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He Uses of Humor in Native American and Chicano/A Cultures: an Alternative Study Of The Uses of Humor in Native American and Chicano/a Cultures: An Alternative Study of Their Literature, Cinema, and Video Games Autora: Tamara Barreiro Neira Tese de doutoramento/ Tesis doctoral/ Doctoral Thesis UDC 2018 Directora e titora: Carolina Núñez Puente Programa de doutoramento en Estudos Ingleses Avanzados: Lingüística, Literatura e Cultura Table of contents Resumo .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Resumen ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Sinopsis ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 21 1. Humor and ethnic groups: nonviolent resistance ................................................................ 29 1.1. Exiles in their own land: Chicanos/as and Native Americans ..................................... 29 1.2. Humor: a weapon of mass creation ............................................................................. 37 1.3. Inter-Ethnic Studies: combining forces ....................................................................... 47 2. To laugh or not to laugh: different humor techniques in the literature of Native Americans and Chicanos/as ........................................................................................................................... 53 2.1. Fun and playful narratives ........................................................................................... 53 2.1.1. Gordon Henry’s The Light People and comicality .............................................. 53 2.1.2. How to laugh at a role model with Michele Serros ............................................. 80 2.1.3. Opposite poles: Gordon Henry’s and Michele Serros’s approaches to humor .. 105 2.2. Ironic mode on: poems of Aztecs and hustlers .......................................................... 117 2.2.1. Natalie Diaz’s poetry and humor: When My Brother Was an Aztec ................. 117 2.2.2. Humor and Hustle, by David Tomas Martinez ................................................. 143 2.2.3. Natalie Diaz’s and David Tomas Martinez’s poetry face to face ...................... 167 3. Humor on screen: the cinema of Chicanos/as and Native Americans ............................... 179 3.1. A quinceañera’s tale ................................................................................................. 179 3.2. Indian cinema, Trickster soul .................................................................................... 204 3.3. Quinceañera and Smoke Signals: a comparison ........................................................ 226 4. Revising mythology in video games: Guacamelee! and Never Alone .............................. 237 4.1. Never Alone: playing by Iñupiaq rules ...................................................................... 243 4.2. Guacamelee! and the satirical mystification of daily life .......................................... 258 4.3. Guacamelee! and Never Alone side by side: tales of tricksters and luchadores ....... 272 Conclusion................................................................................................................................. 280 Works cited ............................................................................................................................... 287 Appendix 1: The Light People: suggested table and outline ..................................................... 329 Appendix 2: Quinceañera’s and Smoke Signals’s posters ........................................................ 332 Appendix 3: Some images from Never Alone ........................................................................... 333 Appendix 4: Pictures from Guacamelee! .................................................................................. 335 2 3 Resumo Os usos do humor nas culturas nativa americana e chicana: un estudo alternativo da súa literatura, filmes e videoxogos Esta tese estuda o rol do humor en textos contemporáneos chicanos e nativos americanos individualmente e de xeito comparativo: dous textos narrativos de Gordon Henry (1994) e Michele Serros (2000), dous poemarios de Natalie Diaz (2012) e David Tomas Martinez (2014), os filmes Quinceañera (2006) e Smoke Signals (1999) e os videoxogos Never Alone (2014) e Guacamelee! (2013). O meu obxectivo é avaliar a importancia da comicidade nas obras de dúas comunidades minorizadas nos Estados Unidos para producir críticas, defender a resiliencia, fomentas as relacións inter-étnicas e dar valor ás súas culturas. O meu marco teórico estará composto polos estudos de humor de Mijail Bajtín, Henri Bergson, Sigmund Freud, Linda Hutcheon e Siro López, entre outros. Ademais, os casos de estudo amosan unha profunda preocupación por temas de etnia, polo que incluirei Estudos multiétnicos e de Literatura comparada e un contexto sociocultural e histórico. Ante a novidades dos Estudos de videoxogos, propoño un sistema de citas para que se poida utilizar no futuro este medio. Agardo que o diálogo entre textos humorísticos de diferentes comunidades en E.E.U.U. alente máis estudos comparados de humor que muden o estereotipos dos grupos étnicos como vítimas pasivas de procesos de asimilación. 4 Resumen Los usos del humor en las culturas nativa americana y chicana: un estudio alternativo de su literatura, cine y videojuegos Esta tesis estudia el rol del humor en textos chicanos y nativos americanos contemporáneos individualmente y de forma comparativa: dos textos narrativos de Gordon Henry (1994) y Michele Serros (2000), dos poemarios de Natalie Diaz (2012) y David Tomas Martinez (2014), las películas Quinceañera (2006) y Smoke Signals (1999) y los videojuegos Never Alone (2014) y Guacamelee! (2013). Mi objetivo es evaluar la importancia de la comicidad en las obras de dos comunidades minorizadas en Estados Unidos para producir críticas, defender la resiliencia, fomentar las relaciones inter-étnicas y poner en valor sus propias culturas. Mi marco teórico está compuesto por los Estudios de humor de Mijail Bajtín, Henri Bergson, Sigmund Freud, Linda Hutcheon y Siro López, entre otros. Dado que los textos tratan asuntos relacionados con la etnia, incluiré Estudios multiétnicos y de Literatura comparada y una contextualización sociocultural e histórica. Ante la novedad de los Estudios de videojuegos, propongo un sistema de citas a fin de que pueda utilizarse en el futuro este medio. Espero que el diálogo entre textos humorísticos de diferentes comunidades en E.E.U.U. aliente más investigaciones comparadas sobre el humor que cambien el estereotipo de los grupos étnicas como víctimas pasivas de procesos de asimilación. 5 Abstract The Uses of Humor in Native American and Chicano/a Cultures: An Alternative Study of Their Literature, Cinema, and Video Games This dissertation studies the role of humor in contemporary Chicano/a and Native American texts individually and comparatively: two narratives by Gordon Henry (1994) and Michele Serros (2000), two books of poems by Natalie Diaz (2012) and David Tomas Martinez (2014), the films Quinceañera (2006) and Smoke Signals (1999), and the video games Never Alone (2014) and Guacamelee! (2013). My goal is to evaluate the importance of comicality in the works of two minoritized communities in the United States to criticize, support resiliency, encourage inter-ethnic relations, and celebrate their own cultures. My main theoretical frame is Humor Studies by Mikhail Bakhtin, Henri Bergson, Sigmund Freud, Linda Hutcheon, and Siro López, amongst others. Furthermore, these case studies are concerned with issues of ethnicity; consequently, I include Multi- Ethnic Studies and Comparative Literature, and a social, cultural, and historical contextualization of the texts for a better understanding. Due to the newness of Video Game Studies, I propose a citation system that could be used in the future for this medium. I hope that a dialogue between humorous texts from different groups in the United States will encourage comparative studies of humor and change the stereotype of ethnic communities as passive victims of assimilation processes. 6 Sinopsis A pesar de ser dos grupos nativos del continente americano, las comunidades chicanas y nativas americanas han sido objeto de siglos de colonización y actos imperialistas, que han evolucionado en actitudes neocolonialistas en la actualidad. Por tanto, sus experiencias pueden resultar representativas a la hora de estudiar la situación de grupos étnicos a nivel global. Ambos grupos han sido y siguen siendo objeto de representaciones en la cultura popular que los humillan o los victimizan: por una parte, los/as nativos/as americanos/as han sufrido la imposición de una imagen de seriedad e impasibilidad que no se corresponde con muchas de las manifestaciones culturales en las que el humor es una herramienta vital; por otro lado, los/as chicanos/as han sido repetidamente utilizados como objeto de burla. En este proyecto, estudio el papel del humor en las creaciones artísticas de estos dos mal llamados grupos minoritarios en los Estados Unidos para sobreponerse
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