Tlatelolco: La Gemela En La Sombra
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Cobró Los Tributos Y Fungió Tan Sólo Como Un Intermediario En Los Proyectos Del Conquistador
El gobierno de Toluca en los inicios del siglo xvi cobró los tributos y fungió tan sólo como un intermediario en los proyectos del conquistador. Algunos testimonios confrman que Cortés confó “al descendiente de Chimaltecuhtli”, la administración de las tierras que Axayacatl y Moctezuma se habían adjudicado, es decir, aque- llas donde marcaron los contornos de la Villa de Toluca y de sus barrios.42 Ahora bien, Macacoyotzin reinó muy poco tiempo ya que Cortés pronto lo alejó acu- sándolo de idolatría. Al respecto, el testimonio de Francisco de Santiago destaca: “[…] por aver idolatrado y cometido delito con una hija suya lo llevaron a México y quedó en su lugar en la dicha población de Toluca don Pedro Cortés su hijo por manera que […] no fue señor ni cacique en la dicha villa y población y tierras a donde está agora fundada la dicha villa de Toluca el dicho Macacoyotzin cacique de ella sino principal como dicho tiene”. 43 En la época en que fray Juan de Zumárraga fue arzobispo de México, Macacoyotzin habría sido llevado al convento de San Francisco en la capital, donde cumplió años de con- dena. Nada indica que haya regresado a la región de Toluca. Su hijo, don Pedro Cortés indio, sucedió a su padre como gobernador. Lo cierto es que Cortés sacó provecho del alejamiento de Macacoyotzin de México para apresurar la creación de la villa de Toluca. Resumiendo, los testimonios anexados al expediente muestran cómo Cortés logró eli- minar la posible infuencia del señor matlatzinca, no sin haber utilizado sus funciones de gobernador lo mejor que pudo. -
Stear Dissertation COGA Submission 26 May 2015
BEYOND THE FIFTH SUN: NAHUA TELEOLOGIES IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES By ©Copyright 2015 Ezekiel G. Stear Submitted to the graduate degree program in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chairperson, Santa Arias ________________________________ Verónica Garibotto ________________________________ Patricia Manning ________________________________ Rocío Cortés ________________________________ Robert C. Schwaller Date Defended: May 6, 2015! ii The Dissertation Committee for Ezekiel G. Stear certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: BEYOND THE FIFTH SUN: NAHUA TELEOLOGIES IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES ________________________________ Chairperson, Santa Arias Date approved: May 6, 2015 iii Abstract After the surrender of Mexico-Tenochtitlan to Hernán Cortés and his native allies in 1521, the lived experiences of the Mexicas and other Nahuatl-speaking peoples in the valley of Mexico shifted radically. Indigenous elites during this new colonial period faced the disappearance of their ancestral knowledge, along with the imposition of Christianity and Spanish rule. Through appropriations of linear writing and collaborative intellectual projects, the native population, in particular the noble elite sought to understand their past, interpret their present, and shape their future. Nahua traditions emphasized balanced living. Yet how one could live out that balance in unknown times ahead became a topic of ongoing discussion in Nahua intellectual communities, and a question that resounds in the texts they produced. Writing at the intersections of Nahua studies, literary and cultural history, and critical theory, in this dissertation I investigate how indigenous intellectuals in Mexico-Tenochtitlan envisioned their future as part of their re-evaluations of the past. -
A Mat of Serpents: Aztec Strategies of Control from an Empire in Decline
A Mat of Serpents: Aztec Strategies of Control from an Empire in Decline Jerónimo Reyes On my honor, Professors Andrea Lepage and Elliot King mark the only aid to this thesis. “… the ruler sits on the serpent mat, and the crown and the skull in front of him indicate… that if he maintained his place on the mat, the reward was rulership, and if he lost control, the result was death.” - Aztec rulership metaphor1 1 Emily Umberger, " The Metaphorical Underpinnings of Aztec History: The Case of the 1473 Civil War," Ancient Mesoamerica 18, 1 (2007): 18. I dedicate this thesis to my mom, my sister, and my brother for teaching me what family is, to Professor Andrea Lepage for helping me learn about my people, to Professors George Bent, and Melissa Kerin for giving me the words necessary to find my voice, and to everyone and anyone finding their identity within the self and the other. Table of Contents List of Illustrations ………………………………………………………………… page 5 Introduction: Threads Become Tapestry ………………………………………… page 6 Chapter I: The Sum of its Parts ………………………………………………… page 15 Chapter II: Commodification ………………………………………………… page 25 Commodification of History ………………………………………… page 28 Commodification of Religion ………………………………………… page 34 Commodification of the People ………………………………………… page 44 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………... page 53 Illustrations ……………………………………………………………………... page 54 Appendices ……………………………………………………………………... page 58 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………... page 60 …. List of Illustrations Figure 1: Statue of Coatlicue, Late Period, 1439 (disputed) Figure 2: Peasant Ritual Figurines, Date Unknown Figure 3: Tula Warrior Figure Figure 4: Mexica copy of Tula Warrior Figure, Late Aztec Period Figure 5: Coyolxauhqui Stone, Late Aztec Period, 1473 Figure 6: Male Coyolxauhqui, carving on greenstone pendant, found in cache beneath the Coyolxauhqui Stone, Date Unknown Figure 7: Vessel with Tezcatlipoca Relief, Late Aztec Period, ca. -
Bandelier's Contribution to the Study of Ancient- Mexican Social Organization
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS - -IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Vol. 12, No. 7, pp. 249-282' February 10, 1917 BANDELIER'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF ANCIENT- MEXICAN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION-: BY- T. T. WATERMAN *UNIVERSITY OF .CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY UNIVESITY Or CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS DEPARTMENT OF AN OPOLOGY The following publications dealing with archaeological and ethnological subjects- issued under the direction of the Department of Anthropology are sent in exchange for the publi- cations of anthropological departments and museums, and for joumals devoted to general anthropology or to archaeology and ethnology. They are for sale at the prices stated. Exchanges should be directed to The Exchange Department, University Library, Berkeley, California, U. S. A. All orders and remittances should be addressed to the University of California Press. European agent for the series in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Claasical Phil- ology, Education, Modern Philology, Philosophy, and Semitic Philology, Otto Harrassowits, Leipzig. For the series in Botany, Geology, Pathology, Physiology, Zoology and aLso Amer- ican Archaeology and Ethnology, R. Friedlaender & Sohn, Berlin. AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY.-A. L. Kroeber, Editor. Prices, Volume 1, $4.25; Volumes 2 to 11, inclusive, $3.50 each; Volume 12 and following $5.00 each. Cited as Univ. Calif. Publ. Arch. Ethn. Price Vol. 1. l. Life and Culture of the Hupa, by Pliny Earle- Goddard. Pp. 1-88; plates 1-30. September, 1903 ......................... $1.26 2. Hupa Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 89-368. Xarch, 1904 ... 3.00 Index, pp. 369-378. VoL 2. 1. The Exploration of the Potter Creek Cave, by William J. Sinclair. -
Género Y Arqueología En Mesoamérica Homenaje A
1 2 Género y Arqueología en Mesoamérica Homenaje a Rosemary A. Joyce María J. Rodríguez-Shadow Susan Kellogg Editoras Colección Estudios de Género Serie Antropología de las Mujeres CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS DE ANTROPOLOGÍA DE LA MUJER 3 CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS DE ANTROPOLOGÍA DE LA MUJER www.ceam.mx Consejo Editorial Ana Esther Koldorf, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina Arabel Fernández López, Museo Cao, Perú Beatriz Barba, DEAS-INAH, México Conchita Añorve-Tschirgi, American University in Cairo, Egipto Fred Hicks, University of Louisville, Estados Unidos Geoffrey McCafferty, University of Calgary, Canada Lilia Campos Rodríguez, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México Lourdes Prados, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, España Nicolas Balutet, Universidad Jean Moulin, Francia Nilda Stecanela, Universidad de Caixas do Sul, Brasil Los artículos que conforman este libro fueron sometidos a un proceso de dictamen bajo la modalidad de doble ciego realizado por pares expertos en la materia Primera edición, 2013 © D. R. María Rodríguez-Shadow y Susan Kellogg (Eds.) © CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS DE ANTROPOLOGÍA DE LA MUJER Av. Centenario 283, Edificio H22, Entrada 3, Departamento 1 Lomas de Plateros, C. P. 01480 Delegación Álvaro Obregón México D. F. Email: [email protected] www.ceam.mx ISBN 978-607-00-8272-6 Impreso y hecho en México Diseño e ilustración de portada: Mtro. Aarón Luna Revisión de formato electrónico: Dr. Iñigo Aguilar Medina Asistencia y apoyo administrativo: Lic. Julio César Suárez Asesoría en computación: A. A. Alma Carmona 4 INDICE Lista de participantes 7 Prólogo Ernesto González Licón 11 Primera Parte: El Género en Mesoamérica Antigua 17 Los aportes de Rosemary Joyce a la Arqueología de Género en Mesoamérica María Rodríguez-Shadow y Susan Kellogg 19 Sexo, género y edad en la obra de Rosemary A. -
“Enclosures with Inclusion” Vis-À-Vis “Boundaries” in Ancient Mexico
Ancient Mesoamerica, page 1 of 16, 2021 Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/S0956536121000043 “ENCLOSURES WITH INCLUSION” VIS-À-VIS “BOUNDARIES” IN ANCIENT MEXICO Amos Megged Department of General History, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31990, Israel Abstract Recent in-depth research on the Nahua Corpus Xolotl, as well as on a large variety of compatible sources, has led to new insights on what were “boundaries” in preconquest Nahua thought. The present article proposes that our modern Western concept of borders and political boundaries was foreign to ancient Mexican societies and to Aztec-era polities in general. Consequently, the article aims to add a novel angle to our understanding of the notions of space, territoriality, and limits in the indigenous worldview in central Mexico during preconquest times, and their repercussions for the internal social and political relations that evolved within the Nahua-Acolhua ethnic states (altepetl). Furthermore, taking its cue from the Corpus Xolotl, the article reconsiders the validity of ethnic entities and polities in ancient Mexico and claims that many of these polities were ethnic and territorial amalgams, in which components of ethnic outsiders formed internal enclaves and powerbases. I argue that in ancient Mexico one is able to observe yet another kind of conceptualization of borders/ frontiers: “enclosures with inclusion,” which served as the indigenous concept of porous and inclusive boundaries, well up to the era of the formation of the so-called Triple Alliance, and beyond. -
Anales Mexicanos
A~.\LES. Ml~XICO- AZCAPOTZALCO. 49. ANALES MEXICANOS. México- Azcapotzalco. 1.426-1.589. 11?.ADUCCION de un manuscrito antiguo 1nexicano, que c01ztienza con tnedia hoja rota, y al parecer empieza su contenido desde el año de 1415. En el año de doce conejos (1426) murió Tezozomoc, soberano de Azcapotzalco. Reinó en él sesenta años. Tuvo, segun consta y se sabe positivamente, cuatro hijos. Al primero, llamado Acolnahuacatl, le dió el Señorío y el gobierno de Tlacopan (hoy Tacuba). Al segundo, Cuacuauhpz'tzalmac, el gobierno de Tlatilolco. Al tercero, Ep coatzin, el de Atlacuihuayan (hoy Tacubaya). Al cuarto, Maxtlatzin, el de Coyoacan. Cumplidos nueve años de esta distribucion de reinos y gobiernos, murió Cua wauhpitzahuac, succedíéndole inmediatamente su hijo Tlacateotzin, nieto del an ciano y Señor Tezozomoctli é igualmente de Teociteuhtli, que gobernaba á la vez en Acxotlan, Chalco. Luego que murió Tezozomoctli, en ese mismo afio .Maxtlaton se apoderó del mando y Señorío de Azcapotzalco, viniendo de Coyoacan, en donde reinó diez y seis añ.os. Al llegar á Azcapotzalco manifestó que el objeto de su venida era el de tomar parte en el profundo sentimiento por la muerte de su padre. Mas al visitar el cadáver, inmediatamente se postró á sus pies y tomó posesion del imperio de Azcapotzalco. Gobernando Maxtlaton y andando por sus terrenos las mujeres de Chilnalpopoca, repentinamente mandó recogerlas, y estando reunidas las maltrató y les dijo con voz imponente: "vuestros hombres los mexicanos se andan escondiendo dentro de nues tras sementeras, yo los escarmentaré1 y haré morir á vuestro varon Chímalpopocatl y á toda la raza mexicana.» De esta amenaza dieron cuenta las mujeres á Chimalpo poca, diciéndole: ,, gran Señor nuestro, hemos ido á oir allá en Azcapotzalco la fu nesta y terrible sentencia; dizque la sangre mexicana será exterminada; las aves desde * Este manuscrito se escribió en mexicano, y el Sr. -
Encounter with the Plumed Serpent
Maarten Jansen and Gabina Aurora Pérez Jiménez ENCOUNTENCOUNTEERR withwith thethe Drama and Power in the Heart of Mesoamerica Preface Encounter WITH THE plumed serpent i Mesoamerican Worlds From the Olmecs to the Danzantes GENERAL EDITORS: DAVÍD CARRASCO AND EDUARDO MATOS MOCTEZUMA The Apotheosis of Janaab’ Pakal: Science, History, and Religion at Classic Maya Palenque, GERARDO ALDANA Commoner Ritual and Ideology in Ancient Mesoamerica, NANCY GONLIN AND JON C. LOHSE, EDITORS Eating Landscape: Aztec and European Occupation of Tlalocan, PHILIP P. ARNOLD Empires of Time: Calendars, Clocks, and Cultures, Revised Edition, ANTHONY AVENI Encounter with the Plumed Serpent: Drama and Power in the Heart of Mesoamerica, MAARTEN JANSEN AND GABINA AURORA PÉREZ JIMÉNEZ In the Realm of Nachan Kan: Postclassic Maya Archaeology at Laguna de On, Belize, MARILYN A. MASSON Life and Death in the Templo Mayor, EDUARDO MATOS MOCTEZUMA The Madrid Codex: New Approaches to Understanding an Ancient Maya Manuscript, GABRIELLE VAIL AND ANTHONY AVENI, EDITORS Mesoamerican Ritual Economy: Archaeological and Ethnological Perspectives, E. CHRISTIAN WELLS AND KARLA L. DAVIS-SALAZAR, EDITORS Mesoamerica’s Classic Heritage: Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, DAVÍD CARRASCO, LINDSAY JONES, AND SCOTT SESSIONS Mockeries and Metamorphoses of an Aztec God: Tezcatlipoca, “Lord of the Smoking Mirror,” GUILHEM OLIVIER, TRANSLATED BY MICHEL BESSON Rabinal Achi: A Fifteenth-Century Maya Dynastic Drama, ALAIN BRETON, EDITOR; TRANSLATED BY TERESA LAVENDER FAGAN AND ROBERT SCHNEIDER Representing Aztec Ritual: Performance, Text, and Image in the Work of Sahagún, ELOISE QUIÑONES KEBER, EDITOR The Social Experience of Childhood in Mesoamerica, TRACI ARDREN AND SCOTT R. HUTSON, EDITORS Stone Houses and Earth Lords: Maya Religion in the Cave Context, KEITH M. -
Historia Y La Caja De Ahuítzotl Doctora En Arqueología Por La Universidad
History and the Ahuitzotl Box Historia y la Caja de Ahuítzotl ELIZABETH BAQUEDANO Doctora en Arqueología por la Universidad de Londres. Profeso- ra en el University College London (Institute of Archaeology, en donde es coordinadora de Arqueología Azteca y Etnohistoria). Entre sus publicaciones se encuentran Concepts of Death and the Afterlife in Central Mexico, Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and Supreme Deity y Sañuq and Toltecatl Pre-Columbian Arts of middle and South America, en colaboración con George Bankes. ROSS HASSIG Doctor por la Universidad de Stanford (1980). Antropólogo e historiador especializado en Mesoamérica, particularmente en la cultura azteca. Ha publicado Trade, Tribute and Trans- portation, Aztec Warfare, Mexico and the Spanish Conquest y Polygamy and the Rise and Demise of the Aztec Empire. RESUMEN Este artículo estudia el fragmento de una caja que se encuentra en el Museo Británico, así como su tapa perteneciente al Museo Etnológico de Berlin. En este trabajo nos alejamos de las interpretaciones previas, aunque las analizamos y las evalua- mos. Nuestra interpretación tiene un enfoque histórico. Identificamos el glifo que aparece esculpido en la caja como el glifo de Chalco. Interpretamos así los relieves que aparecen en la caja como una conmemoración de la liberación de las ciudades chalcas del mando azteca, al leer el glifo chalchihuitl como el toponímico de Chalco. PALABRAS CLAVE Caja, historia, Ahuítzotl, Chalco, glifo ABSTRACT This paper studies both the Ahuitzotl Box fragment at the British Museum as well as the lid at the Ethnologisches Museum in Berlin, and moves away from previous interpreta- tions, mainly those of Seler, Umberger and Pasztory’s. -
Rethinking the Conquest : an Exploration of the Similarities Between Pre-Contact Spanish and Mexica Society, Culture, and Royalty
University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 2015 Rethinking the Conquest : an exploration of the similarities between pre-contact Spanish and Mexica society, culture, and royalty Samantha Billing University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©2015 Samantha Billing Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the Latin American History Commons Recommended Citation Billing, Samantha, "Rethinking the Conquest : an exploration of the similarities between pre-contact Spanish and Mexica society, culture, and royalty" (2015). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 155. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/155 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright by SAMANTHA BILLING 2015 All Rights Reserved RETHINKING THE CONQUEST: AN EXPLORATION OF THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PRE‐CONTACT SPANISH AND MEXICA SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND ROYALTY An Abstract of a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Samantha Billing University of Northern Iowa May 2015 ABSTRACT The Spanish Conquest has been historically marked by the year 1521 and is popularly thought of as an absolute and complete process of indigenous subjugation in the New World. Alongside this idea comes the widespread narrative that describes a barbaric, uncivilized group of indigenous people being conquered and subjugated by a more sophisticated and superior group of Europeans. -
Dirección General De Servicios Educativos Iztapalapa Dirección De Planeación
DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SERVICIOS EDUCATIVOS IZTAPALAPA DIRECCIÓN DE PLANEACIÓN CENTROS DE TRABAJO DE SUPERVISIÓNES DE EDUCACIÓN INICIAL, PREESCOLAR, PRIMARIA Y ESPECIAL E INSPECCIÓNES GENERALES DE ZONA DE EDUCACIÓN SECUNDARIA POR REGIÓN CICLO ESCOLAR 2019-2020 NOMBRE DEL SUPERVISOR O SOSTENIM No CCT NOMBRE DEL CENTRO DE TRABAJO TURNO REGIÓN ZONA DOMICILIO ENTRE CALLES COLONIA C.P. TEL NIVEL CCT SEDE NOMBRE DE LA ESCUELA SEDE INSPECTOR IENTO SUPERVISIÓN No. 1 DE EDUCACIÓN TIEMPO TENIENTE JAVIER MARTÍNEZ VALLE CENDI No. 26 "ENRIQUE 1 09FSI0079O LIDIA AIDA ÁLVAREZ SANDOVAL CENTRO 001 ALFONSO DEL TORO NO. 1714 ESCUADRON 201 09060 54456153 INICIAL FEDERAL 09DDI0026J INICIAL COMPLETO Y PABLO L. RIVAS MARTÍNEZ PESTALOZZI" SUPERVISIÓN DE ZONA No. 1 DE TIEMPO MARÍA DE LOS ÁNGELES GARCÍA 2 09FZP0127A CENTRO 001 SAN ANDRÉS TETEPILCO NO. 26 XOCHITITLA Y AV. DE LS TORRES SAN ANDRES TETEPILCO 09440 55323270 PREESCOLAR FEDERAL 09DJN0047S JUANA PAVON DE MORELOS EDUCACIÓN PREESCOLAR COMPLETO AREVALO SUPERVISIÓN DE ZONA No. 2 DE TIEMPO MARÍA DEL CARMEN ISLAS 3 09FZP0038H CENTRO 002 RODOLFO USIGLI S/N Y SUR 105-A SUR 103-A Y SUR 105-A SECTOR POPULAR 09060 55817556 PREESCOLAR FEDERAL 09DJN0680U FERNANDO MONTES DE OCA EDUCACIÓN PREESCOLAR COMPLETO MARTÍNEZ GRAL. ANTONIO CARDENAS SUPERVISIÓN DE ZONA No. 3 DE TIEMPO LILIA HORTENSIA PÉREZ ALFONSO TORO S/N Y RADAMES 4 09FZP0361F CENTRO 003 RODRÍGUEZ Y GRAL. RADAMES ESCUADRON 201 09060 56866196 PREESCOLAR FEDERAL 09DJN1147Y PATRIA NUEVA EDUCACIÓN PREESCOLAR COMPLETO BARRAZA GAXIOLA GAXIOLA ANDRADE SUPERVISIÓN DE ZONA No. 4 DE TIEMPO 5 09FZP0086R SIN SUPERVISOR CENTRO 004 SOJA NO. 71 SOJA CASI ESQ. CON LEÑADORES GRANJAS ESMERALDA 09810 56974472 PREESCOLAR FEDERAL 09DJN0435J ISRAEL EDUCACIÓN PREESCOLAR COMPLETO SUPERVISIÓN DE ZONA No. -
Tomaszewski, Brian M. & ME Smith
Author's personal copy Journal of Historical Geography 37 (2011) 22e39 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Historical Geography journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhg Polities, territory and historical change in Postclassic Matlatzinco (Toluca Valley, central Mexico) Brian M. Tomaszewski a,* and Michael E. Smith b a Department of Information Sciences & Technologies, Rochester Institute of Technology, 31 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA b School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 872402, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA Abstract Historical interpretation of political dynamics in pre-conquest central Mexico from indigenous records is fraught with difficulties. Beyond the basic challenges involved in interpreting fragmentary evidence is the fact that the majority of evidence comes from the dominant imperial polity (Tenochtitlan) and paints a biased and overly generalized view of political and social dynamics in provincial areas. We present a reconstruction of the political geography of the Toluca Valley of central Mexico in Aztec times that avoids these biases by focusing not on the events described in native histories, but on the individual towns and their spatial locations. We find that a theoretical perspective that defines political entities by networks and relations among people more adequately captures the historical situation than traditional models that define polities based on territory and boundaries. Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Political process; Polities; Ancient States; Borders; Toluca Valley; Mexico Reconstructing the pre-European political situation in central control of geographical space was continually contested between Mexico presents a challenge for research in historical geography. the native Matlatzinca people of the Toluca Valley and a series of Beyond obvious practical problems of fragmentary written outside imperial polities, including the Tepanecs, the Aztec Triple evidence are three inter-related conceptual challenges.