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Search for Magnetic Monopoles with the Moedal Forward Trapping Detector in 13 Tev Proton-Proton Collisions at the LHC

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Search for Magnetic Monopoles with the Moedal Forward Trapping Detector in 13 Tev Proton-Proton Collisions at the LHC week ending PRL 118, 061801 (2017) PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 10 FEBRUARY 2017 Search for Magnetic Monopoles with the MoEDAL Forward Trapping Detector in 13 TeV Proton-Proton Collisions at the LHC B. Acharya,1,2 J. Alexandre,1 S. Baines,3 P. Benes,4 B. Bergmann,4 J. Bernabéu,5 H. Branzas,6 M. Campbell,7 L. Caramete,6 S. Cecchini,8 M. de Montigny,9 A. De Roeck,7 J. R. Ellis,1,10 M. Fairbairn,1 D. Felea,6 J. Flores,11 M. Frank,12 D. Frekers,13 C. Garcia,5 A. M. Hirt,14 J. Janecek,4 M. Kalliokoski,15 A. Katre,16 D.-W. Kim,17 K. Kinoshita,18 A. Korzenev,16 D. H. Lacarrère,7 S. C. Lee,17 C. Leroy,19 A. Lionti,16 J. Mamuzic,5 A. Margiotta,20 N. Mauri,8 N. E. Mavromatos,1 P. Mermod,16,* V. A. Mitsou,5 R. Orava,21 B. Parker,22 L. Pasqualini,20 L. Patrizii,8 G. E. Păvălaş,6 J. L. Pinfold,9 V. Popa,6 M. Pozzato,8 S. Pospisil,4 A. Rajantie,23 R. Ruiz de Austri,5 Z. Sahnoun,8,24 M. Sakellariadou,1 S. Sarkar,1 G. Semenoff,25 A. Shaa,26 G. Sirri,8 K. Sliwa,27 R. Soluk,9 M. Spurio,20 Y. N. Srivastava,28 M. Suk,4 J. Swain,28 M. Tenti,29 V. Togo,8 J. A. Tuszyński,9 V. Vento,5 O. Vives,5 Z. Vykydal,4 T. Whyntie,22,30 A. Widom,28 G. Willems,13 J. H. Yoon,31 and I. S. Zgura6 (MoEDAL Collaboration) 1Physics Department, Theoretical Particle Physics & Cosmology Group, King’s College, London, United Kingdom 2International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy 3Formerly at School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom 4IEAP, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic 5IFIC, Universitat de València, CSIC, Valencia, Spain 6Institute of Space Science, Bucharest, Măgurele, Romania 7Experimental Physics Department, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 8INFN, Section of Bologna, Bologna, Italy 9Physics Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 10Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 11Formerly at Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, New York, New York, USA 12Department of Physics, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada 13Physics Department, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany 14Department of Earth Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland 15Beams Department, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 16Section de Physique, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland 17Physics Department, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea 18Physics Department, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA 19Département de physique, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada 20INFN, Section of Bologna & Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy 21Physics Department, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 22The Institute for Research in Schools, Canterbury, United Kingdom 23Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom 24Centre for Astronomy, Astrophysics and Geophysics, Algiers, Algeria 25Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 26Formerly at Department of Physics and Applied Physics, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore 27Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA 28Physics Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 29INFN, CNAF, Bologna, Italy 30Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom 31Physics Department, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea (Received 22 November 2016; published 10 February 2017) MoEDAL is designed to identify new physics in the form of long-lived highly ionizing particles produced in high-energy LHC collisions. Its arrays of plastic nuclear-track detectors and aluminium Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. 0031-9007=17=118(6)=061801(6) 061801-1 Published by the American Physical Society week ending PRL 118, 061801 (2017) PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 10 FEBRUARY 2017 trapping volumes provide two independent passive detection techniques. We present here the results of a first search for magnetic monopole production in 13 TeV proton-proton collisions using the trapping technique, extending a previous publication with 8 TeV data during LHC Run 1. A total of 222 kg of MoEDAL trapping detector samples was exposed in the forward region and analyzed by searching for induced persistent currents after passage through a superconducting magnetometer. Magnetic charges exceeding half the Dirac charge are excluded in all samples and limits are placed for the first time on the production of magnetic monopoles in 13 TeV pp collisions. The search probes mass ranges previously inaccessible to collider experiments for up to five times the Dirac charge. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.061801 The existence of a magnetically charged particle would In 2015, an increase in the LHC pp collision energy add symmetry to Maxwell’s equations and explain why from 8 to 13 TeV was achieved, opening a significant electric charge is quantized in nature, as shown by Dirac in discovery opportunity window. This paper presents the first 1931 [1]. In addition to providing a consistent quantum monopole search results in this new energy regime, using theory of magnetic charge and elucidating electric charge the forward monopole trapping detector of the MoEDAL −1 quantization, Dirac predicts the fundamental magnetic experiment exposed to 0.371 Æ 0.004 fb of 13 TeV pp charge number (or Dirac charge) to be gD ¼ð1=2αemÞ ≃ collisions in 2015. The trapping volume used here is an 68.5 where αem is the fine-structure constant. Consequently, upgrade of the prototype that was exposed in 2012 [19].It in SI units, magnetic charge can be written in terms of the consists of 672 square aluminium rods with dimension ¼ 19 × 2.5 × 2.5 cm3 for a total mass of 222 kg in 14 stacked dimensionless quantity gD as qm ngDec where n is an integer number, e is the proton charge, and c is the speed of boxes that were placed 1.62 m from the IP8 LHC interaction point under the beam pipe on the side opposite light in vacuum. Because gD is large, a fast monopole is expected to induce ionization in matter thousands of times to the LHCb detector. higher than a particle carrying the elementary electric A crucial underlying assumption for the effectiveness of the trapping technique using aluminium elements is that charge. Additionally, the existence of the monopole as a 27 topological soliton is a prediction of theories of the uni- there is a strong binding of a magnetic monopole to the 13Al fication of forces [2–5] where the monopole mass is nucleus. Binding is expected between a magnetic monop- ole carrying the Dirac charge or higher and nuclei with determined by the mass scale of the symmetry breaking nonzero magnetic moments. Existing models, summarized that allows nontrivial topology. For a unification scale of in Ref. [20], estimate that binding should occur for 27Al 1016 GeV such monopoles would have a mass in the range 13 17 18 (100% natural abundance). With its large magnetic moment, 10 –10 GeV. In unification theories involving a number 27 Al has a predicted monopole-nucleus binding energy in of symmetry-breaking scales [6–8] monopoles of much 13 the range 0.5–2.5 MeV [20–24], comparatively higher than lower mass can arise, although still beyond the reach of the the predictions obtained with other materials (0.05–1MeV LHC. However, an electroweak monopole has been pro- 113 for protons, and 0.006 MeV for Cd). We also note that posed [9–12] that is a hybrid of the Dirac and ’t Hooft– 48 aluminium does not present a problem with respect to Polyakov monopoles [2,3] with a mass that is potentially induced radioactivity, while its nonmagnetic nature favors accessible at the LHC. the stability of the SQUID magnetometer measurements. Monopole relics from the early Universe have been The samples were individually scanned with a dc extensively searched for in cosmic rays and in materials SQUID long-core magnetometer (2G Enterprises Model [13,14]. In the laboratory, monopole-antimonopole pairs 755) newly installed at the Laboratory for Natural are expected to be produced in particle collisions, provided Magnetism at ETH, Zurich. Conveniently, the new instru- the collision energy exceeds twice the monopole mass M. ment features a conveyor tray for transporting samples Each time an accelerator accessed a new energy scale, through the sensing coils. The current induced in the dedicated searches were made in new monopole mass superconducting coil perpendicular to the shaft is directly regions [15]. The LHC is no exception to this strategy as a proportional to the magnetic flux difference in the direction comprehensive monopole search program using various of transport. A magnetic monopole contained in a sample techniques has been devised to probe TeV-scale monopole would induce a current proportional to the pole strength. masses for the first time [16,17]. The results obtained by In this search, the magnetometer output is multiplied by a MoEDAL using 8 TeV pp collisions allowed the existing calibration factor to translate it into the magnetic charge LHC constraints on monopole pair production [18] to be contained in the sample in units of Dirac charge gD. The improved to provide limits on monopoles with jgj ≤ 3gD calibration is performed using two independent methods, and M ≤ 3500 GeV [19]. as described in Ref. [25]: the solenoid method and the 061801-2 week ending PRL 118, 061801 (2017) PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 10 FEBRUARY 2017 FIG. 1. Top: persistent current (in units of gD after application of a calibration constant) after first passage through the magnetometer for all samples. Bottom: results of repeated measurements of candidate samples with absolute measured values in excess of 0.25gD.
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