El Cuauhxicalli De Tizoc
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A Mat of Serpents: Aztec Strategies of Control from an Empire in Decline
A Mat of Serpents: Aztec Strategies of Control from an Empire in Decline Jerónimo Reyes On my honor, Professors Andrea Lepage and Elliot King mark the only aid to this thesis. “… the ruler sits on the serpent mat, and the crown and the skull in front of him indicate… that if he maintained his place on the mat, the reward was rulership, and if he lost control, the result was death.” - Aztec rulership metaphor1 1 Emily Umberger, " The Metaphorical Underpinnings of Aztec History: The Case of the 1473 Civil War," Ancient Mesoamerica 18, 1 (2007): 18. I dedicate this thesis to my mom, my sister, and my brother for teaching me what family is, to Professor Andrea Lepage for helping me learn about my people, to Professors George Bent, and Melissa Kerin for giving me the words necessary to find my voice, and to everyone and anyone finding their identity within the self and the other. Table of Contents List of Illustrations ………………………………………………………………… page 5 Introduction: Threads Become Tapestry ………………………………………… page 6 Chapter I: The Sum of its Parts ………………………………………………… page 15 Chapter II: Commodification ………………………………………………… page 25 Commodification of History ………………………………………… page 28 Commodification of Religion ………………………………………… page 34 Commodification of the People ………………………………………… page 44 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………... page 53 Illustrations ……………………………………………………………………... page 54 Appendices ……………………………………………………………………... page 58 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………... page 60 …. List of Illustrations Figure 1: Statue of Coatlicue, Late Period, 1439 (disputed) Figure 2: Peasant Ritual Figurines, Date Unknown Figure 3: Tula Warrior Figure Figure 4: Mexica copy of Tula Warrior Figure, Late Aztec Period Figure 5: Coyolxauhqui Stone, Late Aztec Period, 1473 Figure 6: Male Coyolxauhqui, carving on greenstone pendant, found in cache beneath the Coyolxauhqui Stone, Date Unknown Figure 7: Vessel with Tezcatlipoca Relief, Late Aztec Period, ca. -
Encounter with the Plumed Serpent
Maarten Jansen and Gabina Aurora Pérez Jiménez ENCOUNTENCOUNTEERR withwith thethe Drama and Power in the Heart of Mesoamerica Preface Encounter WITH THE plumed serpent i Mesoamerican Worlds From the Olmecs to the Danzantes GENERAL EDITORS: DAVÍD CARRASCO AND EDUARDO MATOS MOCTEZUMA The Apotheosis of Janaab’ Pakal: Science, History, and Religion at Classic Maya Palenque, GERARDO ALDANA Commoner Ritual and Ideology in Ancient Mesoamerica, NANCY GONLIN AND JON C. LOHSE, EDITORS Eating Landscape: Aztec and European Occupation of Tlalocan, PHILIP P. ARNOLD Empires of Time: Calendars, Clocks, and Cultures, Revised Edition, ANTHONY AVENI Encounter with the Plumed Serpent: Drama and Power in the Heart of Mesoamerica, MAARTEN JANSEN AND GABINA AURORA PÉREZ JIMÉNEZ In the Realm of Nachan Kan: Postclassic Maya Archaeology at Laguna de On, Belize, MARILYN A. MASSON Life and Death in the Templo Mayor, EDUARDO MATOS MOCTEZUMA The Madrid Codex: New Approaches to Understanding an Ancient Maya Manuscript, GABRIELLE VAIL AND ANTHONY AVENI, EDITORS Mesoamerican Ritual Economy: Archaeological and Ethnological Perspectives, E. CHRISTIAN WELLS AND KARLA L. DAVIS-SALAZAR, EDITORS Mesoamerica’s Classic Heritage: Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, DAVÍD CARRASCO, LINDSAY JONES, AND SCOTT SESSIONS Mockeries and Metamorphoses of an Aztec God: Tezcatlipoca, “Lord of the Smoking Mirror,” GUILHEM OLIVIER, TRANSLATED BY MICHEL BESSON Rabinal Achi: A Fifteenth-Century Maya Dynastic Drama, ALAIN BRETON, EDITOR; TRANSLATED BY TERESA LAVENDER FAGAN AND ROBERT SCHNEIDER Representing Aztec Ritual: Performance, Text, and Image in the Work of Sahagún, ELOISE QUIÑONES KEBER, EDITOR The Social Experience of Childhood in Mesoamerica, TRACI ARDREN AND SCOTT R. HUTSON, EDITORS Stone Houses and Earth Lords: Maya Religion in the Cave Context, KEITH M. -
Historia Y La Caja De Ahuítzotl Doctora En Arqueología Por La Universidad
History and the Ahuitzotl Box Historia y la Caja de Ahuítzotl ELIZABETH BAQUEDANO Doctora en Arqueología por la Universidad de Londres. Profeso- ra en el University College London (Institute of Archaeology, en donde es coordinadora de Arqueología Azteca y Etnohistoria). Entre sus publicaciones se encuentran Concepts of Death and the Afterlife in Central Mexico, Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and Supreme Deity y Sañuq and Toltecatl Pre-Columbian Arts of middle and South America, en colaboración con George Bankes. ROSS HASSIG Doctor por la Universidad de Stanford (1980). Antropólogo e historiador especializado en Mesoamérica, particularmente en la cultura azteca. Ha publicado Trade, Tribute and Trans- portation, Aztec Warfare, Mexico and the Spanish Conquest y Polygamy and the Rise and Demise of the Aztec Empire. RESUMEN Este artículo estudia el fragmento de una caja que se encuentra en el Museo Británico, así como su tapa perteneciente al Museo Etnológico de Berlin. En este trabajo nos alejamos de las interpretaciones previas, aunque las analizamos y las evalua- mos. Nuestra interpretación tiene un enfoque histórico. Identificamos el glifo que aparece esculpido en la caja como el glifo de Chalco. Interpretamos así los relieves que aparecen en la caja como una conmemoración de la liberación de las ciudades chalcas del mando azteca, al leer el glifo chalchihuitl como el toponímico de Chalco. PALABRAS CLAVE Caja, historia, Ahuítzotl, Chalco, glifo ABSTRACT This paper studies both the Ahuitzotl Box fragment at the British Museum as well as the lid at the Ethnologisches Museum in Berlin, and moves away from previous interpreta- tions, mainly those of Seler, Umberger and Pasztory’s. -
Rethinking the Conquest : an Exploration of the Similarities Between Pre-Contact Spanish and Mexica Society, Culture, and Royalty
University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 2015 Rethinking the Conquest : an exploration of the similarities between pre-contact Spanish and Mexica society, culture, and royalty Samantha Billing University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©2015 Samantha Billing Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the Latin American History Commons Recommended Citation Billing, Samantha, "Rethinking the Conquest : an exploration of the similarities between pre-contact Spanish and Mexica society, culture, and royalty" (2015). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 155. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/155 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright by SAMANTHA BILLING 2015 All Rights Reserved RETHINKING THE CONQUEST: AN EXPLORATION OF THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PRE‐CONTACT SPANISH AND MEXICA SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND ROYALTY An Abstract of a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Samantha Billing University of Northern Iowa May 2015 ABSTRACT The Spanish Conquest has been historically marked by the year 1521 and is popularly thought of as an absolute and complete process of indigenous subjugation in the New World. Alongside this idea comes the widespread narrative that describes a barbaric, uncivilized group of indigenous people being conquered and subjugated by a more sophisticated and superior group of Europeans. -
Aztec Empire JCC Background Guide
Aztec Empire JCC Background Guide April 13th Kutztown University of Pennsylvania Table of Contents 1 | Page Welcoming Letter from Chair……………………..………………………………. 3 Background ……………. ………………………………………………………………. 4-10 Topic at Hand………………………………………………………………………….. 11 What is Crisis ………………….…………………………………………….……… 12-14 Character List ………………….…………………………………………….……… 14-16 Welcoming Letter From Chair 2 | Page Staff Welcome Letter Dear Delegates, Welcome to KUMUNC XI! My name is Angel Rodriguez and I’m a junior from Reading, PA, majoring in Criminal Justice with a minor in Forensic Science. I have been part of Model UN since September 2017 and this is my first time as a chair. From 2017 until now I have been part of big conferences such as NMUN, McMUN and several others. In my spare time, I love playing basketball and recording myself playing my guitar too, later on, submit it to social media. I have a passion for Forensic Sciences and CSI fascinates me (not the TV show though). Fun facts about me, I cannot do horror movies under any circumstances, I speak two languages, English and Spanish, and a third one but partially which is Italian. The Aztecs culture is best known for the chocolate, amazing architecture, and their sometimes questionable religious ceremonies. Get ready to learn more this April… it is going to be amazing! I want everyone here to have a good time and a fun experience at KUMUNC XI. Although I am a first-time Chair, I know we will have a great time. Feel free to reach out to me with any questions that come to mind. Best of luck, Angel Rodriguez ([email protected]) 3 | Page History Early Mexica The Mexica or Aztlan migrants arrived in the basin area of central Mexico in the mid 13th century. -
Ancient-Leaders-Ahuitzotl
6 Grade Illinois Hub Ancient Leaders Inquiry by Berwyn North District 98 Are Great Leaders Good People? (A) Supporting Questions 1. How was Ahuitzotl characterized during his reign? 2. How did Ahuitzotl expand the borders of the Aztec Empire? 3. How did Ahuitzotl gain the acceptance of the Aztec people? 1 6 Grade Illinois Hub Ancient Leaders Inquiry by Berwyn North District 98 Are Great Leaders Good People? (A) SS.H.1.6-8.MC. Use questions generated about individuals and groups to analyze why they, and the developments they are shaped , are seen as historically significant. Inquiry Standard SS.H.2.6-8. MdC. Analyze multiple factors that influenced the perspectives of people during different historical eras. Staging the Compelling Students will discuss, the question, "What distinguishes a good/bad person?". Question Supporting Question 1 Supporting Question 2 Supporting Question 3 How was Ahuitzotl characterized How did Ahuitzotl expand the How did Ahuitzotl gain the during his reign? borders of the Aztec Empire? acceptance of the Aztec people? Formative Performance Task Formative Performance Task Formative Performance Task For this first formative For this formative performance In this formative performance task performance task, students will task, Students will answer the students will answer the questions, identify how Ahuitzotl was question of, “How did Ahuitzotl “How did Ahuitzotl gain the respect characterized during his reign by expand the borders of the Aztec of the people?”. analyzing featured sources. Empire?” by explaining what strategies Ahuitzotl used to ensure the Aztec Empire expanded successfully. Featured Sources Featured Sources Featured Sources Source A: Ahuitzotl Source #1 Source A: Source #2-Ahuitzotl Source A: Source #3-Ahuitzotl ARGUMENT Students will craft an argumentative product to evaluate which character traits make an ancient Summative leader great and whether or not great ancient leadership contributes to being a good person. -
The City on the Lake 1470–1518
3 The City on the Lake 1470–1518 Outside, the bright sun seared the stones of the patio; inside the thick adobe walls, all was coolness and shadow. One afternoon in 1479, Quecholcohuatl (Ke-chol- CO-wat), a young Chalcan nobleman, paused on the threshold of the Mexican tlatoani’s palace, letting his eyes adjust. “He was considering what judgment would come forth from the king,” a man from his altepetl explained many years later.1 Never had Quecholcohuatl felt such fear in his very gut, for he could tell from the looks passing between his compatriots that they thought he had been sum- moned inside to face a brutal punishment. They thought he would be escorted to one of the dreaded wooden cages the capital city was famous for; from there he would be taken to be burned to death. “Will we all be burned to death?” his friends wondered. Quecholcohuatl found it almost impossible to move forward, following the signals of the servants. But he did so. His name meant “Flamingo Snake”; it was a chosen name, in keeping with the gorgeously colored, finely embroidered clothing he wore when giving a musical performance before the king, as he had just dared to do.2 The tassels swayed as he walked. Here in Tenochtitlan, he rep- resented the greater altepetl of Chalco. He did not want these Mexica people to see his fear, only his pride. He steeled his nerves and put one foot in front of the other. *** Copyright © 2019. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. All rights reserved. All rights Press, Incorporated. -
The Mexica in Tula and Tula in Mexico-Tenochtitlan
Twelve THE MEXICA IN TULA AND TULA IN MEXICO-TENOCHTITLAN Leonardo López Luján Alfredo López Austin THE TOLLAN-QUETZALCOATL DYAD IN THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF MEXICO-TENOCHTITLAN THE autHorS of THIS CHAPter share an interest regarding a crucial dyad in Mesoamerican history: that of Tollan-Quetzalcoatl. A book on the nature of men-gods appeared more than 30 years ago (López Austin 1973); since then, another has just come out examining the Tenochca imitation of Toltec art (López Luján 2006). More than three decades separate one study from the other, and during this time, we have left the subject and returned to it, both individually and together. There is nothing unique about our keen interest in revealing the mysteries of the Feathered Serpent, the legendary ruler, and the city that oscillates between ecumenical and anecumenical.1 For centuries, countless authors, intrigued by similar enigmas, have come before us, and clearly many will follow us with their inquiries on this interplay of myth, legend, and history. Saying that the Tollan-Quetzalcoatl dyad is complicated because of the impact of politics does not fully explain this concept. The dyad was the ideological basis of a widespread political project in Mesoamerica, one that had been in operation for centuries. We dealt with this subject together in our essay Mito y realidad de Zuyuá [The myth and reality of Zuyuá] (López Austin and López Luján 1999, 2000), where we focus on the double figure of Tollan (as an anecumenical dwelling place, where the distinction was produced between men prior to their appearance on the surface of the earth and as a prototypical earthly capital), which is a parallel to the double figure of Quetzalcoatl (as a generic creator of humanity and as a legendary ruler). -
Aztec Art & Architecture
AZTEC ART By MANUEL AGUILAR-MORENO, Ph.D. PHOTOGRAPHY: FERNANDO GONZÁLEZ Y GONZÁLEZ AND MANUEL AGUILAR-MORENO, Ph.D. DRAWINGS: LLUVIA ARRAS, FONDA PORTALES, ANNELYS PÉREZ AND RICHARD PERRY. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION THE AZTEC ARTISTS AND CRAFTSMEN Tolteca MONUMENTAL STONE SCULPTURE Ocelotl-Cuahxicalli Cuauhtli-Cuauhxicalli Dedication Stone Stone of the Warriors Bench Relief Teocalli of the Sacred War (Temple Stone) The Sun Stone The Stones of Tizoc and Motecuhzoma I Portrait of Motecuhzoma II Spiral Snail Shell (Caracol) Tlaltecuhtli (Earth God) Tlaltecuhtli del Metro (Earth God) Coatlicue Coatlicue of Coxcatlan Cihuacoatl Xiuhtecuhtli-Huitzilopochtli Coyolxauhqui Relief Head of Coyolxauhqui Xochipilli (God of Flowers) Feathered Serpent Xiuhcoatl (Fire Serpent Head) The Early Chacmool in the Tlaloc Shrine Tlaloc-Chacmool Chicomecoatl Huehueteotl Cihuateotl (Deified Woman) Altar of the Planet Venus Altar of Itzpaopalotl (Obsidian Butterfly) Ahuitzotl Box Tepetlacalli (Stone Box) with Figure Drawing Blood and Zacatapayolli Stone Box of Motecuhzoma II Head of an Eagle Warrior Jaguar Warrior Atlantean Warriors Feathered Coyote The Acolman Cross (Colonial Period, 1550) TERRACOTTA SCULPTURE Eagle Warrior Mictlantecuhtli Xipec Totec CERAMICS Vessel with a Mask of Tlaloc Funerary Urn with Image of God Tezcatlipoca Flutes WOOD ART Huehuetl (Vertical Drum) of Malinalco Teponaztli (Horizontal Drum) of Feline Teponaztli (Horizontal Drum) With Effigy of a Warrior Tlaloc FEATHER WORK The Headdress of Motecuhzoma II Feathered Fan Ahuitzotl Shield Chalice Cover Christ the Savior LAPIDARY ARTS Turquoise Mask Double-Headed Serpent Pectoral Sacrificial Knife Knife with an Image of a Face GOLD WORK FIGURES BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION A main function of Aztec Art was to express religious and mythical concepts to legitimize the power of the State. -
SACRED SPACES and RITUALS: AZTEC ART and ARCHITECTURE: FOCUS (Tenochtitlán)
SACRED SPACES and RITUALS: AZTEC ART and ARCHITECTURE: FOCUS (Tenochtitlán) ONLINE ASSIGNMENT: http://www.sacred- destinations.com/mexic o/mexico-city-templo- mayor TITLE or DESIGNATION: Templo Mayor CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Mexica (Aztec) DATE: c. 1500 C.E. LOCATION: Tenochtitlán (present- day Mexico City) TITLE or DESIGNATION: Aztec Calendar Stone CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Mexica (Aztec) DATE: c. 1500 C.E. MEDIUM: basalt TITLE or DESIGNATION: Coatlicue from Tenochtitlán CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Mexica (Aztec) DATE: c. 1487-1520 C.E. MEDIUM: volcanic stone ONLINE ASSIGNMENT: https://www.khanacademy. org/humanities/art-africa- oceania- americas/mesoamerica/azte c-mexica/a/mexica-templo- mayor-at-tenochtitlan-the- coyolxauhqui-stone-and-an- olmec-style-mask TITLE or DESIGNATION: Coyolxauhqui (She of the Bells) CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Mexica (Aztec) DATE: late 15th century C.E. MEDIUM: volcanic stone ONLINE ASSIGNMENT: https://www.khanacade my.org/humanities/art- africa-oceania- americas/mesoamerica/o lmec/v/olmec-mask TITLE or DESIGNATION: Olmec-style mask from Tenochtitlán CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Mexica (Aztec) DATE: c. 1200-400 B.C.E.; buried c. 1470 C.E. MEDIUM: jadeite SACRED SPACES and RITUALS: AZTEC ART and ARCHITECTURE: SELECTED TEXT (Tenochtitlán) Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlán, c. 1500 According to Aztec sources, Templo Mayor was built on this spot because an eagle was seen perched on a cactus devouring a snake, in fulfillment of a prophecy. Construction on the temple began sometime after 1325 and was enlarged over the next two centuries. At the time of the 1521 Spanish Conquest, the site was the center of religious life for the city of 300,000. -
Age of Aztec Pdf, Epub, Ebook
AGE OF AZTEC PDF, EPUB, EBOOK James Lovegrove | 512 pages | 27 Mar 2012 | Rebellion | 9781907992810 | English | Oxford, United Kingdom Age of Aztec PDF Book It was interesting getting a bit of a look at the Atex gods which I really knew very little about. Tip with possible spoiler: view spoiler [ Read the last 4 or 5 chapters, I think, if you want to read a fun action sequence akin to a robotech episode. The empire had to rely on local kings and nobles and offered them privileges for their help in maintaining order and keeping the tribute flowing. There are many written texts by the indigenous people and Spaniards of the early colonial period that contain invaluable information about precolonial Aztec history. James Lovegrove is back with another entry in his Pantheon Series, and he doesn't disappoint. Somewhere along the line, I think the author realized he actually had to make the book good for it to sell. Smith; Emily Umberger eds. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. Indeed no conquests are recorded for Motecuzoma in the last years of his reign, suggesting that he may have been incapable of ruling, or even dead Diel Lovegrove has earned my respect and I'm looking forward to reading more of his books. While the position of Cihuacoatl is best attested in Tenochtitlan, it is known that the position also existed the nearby altepetl of Atzcapotzalco , Culhuacan , and Tenochtitlan's ally Texcoco. English aristocrat Lord Kingsborough spent considerable energy in their pursuit of understanding of ancient Mexico. A typological analysis of Aztec placenames". -
“Typically, Ancient Civilizations Turned Their Back on the Future, but They Saw the Past Spread in Front of Them As the Sole Reality, Always As an Ideal to Emulate.”
1 THE MEXICA EMPIRE: MEMORY, IDENTITY, AND COLLECTIONISM “Typically, ancient civilizations turned their back on the future, but they saw the past spread in front of them as the sole reality, always as an ideal to emulate.” Paul-Alain Beaulieu* This chapter covers the four topics requested to unify the comparative analysis and the future publication. The concept that guides this text has been explained by Jacques Le Goff y Paul Ricoeur1 summarized in the words of Alain Schnapp: “The foundation of memory is repetition: the capacity to reactivate a fading memory or rediscover a monument that erosion has disguised or nature overgrown.”2 That is to say; it has been considered the monumental development formation of oral, visual, and written Mesoamerican memory that extends since 1500 (BCE) to 1521 (CE). The political organization of the State was the motor driving the continuous process of acculturation. The kingdom or Mexica Empire, known as the Triple Alianza, are institutions of Toltec origin, enriched and transformed by the experiences of the kingdoms of Cholula, Xochicalco, Tula, Colhuacan, and Texcoco (900-1500 CE). In the transition from Teotihuacan (200-650 CE) to Tula (900-1200 CE), the Mexica State witnessed a reduction of the hegemonic power of the tlatoani (the king). But retained the ancient administrative organization, tribute collection and management of markets and domestic trade, recruitment, training and *Paul-Alain Beaulieu, “Mesopotamian Antiquarianism from Sumer to Babylon,” in Alain Schnapp (ed.), World Antiquarianism: Comparative Perspectives, Getty Research Institute, 2013, pp. 121-122. 1 Jacques Le Goff, Histoire et memoire, Gallimard, 1988, p.