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413 Tarihi Su Yapilari Konusunda Bildirilerim-Yazilarim I

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413 Tarihi Su Yapilari Konusunda Bildirilerim-Yazilarim I TARİHİ SU YAPILARI KONUSUNDA BİLDİRİLERİM-YAZILARIM I (TÜRKÇE VE İNGİLİZCE) MY PAPERS ON HISTORICAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS I IN TURKISH AND ENGLISH Giriş sayfa 1-6 1-Konya İçme ve Kullanma Suyu Düzay Özdemir Diploma Çalışması 1961 (Ankara Dil Tarih ve Coğrafya Fakültesi öğrencisi) 7-42 1.1-Konya’nın Su Durumu Düzay Özdemir 1961-2 43-48 Coğrafya Haberleri, Aralık 1961 s. 1-4 2-”Konya İçmesuyu Projesi ” 07.05.1986 Konya DSİ IV. Bölge Müdürü ve personeli önünde konuşma 49-56 3- "Konya İçmesuyu Projesi ve Tarihçesi" 1993 DSİ Genel Müdürlüğü semineri; Çamlıca İstanbul 11-15 Ekim 1993 57-64 4- “Selçuklu dönemi Konya Sulaması” 1994-1 DSİ 40. Kuruluş yıldönümü kapsamında, Su ve toprak kaynaklarını geliştirme konferansı, (Ankara, 12-14 Nisan 1994), Konferans bildiriler kitabında 65-84 yayınlandı s. 37-46 5-“Roma dönemi su yapılarında taş borulu sistemler” 1994-3 DSİ bülteni 393 s.20-24 85-92 6-“Tarihi Su Yapıları Konusunda Çalışmalarımın Özeti” 1994-2 (DSİ Genel Müdürlüğüne sunuldu” 93-142 7-“Klasik çağda su iletiminde kullanılan borular” , (Ö.Bildirici ile) 1995 DSİ Genel Müdürlüğü semineri, Çamlıca- İstanbul 07.11.1995) 143-156 8-“The Project of Konya Plains” –Konya Ovaları Projeleri 1995 DSİ IV. Bölge Müdürü’ne İngilizce çeviri olarak sunuldu. 157-172 ENGLISH 9-“ Konya Ovası sulamasının Yapı Malzemesi yönünden incelenmesi” 1996-1 İMO Konya dergisi 10, s. 11-12 173-178 10-“Eski su temin sistemlerinde su ölçümü” 1996-2 DSİ Teknik Bülten sayı 85 s. 2-26 179-186 413 11-“Historical Irrigations in the Plain of Ereğli of Konya” 1996-3 (16th Congress of ICID, Cairo -Egypt. 1996) (Öztuğ Bildirici ile birlikte). İngilizce yayınlanan bildiriler kitabında (History seminar 1 G) s.179-194 187-202 ENGLISH 12-“Konya ve çevresinde çağlar boyu su yapıları” 1997 İzmir İnşaat Mühendisleri Odası 14.Teknik Kongresi 22-24 Ekim 1997. Bildiri kitabında yer aldı s. 1114-1128 203-218 13-“İstanbul Tuzla’da üretilen Çelik Gömlekli Ön gerilmeli beton borular” İstanbul 1998-1 (DSİ Bölge Müdürlüğüne sunuldu) 219-236 14-“Tarihi su yapılarında suyun ölçülmesi, iletilmesi ve yükseltilmesi” 1998 (DSİ Genel Müdürlüğü, Su mühendisliği problemleri semineri, Fethiye, Muğla, 21-23 Eylül 1998 Bildiriler kitabında yayınlandı 6.1 bölümü 15 sayfa 237-254 15-“Historical Irrigation in the Plain of Bayburt” (Ö.Bildirici ile) 1999 (17th international congress of ICID, Grenada-Spain, 1999) İngilizce History seminar 1J s. 71-86 (R8) 255-273 ENGLISH 16-“Historical irrigation systems in the region of Konya through ages” (Ö.Bildirici ile) 1999 (17th international congress of ICID, Grenada-Spain, 1999) İngilizce History seminar 1J s. 87-106 (R9) 274-295 ENGLISH 17-“Beyoğlu yakası çeşme ve su kaynakları” 2000 Doç. Dr. Halil Ürün ile İSKİ Osmanlı Medeniyeti sempozyumu, Feshane,İstanbul 5-8 Mayıs 2000 Sempozyum bildirileri s. 255-266 296-311 18-“Galata Eski Su Yolları” Şenlik kapsamında konuşma 2000 312-321 19-“Modern Irrigation system of Konya Plain- Konya Ovası Sulaması” 2000 (İngilizce- Türkçe) Çatalhöyük'ten bugüne Çumra , Çumra 15-16 Eylül 2000. s.161-168 322-339 ENGLISH 20-“Historical dams of Anatolia” 2001 11th International conference on water in antiquity, 7-12 May 2001, Israel Cura Aquarvm in Israel, (The proceedings, p. 137-144) Siesburg 2002, Germany s.137-143 340-349 ENGLISH 414 21-“The water supply system of ancient Galata” 2002 18th international congress of ICID, Montreal Canada, 1999) İngilizce History seminar 1D s. 159-173 (R13) s. 159-169 350-363 ENGLISH 22- “İstanbul Galata’da eski su yolları” 2002 İMO İstanbul şubesi bülteni sayı 62, 2002 364-369 23-“Klasik çağda su iletiminde basınçlı ve basınçsız borular” 2002 İMO Mühendislik Haberleri, 420-422, 2002, s.105-109 370-384 24- “The Cistern and the aqueduct of Ceramos in ancient Caria”, 2004 12th Cura Aquarvm in Ephesos, 2-10 October 2004, Kuşadası 385-398 ENGLISH 25- “Freiburg Tarihi Su Yolları toplantısı” 2006 Freiburg Almanya 399-402 26- “Kilyos water supply system with Suterazis” 2007 13th Cura Aquarvm in Jordan 01-19 April 2007 Poster 403-411 ENGLISH 415 TARİHİ SU YAPILARI KONUSUNDA BİLDİRİLERİM-YAZILARIM II (TÜRKÇE VE İNGİLİZCE) MY PAPERS ON HISTORICAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS II IN TURKISH AND ENGLISH Giriş sayfa 413-416 27-Hititler Dönemi Su Yapıları İzmir Gümüldür Haziran 2008 417-426 28- Urartular Dönemi Su Yapıları İzmir Gümüldür Haziran 2008 427-450 29- Ferhat Su Kanalı (Yelgin Mesçi Amasya) Gümüldür 2008 451-458 30- Hitit & Urartu Su yapıları (English) 2009 459-470 ENGLISH 31- Helenizm Dönemi ve su yapıları 2009 471-490 32- WWF5 Hazırlananlar Şubat 2009 491-498 33. Konya Meram Sulaması Haziran 2009 499-510 34- DSİ Dragos Kampı, Basınç altında çalışan borular 511-524 416 BU BİLDİRİ PROF. DR ÜNAL ÖZİŞ’İN İSTEĞİ ÜZERİNE 2008 HAZİRANINDA İZMİR GÜMÜLDÜR’DE TOPLANAN TARİHİ SU YAPILARI KONGRESİNDE SUNULMUŞTUR DAHA SONRA İNGİLİZCE’YE ÇEVRİLEREK 2009 MART AYINDA 5. DÜNYA SU FORMUNA GÖNDERİLMİŞTİR 417 HİTİT ÖNCESİ VE HİTİTLER DÖNEMİ TARİHİ SU YAPILARI Mehmet Bildirici İnşaat Yüksek Mühendisi Fulya Mahallesi Belen Sok. 10/6 Şişli, İstanbul Telefon: 0 542 241 0302 [email protected] ÖZET Suyun uygarlığın gelişmesinde çok önemli bir yeri vardır ve kültürümüzün çok önemli bir bölümünü kapsamaktadır. Uygarlığın beşiği Anadolu’da bu anıtsal değerlere pek çok örnek bulunmaktadır. Bu değerler araştırılmalı, ortaya konulmalı, restore edilerek, gerekirse güçlendirilerek ve belgelenerek ileri kuşaklara aktarılması gerekmektedir. İlaveten bu bilgilerin bugünün su ve toprak kaynaklarını değerlendirmede, dünün uygulamalarının bugünün projelerinde önemli bir yol gösterici unsur olduğu görülmektedir. GİRİŞ Hitit İmparatorluğu Anadolu’da kurulmuş en eski devlettir. Ancak dünyada en eskisi de değildir. Uygarlık ve kültürün sınır tanımaz bir özelliği vardır. Daha önceki kültürler daha sonrakileri etkiler. Bu yönden daha önceki uygarlıklar ve buradaki tarihi su yapıları kısaca incelenmelidir. HİTİT DÖNEMİ ÖNCESİ DÜNYA VE ANADOLU’DA TARİHİ SU YAPILARI Hitit dönemi öncesi Anadolu’da Neolitik dönem kentlerini görüyoruz. Neolitik dönem insanoğlunun başardığı en önemli bir devrimdir. Daha önce avcılıkla ve kendinden yetişen bitkilerden yaşamını sağlayan insanoğlu “Neolitik Devrim” ile toprağa bağlanmış, kent yaşamına geçmiş ve tarım ürünlerinin üretimi başlamıştır. Bu dönemde Anadolu ve Ortadoğu’da pek çok kentler kurulmuştur. Bunlar içinde en gelişmiş olanı Konya Çumra’da yer alan Çatalhöyük’tür. M.Ö 6500 yıllarına tarihlenen kentte ilk defa Ana Tanrıça, tavandan girilen evler, duvarlarda resimler görülmektedir. Çatalhöyük bugün Beyşehir Gölü’nün ve Çarşamba Çayı’nın sularını Konya Ovası’na taşıyan sulama kanallarının üzerine kalmaktadır. Çatalhöyük’te yapılan kazılardan bu buraya gelen derelerden su alan basit arklar yapıldığı ve tahıl ürünlerinin üretildiği belirlenmiştir. (Todd 1976), Bildirici 2004). Bu basit sulama tesisleri dünyadaki en eski su yapıları kabul edilebilir. ANTİK DÜNYA’DA İLK SU YAPILARI Dünya’da ilk defa baraj, kanal gibi su yapıları Mısır ve Ortadoğu’da görülmüştür. Mısır’da Kosheis yada Menes Barajının M.Ö. 3.000 yıllarında, Seddel Kefere Barajının M.Ö. 2950- 2750 yıllarında yaptırıldığı bilinmektedir. Sümer kenti Nippur’da yaklaşık 5000 yıl önce yapılmış sulama kanallarının planını gösteren tabletler bulunmuştur. Bugün Ürdün’de bulunan Jawa barajının da yaklaşık M.Ö 3000 yıllarına yaptırıldığı bilinmektedir. (Bildirici 2005) HİTİT DÖNEMİ SU YAPILARI Anadolu’da daha önce küçük beylik yönetimleri hüküm sürerken ilk defa devlet kuran 418 Hitit’lerdir. Kendilerini Nesi olarak adlandıran bu ulus Anadolu’ya Avrupa yönünden gelmişlerdir. Başkentleri Hattusas (Boğazköy-Çorum) olup 1660-1190 yılları arası hüküm sürmüşlerdir. Krallığın sınırları çıkan anıtsal kalıntılardan Çorum, Ankara, Kayseri, Niğde Konya’yı kapsıyordu. (Akurgal,1998, s 55-110). Hitit Krallığının ilk çağlarına ait su yapıları ile ilgili fazla bilgi bulunmamaktadır. İmparatorluğun son döneminin güçlü Kralı Tuthalya IV. (M.Ö 1250-1220) döneminde kült su yapıları yanında baraj yapımlarına geçildiği görülmektedir. Bu dönemde Anadolu’da büyük bir kuraklıktan söz edilmektedir. Bu konunun çok iyi araştırılması ve tartışılması gerektiğine inanıyorum. Büyük Kral IV.Tuthalya’nın ölümünden kısa bir süre sonra Hitit Krallığı son bulmuştur. Anadolu’da ilk su yapıları gerçekleştiren Büyük Kral Tuthalya IV hakkında bilinenler şöyledir. TUTHALYA IV. (M.Ö 1250-1220) III. Hattusil’in oğludur. Prens iken ismi Hismisarruma’dır. Başkent Hattusas’ın 2 km uzağındaki Yazılıkaya’da tanrılar ve krallar arasında kendisinde röliyefi bulunmaktadır. Dönemi Hitit Krallığının son parlak dönemidir. Hemen hemen hepsinde büyük Kral IV. Tuthalya’nın imzası bulunan Hitit dönemi su yapıları şunlardır. KAYSERİ-PINARBAŞI, KARAKUYU BARAJI Hitit imparatorluk döneminde yaptırılan Karakuyu Barajı, Kayseri, Pınarbaşı ilçesi Örenşehir beldesinin 6 km güneyinde yer almaktadır. Baraj Seyhan nehrinin bir kolu olan "Zamantı nehrini oluşturan küçük bir dere üzerindedir. Baraj 1931 yılında Arkeolog Hamit Zübeyr Koşay (1897-1984) ile H.H. Von der Osten'in birlikte aynı yörede bir Hitit kitabesinin bulunması sırasında farkına varılmıştır. Von der Osten 1933 yılında kitabenin ve barajın planını yayınlamıştır. Kayseri Müzesi’ne götürülen kitabenin bir kısmı yerinde kalmıştır. Bunun yerinde olup olmadığının kontrolu için Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Tarih Coğrafya bölümünden Prof. Dr. Kutlu Emre tarafından kurtarma kazısı yapılmış, kalan kitabe (yazıt) de kurtarılmıştır. Bu kitabelerde büyük Hitit Kralı Tuthalya IV. güneş diski hemen fark edilmektedir. BARAJ Baraj gövdesi U şeklinde göl alanı ise dikdörtgendir.
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