I a.rticip~ant Vol. 5 No. 21 ;ebruwy 1966 jomrn'l mV I Hi Excllnc - Wht1,q e:t il
...... Hitik ju ' ~ ~6 . -9 01
o A P
... 'by
th nih. oi uio Int' ;.T , T Trvellng xhiliio or Tukis 4 TURKEY PARTICIPANT NEWS VOLUME I NO. 4 TRAINING OFFICE USAID/T FEB. 1966
PARTICIPANTS RECEIVE CERTIFICATES OF ACHIEVEMENT AT FOUR CEREMONIES Mohi thin 2101l'cItll-lIcd taiticipants received Certificates of Achieve i aL'Ilt 'c'ci pii1n 1hld '" ntl' in Adana, izmir, Ankara, and Istanbul. AI ,\ ddch~i-I'oF kc Y. lii addrssiglll, t11 pticipants on December 3, iJ :\dAn,, .Actdl'd ilc l tllin c';IztiUi7CSO,-i (f the Iegion. "The' (,:ukurova iciL, n 0 tlcI \Cll i'I tilllci I t hIlidi i01 (allifloniai Of intltstrial L-urope, J)Iidlu-ill~ IuIIIS ,inS 'ccctalilcS \ilk. , lloW alld ict.,llalket wcSLcrn EIiurope," hW llk'ed. Mui.i4ilI ()UtiZ, I)cp I (Govr'i'ii"r of Adaina, expressed his pleasure at the i0c tcil ,h Ihgei lcId il tile city anid stated the go'()tp would be welcome to rl I ll ait (11;V thlnw'.
AIl) \S-;i.ltnt ,,Adnuinistiator for the Near last, \Villiam Macomber, ill i vi it Iro)lul \t a gtiino, aittcildCd the' reception and presented certificates , k' Ofiicli lirlicipan- AIDl) Dii'ctor James 11. Grant welcomed the 40 p'iitic'llils amd inltrOdLlcCd ai nuerolbel" f thC distilgtlished Turkish and
'Ihe rc'c-'l) ill in'lludIiCdc Wih tile showing of the film " \ alk in Space," l !hoiid )hJl inlorroim1I Jimjtililtail'LS. At i! -7iiihlar ri'i'l )tunln w'Id on December 8, at the Allied Officer's (11.i in Izn iir, 501 iir-icit;inls received certificates. Among the guests were Naiilik cil rk, (; 'ver of lziniir, Osman Kibar, Mayor of lzmir, and Niyazl A!'I,Z (GOV\'c' l'l(l 01 M J11III d;.
DMO Hosts Ankara Reception
Meanwhile the State Supply Office arranged a ceremony for all DMO .m rticipants in Ankara on December 21. DMO General Director Ilayati Kum hut' i 1lu, gr'eCting the pa rticipants and guests, noted the rontinued progress of the DMO in expanding and improving its services, lie proudly distributed the first copies of the new DNIO catalogue, containing itens ranging from letter openers to motorcycles. "IlTe final reception of this series was held at the American Consulate in Istanbul on JIInuIry 12, at which 11 pa rticipants were honored. Among tile gucsts was Ila., Mayor of Istanlbl. Additional ce rtificatC of achievement ceremonies are being planned for the spring and early summer months.
PROVINCIAL ENGLISH CLASSES OPEN FOR PARTICIPANTS OUTSIDE ANKARA
L.S. A.I.D. has started several English courses for participants outs ide Ankara. The courses are open to prospective paIrticip',t candidates as \well as returned participants who wish to improve their I'English. The first two COLuSeS bcizln ill ICrZUrui last ()ctube r. Each course r1UnS f'om L-ight to 1I hiouirs per w tck, usua)lly f l I()0 hotl'S until aboLIt 1000 boors oin wekdays. StudelltS Cnrolhcd ill the.SC Ltoulrls's are working maiily in tle lopraksu, Plant IProkection, and A.,\riculture Ilxtunsion Service. (Currently the arIc'llurs's .starting in lzmir and two in I)enizli. Pa rticipnts fto these ColiOse will be. from "lopraksu and other agricultural services. Al ursesq arc Ia't-time, lbotl' eight to 10 hours pcr week, and
Will LOntillUt or a1lol-lJl i ol l )f fIrtllI()I]I[I. e[)Clnda:g l ( te popula rity of thtsc l2nglish programs, lI.S. A.I.D. lianS to start courses ill (rhl'r citi's as well. 1:or further informatiOn, write the I .anguagc I rainong ()fficc r, ca rc of the I .S. A.1.1). Iraiining Office.
REFRESHER ENGLISH TAPES PROVE POPULAR
(ur rcfresher I1ngl ish LIape program, noted in thIe last issue, has created a great deal of intercs t a mong participants. Short tapes are available in such fields a1Iab- RIelations, I]Education, l'ublic and Btusiness Administration, lublic Ilcalth, Agr;:ulture, and Industry. 1:ach Of the ttraptesllnm .tt ill the liast issue comcs with a corresponding text. llese texts arc llow bte ing lpriltetI in order that we can supply you with texts as well as recordings in tile future. Please address all requests for tapes to the U.S. A.I.D. Training Office. FOREWORD
t is manifest that tourism is daily gaining significant importance as a principal segment of Turkey's overall economic growth. In its plan ning program, our Government has stressed that tourism is one of the most vita! factors in the deve!opment of Turkey's economy. Therefore, we are determined to follow a dynamic and radical policy in this sector. To achieve the maximum benefits from the unlimited touristic poten tial of our country, it is imperative, before all else, to accelerate the tempo in the building of adequate modern accommodations for tourists. Thus it is urgent that we first concentrate on this building requirement. Such an activity, obviously, can only become possible through extensive investments. These investments, made by the public sector, private and foreign enterprise, and in the form of aid received from friendly countries, will constitute the needed foundation of all our future efforts. The cooperation, understanding and financiai aid extended by our friend, the United States of America, are important factors which will facilitate the realization of our efforts. To date, U.S. A.I.D. has made available to us loans amounting to 80,000,000 lira to help private enter prise in the touristic sector-a 4.5 million lira loan to build a chain of hotels-a 2,716,000 lira grant to build and operate a hotel school in Ankara-and an additional 8,685,000 lira loan to build and maintain high ways and roads in Turkey's principal fouristic sectors. The 3,140 U.S. A.I.D. Turkish participants who have completed their specielization studies in the United Stab.s, and the many hundreds who are presently studying there and those who will be sent next year, are all emissaries of Turkey's tourism. For tourism is an industry in which every one of Turkey's 31 million people are partners.
Nihat KUr~at Minister of Tourism and Information TOURISM DOES NOT JUST
By James P. Grant Director, U.S. A.I.D./Turkey
he tourism industry in Turkey must have a bright future. Its success or failure will affect virtually all Turks. Tourism can make a great contribution to Turkey's development, surpassing even that of Turkey's steel mills or its rapidly growing oil industry. But tourism is an industry that does not, cannot come by itself. Turkey has a tourism potential exceeding that of Spain or Greece, but those two countries are still earning 50 times and 10 times more, respectively, from their tourism assets. Truly serious attention by Turkey to the development of its tourism assets can be said to date from the new law that estab lished the Ministry of Tourism and Information which went into effect on July 29, 1963. It is encouraging to see how many innova Turkey has a great deal to offer to the international and the national tourist. But the tourist - who is the customer of the tourism enterprise - must be satisfied with the final product.
HA-PPEN
tions have been achieved in such a short time -such as the in crease in the number of touristic accommodations, improved trans portation and communications services, and increased foreign currency earned because of larger numbers of tourists during the last two years. But the tooirism industry still needs additional legislation and more planning, more investment, more roads and, especially, more qualified personnel. J.S. A.I.IJ. has to date helped Turkey in her efforts to estab lish an effective tourism industry by extending grants and loans and t'2chnical assistance for the building of touristic roads, the establishment of a hotel school, and to provide credit financing to private enterprise to build and furnish hotels and motels in the touristic sectors of the country. Turkey's friends can continue to help her efforts to further develop her tourism industry. But the ultimate success of tourism as a national industry will only come when Turkey more fully mobilizes its resources for developing this asset. Private enterprise, for example, must awaken to the reality that tourism in Turkey is an industry with an unlimited future. It, also, must become keenly aware of tile- fact that the industry of tourism requires larger scale investment in manpower as well as in real estate. The investment iri hotels and motels must be secured by competent hotel management and staffing. Also, the investment must be secured by well planned and well executed, continuous maintenance of properties. This, again, is manpower ivestment. The industry of tourism is the most successful in those countries where the tourist is best served in accommodations that are the best maintained. Turkey has a great deal to offer to the international and the national tourist. l3ut the tourist-who is the customer of the tour ism enterprise-must be satisfied by the final product. Visual satisfaction on the part of the tourist is by no means sufficient. lie must be made comfortable; lie must be able to travel wherever lie wants to go, by whichever means of transportation lie wishes; and lie must be properly informed regarding what there is for him to see and learn. Turkey now has made a good start but the Turks, themselves, know that this is only a beginning, and virtually every AID partici pant has a contribution he can make to developing this national asset.
Picture at right: Administrator for the Agency for International Development David E. Bell during his stay in Turkey visited the excavations at Gordium. These diggings are being worked by the U.S. University of Pennsyllania Aiu seum. Archeological findings date back to the Phrygian era. Coming out of the Royal Tomb in Gordium are (right to left) Air. James P. Grant, Director of the USAID Mission in Turkey, Dr. Rodney S. Young, Ileadof Pennsylvaniagroup, Air. Robert C. H1amer, Assistant Director, USAID, and Administrator David E. Bell. .
,
. 1. '
' ._ , -r , ; / When Tourism Began
By Robert C. ilamer * Turkey through the ages has Assistant Dire ctor, attracted tourists. U.S. A.I.D./Turkey 0 Two of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world were built in Turkey: - the Mausoleum at Halicat,!assus (Bodrum) i oah, the first tourist in and the Temple of Diana recorded history, cruising at Ephesus (Efes). in his ark, had the entire world at his feet and where did he * ln the Middle Ages. 700,00 land? Mount Ararat in eastern :ourists crowded Ephesus in Turkey. a single season. -! V
it , .im
Picture of Noah and his Ark is from one of two known copies of the translation of the Old Testament into Alexandrian Greek by Ilellenistic Jews, between 250 and 100 B.C. The other copy is at the Vatican in Rome. No copy of the original form of the translation is known to exist. According to the records at Topkapi Museum the copy of the Septaguini in this museum was hand copied in the Xll Century.
Noah and his family es- is these people and their des caped the wrath of God on an cendants (See Map 1) which ark ie had built. On this ark, spread all over the world, and loaded with provisions, Noah became the first of the cleansed had also taken one or more pairs people, and the forefathers of of all beasts and fowl and other the people of tile world. living creatures. At the end of Most of them crossed, and the great flood Noah's ark many settled in, Asia Minor. And landed somewhere on Mount Ararat is the beginning of tile Ararat (Agri Daki), in Asia Minor. old, old history of this legend- After the great devastation ary land that eventually be- Noah and his family and the came the birthplace and then creatures aboard were all that the burial ground of many civili remained alive on earth. And it zations. According to Historians this is hou the Temple of Diana at Ephesus (Efes) must have looked in the days of St. Paul.
Asia Minor, which is now the greater part of Turkey, has a history that begins with leg end. Much of the past is still not explained and remains mythi cal. ThL history of Asia Minor goes back over 7000 years. Its recorded history begins with the
The most famous tomb of an cient history, the Mausoleum of Htalicarnassus (Bodrum).
.Mab, Map I ' N;,tions Fonhded Itv thc Sons and Grandsons of Noah (According to,the firstbook of the Old 'restament)
Ashkenaro
Tara Thg rmh
oli ARRAT
Tlo l ki sh os ... H ah, Dodano\ I d
......
.nnnoN...... o
Mlrolm / eo,.'ao
'+'~ P Joklan
4- ofJpat-ah'~~~t Detnat o
_. Descendants of aaHm -Noah' Son Ophir,_. 4_-' Descen.dants of SHam-Noah's Son + (e *"' tah S . . om vl
4 - De sce n da n ts of A sh k , .. . N o ash ' ,G ra n d son .b , ; Htittite emblem.
as one of the SEVEN WONDERS OF TIlE WORLD. Mausolus was a king who had a devoted wife. When he died his wife, Artemisia, decreed Hittites, whose capital Bogaz- for him a tomb so famous that' kdy in Central Anatolia is more we have the word "aausoleum" than 4000 years old. Following in our language today. the [Hittites came the Lydians, The Mausoleum stood erect the l'hyrigians, the Persians, the and proud until the Middle Ages, G,eeks, the Romans, the Byzan- a monument that brught thou tine:;, tie Selguk Turks and, sands of tourists from other Finally, :fti Ottoman Turks Mediterraneaa countries to llali whose En pire flourished from carnassus. It was ruined by the the 14th to the 20th centurie.,s. Crusaders. Thereafter this won- The Turks today are the der of the world remained a inheritors of this niingliniT of forgotten ruin. In the nineteenth great ceituries. The monumn,:- century 3ritish archeologists of antiquity in Turkey are ariigr excavated the site and unearthed the richest anywhere in tKi,, the statues of Matusolus and world. Turkey's heritage of the Artemisia that once stood at the art of the past is unparalleled. top of the monument. These now Two -f the seveii Ancient are in the British Museum, proud Wonders f the Ancient World reminders of ancient history. ar- in Asia Minor: The Mauso- The Temple of Diana, the leumn at Ilalicarnassus (lormm) second of the SEVEN WONDERS and the Temple of Diana at OF TiE WORLD in Asia Minor Ephesus (Efes). The "Mauso- stood in Fphesus (Efes). At that leum" according to Pliny, the time Lphesus, with Smyrna Roman historian, was the name (Izmir) and Pergamum (Bergama) of the tomb erected by his wife were the three greatest cities Artemisia in honor of Mausolus. of Asia Minor. This work came to be reckoned 'rites Pliny in his Natural Hittite artifact excavated at Karkamsf in Ankara Ilittite Museum. LPL_
, , L. .
"lz" &V
, , .. d ,' C %'':',If
€IA
Ii • History "The most wonderful est port of the Empire. Indeed monument of Grecian magnifi- Ephesus, under Alexander, be cence is the Temple of Diana at came one of the most important Ephesus, which took one hun- cities of the world. Here camel dred and twenty years in build- trains from the heart of Asia met ing, a work in which all Asia caravans coming from Iurope, joined... The columns are one exchanging the Orient's silks, hundred and twenty seven in spices, perfumes and jewels for number, and sixty feet in height, the goods of the West, including each of them presented by a the tin mined by slaves in far different king." off Britain. The Temple of Diana, the In the Middle Ages Asia Pagan goddess of fertility, stood Minor was the touristic center until thc- third century A.I). and of the world, and Ephesus one for centuries people from near of its highlights. Ships and gal and far made pilgrimages to this leys lined the port. lBankers Temple, and that traffic con- and merchants set ip shop in stituted the greatest wealth and town to serve the merchants and income of the city. sailors during the height of the Alexander the Great in- big tourist season in which stalled a democratic government 700,000 people flocked to EphIe in Ephesus in 313 B.C. In his sus to be entertained by the reign 'iLphmesumsbecame the rich- acrobats, aniimal acts, jugglers,
Marble reliefs of Alexander the Great's tomb at Archeolo[ical MAuteum, Istanbul. Rider at left is believed to be A lexander.
V- -lk -- ~
.Ltj,}itj'ti AAtJt: ,zt_ ji-t l!tOir : )t,n2tJI
. ." ol"l. i I.ti ., , %I
4'>
Bust of Alexander rhe Great at Archeological Museum, Istanbul.
V .S, In the Middle Ages '5' .the three greatest cities of Asia Minor were: Smyrna, Ephesus
'l .and Pergamum.
ZEUS-regaraed as the supreme god in ancient Greek mythology. Bust is at E/es Museum in Selquk.
HERMES - son of Zeus. Hermes was the god of commerce, trade, sports, thieves and luck. Bust in izmir ArcheologicalMuseum. 4
EROS-God of love. Izmir Archeological Museum. -,Y
SOCRATES- Ancient Greek Ph ilosopher. Efes Museum, Selquk. • llADRIANA -
Roman Emperor. . ... fBergama Museum. - ,
POSEIDON (at left) - The god of the sczas. DEMETER (at right) goddess of corn, harvest and f,,rtility. Izmir-Agora.
j.4
V K' /I
\ -. ,fortune. Bergama ,
Godessa/oo I COVER:Alanya, the jewel of the Turquoise Coast of Turkey., 1
Mosaics on alls of earlv CI ristian churches of Gbreme. k~rv A,-
'l!,'Iistoricalcastle at Ilalicarnassus(Bodrum).
magicians and prostitutes who three hundred days of yearly filled the streets. sunsh" and excite their minds What is now modern Turkey seeing ,..d learning of history, was at that time the pivot of much of which was legend until civilization, Today, again, thou- recent years. sands come to see the wonder. On this road of wonders, The Mediterranean ports of' yore tourists, practically never losing are now being transformed into sight of the sea, can visit An modern touristic centers. To- cient Troy, Smyrna (lzmir) with day's tourists have named the its 5000 years' history, Ephesus Mediterranean coast of Turkey (Efes) and Halicarnassus (Bod the "Turkish Riviera" or the rum), homelands of two of the "Turquoise Coast of Turkey"-- seven ancient Wonders of the for here the beaches run for World, Physcus (Marmaris), Tel endless miles. messus(Fethiye), Myra (Demre), Tourists traveling down the where St. Nicholas (Santa Claus) Aegean coast and the Mediterra- was born and is believed to be nean can rest their bodies during buried, Attalia (Antalya), Side, Interior of Sumela " ,t -' '' ! ' ' MonasteryTrabizond near
(Trabz on).
Alanav-at and Alanya, Anamor- St. Paul, Christ's great lure(Ananiur), Seleucia (Silifke), apostle, Lrod over muchn of tifs Mersin, Ta rs us, Ale xa ndretta land (See Map 2) but its history (lsienderun) and Antioch (An- and its beauty date back to cen takya), turies before the great Apostle.
4N
ar "l Church o/ h im,ur),( uc, ikSt. Nicholas er Tarsu, deta a(Santa Claus) ate e in Myra (Demre).
Map 2 Rome a Sinope
Neapolis Philippi
Amphipolis. Neopolis Byzantium
Bereoa o, ...... " Larisa'aLll°%2 Apollonia ° - Troas ' " ,; AncyraO Lors. ~ Tros 0" "j "Assos Me sna- Mitylene-. % Pergo...
Rhogtum At~Corinth he~s' ., 0:"...... 0 0 hgu Sordis Piaepi%
Cenchrea ; ------.i"" -. .. " Hierapofis 1 .. - . . . 1"M7E phCiiiciari Gafes., 0 Syracuse .... dT ttl ia T ary 0 ti S Spa rt a P a 'C nd u s T rA and h atJroto R mC e
0 Lasea Saams |
0Journeylin s St. Paul'sMt a ThreeSe on J ourneys and his journey to Rome Ptolemais.
First Journey Rome -,, Second Journey o ...° Third Journey SJourney to Rome Starting Point of Journeys ,*-" 1 The two
Turkish
Empires.
"-7 (DOUBlLE MINARET)-
ARC14TECTURE IN 51VAS.
ARA GULER s1-1.( K "IURKS The Selcuk (Seljuk) Turks first appeared in Iran in the X Century, en braced Islam, and made the mselves masters of Khorezu, and Iran in the XI Century. They then captured Bagdad in 1055. Under their leader Alp Arslan they conquered Georgia, Armenia and much of Asia Minor. They overran Syria and then in 1071 the Selcuks defeated the Byzantine Em peror Romanus IV at Aalazgirt (1anzikert). Although Alp Arslan's son Malik yah (Shah) ably administered his huge dynasty, the Seluk Empire fell apart in the XII Century. The end of the Selquks came in the XIII Century when all the Selquk States were overrun by Cengiz.ttan (Genghiz Khan) and his successors. every step the inquisitive tour ist takes. Practically every inch of this ancient town built on seven hills has delivered ancient history through the tire less efforts of scores of archeol ogists. The most beautiful mo saics in the world have been unearthed in the ancient church es of Istanbul. In its museums the most priceless treasures of old times can be seen. The explorer tourist may find himself in G reme, about 280 kilometers from Ankara. Here lie will see weird pointed
Nimrod Mountain (Nemrut Dagt)-Images of gods at Mansoh'uo neiltin 69-54 i.C. for Antiochus 1, King of the Commagenc Kingdom in Asia Minor.
W 'All peaks, spires and caves which architecture of that era. were eroded out of the country- Of the various artifacts side by winds and time. lie will which have come down through also see churches and homes the ages potter), has proved to inside these historic rocks be the most frequent and most which were hewn out by early useful means of locating man in Christians about 1000 years the scale of time and progress. ago. Says Richard Joseph in The visiting tourist today can an article in "Esquire" about visit one or all of Turkey's Gareme: "Almost literally, it twenty nine museums and see looks what the Apollo boys will pottery and other treasures see when they land on the which date back to twenty civi moon." lizations that flourished, lived The explorer tourist, inter- and died on the land that is now ested mainly in religion, will modern Turkey. have a chance to visit the sites For many of the thousands and ruins of the seven famous of tourists who visit Turkey, one biblical churches of Asia Minor: hundred years is regarded as Perganum, Thyatire, Sardis, old-that is, before they come Philadelphia, Laodicea, Smyrna to Turkey. Once they have and Ephesus, all within a travel- visited the land that has ing radius of a few hundred square buried twenty civilizations they kilometers. return as sophisticated travel In Bergama this tourist will ers who speak to their friends see the Aesculapium, the world's and neighbors in milleniums. first mental hospital. In Konya Many thousands of years he will see the shrine of the ago tourism began in Turkey. world renowned Mevlana, the Of late years it has been reborn. founder of the Whirling Dervish. It never died, for history does In Kayseri he will recognize the not die. And on the lands of ancient capital of Cappadocia, modern Turkey, practically every Cacsaria. Near Trabzon he will day new pages of the history of .,"'id the famous Monastery of the very old eras are added and oumela. And he will see count- are being visually experienced less mosques dating back to the by an increasing number of tour Selquk Turks, which can be ists coming from an increasing counted as the masterpieces of number of countries. SHRINE OF MEHMET THE CONQUEROR, ONE OF THE GREAT SULTANS j AND CONQUEROR OF SOTTrMANil CONSTANTINOPLE., AT FATIH,
ISTANBUL.
ARA GULER C jMAN TURKS "1t " Ottoman Empire emerged in parts of Asia Minor after the breakdown of the Empire of the Selquk Turks. The early phase of the Ottoman ex pansion took place under Osman I, Orhan, Murat I, and Bayezit I at the expense o/the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria and Serbia. Bursa fell in 1326 and became the first capital of the Ottomans. The great Turkish victories of Kossova (1389) and Nikropol (1397) placed large parts of the Balkan peninsula under Ottoman rule. Ottoman conquests were checked tempo rarily early in the XV Century with the appearance of Tamerlane, but were resumed again by Mebmet I and his successors. In 1453 Constantinople was conquered by Mebmet the Conqueror. Ottoman expansion reached its peak in the XVI Century under Selim I and Slileyman I (Siileyman the Magnificent). Hungary, Transylvania, Walachia and Moldavia became parts of the Empire. The Asiatic borders of the Empire were pushed deep into Persia and Arabia. Syria and Egypt fell. When the Ottomans took Cairo in 1517 the Sultan of the Ottomans also became Calpiph of all the Moslems. This was followed by the fall of nearly all the Venetian pos sessions and Byzantium. Although Sileyman I was one of the greatest of the Oi.'oman Sultans and the Empire reached its peak during his reign, the decay of the Empire began immediate'ly after his death. With the Treaty of Kar'Awitz (1699) Turkey lost Hungary and other territories, and this dis;otegratinn followed with minor ups and major downs until 1918, wher Ottoman Turkey's capital Istanbul was invaded by ihe victors of World 1,ar I. But the very end -the coup de grace- of the Ottomans came at ti.e hands of the Turks themselves, when in 1923, Atatiirk pro claimed the new Turkish Republic in the new capital city of Ankara, Land the last Sultan of the Ottomans Vahdettin escaped Istanbul on a British battleship. i fr
-7. -
3- 'Vi,
XI Century Dikrantlonentz church at ANI on Kars-Russian border,
The Turquoise Coast of Turkey is by no means all that Turkey has to offer the modern explorer-the tourist. Flying over Istanbul-the bridge between two continents-i f a tourist could look back 2631 years he would see three thriving towns: Byzan tium (Istanbul), Chrysopolis (Uskiidar) and Chalcedonia (Ka dikdy). In this old metropolis ancient history is revived with - TURKEY
a Past of 7000 years
A I
Before the niode'rn TURKS came the
Hittites, Lydians, Phrygians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Selquk Turks, Ottoman Turks. 'C+ , I'URGAMUM (Bergama) Athena - Winged ;ddesso of Victory.
Two of the SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD w -eein Asia Minor
4..
First: The MAUSOLEUM was at .C, 4:;.;. . , o, ' ' ¢... .,,:. .+,*
Ilalicarnassus (Bodrum). j~~j~*; j ,: .Th.,
"?, ,,... .
?A' Second: The TEMlPLIF OF DIANA was at Ephesus (Efes).
Si Ruins nar esus. ~v~t
"R'RIZ(ND (Trabzon) Sumela
Monastery - Byzantine Fra. TWO of the SE VEN CHURCHES OF THE APOCALYPSE
These ruins are believed to be remains of the Church of Philadelphia at Alasehir...
-4
...and the Church f of Pergamum (B ergama). ,. . "
N4L The most famous mosaics in the world - in TWO museums in Istanbul.
Virgin Mary and Christ. Mosaics at Ilaghia Sophia (Avasolya) 3luseum. Late IX Century.
ARA GULER
L1 r
Resurrection o/ Christ, Mosaics at Chora (Kariye) Afus e urm. Early XIV Century.
ARA GULER ARA GULEF;
in1
- NA
.~-Q.
Mosaics on D~ome of Chora (Kartye) Munseum. Earty \IV Century. ISTANBUL the City on seven hills
Bosphorus.
Minaret of Yeni Cami in foreground. 41 Galata Bridge over Golden Horn. iL
Iolnabahce Mosque on Bosphorus.
Old and New mingle.
L
VI
K4 Tf T
IZAHR
6APe KONYA - Shrine of Mevlana.
,ii
BURSA - Interior of Ulu Camni.
N
tIN
i -IT' 17 WTIONNT,. , ~~~ ... ~~~" ,E w III
7T SARD)IS (Sard) -Artemis temple. BRAA Teteo egmm
ivy1
jw AI;.
> 04 4% aj
I'IR(II'II(Uer gay/a) - .1culituiim at I'CrgJiflhf.
ra -'
L.- LJJ *, L* f
kt
TROY (Truva). 2w-i JTAI r- 7 i ......
TURKEY has 6626
-. 'kilometers
I., .- . :s ea coast
ALAN YA - Turkish Riviera. (Mediterranean- Akdeniz).
AEGEAN (Ege Denizi) - Assos.
Aq~ ~
'- '. 4 .. .:m • ":. It I ANTALYA - Turkish Riviera (Mediterranean - Akdeniz).
-,t... . ,: .
,
fI
I I
/:) -. The Black Sea (Kara Deniz)
angry...
... and calm. The Big Sleep and THE BIG AWAKENING
ARA GULER he big sleep of tourism in Turkey begins and ends with the Ottoman Empire. Tile big awake~iing came in the days J' of the Tui kish lepublic. The Ottomans, during the \ 4. first centuries of their empire . building, were far too busy with - 1A15 / military operations to worry / much about the economic poten tial of tourism. In many cases V, they were at war with the coun- , tries from where tourists ca ine to Turkey. \6 Then, when the downfal! of , this once great empire began, the Sultans were too busy de i'ending their lands against the Turban adorned with priceless gens worn by Ottoman Sultans in countries, mary of whom they Treasury Department, Topkapi $In had subjugatud. Naturally, the seum, Istanbul. -4j
.[ --.
pp
0be./,(b ),ieliili ,from the Temple of Amon (1 58O- 1150 B.C.) brought to Istanbul b Ottoman Sultans from I.uxor following the capture o/ I: g t by the Ottoman Furks. Obelisk non stands in Sultan Ahmet uare, Istanbul. Three minarets at back are those of Sultan A/in. . mosque. Sultans, fearful of losing their the new Turks led by the great precarious thrones, did not fa- Mustafa Kemal Atatiirk. vor visitors from abroad. Xeno- Atatiirk took over the reins phobia, (distrust of foreigners) of an unsettled country in an never before witnessed in Tur- unsettled world. Although Tur key, took hold of a people who key's leader favored contacts had neverknownany formoffear. and a rapprochement witl the Mhen the Ottoman I mpire west, the western countries, crumbled in 1922, the final the victors and losers of World stroke did not come from the War I alike, were still licking foreigners, whom the leaders their wounds, and tourism had of the disintegrating Ottoman become a pastime for only a Empire had so feared, but from privileged few. And competing
Bursa, first capital o/ tle Ottoman Turks.
7-i
VIW
duilz_'01
,al EA
Vm v 0" ' . . Z5,t.
7'
While digging to lay the foundations for a park at t)ivanyolu, Istanbul, workers found remains of Roman and Byzantine eras. Thereupon archeologists took over and unearthed an old Roman gymnasium and old Roman baths. for the touristic favors of these first Tourism Desk was incor few were all the western coun- porated in the framework of the tries of Europe. then Ministry of Economy. Xenophobia is not an in- But centuries of neglect curable malady, but it takes had made the promotion of tour a long time, patience and good- ism an extremely difficult task. will to cure it. It was again Tourism in its international Atatiirk, in the fifteen years of sense was turning into a very his leadership of the Turkish competitive industry. In the old Republic (1923-1938), who center of tourism- Asia Miror cured his people ofthis ailment. the ancient caravan routes had le taught them that no people turned into dust, ind the old could live isolated and alone, civilizations burid under the And it was in his lifetime that ground. Archeologists, who can a trickle of international tourism be regarded today as the pio began to appear in modern neers 'lr rkey's tourism Turkey. It was in 1934 that the efforts, began their searches
Excavations at Sardis (Sari). Picture shows diggings at
the House of Bronzes. , AA
Swedish Television team passing througl what now has become a touristic highua,.
"The place you cannot reacb *.,Is not yours."
:1 . '1j¢ for lost historic treasures, but place you cannot reach is not Turkey as a whole had not yet yours." awakened to the economic Then came World War 11, potential of modern tourism, the and survival came before econo first requisite of which was mic development. It was only roads. after the end of hostilities and It was llalil Rifat Papa the beginning of American aid (1830-1903) who rose to the to Turkey, that Turkey began to highest administrative position take its first constructive step of the Ottoman hierarchy -that towards attraction of tourists by of Grand Vezier-but is most building highways and roads. fondly remembered as the young Before the Marshall Plan, under governor of Sivas when lie was the Truman Doctrine, the United called Hifat Papa, the road States began its first aid pro builder, who had said, "the gram to Turkey part of which
4,4 4A
Tourism development is impossible without highways. The Turkish State llighways Department is presently concentrating its efforts in building touristic roads in Pilot Area No. 1 which takes in all the Aegean and Mediterraneansectors reaching from Izmir to Iskenderun. I wtrtsIs (it Kusadasi,, I zw r.
Tourists at A1ocamp in Istanhul.
i - . ;......
< ?<-i
7 'a > was to build roads. Halil Rifat the natural beauties they have to Paia's message to his people: offer, can compare with Turkey "the place you cannot reach is in attracting the tourists." not yours," inscribed on the Thornburg made several first highway tunnel built in tours to Turkey as economic ad Turkey was becoming a reality, visor to the Turkish Government. Turkey's friends began to But he was only one of many of write about Turkey's toorism 'urkey's friends and advisors potential. Wrote Max Weston who recognized the potential lhor.. rg of the Twentieth of modern tourism in Turkey and Century lund in his book on urged the Turks to go ahead. Turkey: "...few countries in Afer World War II a psy the vorld, even those looked chological change became vis upon as symbols of tourism for ible in the Turkish people.
Tourists camping at Silike. Opposite Kzkalesi (aiden Castle) of Silifke on Mediterranean.
[. -7r
V , ? Although xenophobia was no now has learned that kitchens longer rampant, there was still such as those inTopkapi Palace a shyness of the foreigner. museum, which once served the This began to disappear and the palates of the Sultans, now national characteristic of the could serve the visual appetites Turk -hospitality - now began of the international tourist. to include the foreigner too. They have learned that the vis The tourist no longer felt a for- iting journalist, photographer eigner in Turkey-he felt like and writer becnes an impor a tourist. He was treated by all tant propagandist of touristic as an honored guest and visitor, values. They have learned that Turkey has now become each one of the 356 historical fully aware of the potential of sites and monuments that have tourism as an industr , Turkey been discovered by archeolo
Tourists at Didima (I)idim), Avdin.
I,-...
~LZZ~'~rN.
7".V Tourists in Kapalarsi (Grand Bazaar) of Istanbul.
gists, is a priceless contribu- right and opportunity to see tion of former civilizations to these historic treasures as the tourism today.* Turks tliemselves. In the old days of the nine- The first touristic group teenth century many of the treas- tour was organized by Thomas tires found in archeological Cook in London in 1841. The diggings ended up in foreign first museum opened in Turkey museums. This exodus has now was the transformation of the stopped and anything unearthed St. Irene Church in Istanbul to in Turkey remains Turkey's, a Military Museum in 1846. To and the world's. For every day several conducted tours of tourist-may lie come from the tourists visit the St. Irene end of the world-has the same Church every day of the year.
* See archeological excavations and museum lists at the end of the book. The same tourists can now began to tackle tourism on a see the best and most famous ministerial level. At that time mosaics and frescoes in the the new Ministry of Press, world in the Haghia Sophia and Broadcasting and Tourism began Chora museums in Istanbul. to look after touristic affairs. These had been there for cen- Also in Turkey's First Five turies but were covered by a Year Development Plan (1963 special whitewash by Mehmet 1967) tourism was planned as the Conqueror who had the sa- a major industry. gacity thus to preserve them U.S. A.I.D. is helping fi from possible destruction by his nance touristic roads, hotels followers, and motels in Turkey. Private To see all that Istanbul enterprise, thus encouraged to offers a tourist would require help itself, began to prick up a month; to see all that Turkey its ears. Many restricted zones offers a tourist would require were opened to tourists. Mili a lifetime. tary airfields allowed chartered It was in 1961 that Turkey tourist planes to land; visa and
I l
The Golden Horn I h1 -' ' - -' )car ! R q in Istanbul- b . n the city on seven hills. customs formalities hav'. been streets, and do not look twice greatly eased. at a tourist girl in a Bikini. The Akqakoca, a small staside girl in the Bikini has become a hamlet on the Black Sea, is a part of Ak~akoca. typical example of how a small Tourists are not a uniform town embraced tourism. Prac- crowd. Some want scenery, some tically all of the houses in this want crowds, some want isola small town, which has of one of tion. Some like the sunshine the best beaches on the Black and the sea, others prefer win Sea, hav duel accommodations. ter sports and the snow. Some In winter the owners live in the want to study old civilizations, entire house. In summer they others prefer to watch young move to one floor and rent the belly dancers. Some are spend other to the tourists. Several thrifts, others are economical. new small hotels have begun to The art of running a modem cater to tourism in this small tourist industry is to satisfy seaside hamlet. Men in their them all. This is the challenge traditional rough garbs roam the facing Turkey today.
II 6-IV I -U LIFE's Eliot Eliosofon ARA GULER in Istanbul. 8V, -V. French Television cameraman Jean Jaques Flory shooting Hittite reliefs on rocks at Yazilikaya jj 4 4 "t '4 A4 ARA GULER Joan Fontaine at Kariyr ('uIora) 3fnsenm. E . .. o .. Jaqueline Kennedy leaving Do'mabahe Palace. ARA GULCH The latejamesBurkeof LIFE Magazine shooting at Sultan Abmet (Blue) Mosque. ARA GULLR -..,I ' I-1 : France's f ,Ilenri Cartier - Bresson " in Istanbul's Kapalhqarps (Grand Bazaar). J%' t Je~ S'L 41 ,f V, _ 4.. *- v ...... • .. . 4 I , Universal International's Director of Documentary Films and Short Subjects, Arthur Cohen, shooting Istanbul's Galata Bridge from on top of Bayazit Fire Tower. The famous Producer Director Jules Dassin sbooting The film "To pka/n' in Istanbul's 'ropkapi Museum. ~t V .. 'V.q l. .41 ,~A51 Iq WHAT THEY Ibm SAY TwiMDgf n =. Itd = wAS t USTMw"VA - . 1-1 t1 m 1I I wr= :OT 16 d ..-- m. slE5a hlnpanlenan ;w,~mnalmdlm cOAm6 awowrby .kh d Rfm="rooI hS mkooM . homw howIo ame nW, a .". &W"Cacal -a" - aa@Cbuu ryn -nspms-. -or -r-dd"" owA.S . Ibe wash pus. OlatatFriodApaU," w 7e. NE Y-OR Ia.. Uw Ie I--aala lbaw rering. EvanDisio Tr *mTtr ead in. amWqAsd shea.,. Talmnla -m th 1,. ad waf a bm pd I"am4awev 1hTwk 1m bwa aRmdaINadlamy Amaw andiseau m Europeaa EdAtion hdbeaI) tok *AU4 0Dwam NE YR lt,.e Sse do)*"a ea Sw. I kiatnS siwy -wtat basis.Swn m d "Ad toPathS.Utuw ick. ."t M Bu*Ilesaa ComatlnB h Iste ftfnny"nL saslms~ W1 lire .aanh.m Wn 11. lim A.ROMot~*da wAML.Ov er4y1- istdy was 1Turkeyh.. DiscoveingU sw- h amwSa.h . MITea b be I isalan1isbaths. imshlath Iq ht. Ia 4 aa 1 ha aTM 21l t a- &W n.. tiny l g at th1 tn. th - natad S t oft *'W t . U" a na. dim tan , al l n ta in -bd awdfe-$At KU an~I=hen aainW4, 4w.am a kG m 11-0 ha - baid asS IV"ablha.1m as a ~a . uona ti"m a- .t ct hSalt- - tha iSaseti.I a wasimUs. U noaw w"amp i&... at-i. atId at. d 5 dawnWIapit. It*. fl-tansnae sen a,",. n -hAa US I ~aSa'1lania nib mat . ttiaa 1-ts ".Its.s as Sa'wm Tint %.NN Atimanspai us and*sat, ,.nftaena .win, maOat. dan w lsh th ii . m , s..,,.n , W.msata, a Watnti Uh a nOwa amh of. atuti ata kte tAnW d sagaltispas.4 Ithti.0 ww5d555h heAa . , sta a .iinn'hs.ns at t bta. .Zutns.d It~t n-W: ams, Y.-aiaa Bury ad' e~mIWtg tia.w In1t a.a, ~ ia t f.t. .tay x"" M-1 Aitibmitn"' tnnaat UNe A.CT - 1 .datti wtha- esatll Apa.m"W_ olt "aary bondt " ti,-al asiit taUwd s-. ndSslstt ,~m. )as.ah mitntla In h . anS, t. I.ma "a.aatiU ha~aaaidm hea tana hetianllon a.nt W- t anamaetath ti a S m-ts " tow In-iaa a. tama. "-sa .1tSU.t' P seaman amenw bfht tago. A Thanksgiving Turkey iby Rich"e S~ WHERE A NEW RIVIERA AN) MYRIAD TURKISH DEUGHTS EMBELISH1THE ANCIENI' LANDSCAPE - iTrkey will be semet-Aidpusalblyhot.-armu Jae Sim ma"l thalevit ed.ta ,e busep The &Afature "n .antry ta be dlameapodby the "is- travelem theJot mnt.or hod daeest. em. Ibslg hdt*damala4rlin1 rally Turkish at .l: "halemlrKAhIN lag d ii Ik"theime readthlu Wtaa AxAIhklilLl mllratea.ineh KemeelAtaltrk. ,laum $,aPanaooma:'i I I A h bedlen andtrA.,eot-dt i maltae Adthe aotd-r Turke,. hllinbd aWemernalphslt I, p n ra . I .,f ie t h adlr reetf tra-lm tai tlkaA ooat etl t e aid A nk le kitant fat ryearsa o. and th. T urkm h.d l amaM risle aretohe ailmallblei 114. phPsatlcaly a t may Wealrta SmyamlI lsyrwarl 1i Agpri"l1telow so. frate at the aiaw emtdatKarelg-lhi thlegaA the"Key lar at daamhatinsbl" rtaled the "KArd."+ . 1lahdinner at the lat reiaxtmreLsfar 1.7: dubie rom Ib & it ly. at let, Thetwnaty.Attlealmt h lAthe iW "lh I. th. b-I I.1. f'.6. allI d&Y; "wu here po el lo4t1bod AM th lel don "wel to tIe 81.1 Nt~mwas 1. (oelae than I d4ollar-lY.malt licadldad; tmst.twoa the m t m mmldda eweptme It, X-Cn.I e-enrn t Omlaahn.ate* AD saw1ata11 Did dm .atrlde r siuraa t '4- -m Iettet Y'r" ina teely ditfferst t at Andrldbeollanxtplla amioelkabeltkatwitkin+ lrnea that tlay hunt wildbar as leura mao 'll beAumag AAAat.the mD- " I.. ltebWa emnkam thek TebamtpaepleamtbehP 14 th.death. A fltral thomseprammt Thinr p *OAD •~~~~-4."mll OA t M Xembrit 14 C om- u ll erltSnllally. Ml "tata on aUMfo ethr a well.known. loaltour SItUMt theta. Thoughaselm, thll eraksah perect Pronachand aspectis qui@ldilimrat frai coo& like a r rchmae. ay of 1male.of Orem. The Tito AppealIs M &Act ' Iome which clustar Anld the eoantry which law tle Wpare tsa'l;m b- vialore Dar m; ammtabirtakle Ila vill.s, some of them damestc lIlilr,a patty all ctiraii tU.bNra.AM the ml ad-"4fco1rr0dicad s amcol) most chalrmnlg xamm o at aroetaaent. sale. Onm uilldingare kmpmeasdm - makththeyap-are-tak, altk ratt mlat~lwk t mtkkoatby heat to m theoel up ththeml ertheymyrich. soloed&m to h. The RIl who trinma. them aW an baa. thir ow ab L bat able to Affordtie GDea gladlymayaraoi the 4ikmbougeola Tuk ao.d to bittar ean. amample imwonerbe rawt aematI& picalc Tweosa rld I ompltwle oItht l mall. grsler meda"cok r ,iha meterlde tards oad4hlaelallaneO. I aner ftaad ct why. bat trse grmng In though the aah anm d, an oWaleight the. Io ewmlad UI.. C laa al ld"d, Barlkada loss marm y ad themor O lun1oaamlol . "Mrw those to stroketalimmawh iambtookIt Is do. at , tOtilltkeldXiaM O dAeroad 8he.a dr* 11lAbimh AMlo.aid tligy up ta Altar thashaaaedenwamnaLr. Wefailed aslowljteaah 1m etrola amdu 1 hiPaa hillolde Is me a 00l comllgto a halt atep VIllIaRIlL 0n Ito UeiaU ilt m tall Millions of Americans to see, , ,in Washington early June 1966. . ;The exhibit will contain more than 250 objects, begin ning with the Neolithic period, Ro Marble Idol from Bycsultan. 3rd through the littite, Greek, milhvnium B'( Museum of Arche- man, Byzantine, Seletik and ology, Ankara. Ottoman Turk eras. The cities of Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Ilouston, Kansas rites the Washington City, Seattle, S-'n Francisco, Post one of the United Milwaukee, Boston and New States' major and most widely York will host the exhibit and read newspapers: "Stone, gold, millions of Americans will have bronze, silver, ivory, carpets, a chance to see these historic textiles, armor and manuscripts artifacts some of which date -the record of Turkish civili- back over 7000 years. zation- will be displayed to The artifacts to be dis Americans across the country played have been selected by in a spectacular travelling ex- a committee of distinguished hibition arranged by the Smith- art scholars. It is hoped that sonian Institution." the exhibit will not only pro The United States Govern- mote American understanding merit's Smithsonian Institution, of the cultural and historic re which is organizing this exhibit sources ot Turkey, but will with 250 objects loaned by the encourage many Americans to Turkish government-controlled travel to Turkey to see more of museum,, will first open the a country that has given birth exhibit at the National Gallery to twenty civilizations. seven thousand years of Turkey SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Bronze Statuette of God. 1)6vlek near jarkiqla. 16th.14tb c. B.c. Museum of Archeology, Ankara. N 0 0 Wx SBull Standard Alaca Iflhy ik, Royal Tombs. CA. 2400-2300 BJ.C. B~ronze with electrumn Sinlay. Museum of Archeology, Ankara. I Gold plaques from Sardis. 6th c. I3.C. Archeological Mu.eum, Istanbul. ',MIrH-30N1 AN INSTI TUTION SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Two-headed Duck FigurineBojazkiy...... 14th c. B.C. Terracotta Museum of Archeology, Ankara. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Architectural " Revetment C, Pazarls. 6th c.B.c. Terracotta Museum of Ankara Archeology, Ankara. -IZ joo Joseph V. McMullan, the owner of the largest awd mos. eminent collection of rugs ;- the uorld has made available to the Smithsonian Institution's travelling ExhibitionService fifty of his most famnous Turkish rugs. Picture shows Joseph V. McMullan, (right), showing a Turkish village rug to (left to right) Alan R. Sawyer, Director of the American Textile Museum, and two visiting Turks, Mlchmct Onder, General Director of Turkish Museums, and Raci Temizer, Director of Ankara Archeological (Ilittite) Museum. Picture taken in Washington D. C. ./ "THE BIG FUTURE oday, what was unthinkable greatest asset the Turkish peo even a few short years ago pie have to contribute to a tour has become a fact. Imams have ism industry-in which every begun to talk to the faithful one of Turkey's 31 million peo about the benefits of tourism pie is a partner. an(d its. significance to the Alti-,igh tourism in Turkey Turkish people. Multars wel- is "an untapped gold mine and come foreign tourists in their an industry without a chimney," villages. And, if this tourist as Selahattin (y'oruh, Turkey's intends to spend the night in first Director of the Tourism the village, all the villagers Department and now advisor to vie to have him as their guest. the Minister of Tourism and The national trait of all Turks- Information, puts it, Turkey has hospitality- is, perhaps, the today in all its hotels and motels suitable to cater to in- key, too, hds caught the fever. ternational tourists, only 15,000 Turkey, too, has realized that, beds. Turkey has a population like other countries, it can of 31 million. Israel has also close much of its balance of 15,000 beds for tourists. But payments gap through income it has a population of 2,500,000. from tout'sm. Turkey has now Israel's income from tourism in realized where the big future 1964 was $55 million, Turkey's lies and the government, private income from tourism in the same enterprise and the people are year was $8,317,000. doing their utmust to catch up. The 1965 estimates project Turkey's new Ministry of Spain's income from tourism to Tourism and !nformation signed be near the $1 billion mark. tourist agreements with Bulga- One million of Sweden's eight ria, Ydgoslavia, Iran and Pakis million people left the country tan in 1964. The Ministry is in as tourists in 1965. The tourism contact with Syria, Iraq, Jordan income in Lebanon (1,500,000 and Lebanon and it is expected population) is estimated in that similar agreements will 1965 to be over $30,000,000. All soon be signed with these these are only some of the big neighbors too. rumania is also news of the big industry. Tur- in touch with Turkey and has Tourists at Ephesus. -7 . liA '.4.,, 1, 4;,TT At" Z:4. ~' 77' already begun sending weekly at lBodruin (lialicarnassus). touristic groups by rnaritimp Europe's Club Mediterranee and rnhltv- to Istanbul. Thue Skin Club Europe'cn are also dis ilvers Club )f Europe, which cussing the possibilities of has its central organization in opening recreation villages in Belgium, is discussing with painership with Turkey's He the Ministry a project to open tirement Fund (Emekli Sandigi). a skin divers recreation village Agreements with foreign Skin diving -in the Sea of Marmara. Water skiing on in the Sea of Marmara. Skiing at Uluda, Bursa. jn. ,. IM M 4 a ll countries are not all. Large bedsin various hotels in Turkey foreign tourism agencies are in for all the 1966 season. Many constant touch with the Ministry of other travel agencies from all of Tourism and Information. Otto over the world are trying to Schinidt of Germany, for example, reach similar agreements through has already reserved all the the offices of the Ministry. Grease ure tling at Kirkpinar, Edirne. ARA GuIAR -- 4 0. . AV V2 :A ', ! i ARA GULER -N- Came 1 wres ling at Germencik, Aydin. Camel wrestling in Aydin dates back to the Roman era. Private enterprise in Tur- cently opened by private entre key, often slow in parting with preneurs. These boast 357 tents its money in a new venture, has and 2850 beds. British Petro now completely realized thetrue leum's "Mocamps" are mush potential of the tourism in- rooming all over the roads dustry. Many apartment blocks where tourists like to travel. In in Istanbul, and other cities addition to these, State Enter where there is a steady flow of prise factories and institutions foreign tourists are now being and provincial nunicipalities transformed into reasonably have in the last three years priced tourist hotels. Large opened 72 camps with a total summer residences are trans- of 5700 beds. Tiese camps have formed into motels. 16 camps in opened near the beaches most eight provinces have been re- sought by tourists. ARA GULER , , .;...... -.... Th']rone of ah (Shah) Ismail of Ilers;'a. In Treasury Department of "lopkapt 1uS eum, One of the problems posed Guide seminars in IBolu, Izmir, by the modern tourism industry Istanbul and Mersin and 160 is its demand for trained and tourist guides received diplo competent personnel. To meet mas from these seminars. The this need U.S. A.I.D. has as- importance of trained personnel sisted in the establishing of a it, the tourist industry is treated Hotel School in Ankara. Another in a separate article written by more advanced school will soon Murat Ozge , Deputy Undersec be opened in Istanbul. Many retary of theMinistry of Tourism Ministry employees have been and Information. sent to Belgium for speciali- Let us here only stress zation courses. Late in 1964 that many university graduates the Ministry opened Tourist are becoming tourist guides in Tourists at I opkapi Mluseum. Rose water set at Treasury Department o/ Topkatf 3Museum. V 1,.Although the greatest pro pagandist of Turkey's tourism ®r. V potential is the visiting tourist himself, the Ministry of Tourism has set tip offices in the United Z, States, (reat IBiritain, France, IHene lux (ountries, German Fed era1l Bepubilic, Sweden, Austria, Italy, Israpi, Lebanon, Saudi Ara1)ia, Iran and Pakistan. The number of tourists who visited Turkey in 1965 are at le St three times the number "lo:irist¢lookin, (it t ,emosaics in who \isited Turkey in 1960. In Iagia Sophia s t cor,oi eit.from tou rism hhas inc reased accordingly. As a result of Turkey. These young men and greater financial mearis at Tur women realize that this is an key's disposal through U.S. occupation which brings in a A.II). grants anO loans and the steady income, it is an occupa- awakening of private enterprise tion in which while they are to this new industry for Turkey, helping themselves they are the nuiiibr of in terntit ioaI also helping Turkey. standard accommldations which V rKK , A, ARA GULERt i t!i I w~intrislr 1(oi (ith oar Sophia.Msemnlaghia why he felt the need for this he explained: "In Switzerland I 14 .learned how to take care of a tourist, how to make him com fortable, how to feed him. In the Istanbul seminar I first learned myself what the tourist K is keen to be taught-where to go and what to see." Tourism is now an industry < '~ th at has conmc to Turkey. It is a developing industry in devel oping Turkey. It is a big in- Old Ankara. dustry where the customer is waiting at the door and is wait were 6,000 at the end of 1963 ing to be shown where to go. If rose to 12,000 in 1964 and to you do not have a place to put 15,000 in 1965. him, you have lost a customer. The steps taken to satisfy If you can sK. ,w him where to the foreign tourist have also go, he will return. triggered internal tourism. Ev- 7 ery summer, Turks and for eigners living and working in Turkey get the wanderlust. They drive in all directions in their own cars or in hundreds of Pull man seated buses specially operating for internal travelling. These, too, are investors. t'ri'- An assistant director of " ,l'i , , one of the big hotels in Istan bul, who had completed his studies in a hotel school in - Switzerland, last year completed U" the tourist guide seminar in Istanbul, thus also becoming an official tourist guide. Asked Atatirk Alai aleumn. Modern Ankara. 4'tL ~-O; 0 p-, . , /t : ' ' j ,,."-° '1 THOSE WHO HELP THEMSELVES II W!" In support of private enter oil,7: prise,sion madethe 30American million 'ILAll) avail Mis- a)1 e to tie Turkish Government two years ago for loans to pri vate investors in touristic es tal)lishoneIlts. IEach investor had to prIovid{e an anic(Milt of money of his own equal to the amount 01 Vh , -.i. An additional 50 million ..Ls%" a made available for the -anm tpuirpose by ['.,S. A..I). in ()'t e ' I)C5. of the original S :;0 million 'L m ',!d, availiable, 22 million has been loan(d to private investors. 0nc oi t/, exampl's A few of the many examples how private enterprise is now tackling tourism in Turkey: 1. Mutes Ao!el, in (,e,'me, Izmir. This motel which has 44 rooms and1 88 beds, received 550,000 TL from the U.S. A.I.D. 25 million TL. Loan and put up 600,000 'IL. itself. The motel 0 11v of Izinir', ullrapn dcrn h lel. whici was' coniploted in 1965, itself'. 'rile hotel did well in the now has all the rooms booked 1965 season and all its beds from April 1, 1966 to Nov. 30, are now reserved to touristic 1966 to a German Travel Agency. agencies of several countries for the fill1 1966 season. 2. Hotel King, Istanbul. lieceived a 1,150,000 tL. loan 4. Kemal Sarafo.lu Motel from U.S. \.i.iJ. while the own- and Touristic Restaurant, on ers have matched the loan with Lake Sapanca, in Sakarya, on 1,176,000 TL. The hotel opened the Istanbul - Ankara lligiway. in 1965 and has had full book- This Motel received 100,000'IL ings the first season, from the U.S. A.1.I). Lnan for its Touristic Hestaurant. It did 3. Alantur Alolel, Alanya, a thriving business in the 1965 Antalya. This motel has 35 season, especially in the res roons and 72 beds. It received taurant which serves notorcar 400,00011. from the U.S. A.I.). travellers between Ankara and loan and put tip 400,000 TL. Istanbul. The IMPORTANCE of TRAINING in TOURISM By Murad Ozgef Deputy Undersecretary, Ministry o/ Tourism and Inlormation ourism is an activity co:inected directly, or indirectly, with all sectors of economic life. Therefore, it is a major concern to Turkey that the tourism objective be clearly understood in all of its many aspects. 'Fihe rewards of tourism can only be achieved when tourism, as a concept, is considered realistically by tile social and business community and when a positive and nationwide tourism posture has been established. Tourisma training and a proper attitude by the general public are necessary. Let us assume that the best hotels, restaurants, enter tainment places and roads have been built in a country. If this coun try does not have trained personnel to manage these institutions, and if the people of this country do not have an understanding of touristic psychology, what, then, can be the value of such insti tutions ? Throughout their long history, the Turkish people have been well known for their inborn hospitality. The Turkish people already regard the tourist as a guest and do their utmost to make him happy. This education is first taught to a child at home, and then in pri mary and secondary schools which have regular tourism lessons. This educational system, recently put into effect, has already shown satisfactory results in the last two to three years. Today, whenever tourists visit any sector in Turkey, they are invariably saluted by a handwave an( smiles from children playing by the roadside. Tourism Societies, formed in practically every town in Turkey, have also played an important role in tile achievements in the field of touristic hospitality. The first prerequisite for the maintenance and development of a touristic industry is to create a good imlpression of the country from the moment a tourist crosses its borders until the time of his departure. Seventy years ago, Great Britain's Lord Balfourlhad stressed the importance of creating a gocd impression with these words, "Tourism personnel are the top m ,ters of ceremonies (pro .ocol petsonnel) of the British Government in the presence of the visiting tourist." Tourism teaching and training iui Tuikey first originated with the Tourism and Information Ministry Law. This Law assigned tile duty of "training t&)urSnil personnel within and outside the country, and to open necessary courses and specialization schools for this purpose," to the General irect-rate of 'ourisr In another clause of the Law, tile louiisn and lnformatior, Ministry was assigned to "train personnel in all phases of touri,ni whichi have ent~ered tile operational stage; to open courses and schools for specializaion; to send students abroad for training, to send undergraduates abroad for specialization, and also to send key personnel abroad to broaden their knowledge and to gain more experience." However, before this authority was assigned to the Ministry of Tourism and Information in 1963, a Hotel School was opened in Ankara under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education in 1961 to educate and train hotel and motel personnel in professional skills essential to the tourism Students Of A nkara Hotel • .., School... ... learn new trade A industry. A three-year curriculum was designed for graduates of commercial and secondary schools. In the 1963-64 period, 36 stu dents graduated from the Ankara Hotel School and in the 1964-65 period, 33 graduated. In addition, a Tourism Institute was opened in 1964 in the lzmir Academy of Economical and Commercial Sciences. 'Ihe goal of this Institute is to continually stmdy all phases of tourism, to carry out and publish findings of research in these areas, and to transmit these findings to educational institutions. 'o reach this aim, this Institute is now conducting research on short and long-range prob lems concerning tie touzism industry. The Tourism Institute also trains high level administrators who will work in tourism rmanage ment; acts as guide andl tutor to those wishing to Make investments in the tourist industry; follows developmei:c, ;.i investments made in this fielI; publishes its findings on ail touristic operations in tihe country; and keeps the general public aware of tourism. In October 1965, the Commercial and Touristic Teachers Advancet Scitz,-! was opened in Ankara. This advanced school is an eight-semester, four-year ' Oiat will graduate teachers for cmmerciial lycees (high scho, _.,.arial and hotel schools and colleges, and will provide qualified teachers for trade schools and schools training touristic managers. In this advanced school there in national new tourism industry. are specialized courses on "Management and Bookkeeping," "Office Management and Secretarial Education," "Tourism." and "Tourism Management." Those who will specialize in '"ourism Management" will spend the last year of their curriculum on specialization in this individual subject. In the past two or three years, great efforts have been made to open a Hotel School in Istanbul and also, if possible, a Tourism School in the same city. The Ministry of Tourism and Information, in collaboration with the Ministr, of Education, has already begun work for the establishment of an Istanbul Hotel School. Plans have been made to profit from the large hotel at Tarabya, Istanbul, the construction of which is about to be completed, as a school for practical instruction for the students of the Istanbul IHotel School. Permission for this has already been obtained from the Retirement Fund which owns the hotel, and from the Italian group who will run it. Therefore, arrangements are now being made to rent or purchase a sui*ible building near this hotel where Istanbul Hotel School students, teachers and administrative personnel can board, and where the students can receive theoretical instruction. With the acquisition of this building, Istanbul also will have gained a Hotel School. Educational inrtitutions in tourism are still quite new inTurkey and have not yet reached full productivity. To supplement local schools, students are sent to foreign countries, chiefly through scholarships. Five students have been sent to different universities of the United States under scholarships obtained through U.S. A.. 0. In addition to these, four students have been sent to the Hotel School in Great Britair:, and in the 1963-64 and 1964-65 period, 59 students were sent to Belgium through scho!arships. To train needed personnel, other than those being educated in schools at home and abroad, several short, intensive courses have been opened Ly the Ministry of Tourism and Information. TOLI'BYIS (The Turkish Hotel, Restaurant, Entertainment Places Workers Syndicate), the Students Associations and the Tourism Directorates are also opening courses to train personnel for the tourism industry. As an example, we can quote the training courses opened in 1964in 10 towns through a joint effort of the Ministry of Tourism and In. formation and TOLEYIS, from which 359 people were graduated. In the summer months of 1965, 841 persons attended training courses for waiters operated in 13 towns by the Ministry of Tourism and Information. Also in the summer of 1965, a "waiters training caravan operated by the Ministries of Tourism and Information and of Educa tion held 15-day orientation courses in towns where tourism traffic was heavy. An enthusiastic response was received from the tour istic institutions whose personnel attended the courses. Also playing a most important role in the development of both internal and international tourism is the tourist guide. A tourist guide is not solely an interpreter. Qualifications for a guide in clude: a fairly good knowledge of at least one foreign language; to I now the country extremely well; to be presentable and have a reliable personality; to be polite and agreeable to all those with whom lie comes in contact. Interpreter-guide courses have been conducted tie past ten years. These courses are usually carried out in nine to twelve-week programs. The programs begin with the teaching of tourism theory, general subjects and archeological sites most sought by tourists. Interpreter-guide diplomas were given to 179 participants in five towns in 1964. In the same type of course conducted in lzmir in October 1965, another 65 interpreter-guides received diplomas. Professional guides are trained in courses conducted by the Min istry. Several stud-nts organizations are training amateur inter preter-guides, and Un the touristic areas of Turkey some of the Tourism Association.3 are now also beginning courses for inter peter-guides. In the past few vears Turkey, realizing its natural beauties and its numerous touristic attractions, is attaching increasing importance to tourism development. To summarize, Turkey has formed a new Miristry to deal with tourism; it has taken steps to grant aid and facilities to encourage private enterprise in this sector; and it has, so far as its means have allowed, done its best to train qualified personnel for this industry, and is determined to increase its efforts in this field. +- . . + ' + + ,++ . . ++ Thke quay (First Kordon) of Izmir, )n thet Acgean'df, tihere thou sands of tourists come all tl( '(ir rowid+ (- ri ihb centers of many civilizations vas(S accessible' from th'is area. IL- IIlERA POLlS Pamukkale (Cotton 1 Castle ) is a wonder ~.~ C of nature. Once used as a hat-springs spa ky ,tt the Roman and aristocracy, + It tHerepa/is nowt is a ' favorite vikitivg place of + Oneu7 e s ++ t!t. twl~l +!" internationali fauep,tourists. k'!t . hot-spring ). .. 4p the~ ~ ~ ,~ '.- wo..a, , Fethiye on the Mediterranean. One of the mrt pic turesque toos on the Turquoise Coast of 'Turkey. "You must realize that God created so much beauty on earth so that man might enjoy it. Our country deserves, to the highest degree, to become a paradise, the more so as Turks are the friends of all civilized nations." Alusta/a Kemal ATATVRK THE WAY AHEAD By Robert F. Ginsbach However, despite the many and very exceptional advantages which exist, the road to corn plete touristic expansion will t is only recently, in the face be long and difficult and fraught of pressing economic and so- with obsta ci es. :ldoed, it is cial needs, that the Tuirkish impossible to abolish at one authorities decided to exploit stroke all the obstacles which by methodical means rd efforts stand in the way of the develop their outstanding toiristic re- nient of tourism 01' to create, sources. This ,ictioi i.-; nesii ieo from one Jay to tit,' rext, the to exercise a decisive infli ence i ndreds of hotels, miotc Is and lpoln the futule of the country in lidiy villages needed, the every field, facilities for sport and cultural Air. Robert F. , tle activities which are their nato United Nations Technical -Assist- ral adjunicts, litinting reserves, ance Bureau consultant to tme beach installations, restalrants, Ministry of Tourisi, and Information boating facilities, the spas and of Turkey. watering places, n tural parks, camping grounds, mountain cha- to the needs of reality, because lets, touristic highways, air, they are fully aware of the dan sea and L;d transportasion, or ger of attracting more visitors to train the great mass of per- the country than can be satis sonnel required to serve all factorily and properly received these installations, or to clear and accommodated. This pro and resto'c the countless arche- paganda action likewise takes oiogical, historical and religious in to account the exceptional sites. A IHerculean task, if ever cliimatic conditions which permit there was one! touristic enterprises to enjoy The Ministry of lourism a much longer profit-earning and Information is carrying out period. However, the Ministry the progressive application of cannot fulfill its mission with a wide program which includes out being assured of the close trie r.obilization of national and cooperation of the other minis foreign capital in order to create tries. Efforts have also been the needed touristic equipment made to encc'urage private ini in the shortest possible time, tiative. Inderd, the functioning and the preparation of realistic and exploiting of touristic serv letri lation and regulations cap- ices tall within the competence able of assisting the rational of the private sector, because fun:f'tioning of the new touristic tourism is wtdelicate activity sC: rvices: accommodation, recep- requiring initiative, resource tion, travel agencies, highway fulness, psychology and enthu signs and assistance, touristic siasm as well as a marked entertainment .nd attractions, sense of personal responsibility, regional and 'ocal touristic qualities which, by force of associations, fetes and dis- circumstances, ar. lacking in plays, sovenirs, natural hunt- Public Administratc.n. ing and reserves, hygiene in The touristic awaikening of touristic establishments, ex- Turkey depends just as much on change and border formalities, the cooperation of all those The Ministry is endeavou,- within the country as on close ing to make knowNn both in collaboration with neighbouring Turkey and abroad the ccuntry's countries and with private touristic resources and potential tourist and transport organiza by meani of propaganda suited tions abroad. The accomplishments re- importance of tourism for the corded in such a short time country. Even the Imams talk 4low one to nourish great hopes about tourism to the faithful in for the future because the means the mosques. of accommodation of western The result of this awaken standards have been doubled in ing to tourism is the extra relation to 1963: the highways ordinary craze of the Turkish asphalted, sign-posted and public for travel. Never has one equipped with station services seen so many Turkish tourists increased by more than 1500 kin; exploring their country. This is training of personnel has been also a very important factor for markedly increased thanks to the future. scholarships for practical train- For those who may still ing awarded by friendly coun- harbor some doubts about the tries; and tl:e first duty-free real value of tourism, it would shops have been opened. New seem a convincing argument to air, sea and land routes have mention that the increase in been established, the lzmir and touristic income in foreign Antalya airports opened to inter- currency (monthly average in national charter traffic - all 1963: 600,000-monthly average these among a host of other in 1965: 1,000,000) has pro accomplishments such as the gressed in parallel to the in chain of 23 reception offices in crease in accommodations of the principal touristic centers, international standard. From or the trial in highway assist- here it is only a step to esti ance to foreign motorists under mate when tourism can theore the aegis of the Red Crescent ticallv cover the deficit in the and with the cooperation of. Turkish balance of payments, the petroleum comp,,nies, the but on . which must be taken Turkish Touring and Automobile carefully because the quantity Club, the traffic police and the of other basic or complementary Highways Department. equipment to be created will Another of the successful have to be capable of ensuring efforts of the Ministry of Tour- the continuity of the touristic ism and Information is the influx at the same ratio is awakening of the Turkish during the course of the current people's conscience to the vital year. TOURISM PLANNING IN TURKEY By Dr. Tiinay Akojlu Research Spe cialist, State Planning Organization I! n his report handed in to the This broad statement makes I "First United Nations '[our- it clear that tourism planning is ism and International Traveling closely related to what a coun Congress," held in Home in try has to offer international September 1963, Professor Kurt tourists and, ill tihe broad sense, Krapf, well known as one of the this planning constitutes the pioneers of the tourism doctrine effort to meet the renuisites of stressed: "the principle of tourism in its besi and most turism planning has been re- productive form. Tourism plan cngnized and adopted only in ning covers many activities arid recent years. The bottlenecks encompasses subjects ranging and problems met in the devel- from construction to the training opmer;t of touri~an have created of touristic teachers. the need for plauning in tour- Especi al'y in countries ism. 'fhe real goal of tourism with limited economic means planning is to realize, in a and in underdeveloped coun coordinated fashion, all the tries which have to use their services needed and sought by available means economically, internal and external tourism." the following of a planned Dr. Tiinay Akojlu i; a member cf course of action in the tourism the Assoctalion International,? des industry has become an indis Experts Scienifilque.s du "lourisme. pensable factor. When the First Five-Year of Turkey's tourism policy. Development Plan which covers Also programs for every year the years 1963-1967 outlined are prepared and in this way the economic and social devel- the tourism policy of the coun opment of Turkey within the try is carried out. framework of a mixed economy, the touristic sector figured within the structural framework Investments of the plans. The First Five- The Five -Year Develop- Year Plan specifies in detail ment Plan has planned a gross the investments for touristic investment of 59,646.8 million development, the number of TL. in the public and private tourists expected to visit the sectors (1961 prices) and has country, tourism income and assigned 1.4 per cent of this expenditures, and the necessary amount to the tourism sector. steps that have to be taken for The table below shows the the planned development of this gross investments for the period industry. All these subjects 1963- 1967, and the percentage form the fundamental principles proportions per annum CROSS INVESTMENTS (19611Prices in Millions TL and percentages 1963 1964 1965 196' 1967 TOTAL TL 7 TL 2 TL r TL 0 TL 7. TL Agriculture 1213.2 12.8 1712.2 15.8 2182.0 18.1 2590.0 19.7 2851.0 20.2 10548.4 17.7 Mining and quotrying 457.8 4.X 735.2 6.R 794.6 f,.6 80.9 6.1 435,5 3.1 3 330 5.4 Manufactuin. 2166.3 22.8 2359.9 31.8 2276.9 18.9 17164 13.1 1559.7 I11 10109.2 16.9 Energy 7'6.4 7.4 EQ).0 )3,4 057.' 8.8 123.5 9.41 1236.2 9.' 5134.0 8.6 Tronspt onJ 13, Co-nn ni'stio,. .298.0 13.7 1355.9 12.5 482.3 12.3 1851.9 !4.1 2171.3 15.4 2159.4 S- : 51.0 ,.I Of7.1 1.9 ' 37.0 5.2 1020.0 7,9 1291.9 0.2 P'65.9 A.6 Ho.,sin 2085,0 21.9 222?.0 21.6 2370.0 19.8 2594.0 19.7 2318.0 20.0 12116.0 20.3 Education 660.0 6.9 783,0 7.2 745 0 6.6 835.0 6.A 1153.0 8,2 4227.0 7.1 Health 200.5 2.1 230.1 ) 1 278.2 2.3 320.2 2.4 317.9 2.3 1346.9 2.3 B27.0 1.4 TOURISM 145.5 1.5 148.2 1.4 164.7 1.3 175.6 1.3 193.0 1.4 59646.8 10 TOTA. 9513.7 1(0.8 10829.6 100 12058.6 100 13167.5 '00 14077.4 100 SOURCE: First Five Year Development Plan (1963 - 1967) The investment made in the tourism sector have been used in the fields shown in the following table: TOURISM INVESTMENTS AN' PROMOTIONAL EXPENDITURE (1963 - 1967 in Millions TL.) TOTAL 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Hotels 380.5 73.0 67.5 73.0 78.5 88.5 4.5.2 6.0 6.2 9.0 10.5 13.5 Boarding houses (pensions) 7.6 0.8 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.3 Restaurants and entertainment places 46.4 5.6 7.3 9.2 11.3 13.0 Holiday villages and camps 74.5 9.0 13.0 17.5 16.0 19.0 Beaches 10.8 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.9 Health resorts 55.5 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 Touristic attradtions 124.1 23.9 24.8 25.8 26.3 23.3 Hunting and fis iing 1.0 0.5 0.5 - - Souvenir trade 15.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 Training 22.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 Maintenance 43.9 7.0 7.5 8.0 10.0 11.4 TOTAL 827.0 145.5 148.2 164.7 175.6 193.0 PROMOTIONAL EXPENDITURES 150.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 SOURCE : First Five Year Development Plan (163 - 1967). Conjectares The Fir'st Five Year Develrpment Plan estimates the number of tourists to come to Turkey as follows: Number of Number of Year Foreign Tourists Year Foreign Tourists 1962 166.000 1965 288.000 1963 200.000 1966 345.000 1964 240.000 1967 415.000 SOURCE : State Plcnning Organization, Tourism, Ankara 1963. Conjectures The estimations for the minimum and maximum incomes are estimated as follows: Minimum figure Maximum figure estimated Dollars spent by income from tourilam from tourism income Year each tourist in million dollars in million dollars 1962 60 10.0 76.2 1963 65 1? 0 99.4 1967 100 41.5 325.0 SOURCE: First Five Year Development Plan The table below shows the outcome of above estimates: Year Arrival number of According to Tourism (Million $) All external voyages (million $) foreign tourists previous year Income Expenses Difference Income Expenses Difference 19 2 172.867 - 34.0 7.3 8.6 - 1.3 8 18 -10 1963 154.823 - 11.0 6.4 5.5 -0.9 7 20 -13 1964 168.054 - 8.5 7.0 8.7 -1.7 8.3 21.8 13.5 1965 (8 monos) 7.4 7.3 -0.1 8.4 17.9 - 9.5 SOURCE: State Statistical Institute and Ministry of Finance The number of beds which will be needed in differetat sectors at tile end of the plan period in 1967 are estimated as follows: Number of accomodations (beds) necessary for tourists in 1967 in thousands Regjion Number of beds required Number of additional beds reclred Marmara 10.1 8.0 Aegean 7.3 6.7 .'\ntalya 3.8 1.7 Other 3.7 1.8 TOTAL 24.9 20.2 SOURCE: Five Year Developrent Plan. According to the latest already been put into effect and inventories made there are 346 new plans have been placed in hotels-motels that have re- the framework of tile yearly ceived "tourism certificates" programs. and only 176 of these are pre- The yearly plans, in con sently in operating condition. In junction with the Five -Year these institutions there are levelopment Plan, form part of 6,877 rooms and 12,388 beds. the planning for the develop Thereforfe it is necessary to ment of the tourism industry in increase the number of beds by Turkey. In these yearly plans 100 per cent by 1967. the different types of invest ments are specified, projects, Measures to be taken costs, durations are pointed One part of the tourism out, and tourism policy of planning in tie Five-Year l)e- shorter range is outlined and velopment Plan deals with the considered. Every year the in measures that have to be taken vesting sectors of the. public for the development of this sector's investment projects are industry. Each department researched, evalIated, and responsible for taking particular taken within the framework of neasures is singled oti, and a the overall program in a bal time limit for carrying out such anced fashion with the other measures is specified. The economic sectors, and tile measures that have to be"taken appr)priations for each project for the developmuent of the tour- are planned and decided upon ism industry according to the individually. )evelopment lan are decided The application of invest upon in cooperation %ith the men s are controlled by the State organizations ;'esponsible application forms prepared and for carrying them out. handed in by the investing and In addition, new measures executive departments, and is to be carried out are added in made known to the public by the yearly programs, and in the yearly reports compiled by this way the fulfillment of tour- the State PlanringOrganizaLion. ism policy is assured. Most of __ the measures decided in the Aerial cable transporting passen First Five - Year Plan have gers from Bursa to Uludaj. -'l A'' m , siowg In the table below investments made in yearly programs are given in a comparative fashion with investment estimates of the Five Year Development Plan: PLANNED TOURISM INVESTMENTS (State and Private Sector) (in Million $- 1961 Prices) 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 'TOTAL, In First Five Year Development Plan 45.5 148.2 164.7 175.6 193.0 827.0 In yearly programs 56.5 199.2 291.3 Percentage of tourism investments in overall investments according to Five Year Develop ment Plan 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 Percentage of tourism investment according to yearly investments in Fve Year Development Plao 1.7 1.8 2.4 SOURCE : State Plan ling Organizatlon - 1963, 1964, 1965 yearly plans.' Tourists visiting Aesculapium at Pergamum (11ergama). . a - A ' I One of the historic columns at Aesculapium. As can be seen from the table at left the percentage of the yearly tourism investments estimated and invested in pro portion to total investments has been on the increase since 1963. ., This proportion is higher than the proportion originally esti- " mated for the tourism sector in the First Five-Year Development Plan. Thus it can be seen that 7 r the deviations from the original ' Five-Year Plan in the yearly ' plans is to the advantage of the tourism sector. ,.. Fable below shows in de- tail, in current prices, the dis tribution of tourism investments ., according to yearly plans': I ,. TOURISM INVESTMENTS (in thousand TL) 1963 1964 1965 External Tota External Total External Total 22.200 106.463 26.700 138.000 27.500 160.900 Public Sector Total 15.000 50.000 5.000 73.000 10.000 150.000 Private Sector Total 37.200 156.463 38.700 208.000 37.500 310.900 Grand Total SOURCE: State Plunning Organization 1963, 1964, 1965 programs. r V '2<' ~ ~ A, -~ 4-A. ,4': 4, '4.' ~wif>~ ~. - - -. i~s:~t&t-s...-~z . I <4 N - j -tV'4~'. 4 I~~'2v~ '* 'y;~, .4,, 'V%\ 5. I~'~4 1' ~1~t * ''~~ -'I,, '-if I: fl'~'1'~' - A 4' '4' ~ r4 4 Another section of tourism study and planning is carried out by other organizations 'among which the most important are the Ministries of Tourism and Information and the Ministry of Reconstruction and Settle ment. The Ministry of Tourism and Information, as the execu tive branch of the Government's Tourism Sector, carries out a manifold planning operation, while the Ministry of Recon struction and Settlement con- Tourists visiting llaghia Sopia centrates its efforts mostly on (Ayasofya) Museum. regional and town planning, and physical planning. The results which will cover the years of this planning are evaluated 1968-1972 is already begun by the State Planning Organiza- and the "Special Specialization tion and take their places in Committee of Tourism" com the yearly programs. The inter- prising elements from both the ministerial cooperation between Public and Private Sectors, and the Ministry of Tourism and sub-committees of the Coin Information and the Ministry of mittee have already begur. re Reconstruction and Settlement search and reached certain is carried out by the "Tech- conclusions. nical Bureau of Tourism The basis of Turkey's Planning." tourism development program The future planned devel- and developments achieved in opment of the tourism sector the field of international tour will again be carried out in ism, within the economic and yearly and five year programs. social structure of Turkey's The work on the second Five- overall economy, are found in Year Development Program the different aspects of tourism Tourists at the entrance of Sultan planning we have mentioned Abmet Cami (Blue Mosque). above. ARCHEOLOGIC EXCAVATIONS MADE IN TURKEY Excavation Site Excavations Under Excavations Made By: Years Direction of: AcemhbyUk (Nikde) Prof. Dr. N. 6zgiiq Turkish Historical Society- 1962-1965 Ministry of Education Aphrodisias (Aydin) P. Goudin Railways Company 1904 French Government 1913 Prof. Dr. G. Jacopi Italian Government 1937 Prof. Dr. K. T. Erim New York University 1961-1965 Akilkaya (Manisa) Prof. Dr.P. Devambez French Archeological Inst. 1934 Ahlatlibel (Ankara) Dr. H. Z. Koqay Ministry of Education 1933 Aizani (Ktitahya) M. Schede, D.Krencker German Archeological Inst. 1926-1928 Akalan (Samsun) Peodor Macridy Istanbul Museum 1908 Alabanda (Aydin) Peodor Macridy Istanbul Museum 1904 Alacahytik (corum) Peodor Macridy Ministry of Education 1928 Turkish Historical Society 35-49,65 Alaeddin Tepesi Prof. Dr. R. 0. Arik Turkish Historical Society 1941 (Konya) Ali~ar (Yozgat) Von der Osten Chicago University 1927-1932 Alitepe (Malatya) Prof. Dr. C. Schaeffer French Universities 1948 Altintepe (Erzincan) Prof.Dr. T. 6zgUq Turkish Historical Society- 1958-1961 Ministry of Education Amyzon (Aydin) Prof.Dr.L. Robert French Archeological Inst. 1949 Alahan (igel) M. Gough British Archeological Inst. 1982-1965 Antiokhia (Isparta) W. M. Ramsey Edinburgh University 1910 Antiphellus (Antalya) Dr. F. J.Trisch Birmingham University- 1952 British Archeolog'.cal Inst. Arsemeia (Malatya) Dr. K. Ddrner MUnster University 1953-1965 Aslantepe (Malatya) Prof.Dr. L.Delaporte Louvre Museum 1932-1933 1938-1939 Prof. Dr. Schaeffer Academie des Inscription et 1946-1955 Belles Lettres Prof.Dr.P. Meriggi Centro per le Antichita e la 1961-1965 Storia dell'Arte Vicino Orienta Assos (;anakkale) R. Rochetta American Archeological Inst. 1838 J. Clark, American Archeological Inst. 1881-1883 R. Coldevey, H. Bacon Aya.q-lica (Ankara) Dr. W. Orthmann German Archeological Inst. 1963-1964 Akhisar (Manisa) Dr. Y. Boysal Ministry of Education 1963-1964 "Tepemezarlhii" Bayrakli (izmir) Prof. Dr. E. Akurgal West Anatolian Research Inst. 1948-1951 Prof. Dr. J. Cook and Athens BrltIsch Arch.Inst. F. Miltner 1930-1931 Babakly (Balikesir) Prof. K. Bittelve Cambridge University 1936 Stavard Belevi (Izmir) Prof. Dr. M. Theur Austrian Archeological Inst. 1933 Prof.Dr.C.Praschniker Prof. Dr. J. Keil Bergama (Izmir) C. Humann German Archeological Inst. 1878-1913 W. IYJrpfeld A. Conze T. Wiegand German Archeological Inst. 1927-1931 G. Bruns i " 1932-1933 H. Hansen " " " 1934-1938 0. Ziegenaus ProLDr.E.Boehringer " " " 1957-1965 Beycesultan (Denizli) S. Lloyd Bltish Archeological Inst. 1954-1959 Bitik (Ankara) Prof. Dr. R.O.Arik Turkish Historical Society 1940 Beldibi (Antalya) Dr. E. BostancL 1960-1961 Bokazk6y (Qorum) E. Chantre German Archeological Inst. 1893-1894 Peodor Macridy 1906-191 Puchtein Wincler Prof. Dr. K. Bittel " " " 1931-939 " " " " " " " 1952-1965 BUyiik GUllUcek Dr. H. Koqay Turkish Historical Society 1947-1949 (Corum) Can Hasan (Konya) D. French British Archeological Inst. 1962-1965 Cebeli Akra (Antakya) Prof. Dr C. Schaffer 1937 qandarli (Izmir) Prof. Dr. E. Akurgal Turkish Historical Society 1959-1965 Ministry of Education Qatalhdyiik (Hatay) MeEwan Chicago University 1933-1934 tatalh ytk (Konya) J. Mellaart British Archeological Inst. 1961-1963 Dr. 0. Gurney ,, " 1965 Daskileion(Balikesir) Prof. Dr. E. Akurgal Turkish Historical Society 55-57-65 Daphne (Hatay) Prof. Dr. W. Campbell Princeton University 1931-1943 Demircihyiik (Eskiq.) Prof. Dr. K. Bittel German Archeological Inst. 1937 Didyma (Aydin) E. Pontremoli 1895-1896 B. Haussoullier Prof.Dr.T. Wiegand Berlin Museum 1904-1913 is It it It 1924-1925 Diyarbakir Castle Prof.Dr.O.Aslanapa Ministry jf Education 1962 Dirmil (Mukla) Prof. Dr. E. Akurgal, Ministry of Education 1963 Domuztepe(G.Antep) R. W. Eric Harvard University 1934 DIngel Cave (Maraq) Prof. Dr. K. Kdkten Ministry of Education 1959-1963 Diindartepe(Samsun) Prof. Dr. K. Kokten Turkish Historical Society 1940-1941 Prof. Dr. T. OzgU Prof. Dr. N. 6 zgiIq Edirne Prof.Dr.§.A.Kansu Turkish Historical Society 1963 Ephesus (tzmir) J. T. Wood British 1875 Benndorf Austrian 1894-19 13 J. Keil to 1926-1935 J. Keil Austrian Archeological Inst. 1954-1959 F. Miltner " ,o Prof.Dr. F.Eichler " 1960-1965 Ereili (Tekirdai) G. Seure 1910 Eski GUmU§ Monastery M. Gough British Archeological Inst. 1963-1965 Fraktin (Kayseri) Prof. Dr. T. Ozgii Ankara University 1947 Foqa (Izmir) F. Sartlaux 1913 Prof. Dr. E. Akurgal Turkish Historical Society Ministry of Education Ankara University 1964-1965 Gordium (Yassihdy~lk) Dr. Rodney S. Young University of Pennsylvania 1950-1965 Museum Goller Bilgosi Prof. Dr. R. Solecki Columbia University 1963 Gamerek (Adana) Prof.Dr.J.Garstang British Archeological Inst. 1963 GoluIdak (Nido) Prof.D.Remzi,O.Arik Ministry of Education 1934-1935 Gzlikule (Tarsus) W. P. Barker 1845 V. Langlois 1852 Prof. H. Goldmann Harvard University 35-38, 47 Gimenek (Tokat) B. Hrozny 1925 Hacilar (Ankara) Prof. Dr. R. 0. Arik , Turkish Historical Society 1940 Hacilar (Burdur) J. Mellaart British Archeological Inst. 1957-1965 Halicarnassus (Mukla) C. Newton 1853-1855 British Museum 1890 Harran (Urfa) W.Trust, Dr. S. Rice British Academy London University 1956-1959 Hashyiik (Kzrqehir) Prof. Dr. L. Delaporte Louvre Museum 1931 Prof. Dr. H. gambel Turkish Historical Society 1943 Hierapolis (Denizli) C. Humann 1928 Prof. Dr. P. Verzone Torino University 1957-1965 Horoztepe (Tokat) Prof. Dr. T. bzgtij Turkish Historical Society- 1956-1957 Ministry of Education Hdyicek (izmir) Prof. Dr. M. enytirek Turkish Historical Society 1949 lassos (Mukla) Prof. Dr. D. Levi Athens, Italian Archeol. Inst. 1960-1964 Imroz Island Prof. D. Sarte Athens Archeological Inst. 1,32 tznik (Bursa) M. Schede German Archeological Inst. 1931 A. Schneider , 1935-1936 iznik Ceramic Ovens Prof. Dr. 0. Aslanapa Istanbul University 1963-1965 Kabarsa h. (Tarsus) Prof. Dr. H. Goldmann Harvard University 1934 Kaledoruku (Samsun) Prof. Dr. K. Kdkten Turkish Historical Society 1941 Kalhnakl (Mugla) Prof.Dr.P.Devambez French Archeological Inst. 1935 Kalinkaya tumulus R. Temizor Ministry of Education 1947 (Qorum) Karahdyilk Prof. Dr.S.Alp Turkish Historical Society 1953-1965 Ministry of Education Middle Anatolian Res. Station KarahdyUk (Maraq) Proi. Dr.T. dzgfil Turkish Historical Society 1947 Karain (Antalya) Prof. Dr. K. Kdkten Turkish Historical Society 1946-1965 Ministry of Education Ankara University Karalar (Ankara) Prof.Dr.R.O.Arik Turkish Historical Society 1933 Karaoilan (Ankara) " " " " " 19371941 Karata (Adana) Prof.Dr.H.Bossert Turkish Historical Society Karatepe (Adana) Prof. Dr. B. Alkim and Turkish Historical Society and 1947-1965 Prof. Dr. H. qambel Ministry of Education Karaz (Erzurum) Dr. I. Koqay Turkish Historical Society 1942-1944 Kargami§ (Gaziantep) G. S. Smith 1876 D. G. Hogarth 1910-1914 R. C. Thompson L. Wolley Klaro, (Izmir) Peodor Macridy 1905 Ch. Picard and Athens, French Archeol. Inst. 1912 -1913 Peodor Macridy Prof. Dr L. Robert Academie des Inscription 1950-1961 et Belles Lettres Kerkenezdak(Yozgat) Von der Osten Chicago University 1928 Knidos (Mukla) Scheur Columbia University 1927 Newton British Museum 1836 Kolophon (Izmir) Prof. Dr.H.Goldmann Harvard University 1925 Korikos (Mersin) S. Guyer 1907 Kupatabat (Konya) Z. Orr1l Konya Museum 1953 Prof. Dr. Aslanapa Ministry of Education 1964-1965 Kusura (Afyon) Prof. Dr. W. Lamp Cambridge University 1935-1937 KUltepe (Kayseri) H. Grothe E. Chantre, H. Wincler Prof. Dr. F. Hrozny 1923-1926 Prof. Dr. T. 6zg1q Turkish Historical Society- 1948"-1965 Ministry of Education Kyme (Izmir) S. Reinach French Museums 1881 A. Szalac Prague University 1925 Kyzikos (Balikesir) Dr. Weltzinger Crown Prince of Bavaria Prof.Dr.E.Akurgal 1918 Turkish Historical Society- 1957-1958 Ministry of Education Labranda (Mukla) Prof.Dr.A.Persson Uppsala University 1951-1961 Prof.Dr.G.Saeflund Lagina (Mukla) Osman Hamdi Istanbul Museums 1917-1918 Laodikya (Deilfzli) Prof.Dr.J.DeGagnler Quebec University 1961-1962 Larissa (Izmir) Dr. J. Boehlau Kassel Museum 1901-1907 1932-1934 Libyssa (Izmlt) T. Wiegand Berlin Museum 905, 06,15 Loryma (Mugla) Scheur Columbia University 1912 Leyne (Mugla) Peodor Macridy 1892-1893 0. Hamdi Museums Administration 1891 Ma aracik (Hatay) Prof.Dr.M.IenyUrek Turkish Historical Society 1961 Maltepe (Sivas) Prof. Dr. T. 6zg(iq Turkish Historical Society 1948 Ma.,at (Tokat) Prof.Dr. E.Akurgal Turkish Historical Society 1945 Menderes' Manisa C. Humann Berlin Museum 1890-1893 Misis (Adana) Prof. Dr. H. Bossert MUnster and Istanbul Univ. 1956-1959 Milet (Aydin) Prof. Wiegand Berlin Museum 1908-1907 Prof. Dr. Von Gerkan 1938 Prof. Dr. C. Wieckert German Archeological Inst. 1955-1961 Myrina (Izmir) Athens-French Archeol. Inst. 1880-1883 Milsge~bi (Mukla) Dr. Y. Boysal Ministry of Education 1963-1965 Nemrut Mountain 0. Hamdi Istanbul Museums 1882 (Adiyaman) T. Goell American School of Oriental 1953-1965 Research Nikomedia (Izmit) Prof. Dr. R. 0. Arik Ministry of Education 1931 A. Ogan o I " 1938 Notion (Izmir) P. Macridy, Picard Turkish Museums 1907,1913 Nysa (Aydin) Baron Diest 1909 Panionion (Izmir) Prof. Dr. G. Kleiner Frankfurt University 1957-1960 Patnos (Airi) Prof. Dr. K. Balkan AtatUrk University and 1961-1965 R. Temizer Ministry of Education Pazarh (Qorum) Dr. H. Kogay Turkish Historical Society 1937-1938 Pazarlik (Mukla) Prof. Dr. J. Cook Bristol University 1959-1960 Perge (Antalya) Prof.Dr.A.M.Mansel Turkish Historical Society and 1946 Ministry of Education Polatli h. (Ankara) S. Lloyd - N. Ghkqe Ministry of Education and 1949 British Archeological Inst. Pulur (Erzurum) Dr. H. Ko~ay Atatlirk University 1960-1961 Priene (Aydin) C. Humann Berlin Museum 1895-1898 British Archeologists 1868 Rhegium (Istanbul) A. Ogan Turkish Historical Society 1938 Prof. Dr.A.M.Mansel Sart (Manisa) H. C. Butler 1910-1914 Prof.Dr.G.Hanfmann Harvard University 1958-1965 Sakqag zil (G.Antep) Prof.Dr.G.Garstang Liverpool University 1907-1911 Dr. J. Waechter British Archeological Inst. 1949 Samsun Peodor Macridy 1904 Seleukeia (Hatay) Prof. Dr. W. Campbel Pinceton University 1931-1943 Sxzma (Konya) Calsey and D.Robinson Michigan University 1924-1926 Side (Antalya) ProLDr.A.M.Mansel Turkish Historical Society and 1947-1965 Ministry of Education Sidemara (Konya) Museums Administration 1900 Sinop A. Tevhit Museums Administration 1926 Prof.Dr.E.Akurgal Turkish Historical Society and 1951-1953 MUnster University 6 Sivas Castle Prof. Dr. T. 5zgUq Turkish Historical Society 1947-1948 Under Water Arche- G. Bass Pennsylvania University 1960-1965 ological Searchings Halicarnassus (Bodrum) Sultantepe (Urfa) S. Lloyd - N. Gkge British Archeological Inst. 1951-1952 Ministry of Education Semahdytik (Antalya) Prof. Dr. M. Mellink Bryn Mawr College 1963-1965 Taqkinpaqa (Nevqehir) Prof. Dr. M. enyiirek Turkish Historical Society Tekecdy (Nev~ehir) Prof. Dr. K. Kdkten Turkish Historical Society 1940 Teos (Izmir) Dr. Y. Boysal Ministry of Education Ankara University 1962-1965 Temnos (Izmir) H. Layard Austin Company 1844 0. Hamdi Museums Administration 1882 Prof.Dr. P. Devambez French Archeological Inst. 1933,1934 Terzilihamam(Yozgat) Von der Osten Chicago University 1932 Tilmenhbyilk(C-,Antep) Prof. Dr. B. Alkim Turkish Historical Society and 1960-965 Ministry of Education Tepemezarhl:i Dr. Y. Boysal Ministry of Education 1963-1964 (Manisa-Akhisar) Toprakkale (Van) Prof. D. A. Erzen Turkish Historical Society and 1960-1965 Ministry of Education Tralles (Aydin) H. Ethem Museums Administration 1901-1913 C.Human,W.Dorpfeld German Archeological Inst. 1893 Troia (ganakkale) Heinrich Schliemann 1870-1873 (Troy) W. Idrpfeld 1874 Heinrich Schliemann 1878-1879 1882-1889 W.Drpfeld,Schliemann 1893 Prof. Dr. W. Blegen Cincinnati University 1932-1938 Trabzon's Saint D. Winfield British Archeological Inst. 1958 Sophia D. Winfield Edinburgh University 1959 Prof. Dr. T. Rice, 1961-1962 D. Winfield Tel Agana (Hatay) L. Woolley British Museum 1936-1939 Tel el CUdeyde (Hatay) L. Woolley British Museum 1947-1948 1946-1949 Tel Tabara Akrat L. Woolley British Museum 1947-1948 Tel Tayinat McEwan Chicago University 1933-1938 Urfa J. B. Segal British Archeological Inst. 1959 tiskilbil (Bolu) R. Duyuran Ministry of Education 1960-1961 Van K. Lake Harvard University 1935-1938 Yazilikaya (Afyon) M. Jestin French Archeological Inst. 1935-1936 E. Haspels 1937-1939 H. (;ambel 1948,9-51 Yazilikaya (qorum) Prof. Dr. K; Bittel German Archeological Inst. 1938 Yalincak (Ankara) B. Tezcan Middle East Technical Univ. 1962-1965 Yalvaq (Isparta) Ramsey 1912-1913 Yesemek (G. Antep) Prof. Dr. B. AJlkm Turkish Historical Society and 1958-1959 Istanbul University Yortan (Balhkesir) P. Goudin, V. Chapot 1901 YUmilktepe (Mersin) Prof.Dr.J. Garstang Liverpool University 1937-1939 Xanthos (Antalya) Ch. Fellows British Museum 1842 Prof. Dr. Demargne French Archeological Inst. 1950-1959 Zencirli (G. Antep) C. Humann 1888-1894 Luchan 1901 EXCAVATIONS MADE IN ANKARA Augustus Temple Prof.Dr.Krencker, German Archeological Inst. 1926 Schede Ankara Castle Prof. Dr. R. 0. Arik Ankara University 1937 - Tumuluses at Railway Peodor Macridy Ministry of Education 1925-1927 Station I'umuluses at AtatUrk Prof. Dr. T. 0zgilq Turkish HIstorical Society Mausoleum Roman Baths Prof. Dr. R. 0. Arik Turkish Historical Society 1937 Von der Osten Turkish listorical Society 1938-1941 Airport Prof. Dr. G. Rohde Ministry of Education 1938 Sokukkuyu N. Gdkqe Ministry of Education 1946 Eti Yokuqu Prof. Dr. P. A. Kansu Turkish Historical Society EXCAVATIONS MADE IN ISTANBUL Ayasofya T. Whittemore Byzantine Institute 1932 (Saint Sophia) Boston University Harvard University Pro". Dr. Schede German Archeological Inst. 1935-1938 qemberlitaq Karlvett 1929 Sarayburnu Prof. D. Demangel French Archeological Inst. 1933 Balabanaka Mosque Prof.Dr.A.M.Mansel Archeological Museums 1933 Maltepe-Bostanci A. Raymond Archeological Museums 1934 Yanikodalar Mosque Prof. Dr. P. Schazmann " 1935 Topkapi Palace A. Ogan, Prof. Mansel Turkish Historical Society, 1937-138 Prof. Bossert Museums Old Justice Palace Lemerl French Archeological Inst. 1937 Ministry of Education Sultanahmet (iirasta) Prof. Dr. Bixter 1935-1939 The Yard of Koca Baxter-Mansel Ministry of Education 1936 Mustafa Paqa Medrese New Justice Palace Dr. A. Schneider German Archeological Inst. 1942 R. Duyuran Ministry of Education 1950-1952 Yalova Prof. Dr.A.M.Mansel Archeological Museums 1942 Silahtaraga Ministry of Education 1951 Gdztepe 'R. Duyuran Ministry of Education 1952 Fikirtepe Prof.Dr.A.M.Mansel Istanbul University 1952,1953 Prof. Dr. K. Bittel Silivri-Ortakdy R. Duyuran Ministry of Education 1953 Sultanahmet (Arasta) T. Rice 1953-1954 Uskidar (Omerli N. Firatli Archeological Museums 1954 Tumulus) Kariye, Zeyrek, Fet- Prof. Dr. Whittemore Byzantine Institute hiye, Ayasofya (Saint Prof. Dr. Underwood Byzantine Institute 1954-1961 Sophia), Fenari Isa Museums (Mosaics) TURKISH MUSEUMS I. MUSEUM DIRECTORATES II. MUSEUM SUB-DIRECTORATES 1. Akqehir Museum 1. Adana Museum 2. Amasra Museum 2. Afyon Museum 3. Amasya Museum 3. Alanya Museum 4. Aydin Museum 4 Atatirk Mausoleum 5. Burdur Museum 5. Ankara Archeological Museum 6. Denizli Museum 6. Ankara Etnographical Museum 7. Diyarbakir Museum 7. Turkish Grand Nationai Assembly Mus. 8. Erdemlt Museum 8. Antalya Museum 9. Fethiye Museum 9. Bergania (Pergamum) Museum 10. G6reme Museum 10. Bodruni (lHalicarnassus) Museum 11. Hacibekta§ Museum 11. Bursa Museum 12. Harput Museum 12. qanakkale Museum 13. Izmit Museum 13. 4qanakkale Monument of Unknown Soldier 14. Iznik Museum 14. Edirne Museum 15. Karaman Museum 15. Efes (Ephesus) Museum 16. Karatepe Museum 16. Erzurum Museum 17. Kars Museum 17. Gaziantep Museum 18. Mardln Museum 18. Hatay Museum 19. Milet Museum 19. Istanbul Archeological Museum 20. Mudanya Museum 20. Istanbul Ayasofya (Saint Sophia) Museum 21. Nev~ehlr Museum 21. Istanbul Topkapi Palace Museum 22. Side Museum 22. Istanbul Turkish and Islamic Art Mus. 23. Silifke Museum 23. Izmlr Museum 24. Sinop Museum 24. Kastamonu Museum 25. emaki House Museum 25. Kayseri Museum 26. Tire Museum 26. Konya Museum 27. Truva (Troy) Museum 27. Kiltahya Museum 28. Tokat Museum 28. Manisa Museum 29. Urfa Museum 29. Maraq Museum 30. Orgilp Museum 30. Nlide Museum 31. Van Museum 31. Sivas Museum 32. Yalvaq Museum Participant journal is published quarterly by the Office of Com munications Resources, USAID, on behalf of all the present and former participants in the USAID Training Program and other Turkish-American exchange pro grams. Participant Journal depends on the news and suggestions sent by the participants in Turkey and in the U.S. Please notify this office in case of change of ad. dress or any other corrections. All correspondence should be addressed to: Sorumlu Mjdur: TAL.,T GONENc Paricipant J]ournial Dr. Vali Re~jit Caddesl No. 16, Kavaklidere, Ankara, Turkey Editor: RIZA ANDIR Art Director: SABAHATTiN YUCE Asst. to Art Director: TOKAY OSMAN Maps: OMER EKSIO&LU Photography: ATTI LA TORUNOGLU AJANS - TURK MATBAASI. ANKARA BACK COVER: Miniature in Topkap: Palace Museum, Istanbul, representing battle scene in Europe during the reign c. Suleyman the Magnificent, in XVI Century. NC 77 '40" 4. I At