Adventures in Chemistry
Instructor: Abi Oyeyemi Week 1
States of matter Boiling point, Melting point Atoms Types of Chemistry Hazards PPE Atoms consist of:
Neutrons Protons Electrons 0 + -
In In shells of atoms Nucleus States of Matter Solid, liquid, gas Week 2
Flame tests Orbitals Periodic table Octet Groups and Periods Experiment: Making a non-Newtonian Fluid
Periodic Table Groups
Each group tells how many electrons are in the outer shell. In chemistry, a group (also known as a family) is a column of elements in the periodic table of the chemical elements. The elements in each group have the same number of electrons in the outer orbital. Those outer electrons are also called valence electrons Periodic table
118 elements total 8 groups Group 1- Alkali metals Group 2- Alkali earth metals Group 7 –Halogens Group 8-Noble gases Elements structure
Includes abbreviated name of element Atomic number-number of protons Always same number of protons and neutrons Mass number- average no. of neutrons and protons Amu: atomic mass units Isotopes Periodic table: Periods
A period in the periodic table is a row of chemical elements.
All elements in a row have the same number of electron shells/orbitals Week 3
More on the periodic table Electronic configuration Isotopes Chemical vs Physical changes Compounds vs Mixtures Ionic and Covalent bonds Demonstration Lava Lamp Activity: Making models Why do elements react?
Octet, want a full outer shell How? By taking or giving electrons (ionic bonding) Or by sharing electrons (covalent bonding) Compounds- A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together.
Ionic vs Ionic bond- Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) Covalent between atoms Bonds
Covalent bonds- covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms Week 4
Polarity and Electronegativity Trends in the periodic table Drawing atoms, Ions, and Compounds Known Chemical Reactions Balancing equations Electronegativity
This is the table that dictates whether elements bond through ionic bonding or covalent bonding If after subtraction of two elements electronegativities equal over 1.8 they bond ionically If under 1.8, they bond covalently Week 5
Reaction terms e.g. Aqueous, exothermic, endothermic, Chromatography with separation of pen inks Retention factor Balancing equations Acids and bases Solubility Dilute vs concentrated Red Cabbage Indicator Chromatography: How?
Depends on what the mobile phase is and what the stationary phase is. Depends on the interactions between the sample and the 2 phases Polarity-unequal sharing of charge. Delta charges Like interacts with like, ie polar liquids interact with polar solids, meaning separation. Water is polar, paper is not. Reaction Conditions and Terminology Solution and its components Solute Solvent Solution Precipitation/ Solubility
Soluble means able to be dissolved Solubility is the ability of a substance (the solute), to mix into a liquid (the solvent). In the e.g. previously shown…. Salt is seen to be soluble in water Once something is soluble and chemically becomes insoluble, this Is called a precipitate Concentrated vs Dilute solutions Acids: Proton donors Bases: proton acceptors Neutralisation
A salt is defined as a substance that formed when the hydrogen ion from an acid is replaced with a metal or an ammonium ion Under 7 is acidic pH Scale Over 7 is basic or alkali 7 itself is neutral Litmus paper
Red litmus paper turns blue in base
Blue litmus paper turns red in acid Universal indicator paper pH is determined by changes in colors when sample reacts with indicator paper. Colour of the indicator paper is then compared to colour legend as seen Red cabbage indicator
Homemade red cabbage indicator Acidic-pink Basic- Blue Red cabbage contains a water-soluble pigment called anthocyanin that changes color when it is mixed with an acid or a base. pH meters
Modern and most accurate way of measuring pH Week 6
Recap of last 5 weeks Acids and bases Moles Avogadro’s number Atomic mass Hard water Moles
Measure of units used in Chemistry/Biology/Physics Derived from amount of atoms in exactly 12.00 g of pure C12 Used as grams is not accurate, some elements denser than others Avogadro's number is 6.022x1023 This means in one mole of an element there are 6.022x1023 atoms Hard water
Hard water is water that does not easily form a lather with soap forming scum It is caused by Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions dissolved in water (form flowing through soils)
Equation behind Scum forming Eventually all Ca2+ ions removed and soap lathers Chemistry in the Environment
Water Air 1. Screening 2. Flocculation Water 3. Sedimentation 4. Filtration treatment 5. Chlorination 6. Fluoridation 7. pH adjustment Water Treatment
3. 1.Screening 2. Flocculation Sedimentation •Water is •Addition of •Water slowly passed chemicals rises up and through a wire [Al2(SO4)3] to overflows and mesh help small •This allows •To remove particles other large debris clump sediments to together settle to the •May affect bottom of the taste tank Water Treatment
4.Filtration 5.Chlorination 6. Fluoridation 7. pH adjustment
• Filtering of the • Addition of • Addition of • Adjustment of water through Chlorine to kill fluorine pH to 7.2 densely harmful compounds • If too acidic packed beds bacteria in the e.g. sodium calcium of sand(like water fluoride to hydroxide is filter paper) water to added reduce tooth • If too basic decay add dilute • Fluoride ions sulfuric acid or strengthen CO2 enamel of teeth • Too much fluorine can cause staining of teeth Air
Composition of air Gas Percentage in air Oxygen 21% Nitrogen 78% Carbon Dioxide 0.03% Noble gases Less than 1% Water vapour Varies Oxygen
Most reactive gas in air Used with ethyne gas in blow torches for welding (exothermic reaction) Used in steel making (again exothermic reaction) Hospitals Nitrogen gas
Nitrogen Group 5 element Two nitrogen atoms covalently bonded together chemically each sharing 3 electrons Unreactive (full octet) Shares 3 electrons Used to keep food fresh, packets of crisps
Used to make ammonia NH3 for fertilisers Liquid nitrogen: Freeze foods Remove warts Separation of air to form pure oxygen and nitrogen
Liquefaction. Air is liquefied by the Linde process Air is alternately compressed, cooled, and allowed to expanded,
Water and CO2 removed in the separator Fractional distillation used to separate out oxygen as a liquid and nitrogen as a gas. Photosynthesis Respiration
Aerobic (in the presence of oxygen), how we get energy from our food
Anaerobic Respiration (in the absence of oxygen), how we get energy when we are exercising
Lactic acid is what makes your muscles ache after intense exercise Acid and carbonate rocket Demonstration Element fact sheet Assignment
Diagram: Bohr structure Electronic configuration e.g. if I was doing calcium, 2,8,8,2 so no of electrons in each shell Number of electrons, protons, and neutrons, Use in everyday life or if dangerous or radioactive, its use in Science field, Traits, boiling point, melting point, reactivity How and when and by whom was discovered or isolated Interesting facts Also available on Website
EXPERIMENTS DONE IN CLASS AND TEMPLATE LAB REPORT IN VIDEOS INSTRUCTIONS FOR ELEMENT (PARENT SUPERVISION AT ALL FACT SHEET TIMES)