DOCSLIB.ORG

Lesson 6.3 You Experience Is Related to Your Location on the Globe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lesson 6.3 You Experience Is Related to Your Location on the Globe Key Objectives 6.3.1 DESCRIBE trends among elements for 6.3 Periodic Trends atomic size. 6.3.2 EXPLAIN how ions form. 6.3.3 DESCRIBE trends for first ionization energy, ionic size, and electronegativity. CHEMISTRY & YOUY Additional Resources Q: How are trends in the weather similar to trends in the properties of elements? Although the weather changes from day to day. The weather Reading and Study Workbook, Lesson 6.3 you experience is related to your location on the globe. For example, LESSON 6.3 Available Online or on Digital Media: Florida has an average temperature that is higher than Minnesota’s. Similarly, a rain forest receives more rain than a desert. These differ- • Teaching Resources, Lesson 6.3 Review ences are attributable to trends in the weather. In this lesson, you will • Small-Scale Chemistry Laboratory Manual, Lab 9 learn how a property such as atomic size is related to the location of an element in the periodic table. Key Questions Trends in Atomic Size What are the trends among the What are the trends among the elements for atomic size? ? elements for atomic size One way to think about atomic size is to look at the units that form How do ions form? when atoms of the same element are joined to one another. These What are the trends among the units are called molecules. Figure 6.14 shows models of molecules Engage elements for first ionization energy, (molecular models) for seven nonmetals. Because the atoms in each ionic size, and electronegativity? molecule are identical, the distance between the nuclei of these atoms CHEMISTRY YOUYOY U Have students read the can be used to estimate the size of the atoms. This size is expressed & Vocabulary opening paragraph. As a class, discuss the seasonal as an atomic radius. The atomic radius is one half of the distance tBUPNJDSBEJVT between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element when the atoms trends in weather typical for your region of the tJPO are joined. country. Ask How is knowing the trends in weather tDBUJPO The distances between atoms in a molecule are extremely small. for a specific region helpful? (Sample answer: It can tBOJPO So the atomic radius is often measured in picometers (pm). Recall that tJPOJ[BUJPOFOFSHZ 12 help in determining the type of plants that will grow there are one trillion, or 10 , picometers in a meter. The molecular tFMFDUSPOFHBUJWJUZ model of iodine in Figure 6.14 is the largest. The distance between the well in your yard.) Have students consider how nuclei in an iodine molecule is 280 pm. Because the atomic radius is knowing trends in elemental properties might be one half the distance between the nuclei, a value of 140 pm (280/2) is helpful to scientists. Figure 6.14 Atomic Radii assigned as the radius of the iodine atom. In general, atomic size This diagram compares the atomic radii increases from top to bottom within a group and decreases from Access Prior Knowledge of seven nonmetals. left to right across a period. Distance between nuclei Ask student volunteers to summarize what they have Nucleus learned about the organization of the periodic table. Hydrogen (H2) Oxygen (O2) Nitrogen (N2) Have students compare and contrast properties and 30 pm 66 pm 70 pm characteristics of periods with those of groups. Atomic radius Fluorine (F2) Chlorine (Cl2) Bromine (Br2) Iodine (I2) 62 pm 102 pm 120 pm 140 pm National Science Education Standards 174 $IBQUFSt-FTTPO A-1, A-2, B-1, B-2, B-3 Focus on ELL 1 CONTENT AND LANGUAGE Have students write the lesson title Periodic Trends in their vocabulary notebook. Have students determine the common definitions of each word and write them in their notebook. Have students predict the lesson content based on these definitions and what they have learned previously about the periodic table. 2 FRONTLOAD THE LESSON Provide four sets of photos of fashion trends from the 1950s, the 1970s, the 1990s, and the current decade. Ask students to identify the fashion trends for each decade. Explain that a trend is a pattern over time. Then ask students if they notice any similarities between clothes in the pictures. Explain that in fashion, and in element properties, trends repeat periodically. 3 COMPREHENSIBLE INPUT Play “The Elements” song written by Tom Lehler. Use this as a tool for engaging students’ interest in the content. Point out that, even though the element names are never repeated, sections of the music are repeated. 174 Chapter 6 • Lesson 3 Similarly, trends in the periodic table are repeated in each period. LESSON 6.3 Interpret(SBQIT Foundations for Reading Atomic Radius vs. Atomic Number Figure 6.15 This graph plots 300 atomic radius versus atomic BUILD VOCABULARY Have students‘ attention make Period 4 Period 5 Period 3 Cs number for elements with a compare/contrast table for cation and anion, and Period 2 Rb atomic numbers from 1 to 55. 250 use the table to decide which type of ion an element K a. Read Graphs Which alkali metal has an atomic is likely to form. Na radius of 238 pm? 200 READING STRATEGY Tell students that they will Period 1 b. Draw Conclusions Sc Li Cd Based on the data for alkali be learning about trends related to the location of 150 Zn metals and noble gases, how elements in the periodic table. Guide students to does atomic size change within Xe a group? read the visuals throughout the lesson closely, as the 100 Kr Atomic radius (pm) Ar c. Predict Is an atom of visuals summarize the trends described in the text. barium, atomic number 56, Ne 50 He smaller or larger than an atom of cesium (Cs)? Explain 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Atomic number Trends in Atomic Size USE VISUALS Guide students’ attention to Figure Group Trends in Atomic Size Look at the data for the alkali metals and noble gases in Figure 6.15. The atomic radius within these groups increases as 6.14. Ask What is the main reason why a scientist the atomic number increases. This increase is an example of a trend. cannot measure the diameter of a single atom? As the atomic number increases within a group, the charge on the (because an atom does not have a sharply defined nucleus increases and the number of occupied energy levels increases. These border) Discuss how measuring the distance variables affect atomic size in opposite ways. The increase in positive charge draws electrons closer to the nucleus. The increase in the number of occupied between nuclei solves this problem. (NOTE: In orbitals shields electrons in the highest occupied energy level from the attrac- Chapter 8 there are formal definitions of molecule tion of protons in the nucleus. The shielding effect is greater than the effect of and diatomic molecule. The operational definition the increase in nuclear charge, so the atomic size increases. of a molecule should be sufficient for a discussion Period Trends in Atomic Size Look again at Figure 6.15. With increas- of atomic radii.) ing atomic number, each element has one more proton and one more elec- CRITICAL THINKING Emphasize the key roles tron than the preceding element. Across a period, the electrons are added to the same principal energy level. The shielding effect is constant for all the electrical attraction and repulsion play within atoms elements in a period. The increasing nuclear charge pulls the electrons in and ions. Review the effects of increasing nuclear the highest occupied energy level closer to the nucleus, and the atomic size charge and changes in the shielding effect of decreases. Figure 6.16 summarizes the group and period trends in atomic size. electrons on the size of an atom: nuclear charge increases within groups and across periods; the Size generally decreases Figure 6.16 Trends in Atomic Size shielding effect increases within groups, but it is The size of atoms tends to decrease from left to right across a period and constant across periods. Have students use these increase from top to bottom within effects to describe the trends for atomic size within a group. Predict If a halogen and an alkali a period and within groups. metal are in the same period, which USE AN ANALOGY As an analogy to positions and one will have the larger radius? trends in properties of elements in the periodic INETIC K See periodic trends table, use seating charts and pricing data from Size generally increases animated online. A R T local theaters or sports venues to discover trends. Instruct students to determine patterns that relate 5IF1FSJPEJD5BCMF 175 the position of a seat to its price. Students should discover that variables such as distance from the stage or field, location relative to the center of the action, and whether the view will be obstructed, all affect price. Elements and the Big Bang At the time of the Big Bang, the temperature was many billions of degrees. Neutrons, protons, and electrons may have formed within 10–4 second after the Big Bang, and the lightest nuclei formed within 3 minutes. Matter was in the form of plasma, a sea of positive nuclei and negative electrons. It took an estimated 500,000 years for electrons and nuclei to cool enough to form atoms. According to the Big Answers Bang theory, Earth, with its wealth of chemical elements, formed from the debris of FIGURE 6.15 supernova explosions. a. potassium b. It increases with increasing atomic number. c. smaller FIGURE 6.16 the alkali metal The Periodic Table 175 Figure 6.17 Cation Formation Lose one electron When a sodium atom loses an ź1eź electron, it becomes a positively Explore charged ion.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Moedal Experiment at the LHC. Searching Beyond the Standard
    126 EPJ Web of Conferences , 02024 (2016) DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201612602024 ICNFP 2015 The MoEDAL experiment at the LHC Searching beyond the standard model James L. Pinfold (for the MoEDAL Collaboration)1,a 1 University of Alberta, Physics Department, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 0V1, Canada Abstract. MoEDAL is a pioneering experiment designed to search for highly ionizing avatars of new physics such as magnetic monopoles or massive (pseudo-)stable charged particles. Its groundbreaking physics program defines a number of scenarios that yield potentially revolutionary insights into such foundational questions as: are there extra dimensions or new symmetries; what is the mechanism for the generation of mass; does magnetic charge exist; what is the nature of dark matter; and, how did the big-bang develop. MoEDAL’s purpose is to meet such far-reaching challenges at the frontier of the field. The innovative MoEDAL detector employs unconventional methodologies tuned to the prospect of discovery physics. The largely passive MoEDAL detector, deployed at Point 8 on the LHC ring, has a dual nature. First, it acts like a giant camera, comprised of nuclear track detectors - analyzed offline by ultra fast scanning microscopes - sensitive only to new physics. Second, it is uniquely able to trap the particle messengers of physics beyond the Standard Model for further study. MoEDAL’s radiation environment is monitored by a state-of-the-art real-time TimePix pixel detector array. A new MoEDAL sub-detector to extend MoEDAL’s reach to millicharged, minimally ionizing, particles (MMIPs) is under study Finally we shall describe the next step for MoEDAL called Cosmic MoEDAL, where we define a very large high altitude array to take the search for highly ionizing avatars of new physics to higher masses that are available from the cosmos.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 12: the Atomic Nucleus
    CHAPTER 12 The Atomic Nucleus ◼ 12.1 Discovery of the Neutron ◼ 12.2 Nuclear Properties ◼ 12.3 The Deuteron ◼ 12.4 Nuclear Forces ◼ 12.5 Nuclear Stability ◼ 12.6 Radioactive Decay ◼ 12.7 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay ◼ 12.8 Radioactive Nuclides Structure of matter Dark matter and dark energy are the yin and yang of the cosmos. Dark matter produces an attractive force (gravity), while dark energy produces a repulsive force (antigravity). ... Astronomers know dark matter exists because visible matter doesn't have enough gravitational muster to hold galaxies together. Hierarchy of forces ◼ Sta Standard Model tries to unify the forces into one force Ernest Rutherford “Father of the Nucleus” Story so far: Unification Faraday Glashow,Weinberg,Salam Georgi,Glashow Green,Schwarz Witten 1831 1967 1974 1984 1995 Electricity } } } Electromagnetic force } } } Magnetism} } Electro-weak force } } } Weak nuclear force} } Grand unified force } } } 5 Different } Strong nuclear force} } D=10 String } M-theory ? } Theories } Gravitational force} +branes in D=11 Page 6 © Imperial College London Discovery of the Neutron 3) Nuclear magnetic moment: The magnetic moment of an electron is over 1000 times larger than that of a proton. The measured nuclear magnetic moments are on the same order of magnitude as the proton’s, so an electron is not a part of the nucleus. ◼ In 1930 the German physicists Bothe and Becker used a radioactive polonium source that emitted α particles. When these α particles bombarded beryllium, the radiation penetrated several centimeters of lead. The neutrons collide elastically with the protons of the paraffin thereby producing the5.7 MeV protons Discovery of the Neutron ◼ Photons are called gamma rays when they originate from the nucleus.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Collider Searches for Stable Massive Particles
    Non-collider searches for stable massive particles S. Burdina, M. Fairbairnb, P. Mermodc,, D. Milsteadd, J. Pinfolde, T. Sloanf, W. Taylorg aDepartment of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK bDepartment of Physics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK cParticle Physics department, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland dDepartment of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden ePhysics Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 0V1 fDepartment of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK gDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3 Abstract The theoretical motivation for exotic stable massive particles (SMPs) and the results of SMP searches at non-collider facilities are reviewed. SMPs are defined such that they would be suffi- ciently long-lived so as to still exist in the cosmos either as Big Bang relics or secondary collision products, and sufficiently massive such that they are typically beyond the reach of any conceiv- able accelerator-based experiment. The discovery of SMPs would address a number of important questions in modern physics, such as the origin and composition of dark matter and the unifi- cation of the fundamental forces. This review outlines the scenarios predicting SMPs and the techniques used at non-collider experiments to look for SMPs in cosmic rays and bound in mat- ter. The limits so far obtained on the fluxes and matter densities of SMPs which possess various detection-relevant properties such as electric and magnetic charge are given. Contents 1 Introduction 4 2 Theory and cosmology of various kinds of SMPs 4 2.1 New particle states (elementary or composite) .
    [Show full text]
  • Search for Supersymmetry Events with Two Same-Sign Leptons
    Search for supersymmetry events with two same-sign leptons Dissertation der Fakult¨atf¨urPhysik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit¨atM¨unchen vorgelegt von Christian Kummer geboren in M¨unchen M¨unchen, im Januar 2010 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Dorothee Schaile 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang D¨unnweber Tag der m¨undlichen Pr¨ufung: 09.03.2010 meiner Familie Abstract Supersymmetry is a hypothetic symmetry between bosons and fermions, which is broken by an unknown mechanism. So far, there is no experimental evidence for the existence of supersymmetric particles. Some Supersymmetry scenarios are predicted to be within reach of the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Col- lider. Final states with two isolated leptons (muons and electrons), that have same signs of charge, are suitable for the discovery of supersymmetric cascade decays. There are numerous supersymmetric processes that can yield final states with two same-sign or more leptons. Typically, these processes tend to have long cas- cade decay chains, producing high-energetic jets. Charged leptons are produced from decaying charginos and neutralinos in the cascades. If the R-parity is con- served and the lightest supersymmetric particle is a neutralino, supersymmetric processes lead to a large amount of missing energy in the detector. The most important Standard Model background for the same-sign dilepton channel is the semileptonic decay of top-antitop-pairs. One lepton originates from the leptonic decay of the W boson, the other lepton originates from one of the b quarks. Here, the neutrinos are responsible for the missing energy. The Standard Model background can be strongly reduced by applying cuts on the transverse momenta of jets, on the missing energy and on the lepton isolation.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 8. the Atomic Nucleus
    Chapter 8. The Atomic Nucleus Notes: • Most of the material in this chapter is taken from Thornton and Rex, Chapters 12 and 13. 8.1 Nuclear Properties Atomic nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons, which are referred to as nucleons. Although both types of particles are not fundamental or elementary, they can still be considered as basic constituents for the purpose of understanding the atomic nucleus. Protons and neutrons have many characteristics in common. For example, their masses are very similar with 1.0072765 u (938.272 MeV) for the proton and 1.0086649 u (939.566 MeV) for the neutron. The symbol ‘u’ stands for the atomic mass unit defined has one twelfth of the mass of the main isotope of carbon (i.e., 12 C ), which is known to contain six protons and six neutrons in its nucleus. We thus have that 1 u = 1.66054 ×10−27 kg (8.1) = 931.49 MeV/c2 . Protons and neutrons also both have the same intrinsic spin, but different magnetic moments (see below). Their main difference, however, pertains to their electrical charges: the proton, as we know, has a charge of +e , while the neutron has none, as its name implies. Atomic nuclei are designated using the symbol A Z XN , (8.2) with Z, N and A the number of protons (atomic element number), the number of neutrons, and the atomic mass number ( A = Z + N ), respectively, while X is the chemical element symbol. It is often the case that Z and N are omitted, when there is no chance of confusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitochondrial Respiratory States and Rates
    MitoFit Preprint Arch (2019) doi:10.26124/mitofit:190001 Posted online 2019-02-12 Open Access Freely available online Mitochondrial respiratory states and rates Gnaiger E, Aasander Frostner E, Abdul Karim N, Abumrad NA, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Adiele RC, Ahn B, Ali SS, Alton L, Alves MG, Amati F, Amoedo ND, Andreadou I, Aragó M, Aragones J, Aral C, Arandarčikaitė O, Armand AS, Arnould T, Avram VF, Bailey DM, Bajpeyi S, Bajzikova M, Bakker BM, Barlow J, Bastos Sant'Anna Silva AC, Batterson P, Battino M, Bazil J, Beard DA, Bednarczyk P, Bello F, Ben-Shachar D, Bergdahl A, Berge RK, Bergmeister L, Bernardi P, Berridge MV, Bettinazzi S, Bishop D, Blier PU, Blindheim DF, Boardman NT, Boetker HE, Borchard S, Boros M, Børsheim E, Borutaite V, Botella J, Bouillaud F, Bouitbir J, Boushel RC, Bovard J, Breton S, Brown DA, Brown GC, Brown RA, Brozinick JT, Buettner GR, Burtscher J, Calabria E, Calbet JA, Calzia E, Cannon DT, Cano Sanchez M, Canto AC, Cardoso LHD, Carvalho E, Casado Pinna M, Cassar S, Cassina AM, Castelo MP, Castro L, Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque JP, Cervinkova Z, Chabi B, Chakrabarti L, Chakrabarti S, Chaurasia B, Chen Q, Chicco AJ, Chinopoulos C, Chowdhury SK, Cizmarova B, Clementi E, Coen PM, Cohen BH, Coker RH, Collin A, Crisóstomo L, Dahdah N, Dalgaard LT, Dambrova M, Danhelovska T, Darveau CA, Das AM, Dash RK, Davidova E, Davis MS, De Goede P, De Palma C, Dembinska-Kiec A, Detraux D, Devaux Y, Di Marcello M, Dias TR, Distefano G, Doermann N, Doerrier C, Dong L, Donnelly C, Drahota Z, Duarte FV, Dubouchaud H, Duchen MR, Dumas JF,
    [Show full text]
  • Search for Magnetic Monopoles with the Moedal Forward Trapping Detector in 13 Tev Proton-Proton Collisions at the LHC
    week ending PRL 118, 061801 (2017) PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 10 FEBRUARY 2017 Search for Magnetic Monopoles with the MoEDAL Forward Trapping Detector in 13 TeV Proton-Proton Collisions at the LHC B. Acharya,1,2 J. Alexandre,1 S. Baines,3 P. Benes,4 B. Bergmann,4 J. Bernabéu,5 H. Branzas,6 M. Campbell,7 L. Caramete,6 S. Cecchini,8 M. de Montigny,9 A. De Roeck,7 J. R. Ellis,1,10 M. Fairbairn,1 D. Felea,6 J. Flores,11 M. Frank,12 D. Frekers,13 C. Garcia,5 A. M. Hirt,14 J. Janecek,4 M. Kalliokoski,15 A. Katre,16 D.-W. Kim,17 K. Kinoshita,18 A. Korzenev,16 D. H. Lacarrère,7 S. C. Lee,17 C. Leroy,19 A. Lionti,16 J. Mamuzic,5 A. Margiotta,20 N. Mauri,8 N. E. Mavromatos,1 P. Mermod,16,* V. A. Mitsou,5 R. Orava,21 B. Parker,22 L. Pasqualini,20 L. Patrizii,8 G. E. Păvălaş,6 J. L. Pinfold,9 V. Popa,6 M. Pozzato,8 S. Pospisil,4 A. Rajantie,23 R. Ruiz de Austri,5 Z. Sahnoun,8,24 M. Sakellariadou,1 S. Sarkar,1 G. Semenoff,25 A. Shaa,26 G. Sirri,8 K. Sliwa,27 R. Soluk,9 M. Spurio,20 Y. N. Srivastava,28 M. Suk,4 J. Swain,28 M. Tenti,29 V. Togo,8 J. A. Tuszyński,9 V. Vento,5 O. Vives,5 Z. Vykydal,4 T. Whyntie,22,30 A. Widom,28 G. Willems,13 J. H. Yoon,31 and I.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article STANDARD MODEL of PARTICLE PHYSICS—A
    Review Article STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS—A HEALTH PHYSICS PERSPECTIVE J. J. Bevelacqua* publications describing the operation of the Large Hadron Abstract—The Standard Model of Particle Physics is reviewed Collider and popular books and articles describing Higgs with an emphasis on its relationship to the physics supporting the health physics profession. Concepts important to health bosons, magnetic monopoles, supersymmetry particles, physics are emphasized and specific applications are pre- dark matter, dark energy, and new particle discoveries sented. The capability of the Standard Model to provide health (PDG 2008). Many of the students’ questions arise from physics relevant information is illustrated with application of conservation laws to neutron and muon decay and in the misconceptions regarding the Standard Model and its rela- calculation of the neutron mean lifetime. tionship to the field of health physics (Bevelacqua 2008a). Health Phys. 99(5):613–623; 2010 The increasing number and complexity of these questions Key words: accelerators; beta particles; computer calcula- and misconceptions of the Standard Model motivated the tions; neutrons author to write this review article. The intent of this paper is to present the Standard Model to health physicists in a manner that minimizes the INTRODUCTION mathematical complexity. This is a challenge because the THE THEORETICAL formulation describing the properties Standard Model of Particle Physics is a theory of interacting and interactions of fundamental particles is embodied in fields. It contains the electroweak interaction (Glashow the Standard Model of Particle Physics (Bettini 2008; 1961; Weinberg 1967; Salam 1969) and quantum chromo- Cottingham and Greenwood 2007; Guidry 1999; Grif- dynamics (QCD) (Gross and Wilczek 1973; Politzer 1973).
    [Show full text]
  • Discrete Symmetries
    Discrete Symmetries by Prof.dr Ing. J. F. J. van den Brand Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands www.nikhef.nl/ jo 1 2 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 Symmetries 7 2.1SymmetriesinQuantumMechanics...................... 7 2.2ContinuousSymmetryTransformations.................... 9 2.2.1 ConservationofMomentum...................... 9 2.2.2 ChargeConservation.......................... 10 2.2.3 LocalGaugeSymmetries........................ 11 2.2.4 ConservationofBaryonNumber.................... 14 2.2.5 ConservationofLeptonNumber.................... 15 2.3DiscreteSymmetryTransformations...................... 19 2.3.1 Parity or Symmetry under Spatial Reflections . ......... 19 2.3.2 Parity Violation in β-decay...................... 20 2.3.3 HelicityofLeptons........................... 22 2.3.4 ConservationofParityintheStrongInteraction........... 24 2.4ChargeSymmetry................................ 26 2.4.1 Particles and Antiparticles, -Theorem.............. 26 2.4.2 ChargeSymmetryoftheStrongInteraction.............CPT 30 2.5 Invariance under Time Reversal ........................ 31 2.5.1 PrincipleofDetailedBalance..................... 34 2.5.2 ElectricDipoleMomentoftheNeutron................ 34 2.5.3 Triple Correlations in β-Decay..................... 36 3SU(2) U(1) Symmetry or Standard Model 37 3.1NotesonFieldTheory.............................× 37 3.1.1 DiracEquation............................. 38 3.1.2 QuantumFields............................. 38 3.2ElectroweakInteractionintheStandardModel............... 42 3.2.1 ElectroweakBosons..........................
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Japan Linear Collider (JLC)
    KEK-PR0C--95-11 Proceedings JP9607178 of the Fifth Workshop on Japan Linear Collider (JLC) Kavvatabi, Miyagi, Japan, February 16 - 17, 1995 Positrons 10 GeV 1.54 GeV S-band S-band Pre-Accelerator Injector 500 GeV 10-30 GeV X-band Linac S-band Linac for Positron Generation 1.54 GeV Positron Damping Ring NATIONAL LABORATORY FOR HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS, KEK KEK Proceedings 95-11 December 1995 A/H Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Japan Linear Collider (JLC) Kawatabi, Miyagi, Japan, February 16 - 17, 1995 Editor: Y. Kurihara National Laboratory for High Energy Physics, 1995 KEK Reports are available from: Technical Information & Library National Laboratory for High Energy Physics 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken, 305 JAPAN Phone: 0298-64-1171 Telex: 3652-534 (Domestic) (0)3652-534 (International) Fax: 0298-64-4604 Cable: KEK OHO E-mail: LIBRARY@JPNKEKVX (Bitnet Address) [email protected] (Internet Address) Contents Physics at LEPII T. Tsukamoto 1 Present Status of 1.54 GeV ATF Linac S.Takeda 12 Button-type beam-position monitor for the ATF damping ring F. Hinode 28 Recent progress on cathode development and gun development at Nagoya and KEK M.Tawada 31 Development of polarized e+ beams for future linear colliders M. Chiba 38 The LASER beams with very long focal depth for photon-photon collider K. Matsukado 78 An interactive version of GRACE and catalogue of e+e- interactions as its application S.Kawabata 92 The GRACE system for SUSY processes M. Jimbo 98 Search for dynamical symmetry breaking physics by using top quark T.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Volume Corrections and Resonance Decays on Cumulants of Net-Charge Distributions in a Monte Carlo Hadron Resonance Gas Model
    Physics Letters B 765 (2017) 188–192 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Physics Letters B www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb Effects of volume corrections and resonance decays on cumulants of net-charge distributions in a Monte Carlo hadron resonance gas model Hao-jie Xu Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: The effects of volume corrections and resonance decays (the resulting correlations between positive Received 27 September 2016 charges and negative charges) on cumulants of net-proton distributions and net-charge distributions Received in revised form 20 November 2016 are investigated by using a Monte Carlo hadron resonance gas (MCHRG) model. The required volume Accepted 7 December 2016 distributions are generated by a Monte Carlo Glauber (MC-Glb) model. Except the variances of net- Available online 12 December 2016 charge distributions, the MCHRG model with more realistic simulations of volume corrections, resonance Editor: J.-P. Blaizot decays and acceptance cuts can reasonably explain the data of cumulants of net-proton distributions and net-charge distributions reported by the STAR collaboration. The MCHRG calculations indicate that both the volume corrections and resonance decays make the cumulant products of net-charge distributions deviate from the Skellam expectations: the deviations of Sσ and κσ2 are dominated by the former effect while the deviations of ω are dominated by the latter one. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 67
    Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 67 Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Figure 2.1 Analysis of molecules in an exhaled breath can provide valuable information, leading to early diagnosis of diseases or detection of environmental exposure to harmful substances. (credit: modification of work by Paul Flowers) Chapter Outline 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism 2.4 Chemical Formulas 2.5 The Periodic Table 2.6 Molecular and Ionic Compounds 2.7 Chemical Nomenclature Introduction Your overall health and susceptibility to disease depends upon the complex interaction between your genetic makeup and environmental exposure, with the outcome difficult to predict. Early detection of biomarkers, substances that indicate an organism’s disease or physiological state, could allow diagnosis and treatment before a condition becomes serious or irreversible. Recent studies have shown that your exhaled breath can contain molecules that may be biomarkers for recent exposure to environmental contaminants or for pathological conditions ranging from asthma to lung cancer. Scientists are working to develop biomarker “fingerprints” that could be used to diagnose a specific disease based on the amounts and identities of certain molecules in a patient’s exhaled breath. An essential concept underlying this goal is that of a molecule’s identity, which is determined by the numbers and types of atoms it contains, and how they are bonded together. This chapter will describe some of the fundamental chemical principles related to the composition of matter, including those central to the concept of molecular identity. 68 Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory By the end of this section, you will be able to: • State the postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory • Use postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory to explain the laws of definite and multiple proportions The language used in chemistry is seen and heard in many disciplines, ranging from medicine to engineering to forensics to art.
    [Show full text]