in a ber–2 October 2005. On 29 Septem- of the workshop are summarised. series of workshops organised by the ber 2005, during a public evening Finally, future work for Pugwash is Pugwash Conferences on Science and organised at the Palais des Congrés, identified. World Affairs under the title ‘Threats Khadija Moalla delivered a speech on Introduction without Enemies: The Security the ‘Role of religion and ethics in the Aspects of HIV/AIDS’ (held in prevention and control of the epi- The workshop was held within a Betty’s Bay, near Cape Town, South demics’ and Gilles Raguin spoke month after the death of Sir Joseph Africa, 7–9 February 2004; Mabula about ‘Le Sida en 2005: réalités et Rotblat, co-founder of the Pugwash Lodge, Limpopo, South Africa, 25- enjeux’ (AIDS in 2005: Realities and Conferences. At the opening of the 28 June 2004; and Villa Via, Gor- Issues), and this session was followed workshop, Professor Marie Muller of don’s Bay, South Africa, 29 April–1 by a discussion with the public. the University of Pretoria, Chair of May 2005). Over the past two years, The organisation of the workshop the Pugwash Council, gave a brief Pugwash has also convened a series was fully supported by the ‘Mouve- tribute to Sir Jo. With Sir Jo—who of workshops on ‘Science, Ethics and ment pour la Corse du 21ème siècle’ had dedicated his life to the abolition Society’ (Paris, France, 27–29 June and benefited from grants from the of nuclear weapons, who had always 2003; and Ajaccio, Corsica, France, Swiss Pugwash Group, the Ajaccio emphasised the social responsibility 10–12 September 2004). Exploiting Chamber of Commerce and Industry, of scientists, and who shared the the area of overlap between the two the Mayor of Ajaccio, the Territorial 1995 Nobel Peace Prize with the Pug- workshop series, the decision was Organisation of Corsica, the Corsi- wash movement—the members of made to directly confront the ethical can Tourism Office and the General Pugwash had lost a very dear friend. issues related to HIV/AIDS through a Council of South Corsica. The best way now to pay him tribute workshop ‘Ethical Dimensions of Five main topics were discussed: is by continuing his lifework. The HIV/AIDS’ that brought together 21 (1) social ethical problems of com- participants should keep in mind that highly qualified participants from all bating the long wave HIV/AIDS pan- in this workshop they were in a over the world from disciplines demic; (2) ethical issues in HIV/AIDS broad sense busy doing so. including virology, epidemiology, research in developing countries; (3) Professor Gwyn Prins of the Lon- physiology, pathology, neuroscience, ethics and action of multinational don School of Economics and Politi- psychiatry, bioethics, medical companies against HIV/AIDS; (4) cal Science (LSE) and Columbia Uni- research management, humanitarian ethical implications of treatment ver- versity provided an introduction to

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 85 Pugwash Meeting No. 310

the workshop. According to him, this appearing in the media) was that sol- ‘rights overload’ (a consequence of is a Pugwash moment in science and diers are seven times more likely than the rise of human rights over the last world affairs. The key message of the others to be infected. The second fac- 60 years). Second, the problem is Russell-Einstein Manifesto (1955) is toid was that 45% of peacemakers in extremely persistent: HIV is an old that the world community is morally Cambodia had sex with the local type of virus, HIV/AIDS is a long and intellectually challenged to learn population. Both these ‘factoids’ wave social phenomenon (societies to think in a new way. Among the were misstatements of real facts. In should prepare for 130 years of living characteristic of the current age are the first case, for instance, the real with HIV/AIDS even assuming that long wave events like HIV/AIDS, fact is that the prevalence of sexually better bio-medical interventions will which is one of the central ill-under- transmitted infections (STIs) in sol- be developed), and the available med- stood problems confronting human- diers is generally seven times higher ical interventions range from imper- ity. In our thinking and our action, it than in the general population. fect to potentially dangerous. Third, is necessary to stay ahead of the wave Whether this result also applies to there were doctors’ dilemmas. Which of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. One of HIV prevalence depends very much socio-medical context should be cho- the reasons that Pugwash became on the circumstances. sen here: the North American model involved with the problem of After it had been decided that (do all that one can for the sick HIV/AIDS is the link with global there was potential for Pugwash to patient lying before you, regardless of security. This link was acknowledged make a contribution in the area of anything else) or battlefield medicine by the United Nations at the level of HIV/AIDS and security, four work- (where triage is practiced and the the Security Council with the passing shops were convened. The reports patient has no choice), for instance? of Resolution 1308 on 17 July 2000. and selected materials are available Fourth, in the South African context, The Security Council is responsible online. In the current workshop, the the first three dilemmas were com- for the maintenance of international goal was to tackle the ethical issues pounded by the coincidence of Presi- peace and security through interna- directly. These issues broadly fall dent Mbeki’s Denialist agenda with a tional peacekeeping operations and under four bundles of ethical prob- forceful constitutional promotion of HIV/AIDS poses a threat to these lems: a) ethics of research (e.g., clini- a rights culture: how can organisa- operations. cal trials); b) physicians’ problems in tions such as the Anglo-American However, the evidence base on somatic treatment (e.g., what is the Corporation or the South African which action in the field of right thing to do for a patient?); c) National Defence Force manage the HIV/AIDS and security began was ethics and its relation to epidemiol- crisis if testing can only be done on a totally inadequate—and incorrect. ogy (e.g., how to deal with the devel- voluntary basis? Fifth, Prins claimed This is understandable, since good opment of multiple drug resistance?); that fire-hosing money on Africa scientific work on the social aspects and d) the ethics of the politics of without strings attached, or without of the epidemic is difficult to do. The action. even setting terms and priorities or problem of HIV/AIDS constitutes a expressing preferences, gave rise to Social ethical problems of toxic mix of sex, race and power. In combating the long wave unintended consequences: corrup- the absence of good research, many HIV/AIDS pandemic tion, crime and guns. Only major interested advocacy groups could In his presentation, Prins proposed changes or interventions in behaviour more easily push their views by com- five sets of moral and consequent offered any hope of controlling the missioning ‘quick and dirty’ studies dilemmas that are raised by the crisis. by consultants. The result was that HIV/AIDS pandemic with special ref- In the brief discussion that fol- one or two good facts started being erence to South Africa. First, he lowed Prins’s presentation, his claim blown up to pr oduce ‘inverted pyra- called it ‘bad luck’ that HIV/AIDS that human rights were hindering mids’. The first ‘factoid’ (that is, a had arrived simultaneously with research was confirmed by one of the fact which has no existence before medical specialists. Other points were

86 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 Pugwash Meeting No. 310 taken up in discussions later in the workshop. One participant later had problems with the triage analogy, for instance, since it supposes that there is only a fixed set of resources. This assumption should not be accepted, given the political prerogative to fur- nish additional resources if needed. Another participant found triage a dangerous way of going, since the people far away from functioning health systems would probably not receive treatment and care. Dr. Clive Evian, HIV public health consultant and part-time clini- cian at the Johannesburg Hospital ments except that of sexual indul- tion were needed to prevent HIV HIV Clinic, highlighted in his presen- gence and drunkenness.’ Socio-cul- transmission from older men to girls. tation some of the socio-economic tural transition is a major cause of It was asked whether it was sexual determinants of HIV/AIDS in South this social disorder and the basis for violence that made the difference. Africa and shared the results of sev- the African and possibly Asian epi- Evian responded that the problem eral pioneering anonymised preva- demics. The epidemiology of HIV is was larger and a whole package of lence studies, with elaborate social reflective of the social status and sta- social disorder should be considered. and other labelling, done under his bility of communities in South Africa. A participant noted that for leaders supervision in workplaces in the sub- The HIV transmission from older in South Africa to discuss black sexu- continent. The epidemic is very men to younger women (especially ality was just too difficult, since it diverse and there is a close associa- very young girls) may be a critical provides a stark and painful reminder tion between HIV infection and factor in propagating the epidemic. of one of the ways some whites social dislocation. His own studies He concluded that socio-economic talked about black peoples’ sexuality showed consistent patterns of higher uplift and long term community sta- in the days of apartheid. HIV prevalence in the lower income bility were the most likely determi- Dr. Gilles Graguin, Infectious Dis- categories, contract employees, sea- nants of control of the HIV epidemic eases Specialist, Hôpital Saint- sonal workers, as well as economi- in developing countries. The world Antoine, University of Paris, pro- cally disempowered women and should prepare for the fact that the vided the workshop with a brief employees living away from home or epidemic will be around for many comment on the present status of the in unfavourable living conditions. years to come. health sector reform and its limita- Evian warned the participants that The participants were apprecia- tions. The cost-effectiveness HIV was not the problem: it was the tive of the data offered by Evian, approach to health-system reform in result of a problem, that of social dis- which gave a more broadly balanced developing countries that was pushed order. The descriptions by Fredrich picture than could be obtained from by the international monetary institu- Engels of the poor of London in the ante-natal clinic data and enabled the tions had resulted in major difficul- 1840s were still closely appropriate: participants to crystallise their discus- ties. The health sector was not deliv- ‘The manner in which the great mul- sion. They provided a strong evi- ering after 10 years of reforms. This titude of the poor is treated by soci- dence base for the claim that the epi- was mainly due to the fact that the ety today is revolting. . . . As a result demic is socially produced. It was entire approach is money-driven and of this, they are deprived of all enjoy- proposed that leadership and legisla- focused on privatisation. What was

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 87 Pugwash Meeting No. 310 needed, however, was a value-driven in his presentation that infectious dis- into the generation of political will by approach to health systems, based on ease has in general been a neglected emphasising cumulative—including the concept of health equity. Another topic in the discipline of bioethics. He self-interested—reasons for wealthy participant agreed that there were believed that the subject of infectious nations to do more to help improve strong reasons to be sceptical of tak- disease should be better recognized as the health of the poor. ing a capitalist approach for deliver- a fruitful locus for ethical and philo- In the discussion, the question ing public goods. It should therefore sophical reflection in virtue of the was asked where the initiative should not come as a surprise that it had not facts that (1) the historical and likely come from. According to Selgelid, worked. These positions were chal- future consequences of infectious dis- NGOs, charity organisations, lenged by a third participant, how- eases are almost unrivalled, (2) infec- national governments and intergov- ever. When given the chance, there tious diseases raise difficult ethico- ernmental organisations all had a was no more capitalist place than philosophical questions about how to role to play. Subsequently, the fun- rural Africa. A new model of capital- weigh individual rights against the nelling of international aid to combat ism was needed, which was going to good of society, and (3) the issue of HIV/AIDS and build up health sys- look nothing like the late 19th cen- justice is raised by the fact that infec- tems in developing countries was dis- tury models. In this line of reasoning, tious diseases primarily affect the cussed. First, some participants diag- the state was mainly needed to fulfil poor. With regard to (2), Selgelid nosed the United Nations as a its ‘responsibility to protect’ (UN advocated an Aristotelian approach: bureaucratically constipated organi- 2005 World Summit): you must have we should seek to balance the rights sation. Although an initiative such as someone from whom to claim your of individual rights against the the Global Fund to combat AIDS, right to be protected. Some partici- greater good of society rather than Malaria and TB was currently badly pants were confused about what this always giving priority to one or the under-subscribed, with the USA being ‘responsibility to protect’ precisely other. an early donor, it at least gave us one entailed. The UN 2005 World Sum- In his analysis of the issue of intel- mechanism. The issue had to be mit refers to the responsibility to pro- lectual property right protection and attacked in many ways, however. tect populations from genocide, war HIV/AIDS drugs, Selgelid concluded New organisational models, with a crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes that patent protection had not pro- large role for the NGO and business against humanity. The prime bearer vided sufficient incentive for the sectors, would have to be explored as of this responsibility is the state. If pharmaceutical industry to develop well. Also the academic community states do not fulfil this responsibility, technologies (such as an HIV/AIDS had a responsibility here. the international community, through vaccine) most needed by the poor. If Ethical issues in HIV/AIDS the United Nations, may step in to an alternative scheme would better research in developing use appropriate diplomatic, humani- promote currently lacking R&D and countries tarian and other peaceful means. It facilitate access to essential medica- Dr. Joan Box, clinical research and could be argued that a similar princi- tions, then it should be put into ethics liaison manager of the UK ple should apply to the HIV/AIDS place. For the solution of the health Medical Research Council, indicated pandemic and the responsibility of care situation in developing coun- in her presentation that there was a states to protect their citizens from tries, political will and a substantial need to build ethics review capacity this pandemic. Still, the principle influx of funding from wealthy devel- for biomedical research in Africa. could be used in disastrous ways. oped nations were needed. Motivat- Ethics committees are needed in Will the local community, or their ing donor support was claimed to be developing countries, both because it leaders, be asked whether they want key to any solution to the health care is important that the participants to be protected? situation in developing countries. from local communities should Dr. Michael Selgelid, bioethicist at Activists and concerned academics understand and be able to consent the University of Sydney, pointed out should therefore put more energy

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(or refuse) to participate in biomed- framework for assessing the duties at reduced costs. Existing guidelines ical research undertaken by donor and responsibilities of those design- are not equivocal on this issue. The countries and, since international ing and conducting research and Helsinki Declaration, for instance, guidelines require ethics approval of identifies the minimum requirements requires that at the end of a study, proposed research in host developing which must be met in all circum- ‘every patient in the study should be countries, for researchers to be eligi- stances. The framework is based on assured of access to the best proven ble for international funding. She four principles: the duty to (1) allevi- prophylactic, diagnostic and thera- gave an overview of a project funded ate suffering, (2) show respect for peutic methods identified in the by the European Commission which persons, (3) be sensitive to cultural study’. Some research institutes has this purpose. The project, titled differences, and (4) not exploit the claim, however, that the cost of pur- ‘Networking for Ethics on Biomed- vulnerable. Key issues are consent, chasing drugs to continue treatment ical Research in Africa’ (NEBRA), standards of care, ethical review of provided in clinical trials after the involves four African and two Euro- research, and what happens once trial has finished would severely pean partners, coordinated by the research is over. Peckham referred to restrict their research capacity and Institut National de la Santé et de la the international debate about the many research funders do not have Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and standard of care that should be pro- the authority to use their funds for is currently gathering information vided to control groups in research. treatment rather than for research. A about the existing ethics review Should it be universal (the best treat- final aspect of the Nuffield Council framework and further needs in 15 ment available anywhere in the report that Peckham emphasised was West and Central African countries. world) or non-universal (the treat- the responsibility of donors to build In the discussion, several partici- ment available in a defined region)? expertise in developing countries, in pants stressed the importance of The Council recommended that both healthcare and research. One diversity in ethics, since ethics must wherever appropriate, a universal should not only focus on trials, but deal with all aspects of culture. standard of care should be offered to also study the infrastructure needed The presentation by Professor the control group and where this is to deliver. For that reason, she Catherine Peckham, Professor of Pae- not appropriate, the minimum that claimed, more research into health diatric Epidemiology of the Institute should be provided is the best treat- systems was needed. of Child Health and Deputy Chair of ment provided by the national public In the ensuing discussion, differ- the Nuffield Council on Bioethics, health system. The circumstances ing points of view became visible dealt with the ethics of research where a universal standard of care within the group of participants. On related to healthcare in developing may not be appropriate are when it the question of standards of care, sev- countries. She presented two publica- may not be possible to deliver a uni- eral participants argued for not giv- tions by the Nuffield Council on this versal standard or when the use of a ing up the idea of applying a univer- topic. Many developed countries universal standard of care may not sal standard, which might drive the sponsor healthcare-related research give research results which are rele- development of local health systems involving populations and patients in vant to the population in which the (often there is nothing of a health sys- developing countries. Several of the research is to be conducted. Further- tem in place). Others observed that ethical issues raised by such research more, Peckham stressed that the insisting on the provision of a West- tend to be exacerbated when only question whether research is accept- ern level of care in studies could very limited resources are available, able if benefits will not be made deprive some developing communi- as may be the case in countries where available to the community where it ties of research that was applicable basic healthcare is not widely avail- was undertaken, is complex. This is to—and could benefit—their people. able and research ethics committees because the price of treatments may Another topic on which opinions are often underdeveloped or absent. decrease and agreement may be diverged was the question of who The Council has set out an ethical reached to make treatments available should benefit. Some considered it

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mined by the vulnerability of HIV- infected persons and persons with high risk of HIV infection. This requires a strict observance of the ethical principles of confidentiality and fairness (balance between bene- fits and risk factors) during the organisation and performance of studies. Special attention should be given to the collection, keeping and preventing dissemination of the iden- tifying information about partici- pants in studies and the confidential- ity of all information obtained during

Workshop participants. these studies. Patients participating in studies related to HIV, naturally, worry about confidentiality of the not fair to do research in communi- tions. Perhaps one should not get too information they may give because ties that do not benefit. Others would dogmatic: something should be done when the confidentiality is ignored, be willing to accept that even if there and science should find out things this could result in serious negative is no local benefit, there could be a that are important for society. The consequences (loss of job, problems benefit at the epidemiological level: it equity issue could not be reasoned with relatives, and even criminal must be acknowledged that there are away, however: if large populations investigation). huge areas of ignorance about AIDS, do not have access to the results of In the discussion, participants and it is important to perform as the research, for whom is the commented that there was experience much research as possible to tackle research done? At the end of the dis- of involvement of consumers and the epidemic. The latter position cussion, it was observed that in other patients in ethics committees which might require HIV/AIDS to be con- scientific domains, such as sociology showed its importance and that it sidered an exceptional case. This in and conflict studies, guarantees by could be done successfully. its turn led to the question of whether researchers that a better future can be the interests of science and society offered are never given. Apparently, Ethics and action of would then take precedence over the in those domains it is accepted that multinational companies well-being of the individuals studied, the benefits accrue at a higher level. against HIV/AIDS which is in conflict with many guide- Professor Olga Kubar, Chair of Dr. Arthur Petersen, expert in uncer- lines. It was countered, however, that the Forum for Ethics Committees in tainty assessment of the Netherlands even if you could not immediately the Commonwealth of Independent Environmental Assessment Agency, provide treatment to the subjects States (CIS) and Head of the Clinical gave a presentation on the Shell- studied, this should not be regarded Department at the Saint-Petersburg sponsored project ‘AIDS in Africa: as sacrificing them for the greater Pasteur Institute, described ethical Three scenarios to 2025’ (carried out good, provided that the research was aspects of clinical trials. In the CIS, under the auspices of UNAIDS). The not against their interests. The fact there was no experience yet with project was an instance of corporate that currently one cannot speak of inviting patients to be members of social responsibility. Shell has exten- crisis control, but rather should ethics committees. Besides legal sive expertise in scenario building in speak of damage control gives an issues, the ethical expert examination the energy world and was willing to argument for extraordinary interven- in the field of HIV/AIDS is deter- provide this expertise to UNAIDS.

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The key uncertainties about the incorporate into the scenarios the how Lafarge decided to tackle this future of the HIV/AIDS pandemic informal economy and Africans find- issue, and argued that the company are: How is the AIDS crisis perceived, ing solutions themselves. culture made Lafarge’s commitment and by whom? And: Will there be The issue of communication of in the fight against HIV/AIDS possi- both the incentive and capacity to uncertainty was considered to be a ble. Lafarge has HIV/AIDS pro- deal with it? In the report of the 3rd topic of general importance for this grammes and is active in the Global Pugwash Workshop on Threats workshop. Therefore, Arthur Business Coalition on HIV/AIDS. Without Enemies (29 April–1 May Petersen briefly demonstrated the The company works with a set of 2005), it was stated that none of the Guidance for Uncertainty Assessment basic principles: compliance with the African representatives supported and Communication that was devel- national legislation, ban on HIV any of the scenarios and that the pro- oped for the Netherlands Environ- screening for job applicants, ban on ject team could not incorporate mental Assessment Agency, a web discrimination, total confidentiality African experience. To Petersen, who application that could be used as a and adaptation of working condi- had not been involved in the process tool for dealing with uncertainties tions for sick employees. Additional but had read the report and an much more widely than only in envi- principles in Africa are: education insider’s account of the process, these ronmental assessments. The impor- and prevention, anonymous and vol- statements seemed too strong. Still, tance of effectively communicating untary screening tests with coun- from the experiences gained in the uncertainty was also stressed in a pre- selling, treatment and support, and project, some ethical requirements sentation of the July 2005 Strategic antiretroviral therapies. Lucas made for participatory scenario building Review of the International Council clear how the non-discrimination could be distilled: the North-South of Scientific Unions (ICSU) by Dr. principle was challenged by the fact divide should be bridged, all partici- Carthage Smith, ICSU’s Deputy Exec- that it is known who is receiving pants should be respected, one utive Director. The Strategic Review, treatment. In implementing these should be sensitive to normative titled ‘Science and Society: Rights policies, Lafarge manages everything agendas and reflexive (e.g., towards and Responsibilities’, besides as a business issue, the profitability the institutional setting of UNAIDS). addressing risk and uncertainty, also for shareholders being the bottom Even though some particular experi- addressed issues of equity, access and line. Difficulties arose from the pres- ences in this project were negative, universality (changed mobility and sures to expand the scope of people multinational corporations had a global flows of science and scien- who receive treatment: from the responsibility to contribute to analy- tists); the production of scientific employees to their families to their sis and solutions, and scientists had a knowledge (emergence of public-pri- multiple sexual partners to the wider responsibility to help decision-mak- vate contexts for research, raising community. Often, Lafarge is the ers deal with uncertainty. The com- concerns about the impartiality of only employer within a radius of 50 munication about uncertainty with a science); accountability and gover- to 100 km. For that reason, partner- wider audience should be considered nance of science; and expertise in sci- ships with NGOs and governments crucial. ence and society. were sought. All companies had the In the discussion, one of the par- Patrice Lucas, Vice President of same questions here: Who should ticipants, who had been involved as Social Policies at Lafarge, the world they treat? How long can they pro- an African participant in the scenario leader in building materials (Lafarge vide treatment? What happens when building project, pointed out that employs 77,000 people in 75 coun- children grow old? What happens if North Africa in particular was not tries and posted sales of $14.4 billion employees leave the company? adequately represented in the out- in 2004), shared with the participants According to Lucas, Lafarge did not comes of the project. On the whole, it an ‘insider’ perspective on the way have the answers. In practice, the was judged that the project staff, Lafarge deals with the problem of company decided on a case by case based in London, was not able to HIV/AIDS. He described why and basis.

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Olivier Vilaça, a social science reasons, and, globally, the awareness on a case by case basis. Participants researcher who had spent three years that the company was facing a global were generally impressed by what with the company, subsequently challenge, a common threat. By tack- Lafarge had done; one participant brought in a wider perspective on ling this issue, Lafarge was giving stated that the initiatives taken by the Lafarge and its battle against sense to its global presence and legit- company were valuable, but empha- HIV/AIDS, focusing on the global imising its governance model. sised that in a general discussion on context in which the company In the discussion, the question how to deal with the HIV/AIDS pan- evolved. He argued that, in the global was raised of how Lafarge dealt with demic, these should be positioned in context, HIV/AIDS could give sense the principle of compliance with a larger framework of governance to the action of global players, such national legislation in countries (including NGOs and the state). It as transnational companies and big where the legislation goes against was responded that strong states, NGOs, and legitimise their global some of the other principles. Lucas NGOs and companies are all needed presence. The pandemic could be responded that while Lafarge must and should work together in net- seen as a global public arena in which respect local conditions, the company works, and that each actor, including actions and interactions of global also had some degree of freedom at companies, had a responsibility to actors could be understood in a polit- its own sites. For instance, Lafarge is contribute to building the state. One ical framework. Vilaça characterised free to respect the employees and to participant argued that it is not possi- Lafarge’s commitment as ‘ethical’. give them the right to express them- ble not to defend the state: although Although the logic of economics is selves. In this way, it may be possible it is not necessary that state institu- key for the private sector, not all to move progressively in the direction tions deliver all health care, at least companies have the same perception of guaranteeing human rights to all states should make sure by way of of their role within society. Compa- employees. Vilaça added that the regulation that everyone has access to nies typically defend particular mod- Global Business Coalition has some health care. Another participant was els that characterise the way they leverage over governments. On the more sceptical about the role of organise their business, and the way question of whether Lafarge’s activi- states: African states could be consid- they perceive the governance process. ties were primarily a matter of its ered to be patrimonial states, in Lafarge could be called a ‘liberal’ public image, providing a positive which elites fight for control over (according to Henry Mintzberg’s influence on Lafarge’s sales, Lucas resources. Most of Africa exists in the typology) company with a certain answered that the company regarded informal economy and the state is idea of its social role, especially this as more of a strategic than a mar- increasingly bypassed by the inter- through revenue redistribution, and keting issue. The programmes are ventions coming from NGOs and the belief that corporate governance expected to continue, even in years business. should be led by executives instead of that business may be going less well. Ethical implications of shareholders, the public sector or the It was proposed that Lafarge and treatment versus prevention-led labour force. Companies such as similar companies should not be con- strategies Lafarge had an interest in demon- sidered responsible for taking over Dr. Lynne Webber, Clinical Virologist strating that their model is the right the healthcare system in their locali- and Consultant Pathologist at Lancet one and, in a wider perspective, that ties of operation. Partnerships with Laboratories and Lecturer at the capitalism is able to solve the prob- governments and international donor Department of Medical Virology, lems that globalisation seems to agencies should enable dependents University of Pretoria, gave a stimu- cause. What made Lafarge’s commit- and others (and possibly even the lating presentation on preventative ment in the fight against HIV/AIDS employees themselves) to receive strategies and vaccine developments, possible wer e, locally, the urgency to antiretroviral treatment, instead of from a South African perspective. treat employees living with having companies bear the full bur- The history of HIV research is HIV/AIDS for moral and economical den and having them have to decide

92 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 Pugwash Meeting No. 310 plagued with early optimism (‘We interventions are available, such as times and have done more than ever. hope to have a vaccine ready for test- the prevention of mother-to-child They may even have a solution that ing in two years’, was said in 1984). transmission. It should be noted that works within a few years, but they She stated that the reality was that a the large-scale provision of antiretro- cannot anticipate it yet. Participants vaccine would certainly not be ready viral therapy depends on the behav- asked several questions about live in 2006 and probably not even in iour of the patients for its success. If attenuated HIV vaccines: Who would 2016. Webber presented four big patients do not take their drugs, the be prepared to participate in trials? problems in vaccine development. development of drug resistance is What are the research ethics ques- First, there are no acceptable animal enhanced. If patients do not protect tions that arise in such trials? Live models that can be directly extrapo- others from getting the virus, these attenuated virus vaccines may have a lated to humans. Second, she mutated virus strains start spreading negative effect not only on the person claimed, it was ethically unacceptable through the population. It should treated, but also on the sexual part- to use ‘live attenuated’ HIV vaccines also be borne in mind that the drugs ners of this person, and ultimately on in trials. Third, science is confronted could have severe side effects. For the whole community. Vulnerable with a massive immunological chal- doctors, it is considered ethically populations must be protected, so it lenge (many different vaccines will be right to treat the individual patient. is unacceptable to pressurise poor needed for different people). Finally, At the epidemiological level, how- people without an understanding of a partially effective vaccine is not ever, the ethical issues are more com- the situation to participate. good enough. There are also prob- plex. It may be better from the epi- The crucial question asked after lems in antiretroviral therapy. Since demiological perspective sometimes Webber’s presentation was: Should HIV is a rapidly mutating virus that not to provide treatment, but doc- antiretroviral therapy be scaled up in is quickly developing multi drug tors, like Webber herself, are not Africa, or not? The epidemiological resistance and is getting fitter as well, likely to follow that road. data suggest a need for caution in Webber stressed the importance of In the discussion, a parallel was scaling up. But also, if treatment were keeping track of exactly how the drawn with other infectious diseases not provided, people could still get virus is changing everywhere across and the question was raised of how the treatment on the black market. the globe, but especially in Africa (at different HIV is from tuberculosis, What is at issue here is the comple- geographic hotspots of extensive for instance, which is also developing tion of therapies. Non-completion is recombination). Generally, viral multiple drug resistance. A plea was often a matter of ability rather than diversity is a growing feature of the made that the public health system choice. From this, some participants HIV pandemic. Webber pointed out should tackle the issue of drug resis- concluded that the solution to the that not enough is known about this tance, but that this resistance should development of multi drug resistance diversity yet, though there are strate- not be used as a reason for not pro- is not to make access to the drugs gies available to monitor: national viding treatment to patients. Coun- harder. If treatment were provided on serosurveys should therefore be put tering this claim, another participant a large scale, the programme should into place. Furthermore, since vac- argued that HIV is an exceptional be sustainable: will it be possible to cines would not become available virus and should be fought in excep- keep everyone on treatment? How- soon, more energy should be put into tional ways. On a more positive note, ever, one participant insisted that prevention. Knowledge of what has it was remarked that HIV research other medical interventions should be already happened in earlier waves of had greatly increased international considered that could be applied on a the epidemic should be used to pre- collaboration in a very short period large scale in a more cost-effective vent similar things from happening and had resulted in spin-off (drugs manner than large-scale antiretrovi- again, both at the same place and developed for other diseases than ral therapy. Potential interventions elsewhere. Webber emphasised that HIV/AIDS). Webber replied that that could be further investigated are the world needs to act now. Several indeed scientists are living in exciting male circumcision and the use of

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intra-vaginal microbicidal agents by HIV/AIDS epidemic. The Religious Hadith, or the Bible and its scrip- women (starting with the cheapest Leaders Initiative started in April tures. Sub-regional training work- and simplest of all, a little lemon 2004, and involved a technical meet- shops to promote the toolkits are cur- juice). In addition to medical inter- ing for key religious leaders, to pre- rently being organised by UNDP’s ventions, sexual behaviour needed to pare for the major Cairo Colloquium HARPAS and national initiatives are be changed, and the participants (11–13 December 2004) that mushrooming in almost every Arab acknowledged that to change sexual involved 80 top Muslim and Christ- country, creating a regional transfor- behaviour one first needed to change ian leaders. They produced a progres- mation. The change of heart individ- people’s worldviews. sive Declaration with a major change ually among religious leaders takes from their earlier stance. Since then, place not only through sharing accu- Role of religion and ethics in the prevention and control of the Declaration had been endorsed rate information but also through the epidemics by thousands of Muslim Imams and religious leaders meeting face to face The workshop participants received a Christian Ministers in the region. It with People Living with HIV and presentation on ‘UNDP/HARPAS had been described as revolutionary AIDS. Participants also benefit from Religious Leaders Initiative on by reporters covering the story. It a package of leadership development HIV/AIDS in The Arab Region: the emphasised the urgency of respond- exercises that encourage them to go Ethics of a Developmental approach’ ing to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, call- beyond statistics and intellectual by Dr. Khadija Moalla, Dr. Ehab El ing for awareness campaigns, out- arguments, in order to develop an Kharrat MD, and Sayed EL Zenari reach to vulnerable groups, treatment empathetic understanding of the MD of the UNDP HIV/AIDS and care for those infected and issues that surround HIV/AIDS. The Regional Programme in the Arab affected by the virus. It even explic- lessons learned from the promising States (HARPAS), Cairo, Egypt. Any itly supported womens’ right not to results of this initiative included the effective response to HIV/AIDS can- be infected, implying a possible value and methods of building trust, not stop at the health approach, but review of the age-old power imbal- the importance of an empathetic and ance of gender in sexual relations in motivational approach, the effective- must involve many sectors of the the region. Penal views explaining society in a concerted effort. In the ness of religious leaders in either pro- away the epidemic as an expression Arab world, like elsewhere, moting or hindering developmental of God’s wrath upon the unrighteous approaches, the gradual nature of the HIV/AIDS provokes deep ethical are easily subscribed to in this region mechanisms of transformation and issues and dilemmas. Compassion, and elsewhere. But after the coura- the possibility of discovering new breaking the silence, overcoming geous stance of major religious lead- denial and a proactive stance can be meanings of virtue and spiritual val- ers, the circumstances had been challenged by moral concerns about ues even among the most conserva- changing. The two HIV/AIDS manu- modesty, chastity, avoiding undue tive circles. UNDP did not ‘tell’ the als written by and for Muslim and alarming of the public and a convic- leaders what to do; rather it provided Christian religious leaders had been tion that there are other priorities the platform for them to explore the well received by mid-level and grass towards which the limited resources issues in a safe and warm environ- root leaders all over the Arab world. available should be directed. ment and trusted that they would They contained suggested material HARPAS identified religious leaders find the right answers. Facing for sermons and religious lessons on as key players in the region, who HIV/AIDS provokes either rigidity or HIV/AIDS-related issues, which inte- have an enormous impact on people’s open mindedness and compassion. grate fact-based messages from not values and attitudes. It was consid- Religious leaders in the Arab region only the medical but also the broader ered both possible and worthwhile to are moving in the direction of the lat- win their support to proven and development perspective, and a ter. This may have long-term reper- human rights based responses to the human rights based approach based cussions in their reactions to many on references from the Koran and developmental issues including

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women’s rights, governance and tists are much respected and listened value-driven. access to knowledge. All of these to by progressive communities in the • Policymakers should better appreci- aspects should be seen as essential Arab world, they bear a responsibil- ate the position that Africans, components in any effective response ity to take up an advocacy role. through their informal economy, to HIV/AIDS. Summary of salient points are findings some solutions them- In the discussion, participants selves. Social ethical problems of congratulated the UNDP HARPAS combating the long wave HIV/AIDS • There is an urgent need to use soci- team upon the results already pandemic ety’s knowledge of what has achieved. It was asked whether the already happened to prevent similar approach would also work else- The epidemic reflects very powerful things from happening again, both where: in Africa, for example. The social forces (the socially deprived at the same place and elsewhere; it general answer was positive: if you are more at risk, e.g., very young girls is vital to act now. can find and influence the opinion being infected by older men). leaders, who are often the religious • Leadership and legislation are Ethical issues in HIV/AIDS research leaders, you may be able to move the needed. Currently, some leaders are in developing countries society. It does not go without mar- not willing to discuss it. • The guidelines that are available tyrs and pioneers, however. But there • States have a responsibility to pro- for biomedical research in are seeds of hope for a new under- tect all people. Do these people developing countries contain standing of religion. One participant know about it? Do they want to be principles (e.g., human rights, expressed worries about the relation protected? benefit sharing) that should also between science and religion. The guide HIV/AIDS research. If • Public support for dealing with freedom of the scientific community HIV/AIDS is considered to be an HIV/AIDS in developing countries is at stake here: it may be dangerous exceptional case, this could give should be gained by presenting it as to empower religion to get a foot into rise to reasons to deviate from an ethical issue to the public and by science and medicine. It was replied these guidelines. It is therefore vital referring to different kinds of rea- that in the Arab world there currently that all research proposals are sons, including self interest. reviewed by ethics committees. are gaps between government, acade- • Whilst the provision of health care mia and religious leaders. What the • It is very important to promote is the responsibility of the state, programme did was to start a dia- local involvement with clinical companies, NGOs, intergovern- logue between these three sectors of trials. mental organisations and others society. In fact, the scientists had • It is necessary not only to focus on may counterbalance the failure of nothing to lose in this interaction. If trials, but also to study the public health systems. scientist were not doing anything, infrastructure needed to deliver wrong things could happen, such as • However, the lack of equitable effective care. access to health care remains a fatwas on the use of condoms. In the • It is vital to continue research on main problem. More can be done current situation, the programme is the virus, since there are huge areas to improve health systems. There is trying to convince religious leaders to of ignorance. Particularly, research talk to and learn from scientists. But a role for the global research com- is needed to follow the changes of there is a need for research on the munity here. the virus; for this, relatively cheap role of religion in democratisation. • The cost-effectiveness approach to monitoring strategies exist. The hope is that the acknowledgment health system reform in developing • In testing live attenuated virus of the existence of a pluralistic Arab countries that was driven by the vaccines, the negative effects on society could act as a first step international monetary institutions communities—that are hard to towards the freedom of thought and has resulted in major difficulties, restrict—must be taken into the freedom of science. Since scien- since it is money-driven and not account.

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Ethics and action of multinational Future work for Pugwash that the Consumer Project on Tech- companies against HIV/AIDS At the end of the workshop, potential nology and others have recently pro- • Companies providing treatment future work for Pugwash (and oth- posed. The signatories of this treaty for their employees find it difficult ers) was discussed. Several proposals would take on obligations to fund a to decide who else should receive were put on the table. minimal amount of basic biomedical it. The way forward is to form First, it was proposed to broaden research as well as priority research partnerships with NGOs and the scope from HIV/AIDS to infec- for neglected diseases, pharmaceuti- (inter-) governmental actors. tious diseases. Not everyone was con- cals, vaccine development, diagnostic vinced that HIV/AIDS is special as tools, and so on. • Ethical implications of treatment compared with other infectious dis- Fourth, the results of the four versus prevention-led strategies eases. The health situation in devel- Pugwash workshops now held on • It is unwise to promise that a oping countries is so bad that it does HIV/AIDS should be brought to vaccine will be available within a not make sense to be focused on other countries. Both the Muslim couple of years. HIV/AIDS alone. To make a special world and sub-Saharan Africa were • One can do good for individuals in case of HIV/AIDS may even be con- mentioned as areas where follow-up the short term in a way that harms sidered unethical. It should be con- work should be done on the the public in the long term. Thus, sidered as one of the infectious dis- HARPAS programme in the Arab in the battle against multiple drug eases and attention should be drawn world. Russia was also mentioned. resistant HIV, it is necessary to to the right of access to health care in But the most concrete proposal was keep a critical look at the the developing world. Too little to engage further with the Indians, completion of treatments and to research is being conducted on health who were present at the third Pug- ensure that treatment can be systems. Other reasons to broaden wash Workshop on HIV/AIDS. The sustained for everyone involved. the agenda to infectious diseases are plan is to organise a 5th workshop in that the same or similar sorts of New Delhi in 2006, where the Role of religion and ethics in the insights that have been gained so far prevention and control of the social factors play a role (the poor will be used to sound the alarm to epidemics are the most affected), that oppor- tunistic diseases may increase (e.g., India. • It is of critical importance to use TB ‘piggybacking’ onto HIV/AIDS), Fifth, there was a general consen- the current window of opportunity that infectious diseases in general sus that ignorance about the nature in areas where the epidemic is pose a global security threat, and that and scale of sexual violence world- starting to take off, e.g. the Arab wide in the face of the HIV/AIDS region. the security implications of other infectious diseases could be more pandemic, and ignorance about the • The sexual behaviour of those at serious than HIV/AIDS. underlying ‘social construction’ of risk could and should be changed Second, the scientific community sexuality, was a major block to effec- by trying to influence their should speak truth to power. Pug- tive prevention. The participants worldviews. wash is one of the vehicles that can welcomed the suggestion of several • Changing people’s worldviews can facilitate this. The community should that an independent collaborative be done, in the Arab world and stress the importance of evidence- research proposal to address these elsewhere, by starting a dialogue based decision making. difficult but necessary issues be with religious leaders. Third, Pugwash should further drafted as one of the outcomes of this • Scientists can facilitate this process investigate new frameworks for part- workshop. by undertaking research on topics nering private companies, NGOs and Six, a Pugwash Occasional Paper like the effects of religion in governments. Maybe Pugwash could should be prepared, based on the HIV/AIDS and by playing an also work on the new global Medical work done in these four workshops. advocacy role. Research and Development Treaty

96 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 Pugwash Meeting No. 310

Paticipants

Dr. Joan Box, Clinical Research and Prof. Georg Frerks, Professor of Conflict Dr. Marie-Anne Phelouzat, Assistant, Ethics Liaison Manager, Medical Prevention and Conflict Management, Association Suisse Pugwash, Geneva; Research Council, London, UK Centre for Conflict Studies, Utrecht Uni- High school teacher, Geneva [formerly: Col. (ret.) Pierre Canonne, Member, Pug- versity, The Netherlands; Professor of Maitre-assistante, Faculty of Medicine, wash Council [formerly: Senior Lecturer, Disaster Studies, Wageningen University; Geneva, Switzerland] Disarmament and Arms Control, Univ. Chairman, Pugwash Nederland Prof. Gwyn Prins, Alliance Research Pro- Marne-la-Vallés/Paris, France; Head, Prof. Olga Kubar, Chair of the Forum for fessor, London School of Economics and Training and Staff Development Branch, Ethics Committees in the Commonwealth Political Science, UK and Columbia Uni- OPCW; Senior Staff, Strategic Affairs of Independent States (FECCIS) and the versity, New York. Department, Ministry of Defence; Coun- Head of Clinical Department, Saint- Dr. Gilles Raguin, Infectious Diseases sellor, Permanent Mission of France to Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint-Peters- Specialist, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Univer- the Conference on Disarmament, burg, Russia sity of Paris, France [formerly: Director, Geneva] Mr. Patrice Lucas, Vice President, Social International Operations, Médecins du Prof. Nola Dippenaar, Professor, Dept. of Policies, Lafarge, Paris, France Monde] Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty Dr. Khadija T. Moalla (Tunisia), Dr. Michael Selgelid, Sesquicentenary of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, HIV/AIDS Policy Specialist, UNDP Lecturer in Bioethics, Centre for Values, Pretoria, South Africa; Vice-Chair, South Regional Coordinator, HIV/AIDS Ethics and the Law in Medicine; and Unit African Pugwash Group Regional Program in the Arab States, for History and Philosophy of Science, Dr. Ehab El Kharrat, MD, MSc Psychia- Cairo, Egypt University of Sydney, Australia try, PhD, Consultant at UNDP- HIV/ Prof. Marie Muller, Chair of the Pugwash Dr. Carthage Smith, Deputy Executive AIDS Programme in The Arab States; Council; Dean, Faculty of Humanities, Director, International Council for Sci- Founder and Executive Director of the University of Pretoria, South Africa; ence (ICSU), Paris, France; Ex-Officio Freedom, HIV/AIDS and Drugs Pro- Representative on the UNESCO World gramme Prof. Catherine Peckham, Professor of Pediatric Epidemiology, Institute of Child Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Dr. Sayed El Zenari, MD, MPH, Consul- Health, London, UK; Vice-Chair, Knowledge & Technology (COMEST) tant of UNDP- HIV/AIDS Programme in Nuffield Council on Bioethics Prof. Jean-Pierre Stroot The Arab States; Director of Projects in (Belgium/Switzerland), retired Physicist ; the Arab Medical Union Dr Arthur Petersen, Senior Policy Analyst and Director, Methodology & Modeling President of the Board of the Geneva Dr Clive Evian, Medical Officer, Johan- Program, Netherlands Environmental International Peace Research Institute nesburg Hospital and freelance practice, Assessment Agency (MNP), Bilthoven, (GIPRI), Geneva; Association Suisse South Africa; Director, AIDS Manage- The Netherlands; Treasurer, International Pugwash, Geneva ment and Support Student/Young Pugwash; Treasurer, Pug- Mr. Olivier Vilaca, PhD Candidate, wash Netherlands Champagne-Ardenne University, Reims, France; Researcher, Lafarge HIV/AIDS Project Manager, Paris Dr. Lynne Webber, Clinical Virologist and Consultant Pathologist, Lancet Labo- ratories; Lecturer, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria

PUGWASH STAFF Claudia Vaughn, Program Coordinator, Pugwash Conferences, via della Lungara 10, I-00165 Rome, Italy, Tel. (++39-06) 687-2606, Fax: (++39-06) 687-8376, Mobile: (++39-333) 456-6661, E-mail: [email protected]

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 97 NATIONAL PUGWASH GROUPS Thinking with Einstein: The Responsibility of Science for Peace in the 21st Century Berlin, Germany, 14-16 October 2005

The main objective of the plenary discussion “For a By Goetz Neuneck future Without Weapons of Mass Destruction” was to fos- ter political dialogue. Pugwash Secretary General, Paolo From 14-16 October 2005 the International Conference Cotta-Ramusino, participated together with representa- “Thinking with Einstein: The Responsibility of Science for tives from IPPNW, the European Government, the Ger- Peace in the 21st Century” brought together several hun- man Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the German research dred scientists and participants at the “Urania in Berlin”. community. The German Pugwash Group and its support Albert Einstein, who lived and worked in Berlin from organization, the Federation of German Scientists, was 1918 to 1921, was a scientist who was also passionately one of the five organizers providing much organizational engaged in the political debates of his time and he was and conceptual support for the conference. always aware of the social responsibility that should accompany his profession. For these reasons, it was partic- ularly appropriate to organize such an event in Berlin dur- ing the International Year of Physics in Berlin. The three day meeting was part of the International Einstein Year 2005. The Conference was sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and was opened by then Minister Edelgard Bulmahn, who had participated as an MdB at the Pugwash Annual Confer- ences in 1991 and 1992. All speakers at the opening event emphasized the important role Pugwash has played in many conflict eras. Especially, all of them deeply regretted very much the absence of Sir Joseph Rotblat, who had pre- viously agreed to come to this meeting. In his absence, a larger than life-size photo of Sir Joseph Rotblat reminded all participants to strive for a nuclear weapon-free world. Marie Muller, chair of the Pugwash Council spoke in her plenary lecture about the work of Pugwash, especially on human security problems in Africa. On Saturday, inter- nationally renowned scientists discussed, in a series of forums, the issues of scientific responsibility and whistle blowing, peace through sustainability, novel social chal- lenges posed by “key technologies”, ambivalence over var- ious military uses of science and technology, arms control as a response to new military strategies and modern weapons technologies, privatized wars and state interven- tionism, and global governance. Several Pugwashites par- Top left: Marie Muller; right: Paolo Cotta-Ramusino. Bottom: Goetz Neuneck, Marie Muller, Paolo Cotta-Ramusino, and Kevin Clements. ticipated in these discussion groups.

98 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 IYSP Report from International Student/Young Pugwash

In December 2005, the print version of the ISYP Jour- Report nal on Science and World Affairs was presented to the Juan Pablo Pardo Guerra Pugwash community. Dedicated to the memory of Sir Joseph Rotblat – a close friend and supporter of Student The second half of 2005 was a period marked by the con- Pugwash – the electronic edition of the ISYP Journal on solidation of International Student/Young Pugwash’s Science and World Affairs was also made available at (ISYP) standing projects, in particular, the annual ISYP www.scienceandworldaffairs.org. By including articles Conference and the ISYP Journal on Science and World which touch upon topics ranging from biotechnology and Affairs. The nature and outcomes of these are briefly the social responsibility of scientists to non-proliferation described below in the context of other overarching and regional security, the ISYP Journal is a forum in which events. both young and During the 21st established schol- and 22nd of July ars can present 2005, 30 students their views on a and young profes- number of timely sionals from 16 issues. countries gathered in In parallel to Hiroshima, Japan, as the evolution of part of the 2005 these projects, the ISYP Conference, composition of the “Engaging a new Executive Board of generation for ISYP has also peace.” Aimed at experienced some addressing the com- important plex theoretical and International Student/Young Pugwash participants at the changes. As part Hiroshima conference, July 2005 practical features of of the normal human security, the renewal process of ISYP’s Board, Arthur Petersen (The conference provided a forum in which young professionals Netherlands) and Moira Goodfellow (Canada) left the discussed the means by which solutions to global prob- Executive Board of ISYP in October 2005. As of Decem- lematiques might be achieved. As has become the tradition, ber 2005, the composition of the ISYP Board is: Jessy the ISYP Conference also included spaces for reflecting on Cowan-Sharp (Canada), Rian Leith (South Africa), Irna modern conflicts. Such was the case of the Sir Joseph Rot- van der Molen (The Netherlands), Wakana Mukai blat Symposium, which focused on ways of engaging civil (Japan), Nagappan Parasuraman (India), Benjamin Rusek society in the quest for nuclear disarmament. As an the out- (USA), and Juan Pablo Pardo-Guerra (Mexico). An organ- comes of the 2005 Conference, the Executive Board of ising committee for the 2006 ISYP Conference has also ISYP produced a Vision Statement which synthesises the been established, consisting of the ISYP Executive Board aims of the Student Pugwash community as well as its rela- and Inas Ezz and Karim Kadry (Egypt). tion to the overall Pugwash tradition.

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 99 Mission possible: engaging a new generation ISYP vision statement, Hiroshima, Japan, 27 July 2005

With the invention of nuclear weapons, humanity for ISYP has a mutually reinforcing relationship with the the first time obtained the capacity to extinguish itself. Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs Today, our global society faces continued threats from that enables the two organisations to focus in parallel nuclear weapons and nuclear proliferation, as well as on both the root causes and the symptoms of global social, economic and environmental problems that put insecurity. Through the intellectual proximity of these human security at risk. New tools need to be devel- efforts, the Pugwash movement can foster truly cre- oped within an interdisciplinary framework to ative approaches to world affairs. actively search for and realise sustainable and equi- The result of this relationship is an unprecedented table solutions. We have to learn to think in a new opportunity for young people to concentrate on long- way. term, sustainable and equitable solutions. In order to The Russell-Einstein Manifesto articulates the dangers pursue this goal, ISYP’s focus is on educating students of war in the age of the hydrogen bomb and human- and young professionals; promoting dialogue and col- ity’s responsibility to prevent universal death. Guided laboration between young scientists, policy makers, by the Manifesto, International Student/Young Pug- and international institutions; and preparing members wash draws together international students and young to reach crucial positions within the international pol- professionals concerned with global problems and the icy community. socially responsible application of science and tech- In this way, ISYP is committed to transfer the spirit of nology. Through exposure to a diversity of disciplines, Pugwash to future generations. To engage a new gen- cultures, and ideologies the members of ISYP form eration, ISYP remains, and will continue to remain, common understandings and collaborative links at an infused by the indelible spirit echoed by the Russell- early stage in their careers and keep each other com- Einstein Manifesto: Remember your humanity, and mitted to ISYP’s ideals. forget the rest.

International Student/Young Pugwash Flat A Museum Mansions, 63A Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3BJ, UK; [email protected]

100 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 OBITUARIES Hermann Bondi (1919-2005)

Hermann Bondi, co-author of the steady-state theory of he became Professor of Mathematics at King’s College, the universe and a member of UK Pugwash, died on Sep- London, where he taught and did research until 1971. tember 10, 2005 at the age of 85. Other duties included tenure as Director General of the Born in Vienna in November 1919, Bondi attended European Space Research Organization from 1967 to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he earned a degree in 1971, and Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK Ministry of mathematics in 1940. As an Austrian citizen, Bondi was Defence from 1971 to 1977. From 1983 to 1990, Bondi interned by the UK government in Canada until 1942, was Master of Churchill College, University of Cam- when he returned to Britain to work for the Admiralty on bridge. radio installations, particularly the theory of aerials. This Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1959 and work brought him into contact with Thomas Gold and knighted in 1973, Bondi was very interested in the public Fred Hoyle and led to the collaboration that in 1948 pro- education of science, and was an innovator in using televi- duced their steady-state theory of the universe (positing sion to popularize science. that the universe has always existed in a steady state, as Bondi attended several Pugwash conferences and meet- such having no beginning or end). ings, the first being the 14th Pugwash Conference, Inter- Following the war, Bondi returned to the University of national Cooperation for Science and Disarmament, in Cambridge in 1945 and remained there until 1954, when Venice, Italy in April 1965.

Russian Pugwash memorial service for Joseph Rotblat, Mikhail Lebedev, Sergei Kapitsa, and Francesco Calogero, Moscow, October 2005

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 101 OBITUARIES

Philip Bartlett Smith (1923- 2005)

On behalf of the Board and members of Pugwash Nether- instance on the value of the NPT. He dismissed the core lands, I have the sad task of informing the international concept of the NPT, the legal acceptance of Nuclear Pugwash community of the passing away on December, Weapon States as against Non - Nuclear Weapon States, of 15, 2005 of Philip Bartlett Smith. Phil was born in 1923 in the “haves” versus the “have-nots,” as an error of princi- the United States as an American citizen. In 1950, when ple. Indeed, we must admit that Article VI has been mis- the McCarthy era made it impossible for a person of his used for 35 years as a legal loophole to legitimate the pos- convictions to find employment, he had to leave. Phil session of nuclear weapons. worked in Brazil for seven years, and then moved to the Phil had a tense relationship to his native country. He Netherlands, where he spent the majority of his working deeply rejected its power policy, not only in recent years, life. From 1963 till his retirement in 1988 he was a Pro- but also far earlier. He labeled it “The holy American fessor of Experimental Nuclear Physics at Groningen State Empire,” with great abhorrence. As one of his sons said, University. he was an early “asylum seeker.” Phil Smith was a Pugwashite from the early 1960s, and Phil Smith, who around 1963 became the secretary of a member of the Pugwash Council from 1987 till 1992. Pugwash Netherlands, in succession to the founder Hans He served Pugwash Netherlands as secretary, treasurer Tolhoek, served on the Board till January 2003. For many and member of the Board during the full forty years of his years, till around 1985, he was factually the only Board membership. member, and even in later years, when the Board grew Speaking at his funeral on December 20th, in Gronin- from three till seven persons, he still remained the heart gen, I compared the significance of Phil Smith for Pugwash and soul of the organization. Phil withdrew from the Netherlands with that of Jo Rotblat for Pugwash Interna- Board in 2003, and to the surprise of many also resigned tional. We called him “Mr. Pugwash Netherlands”. Jo and as member. In his last years he wanted to be free to speak Phil both devoted half their lives to the cause of Pugwash. and write unfettered on the many subjects of his concern: One of Phil’s last written contributions was an obituary of armament; environment and energy; poverty and world Jo Rotblat, published in the INES Newsletter of September economics. To his resignation we can only say “deplore,” 2005, and in the Newsletter of Pugwash Netherlands. He “respect” and “understand.” Phil Smith probably had there expressed his great admiration for the courage of Jo greater affinity to the unyielding Bertrand Russell of ear- Rotblat, as the only scientist to leave Los Alamos before lier days than to the Pugwash Community of today. the end of the Second World War, soon after it became But throughout his last two years it was clear that Phil clear in the autumn of 1944 that Nazi Germany would could not really live without Pugwash, nor could we forget never succeed in making an atomic bomb before the end our “Mr. Pugwash Netherlands.” So we came to that last of the war. He called Jo a man “who invented con- ceremony, to say farewell to our respected and beloved science.” We take the liberty of applying these words to Philip Bartlett Smith, fighter for justice and peace. May he Phil himself. This admiration was characteristic for Phil. rest in peace. During his Council Membership he had disagreed many times with Rotblat and other Council Members, for —Bart van der Sijde, Secretary, Pugwash Netherlands.

102 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 Pugwash Meeting No. 309

Pugwash Council for the 2002–2007 Quinquennium

Amb. (ret.) Ochieng Adala, of the Africa dent of the China Association for Promo- Science and World Affairs; Centro Atom- Peace Forum (APFO) in Nairobi, Kenya, tion of International Science and Peace; ico Bariloche, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina, is former Permanent Representative of he was formerly Secretary General of the Tel.: (++54-2944) 445170, Fax: (++54- Kenya to the United Nations in New Chinese People’s Association for Peace 2944) 445299, E-mail: York, former Deputy Secretary/Director and Disarmament (CPAPD) in Beijing, [email protected] for Political Affairs, Ministry of Foreign and Council Member of the Chinese Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy is Professor of Affairs and International Cooperation, Association for International Understand- Nuclear Physics at Quaid-e-Azam Univer- and former Ambassador of Kenya to the ing; CPAPD, PO Box 188, 15 Wanshou sity in Islamabad; Chairman of Mashal Arab Republic of Egypt, the Kingdom of Rd., Beijing, China 100036, Tel.: (++86- Books; an independent maker of docu- Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia; APFO, 10) 6827-1736 or 6821-4433 (ext. mentary films for popularising science in P.O. Box 76621, Tel.: (++254-2) 8586), Fax: (++86-10) 6827-3675, Pakistan; and an activist for peace and 574092/6, Fax: (++254-2) 561357, E-mail: [email protected] social reform; E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Paolo Cotta-Ramusino is Secretary [email protected] Dr. Jeffrey Boutwell is Executive Director General of Pugwash Conferences (since Gen. (ret.) Dr. Mohamed Kadry Said is of Pugwash Conferences on Science and August 2002; Professor of Mathematical Head of the Military Studies Unit and World Affairs, former Associate Execu- Physics at the University of Milan; Direc- Technology Advisor at the Al-Ahram tive Officer at the American Academy of tor of the Program on Science, Technol- Center for Political and Strategic Studies, Arts and Sciences in Cambridge, and for- ogy and International Security, Landau Al-Ahram Foundation in Cairo, Egypt; mer Staff Aide at the National Security Network – Centro Volta, Como; and for- Professor of Missile Mechanics of Flight Council in Washington, DC; Pugwash mer Secretary General of the Union of at the Military Technical College (MTC) Conferences, 2029 P St., NW, Suite 301, Italian Scientists for Disarmament in Cairo; Member of the Committee of Washington, D.C. 20036, Tel. (++1-202) (USPID); Department of Physics, Univer- Strategic Planning of the Egyptian Coun- 478-3440, Fax: (++1-202) 238-9604, sity of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133 cil of Space Science and Technology; Al- Email: [email protected] Milan, Italy, Tel.: (**39-02) 5031 7277, Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Fax: (**39-02) 5031 7480, E-mail: Prof. Francesco Calogero is Professor of Studies, Al-Galaa St., Cairo, Egypt, Tel.: [email protected] Theoretical Physics at the University of (++20-2) 770-5630, Fax: (++20-2) 578- Rome “La Sapienza”. Formerly, he was Dr. Lynn Eden is Associate Director for 6037, E-mail: [email protected] Secretary-General of Pugwash (1989- Research and Senior Research Scholar at Prof. Saideh Lotfian is Associate Profes- 1997), Chair of the Pugwash Council the Center for International Security and sor of Political Science at the Faculty of (1997-2002), and a member of the Gov- Cooperation (CISAC) at Stanford Univer- Law and Political Science at the Univer- erning Board of SIPRI (1982-1992); Pug- sity in California, and co-chair of the US sity of Tehran, Deputy Director of the wash Conferences, via della Lungara 10, Pugwash Committee; CISAC, Encina Center for Middle East Strategic Studies I-00165 Roma, Italy, Tel. (++39-06) 687- Hall, 2nd floor, Stanford University, Stan- in Tehran, and the former Director of the 2606, Fax: (++39-06) 687-8376, E-mail: ford, California 94305-6165, Tel.: (++1- Middle East Program at the Center for [email protected] / 650) 725 5369, Fax: (++1-650) 724 Strategic Research; Faculty of Law & [email protected] (please 5683, E-mail: [email protected] Political Science, University of Tehran, use BOTH) Prof. Galia Golan-Gild is Professor Gov- Enghelab Ave., Tehran, Iran, Tel.: (++98- Col. (ret.) Pierre Canonne is a Lecturer in ernment, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), 21) 611-2546, Fax: (++98-21) 896-9565, Disarmament and Arms Control issues at Herzliya, Israel, and Professor Emerita of E-mail: [email protected] the Univ. Marne-la-Vallés/Paris, former the Department of Political Science, Prof. Anne McLaren is Principal Head of TDB at the Organization for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. She was Research Associate at Wellcome Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in The formerly the Darwin Professor of Soviet Trust/Cancer Research UK, Institute of Hague, former Senior Staff in the Strate- and East European Studies, and Chair, Cell and Developmental Biology; a Mem- gic Affairs Department of the French Department of Political Science, Hebrew ber of the British Pugwash Group; Mem- Ministry of Defense, and former Negotia- University of Jerusalem; E-mail: ber of the European Commission’s Life tor, Chemical Weapons Convention; 29 [email protected] Sciences Group and European Group on Avenue Danton, 43300 Langeac, France, Dr. Karen Hallberg is Professor of Physics Ethics; and former Foreign Secretary of Tel./Fax: (++33-4) 71 77 24 57, E-mail: at the Instituto Balseiro (Bariloche, the Royal Society; Tel.: (++44-1223) 334 [email protected] Argentina), Research Fellow at the 088, E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Chen Jifeng is Convener of the Pug- Argentine National Council of Science Dr. Steven Miller is Director of the Inter- wash Group of China; Vice President of and Technology, a member of the Board national Security Program of the Belfer the China Arms Control and Disarma- of the Argentine Physical Association, Center for Science and International ment Association; Executive Vice Presi- and a member of the Bariloche Group for Affairs at Harvard University’s Kennedy

Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 103 Pugwash Meeting No. 309

School of Government, Editor-in-chief of Japan; former President of the Peace Prof. Ivo Slaus, a Member of the Croat- the quarterly International Security, and Studies Association of Japan; and former ian Parliament, is Chairman of the Parlia- Co-chair of the US Pugwash Committee. Council Member of the Japanese Political mentary Subcommittee on Science, Formerly, he was a Senior Research Fel- Science Association; School of Law, Higher Education & Technology, Presi- low at the Stockholm International Peace Tohoku University, Kawauchi, Aoba-ku, dent of Croatian Pugwash, a Member of Research Institute (SIPRI), and taught Sendai 980-8576, Japan, E-mail: the Club of Rome, a Fellow of the World defense and arms control studies in the [email protected] Academy and Academia Europea, former Political Science Department at the Mass- Professor of Physics at Rudjer Boskovic Gen. Pan Zhengqiang is Professor at the achusetts Institute of Technology; CSIA, Institute, and former Foreign Secretary of Institute of Strategic Studies at the J.F. Kennedy School of Government, Har- the Croatian Academy of Sciences & National Defense University, PLA, China, vard University, 79 JFK Street, Cam- Arts; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka a retired Major General in the Chinese bridge, Massachusetts 02138, Tel. (++1- 54, P.O. Box 1016, 10000 Zagreb, Croa- People’s Army, and former Director of the 617) 495-1411, Fax: (++1-617) tia, Tel.:(++385-1) 46 80 202, Fax: Institute of Strategic Studies; Institute of 495-8963, E-mail: steven_miller@Har- (++385-1) 46 80 239, E-mail: slaus@rud- Strategic Studies, National Defense Uni- vard.Edu jer.irb.hr versity, PLA, China, Tel/Fax: (++86-10) Prof. Marie Muller is Chair of the Pug- 8283-1159, E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Fernando de Souza Barros is Profes- wash Council, and Dean of the Faculty of sor Emeritus at the Physics Institute of the Senator Douglas Roche, O.C., is a mem- Humanities and Director of the Centre Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in ber of The Senate of Canada; former Vis- for International Political Studies at the Brazil; Physics Institute, UFRJ, Tel.: iting Professor at the University of University of Pretoria. She is also a (++55-21) 2562-7337, Fax: (++55-21) Alberta in Edmonton; Chairman of the Council Member of the Academy of Sci- 2562-7368, E-mail: [email protected] Canadian Pugwash Group; Chairman of ence of South Africa, and Chair of the the Middle Powers Initiative; and former Dr. Mark Byung-Moon Suh, a South Pugwash South Africa Group; University Canadian Ambassador for Disarmament; Korean political scientist, is a Senior of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, Republic of University of Alberta, Edmonton, Researcher in the Department of Political South Africa, Tel.: (++27-12) 420-2318, Alberta, Canada, Tel.: (++1-780) 466- Science at the Free University of Berlin in Fax: (++27-12) 420 4501, E-mail: 8072, Fax (++1-780) 469-4732, E-mail: Germany and President of the Korean [email protected] [email protected] (or) Pugwash Group. He was formerly the Dr. Götz Neuneck is a physicist working [email protected] director of the Korean International on international security issues. He is Peace Research Institute (KIPRI) in Seoul, Acad. Yuri Ryzhov is President of the currently Senior Fellow at the Institute and a member of the Advisory Council International Engineering University in for Peace Research and Security Policy on Peaceful and Democratic Unification Moscow; Chair of the Russian Pugwash (IFSH) in Hamburg; Member of the of Korea; Schlieperstr. 12, D-13507 Group; Academician of the Russian Council of the German Physical Society Berlin, Germany, Tel.: (++49-30) 433- Academy of Sciences; former Member of (DPG), and Deputy Chairman of the 8574, Fax: (++49-30) 433-2896, E-mail: the Presidential Council of the Russian Working Group “Physics and Disarma- [email protected] Federation; and former Ambassador ment” in the DPG; IFSH, Falkenstein 1, Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Prof. M.S. Swaminathan is a renowned D-22587 Hamburg, Germany, Tel.: Russia to France; 6 Leninsky pr., agriculture scientist. Considered the sci- (++49-40) 866077-21, Fax: (++49-40) Moscow, Russia, Tel.: ++7-095) 236- entific leader of the Green Revolution, his 866-3615, E-mail: [email protected] 5066 / 9761, Fax: (++7-095) 236-1469, approach in pioneering “ever-green revo- hamburg.de E-mail: [email protected] lution” is at the heart of what is now Dr. Alexander Nikitin is Director of the called sustainable agriculture. He is a Air Commodore Jasjit Singh, AVSM, Center for Political and International past recipient of the World Food Prize, VrC, VM, a former veteran fighter pilot Studies (CPIS); Vice Chairman of the the Honda Award, the Ramon and Director of Operations of the Indian Russian Pugwash Committee of Scientists Magsaysay Award, the UNESCO Gandhi Air Force, is currently Director of the for Disarmament and International Secu- Prize, and the Indira Gandhi Prize for Centre for Strategic and International rity; Professor at Moscow State Institute Peace, Disarmament and Development. Studies; he was Director of the Institute for International Relations; First Vice- He chaired the International Commission for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) President of the Russian Political Science on Peace and Food, and is UNESCO in New Delhi (1987-2001), and a Mem- Association; and Board Member of the Chair in Ecotechnology, and Chairman of ber of the National Security Advisory Russian Academy of Political Sciences; the MS Swaminathan Research Founda- Board; he has published extensively on CPIS, Prospect Mira 36, Moscow, Russ- tion in Chennai, India; MS Swaminathan strategic and security issues; 18/803, Her- ian Federation 129010, Tel. (++7-095) Research Foundation, 3rd Cross Street, itage City, Mehrauli Road, Gurgaon- 280-3441, Fax: (++7-095) 280-0245, E- Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai- 122002, India, Tel.: (++91-124) 891- mail: [email protected] 600 113, India, Tel.: (++91-44) 254 2790 7701, E-mail: [email protected] (or) / 1698, Fax: (++91-44) 254 1319, E-mail: Prof. Hitoshi Ohnishi is Professor of [email protected] [email protected] International Relations and Deputy Presi- dent at Tohoku University in Sendai,

104 Pugwash Newsletter, December 2005 Calendar of Future Pugwash Meetings

10-12 March 2006 Pugwash Meeting no. 314: Pugwash Workshop on Prospects for Islamabad, Pakistan Self-Governance in Jammu and Kashmir, and Present Status of Cooperation and Communications across the Line of Control

17-19 March 2006 Pugwash Meeting no. 315: Pugwash Workshop on Security Architecture Nairobi, Kenya in the Horn of Africa Sub-Region

7-9 April 2006 Pugwash Meeting no. 316: 4th Pugwash Workshop on Threats without Chennai, India Enemies (HIV/AIDS)

24-26 April 2006 Pugwash Meeting no. 317: Pugwash Workshop on Regional Security in the Tehran, Iran Persian Gulf Region

13-14 May 2006 Pugwash Meeting no. 318: 24th CBW Workshop Noordwijk, Netherlands

26-28 May 2006 3rd Bariloche Regional Workshop: Towards the Solution of Economic Bariloche, Argentina Inequities in Latin America and of their Social Consequences

7-8 June 2006 Pugwash Meeting no. 319: Pugwash Workshop on Nuclear Non-Proliferation Amsterdam, Netherlands and Disarmament: The Role of Europe

16-18 June 2006 Pugwash Workshop on New Challenges to Human Security Wageningen, Netherlands (organized by Pugwash Netherlands) (ISYP Pre-Workshop 14-16 June)

11-15 November 2006 56th Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs Cairo, Egypt Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs

President Professor M.S. Swaminathan Secretary-General Professor Paolo Cotta-Ramusino Executive Director Dr. Jeffrey Boutwell

Pugwash Council Chair Professor Marie Muller

Members Ambassador Ochieng Adala Amb. Miguel Marin-Bosch Professor Fernando de Souza Barros Professor Anne McLaren Dr. Jeffrey Boutwell Dr. Steven Miller Professor Francesco Calogero Dr. Götz Neuneck Dr. Pierre Canonne Dr. Alexander Nikitin Professor Paolo Cotta-Ramusino Professor Hitoshi Ohnishi Dr. Lynn Eden Maj. Gen. (ret.) Pan Zhenqiang Professor Galia Golan-Gild Senator Douglas Roche Professor Karen Hallberg Academician Yuri Ryzhov Professor Pervez Hoodbhoy Air Commodore Jasjit Singh Mr. Chen Jifeng Professor Ivo Slaus Maj. Gen. Mohamed Kadry Said Dr. Mark Byung-Moon Suh Prof. Saideh Lotfian Professor M.S. Swaminathan

Pugwash Executive Committee Chairman Professor Paolo Cotta-Ramusino Members Dr. Jeffrey Boutwell Professor M.S. Swaminathan Prof. Saideh Lotfian Maj. Gen. (ret.) Pan Zhenqiang Professor Marie Muller

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