Atomic Charges Periodic Table
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The Moedal Experiment at the LHC. Searching Beyond the Standard
126 EPJ Web of Conferences , 02024 (2016) DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201612602024 ICNFP 2015 The MoEDAL experiment at the LHC Searching beyond the standard model James L. Pinfold (for the MoEDAL Collaboration)1,a 1 University of Alberta, Physics Department, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 0V1, Canada Abstract. MoEDAL is a pioneering experiment designed to search for highly ionizing avatars of new physics such as magnetic monopoles or massive (pseudo-)stable charged particles. Its groundbreaking physics program defines a number of scenarios that yield potentially revolutionary insights into such foundational questions as: are there extra dimensions or new symmetries; what is the mechanism for the generation of mass; does magnetic charge exist; what is the nature of dark matter; and, how did the big-bang develop. MoEDAL’s purpose is to meet such far-reaching challenges at the frontier of the field. The innovative MoEDAL detector employs unconventional methodologies tuned to the prospect of discovery physics. The largely passive MoEDAL detector, deployed at Point 8 on the LHC ring, has a dual nature. First, it acts like a giant camera, comprised of nuclear track detectors - analyzed offline by ultra fast scanning microscopes - sensitive only to new physics. Second, it is uniquely able to trap the particle messengers of physics beyond the Standard Model for further study. MoEDAL’s radiation environment is monitored by a state-of-the-art real-time TimePix pixel detector array. A new MoEDAL sub-detector to extend MoEDAL’s reach to millicharged, minimally ionizing, particles (MMIPs) is under study Finally we shall describe the next step for MoEDAL called Cosmic MoEDAL, where we define a very large high altitude array to take the search for highly ionizing avatars of new physics to higher masses that are available from the cosmos. -
CHAPTER 12: the Atomic Nucleus
CHAPTER 12 The Atomic Nucleus ◼ 12.1 Discovery of the Neutron ◼ 12.2 Nuclear Properties ◼ 12.3 The Deuteron ◼ 12.4 Nuclear Forces ◼ 12.5 Nuclear Stability ◼ 12.6 Radioactive Decay ◼ 12.7 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay ◼ 12.8 Radioactive Nuclides Structure of matter Dark matter and dark energy are the yin and yang of the cosmos. Dark matter produces an attractive force (gravity), while dark energy produces a repulsive force (antigravity). ... Astronomers know dark matter exists because visible matter doesn't have enough gravitational muster to hold galaxies together. Hierarchy of forces ◼ Sta Standard Model tries to unify the forces into one force Ernest Rutherford “Father of the Nucleus” Story so far: Unification Faraday Glashow,Weinberg,Salam Georgi,Glashow Green,Schwarz Witten 1831 1967 1974 1984 1995 Electricity } } } Electromagnetic force } } } Magnetism} } Electro-weak force } } } Weak nuclear force} } Grand unified force } } } 5 Different } Strong nuclear force} } D=10 String } M-theory ? } Theories } Gravitational force} +branes in D=11 Page 6 © Imperial College London Discovery of the Neutron 3) Nuclear magnetic moment: The magnetic moment of an electron is over 1000 times larger than that of a proton. The measured nuclear magnetic moments are on the same order of magnitude as the proton’s, so an electron is not a part of the nucleus. ◼ In 1930 the German physicists Bothe and Becker used a radioactive polonium source that emitted α particles. When these α particles bombarded beryllium, the radiation penetrated several centimeters of lead. The neutrons collide elastically with the protons of the paraffin thereby producing the5.7 MeV protons Discovery of the Neutron ◼ Photons are called gamma rays when they originate from the nucleus. -
Non-Collider Searches for Stable Massive Particles
Non-collider searches for stable massive particles S. Burdina, M. Fairbairnb, P. Mermodc,, D. Milsteadd, J. Pinfolde, T. Sloanf, W. Taylorg aDepartment of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK bDepartment of Physics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK cParticle Physics department, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland dDepartment of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden ePhysics Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 0V1 fDepartment of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK gDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3 Abstract The theoretical motivation for exotic stable massive particles (SMPs) and the results of SMP searches at non-collider facilities are reviewed. SMPs are defined such that they would be suffi- ciently long-lived so as to still exist in the cosmos either as Big Bang relics or secondary collision products, and sufficiently massive such that they are typically beyond the reach of any conceiv- able accelerator-based experiment. The discovery of SMPs would address a number of important questions in modern physics, such as the origin and composition of dark matter and the unifi- cation of the fundamental forces. This review outlines the scenarios predicting SMPs and the techniques used at non-collider experiments to look for SMPs in cosmic rays and bound in mat- ter. The limits so far obtained on the fluxes and matter densities of SMPs which possess various detection-relevant properties such as electric and magnetic charge are given. Contents 1 Introduction 4 2 Theory and cosmology of various kinds of SMPs 4 2.1 New particle states (elementary or composite) . -
Lesson 6.3 You Experience Is Related to Your Location on the Globe
Key Objectives 6.3.1 DESCRIBE trends among elements for 6.3 Periodic Trends atomic size. 6.3.2 EXPLAIN how ions form. 6.3.3 DESCRIBE trends for first ionization energy, ionic size, and electronegativity. CHEMISTRY & YOUY Additional Resources Q: How are trends in the weather similar to trends in the properties of elements? Although the weather changes from day to day. The weather Reading and Study Workbook, Lesson 6.3 you experience is related to your location on the globe. For example, LESSON 6.3 Available Online or on Digital Media: Florida has an average temperature that is higher than Minnesota’s. Similarly, a rain forest receives more rain than a desert. These differ- • Teaching Resources, Lesson 6.3 Review ences are attributable to trends in the weather. In this lesson, you will • Small-Scale Chemistry Laboratory Manual, Lab 9 learn how a property such as atomic size is related to the location of an element in the periodic table. Key Questions Trends in Atomic Size What are the trends among the What are the trends among the elements for atomic size? ? elements for atomic size One way to think about atomic size is to look at the units that form How do ions form? when atoms of the same element are joined to one another. These What are the trends among the units are called molecules. Figure 6.14 shows models of molecules Engage elements for first ionization energy, (molecular models) for seven nonmetals. Because the atoms in each ionic size, and electronegativity? molecule are identical, the distance between the nuclei of these atoms CHEMISTRY YOUYOY U Have students read the can be used to estimate the size of the atoms. -
Week 1 Slides
Adventures in Chemistry Instructor: Abi Oyeyemi Week 1 States of matter Boiling point, Melting point Atoms Types of Chemistry Hazards PPE Atoms consist of: Neutrons Protons Electrons 0 + - In In shells of atoms Nucleus States of Matter Solid, liquid, gas Week 2 Flame tests Orbitals Periodic table Octet Groups and Periods Experiment: Making a non-Newtonian Fluid Periodic Table Groups Each group tells how many electrons are in the outer shell. In chemistry, a group (also known as a family) is a column of elements in the periodic table of the chemical elements. The elements in each group have the same number of electrons in the outer orbital. Those outer electrons are also called valence electrons Periodic table 118 elements total 8 groups Group 1- Alkali metals Group 2- Alkali earth metals Group 7 –Halogens Group 8-Noble gases Elements structure Includes abbreviated name of element Atomic number-number of protons Always same number of protons and neutrons Mass number- average no. of neutrons and protons Amu: atomic mass units Isotopes Periodic table: Periods A period in the periodic table is a row of chemical elements. All elements in a row have the same number of electron shells/orbitals Week 3 More on the periodic table Electronic configuration Isotopes Chemical vs Physical changes Compounds vs Mixtures Ionic and Covalent bonds Demonstration Lava Lamp Activity: Making models Why do elements react? Octet, want a full outer shell How? By taking or giving electrons (ionic bonding) Or by sharing electrons (covalent bonding) Compounds- A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together. -
Search for Supersymmetry Events with Two Same-Sign Leptons
Search for supersymmetry events with two same-sign leptons Dissertation der Fakult¨atf¨urPhysik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit¨atM¨unchen vorgelegt von Christian Kummer geboren in M¨unchen M¨unchen, im Januar 2010 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Dorothee Schaile 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang D¨unnweber Tag der m¨undlichen Pr¨ufung: 09.03.2010 meiner Familie Abstract Supersymmetry is a hypothetic symmetry between bosons and fermions, which is broken by an unknown mechanism. So far, there is no experimental evidence for the existence of supersymmetric particles. Some Supersymmetry scenarios are predicted to be within reach of the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Col- lider. Final states with two isolated leptons (muons and electrons), that have same signs of charge, are suitable for the discovery of supersymmetric cascade decays. There are numerous supersymmetric processes that can yield final states with two same-sign or more leptons. Typically, these processes tend to have long cas- cade decay chains, producing high-energetic jets. Charged leptons are produced from decaying charginos and neutralinos in the cascades. If the R-parity is con- served and the lightest supersymmetric particle is a neutralino, supersymmetric processes lead to a large amount of missing energy in the detector. The most important Standard Model background for the same-sign dilepton channel is the semileptonic decay of top-antitop-pairs. One lepton originates from the leptonic decay of the W boson, the other lepton originates from one of the b quarks. Here, the neutrinos are responsible for the missing energy. The Standard Model background can be strongly reduced by applying cuts on the transverse momenta of jets, on the missing energy and on the lepton isolation. -
Chapter 8. the Atomic Nucleus
Chapter 8. The Atomic Nucleus Notes: • Most of the material in this chapter is taken from Thornton and Rex, Chapters 12 and 13. 8.1 Nuclear Properties Atomic nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons, which are referred to as nucleons. Although both types of particles are not fundamental or elementary, they can still be considered as basic constituents for the purpose of understanding the atomic nucleus. Protons and neutrons have many characteristics in common. For example, their masses are very similar with 1.0072765 u (938.272 MeV) for the proton and 1.0086649 u (939.566 MeV) for the neutron. The symbol ‘u’ stands for the atomic mass unit defined has one twelfth of the mass of the main isotope of carbon (i.e., 12 C ), which is known to contain six protons and six neutrons in its nucleus. We thus have that 1 u = 1.66054 ×10−27 kg (8.1) = 931.49 MeV/c2 . Protons and neutrons also both have the same intrinsic spin, but different magnetic moments (see below). Their main difference, however, pertains to their electrical charges: the proton, as we know, has a charge of +e , while the neutron has none, as its name implies. Atomic nuclei are designated using the symbol A Z XN , (8.2) with Z, N and A the number of protons (atomic element number), the number of neutrons, and the atomic mass number ( A = Z + N ), respectively, while X is the chemical element symbol. It is often the case that Z and N are omitted, when there is no chance of confusion. -
Chemistry of Superheavy Elements Matthias Schädel*
Reviews M. Schädel DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461072 Superheavy Elements Chemistry of Superheavy Elements Matthias Schädel* Keywords: Dedicated to Professor Günter Herrmann atom-at-a-time chemistry · periodic on the occasion of his 80th birthday table · relativistic effects · superheavy elements · transactinides Angewandte Chemie 368 www.angewandte.org 2006 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 368 – 401 Angewandte Superheavy Elements Chemie The number of chemical elements has increased considerably in the From the Contents last few decades.Most excitingly, these heaviest, man-made elements at the far-end of the Periodic Table are located in the area of the long- 1. Introduction and Historical Remarks 369 awaited superheavy elements.While physical techniques currently play a leading role in these discoveries, the chemistry of superheavy 2. Nuclear Aspects 372 elements is now beginning to be developed.Advanced and very sensitive techniques allow the chemical properties of these elusive 3. Atom-at-a-Time Chemistry 374 elements to be probed.Often, less than ten short-lived atoms, chemi- 4. Objectives for Superheavy cally separated one-atom-at-a-time, provide crucial information on Element Chemistry 375 basic chemical properties.These results place the architecture of the far-end of the Periodic Table on the test bench and probe the 5. Experimental Techniques 376 increasingly strong relativistic effects that influence the chemical 6. Chemical Properties 380 properties there.This review is focused mainly on the experimental work on superheavy element chemistry.It contains a short contribu- 7. Summary and Perspectives 394 tion on relativistic theory, and some important historical and nuclear aspects. -
Mitochondrial Respiratory States and Rates
MitoFit Preprint Arch (2019) doi:10.26124/mitofit:190001 Posted online 2019-02-12 Open Access Freely available online Mitochondrial respiratory states and rates Gnaiger E, Aasander Frostner E, Abdul Karim N, Abumrad NA, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Adiele RC, Ahn B, Ali SS, Alton L, Alves MG, Amati F, Amoedo ND, Andreadou I, Aragó M, Aragones J, Aral C, Arandarčikaitė O, Armand AS, Arnould T, Avram VF, Bailey DM, Bajpeyi S, Bajzikova M, Bakker BM, Barlow J, Bastos Sant'Anna Silva AC, Batterson P, Battino M, Bazil J, Beard DA, Bednarczyk P, Bello F, Ben-Shachar D, Bergdahl A, Berge RK, Bergmeister L, Bernardi P, Berridge MV, Bettinazzi S, Bishop D, Blier PU, Blindheim DF, Boardman NT, Boetker HE, Borchard S, Boros M, Børsheim E, Borutaite V, Botella J, Bouillaud F, Bouitbir J, Boushel RC, Bovard J, Breton S, Brown DA, Brown GC, Brown RA, Brozinick JT, Buettner GR, Burtscher J, Calabria E, Calbet JA, Calzia E, Cannon DT, Cano Sanchez M, Canto AC, Cardoso LHD, Carvalho E, Casado Pinna M, Cassar S, Cassina AM, Castelo MP, Castro L, Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque JP, Cervinkova Z, Chabi B, Chakrabarti L, Chakrabarti S, Chaurasia B, Chen Q, Chicco AJ, Chinopoulos C, Chowdhury SK, Cizmarova B, Clementi E, Coen PM, Cohen BH, Coker RH, Collin A, Crisóstomo L, Dahdah N, Dalgaard LT, Dambrova M, Danhelovska T, Darveau CA, Das AM, Dash RK, Davidova E, Davis MS, De Goede P, De Palma C, Dembinska-Kiec A, Detraux D, Devaux Y, Di Marcello M, Dias TR, Distefano G, Doermann N, Doerrier C, Dong L, Donnelly C, Drahota Z, Duarte FV, Dubouchaud H, Duchen MR, Dumas JF, -
Syllabus Outline
Syllabus Syllabus outline Syllabus component Recommended teaching hours SL HL Core 95 1. Stoichiometric relationships 13.5 2. Atomic structure 6 3. Periodicity 6 4. Chemical bonding and structure 13.5 5. Energetics/thermochemistry 9 6. Chemical kinetics 7 7. Equilibrium 4.5 8. Acids and bases 6.5 9. Redox processes 8 10. Organic chemistry 11 11. Measurement and data processing 10 Additional higher level (AHL) 60 12. Atomic structure 2 13. The periodic table—the transition metals 4 14. Chemical bonding and structure 7 15. Energetics/thermochemistry 7 16. Chemical kinetics 6 17. Equilibrium 4 18. Acids and bases 10 19. Redox processes 6 20. Organic chemistry 12 21. Measurement and analysis 2 Option 15 25 A. Materials 15 25 B. Biochemistry 15 25 C. Energy 15 25 D. Medicinal chemistry 15 25 20 Chemistry guide Syllabus outline Syllabus component Recommended teaching hours SL HL Practical scheme of work 40 60 Practical activities 20 40 Individual investigation (internal assessment—IA) 10 10 Group 4 project 10 10 Total teaching hours 150 240 The recommended teaching time is 240 hours to complete HL courses and 150 hours to complete SL courses as stated in the document General regulations: Diploma Programme (2011) (page 4, Article 8.2). Chemistry guide 21 Syllabus Approaches to the teaching of chemistry Format of the syllabus The format of the syllabus section of the group 4 guides is the same for each subject physics, chemistry and biology. This new structure gives prominence and focus to the teaching and learning aspects. Topics or options Topics are numbered and options are indicated by a letter. -
Search for Magnetic Monopoles with the Moedal Forward Trapping Detector in 13 Tev Proton-Proton Collisions at the LHC
week ending PRL 118, 061801 (2017) PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 10 FEBRUARY 2017 Search for Magnetic Monopoles with the MoEDAL Forward Trapping Detector in 13 TeV Proton-Proton Collisions at the LHC B. Acharya,1,2 J. Alexandre,1 S. Baines,3 P. Benes,4 B. Bergmann,4 J. Bernabéu,5 H. Branzas,6 M. Campbell,7 L. Caramete,6 S. Cecchini,8 M. de Montigny,9 A. De Roeck,7 J. R. Ellis,1,10 M. Fairbairn,1 D. Felea,6 J. Flores,11 M. Frank,12 D. Frekers,13 C. Garcia,5 A. M. Hirt,14 J. Janecek,4 M. Kalliokoski,15 A. Katre,16 D.-W. Kim,17 K. Kinoshita,18 A. Korzenev,16 D. H. Lacarrère,7 S. C. Lee,17 C. Leroy,19 A. Lionti,16 J. Mamuzic,5 A. Margiotta,20 N. Mauri,8 N. E. Mavromatos,1 P. Mermod,16,* V. A. Mitsou,5 R. Orava,21 B. Parker,22 L. Pasqualini,20 L. Patrizii,8 G. E. Păvălaş,6 J. L. Pinfold,9 V. Popa,6 M. Pozzato,8 S. Pospisil,4 A. Rajantie,23 R. Ruiz de Austri,5 Z. Sahnoun,8,24 M. Sakellariadou,1 S. Sarkar,1 G. Semenoff,25 A. Shaa,26 G. Sirri,8 K. Sliwa,27 R. Soluk,9 M. Spurio,20 Y. N. Srivastava,28 M. Suk,4 J. Swain,28 M. Tenti,29 V. Togo,8 J. A. Tuszyński,9 V. Vento,5 O. Vives,5 Z. Vykydal,4 T. Whyntie,22,30 A. Widom,28 G. Willems,13 J. H. Yoon,31 and I. -
Review Article STANDARD MODEL of PARTICLE PHYSICS—A
Review Article STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS—A HEALTH PHYSICS PERSPECTIVE J. J. Bevelacqua* publications describing the operation of the Large Hadron Abstract—The Standard Model of Particle Physics is reviewed Collider and popular books and articles describing Higgs with an emphasis on its relationship to the physics supporting the health physics profession. Concepts important to health bosons, magnetic monopoles, supersymmetry particles, physics are emphasized and specific applications are pre- dark matter, dark energy, and new particle discoveries sented. The capability of the Standard Model to provide health (PDG 2008). Many of the students’ questions arise from physics relevant information is illustrated with application of conservation laws to neutron and muon decay and in the misconceptions regarding the Standard Model and its rela- calculation of the neutron mean lifetime. tionship to the field of health physics (Bevelacqua 2008a). Health Phys. 99(5):613–623; 2010 The increasing number and complexity of these questions Key words: accelerators; beta particles; computer calcula- and misconceptions of the Standard Model motivated the tions; neutrons author to write this review article. The intent of this paper is to present the Standard Model to health physicists in a manner that minimizes the INTRODUCTION mathematical complexity. This is a challenge because the THE THEORETICAL formulation describing the properties Standard Model of Particle Physics is a theory of interacting and interactions of fundamental particles is embodied in fields. It contains the electroweak interaction (Glashow the Standard Model of Particle Physics (Bettini 2008; 1961; Weinberg 1967; Salam 1969) and quantum chromo- Cottingham and Greenwood 2007; Guidry 1999; Grif- dynamics (QCD) (Gross and Wilczek 1973; Politzer 1973).