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Chicanos, Mexican-Americans, Hispanics: Una Questione D'identità

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Chicanos, Mexican-Americans, Hispanics: Una Questione D'identità SAGGI Chicanos, Mexican-Americans, Hispanics: Erminio Corti una questione d’identità Nello spirito di un popolo conscio non solo del proprio fiero retaggio storico, * Erminio Corti si è laureato ma anche della brutale invasione ‘gringa’ dei nostri territori, noi, chicanos, in Lingue e Letterature Straniere all’Università di Bergamo con una abitanti e civilizzatori della terra settentrionale di Aztlán donde giunsero i tesi sul poeta chicano Alurista. nostri antenati, riscattando quella che fu la loro terra natale e consacrando la determinazione del nostro popolo del sole, dichiariamo che la voce del 1. Alurista, El Plan Espiritual nostro sangue è il nostro potere, la nostra responsabilità e il nostro inevitabile de Aztlán, in Rudolfo A. Anaya and Francisco Lomelí, eds., Aztlán: Es- destino.1 says on the Chicano Homeland, Al- buquerque, University of New Mex- Con queste parole si apre il Plan Espiritual de Aztlán, manifesto ideo- ico Press, 1989, p. 1. Tutte le tra- duzioni che com pariranno nel pre- logico e programma politico redatto a opera di Alurista – uno tra i mag- sente saggio sono mie, eccetto quan- giori poeti protagonisti del Renacimiento Chicano –, presentato nel 1969 do altrimenti indicato.2. Tino Vil- a Denver alla prima Annual Chicano Youth Conference che vide raccolti lanueva, Sobre el término “chicano”, giovani attivisti provenienti da tutto il territorio statunitense. Concepito in “Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos”, 336 (Junio 1978), p. 394. come un piano di liberazione esso costituì uno tra gli atti fondamentali 3. Guillermo Lux and Maurilio del Movimiento Chicano, che si sviluppò due anni prima nel sud della E. Vigil, Return to Aztlán: The Chi- California e conobbe una rapida diffusione nella comunità dei Mexican cano Rediscovers His Indian Past, Americans, termine ufficiale con il quale la U.S. Commission on Civil in Aztlán: Essays on the Chicano Homeland, cit., pp. 93-110. Rights riconosceva sino al 1971 i messicani “de este lado”. 4. Luis Valdez and Stan Steiner, Nel brano sopra citato compaiono i due termini che costituiscono eds., Aztlán: An Anthology of Mexi- la chiave per la comprensione della cultura contemporanea dei messi- can American Literature, New York, conordamericani – appellativo con il quale andrebbero indicati i chica- A. A. Knopf, 1972, p. XIV. 5. Il saggio in questione è Chi- nos e sul cui senso si ritornerà più avanti –, termini che con frequenza cano Art: Resistance in Isolation. ricorrono nella produzione letteraria di questi ultimi decenni: Aztlán e “Aquí Estamos y No Nos Vamos”, in Chicano. Il primo, possiede una connotazione storico-geografica e, so- R. V. Bardeleben, D. Briesemeister and J. Bruce-Novoa, eds., Missions prattutto, mitico-simbolica, e rappresenta tanto il territorio fisico – cor- in Conflict. Essays on U.S.-Mexi- rispondente al Sudovest degli Stati Uniti – abitato dalla Nazione Chicana can Relations and Chicano Culture, (espressione spesso usata negli anni Sessanta e Settanta dagli attivisti Tübingen, G. Narr, 1986, pp. 25-30. del Movimento per indicare l’intera comunità statunitense dei chicanos), 6. Tino Villanueva, Sobre el té- rmino “chicano”, cit., pp. 387-410.7. quanto la patria ancestrale precolombiana che accomuna, quantomeno F. C. Marmocchi, a cura di, Storia idealmente, i discendenti degli antichi mexica. Il secondo, qui oggetto Antica del Messico, in Raccolta di di disamina, ha un carattere più strettamente ontologico, legato com’è Viaggi, Prato, Giachetti, tr. italiana al senso d’identità di un popolo che, proprio sul piano dell’identità, è dal francese (a sua volta tradotto dal- lo spagnolo) di A. Geri, 1842, vol. stato per oltre un secolo oggetto di aggressione culturale ed economica a 10, p. 555. seguito di un’invasione militare. Dopo che, con il Trattato di Guadalupe 8. Marcienne Rocard, Les fils Hidalgo il quale pose fine nel 1848 alla guerra espansionista degli Stati du soleil: La minorité mexicaine a Uniti ai danni del Messico, le popolazioni di lingua ispanica residenti travers la littérature des États-Unis, Paris, Maisonneuve et Larose, 1980, negli attuali stati di Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, Utah, Cali- p. 18. fornia e Nevada acquisirono la cittadinanza statunitense, esse furono 9. Nota in Juan Gutiérrez Mar- 85 Erminio Corti via via designate ufficialmente da Washington come: Latin-Americans, Spanish-Americans, Spanish-speaking, Spanish-surname e Mexican-Ameri- cans. Nel linguaggio corrente vennero invece chiamati con una lunga serie di appellativi, alcuni dei quali poco noti o rapidamente caduti in disuso, altri con una connotazione dispregiativa, altri ancora fatti propri o coniati dagli stessi hyphenated Americans, gli “Americani col trattino”. Tra i più significativi e diffusi vi sono: Chicanos, La Raza, Spics, Greasers, Pochos, Cholos e Pachucos. Oggi chicano è divenuto il termine nel quale si riconoscono ufficial- mente i messiconordamericani, sebbene vi siano ancora numerosi indi- tínez-Conde, Literatura y sociedad vidui, in massima parte adulti e anziani come riporta Tino Villanueva,2 en el mundo chicano, Madrid, Edi- ciones de la Torre, 1992, p. 53. che rifiutano la definizione, preferendo chiamarsi Mexican Americans o 10. Wolfgang Binder, Partial semplicemente mexicanos. Questa posizione è confermata anche dagli Autobiographies: Interviews With studiosi Guillermo Lux e Maurilio E. Vigil,3 che attribuiscono tale dis- Twenty Chicano Poets, Erlangen, degno al rifiuto di vedersi associati al tono di fervore sociale e militanza Verlag Palm & Enke Erlangen, 1985, p. 222. politica che connota il termine. La voce possiede un’etimologia molto 11. Sylvia A. Gonzales, Nation- incerta e assai dibattuta; inoltre la sua valenza ha subito nel tempo una al Character vs. Universality in Chi- mutazione, trasformandosi da epiteto dispregiativo e discriminante a cano Poetry, in “De Colores” I, 4 (1975), p. 19. orgogliosa affermazione di resistenza e indipendenza culturale. 12. Jorge Ruffinelli, Alurista: Il termine chicano compare per la prima volta, secondo lo studio ef- Una larga marcha hacia Aztlán, in fettuato dall’antropologo José Limón, in un articolo pubblicato il 27 lug- “La palabra y el hombre” (U. Vera- lio 1911 dal giornale La Crónica di Laredo, nel Texas. A quel tempo il cruzana), Nueva época, 17 (enero- marzo 1976), pp. 30-41. vocabolo possedeva una connotazione peggiorativa e veniva a indicare 13. John Womack Jr., Los “chi- l’operaio messicano di basso ceto da poco immigrato negli Stati Uniti, canos”, in “Revista de Occidente” costretto a peregrinare di fattoria in fattoria o lungo le linee ferroviarie XLIV, 132 (marzo 1974), pp. 343-74 in costruzione per trovare lavoro avventizio; pocho designava invece il [saggio in origine apparso come The Chicanos, in “The New York Re- messicano nato negli Stati Uniti, meglio integrato nella società e di una view of Books” XIX, 3 (31 August classe sociale relativamente meno bassa. Il termine rimase voce gergale 1972), pp. 12-18]. più o meno spregiativa e – sicuramente poteva considerarsi tale quando 14. Ringrazio Mario Maffi per usato da parte di un Anglo per riferirsi a un messiconordamericano – sino avermi segnalato tale informazione. 15. Riportata in Tino Villanue- alla seconda metà degli anni Sessanta, allorché il Movimiento Chicano va, Sobre el término “chicano”, cit., lo adottò per indicare i membri della Raza. Assunse quindi un significato p. 391. di autodeterminazione, di orgoglio etnico pubblicamente manifestato, 16. Informazione tratta da Tino di rifiuto dei “giochi semantici di sociologi e messicani ‘rinnegati’” – Villanueva, Sobre el término ‘chica- 4 no’, cit., pp. 390-91. secondo le parole di Luis Valdez. È sufficiente leggere uno qualsiasi 17. Che imita cioè i gringos, ter- degli scritti di artisti e attivisti contemporanei legati al Movimiento per mine usato in America Latina per verificare con quale frequenza ricorra la parola chicano: nella prima pa- indicare chi non parla spagnolo, e 5 in particolare gli angloamericani. gina di un saggio di José Montoya è presente per quattro volte la for- Anche il vocabolo gringo possiede mula “we Chicanos” e in poco più di cinque pagine del medesimo scritto un’etimologia piuttosto controver- il termine viene ripetuto oltre 60 volte. sa. La motivazione di carattere etimologico che porta la minoranza mes- 18. Ernesto Galarza, Barrio Boy, New York, Ballantine, 1972, pp. siconordamericana a riconoscersi nell’appellativo chicano, ha radici pro- 202-3. fonde, testimone di una notevole determinazione e lucidità politica. Il 19. Herman Melville, Mo by- lavoro di ricostruzione filologica, ben riassunto e illustrato da un saggio Dick; or The Whale, Penguin, Lon- di Tino Villanueva,6 non ha dato esiti definitivi e molte sono le ipotesi don, 1987 [1851], p. 297. 20. Raymond Chandler, The sostenute dai vari autori, benché una sola sia quella più convincente e Long Goodbye, Random House, a questa il Movimiento tenda a riconoscere autorità. Secondo questa tesi, New York, 1988 [1953], p. 195. chicano deriverebbe per aferesi dal nome gentilizio mexicano, termine 86 SAGGI con il quale i conquistadores designavano l’individuo della stirpe mexica (gli aztechi). Nello spagnolo del XVI secolo la [x] era in realtà una frica- tiva palato alveolare sorda molto simile al fonema /š/, ortograficamente rappresentato come sh, talché la pronuncia di mexicano suonava in re- altà come meshicano. L’ortografia della trascrizione italiana Chisciotte vs. Quixote di tradizione spagnola, in seguito mutato in Quijote, è una evi- dente prova di tale fenomeno linguistico. In un compendio della Storia Antica del Messico di Alvaro di Torozomoc,7 si legge Sciochimilca (e poche righe sotto Scioscimilca) in luogo del corrente Xochimilca. Non potendo accedere né all’originale spagnolo né a quello francese posso solo de- durre che la [x] sia stata resa ortograficamente con “sc”, per analogia con 21. Anche nella grafia batos lo- cos. È un altro tra i molti termini Chisciotte, dato che ancora nel XIX secolo era molto frequente la forma che designano i pachucos; la lo- arcaica Quixote anziché la moderna Quijote. Durante il XVII secolo la [x] cuzione corrisponde approssimati- fricativa palato alveolare sorda cominciò a leggersi come la [x] moderna vamente all’inglese cool dudes.
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