Alanya Yöresinde Antik Bir Liman

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Alanya Yöresinde Antik Bir Liman ALANYA YÖRESINDE ANTIK BIR LIMAN GOLAY T~GREL Antik ça~larda Pamphylia Küçük Asya'n~n güneyinde yer alan, kuzeyden Toros'larla çevrili, güneyde ise Akdeniz'e aç~lan, bat~s~nda Lykia, do~usunda Kilikya Trakheia denilen Da~l~ k Kilikia'n~n bulundu~u sahil ovas~ na verilen add~ r. K~y~~ bat~da Khelidoniai'dan do~uda Anamur'a kadar uzanan geni~~ bir girinti yaparak oldukça büyük bir körfez meydana getirmektedir. Bu körfezden K~ br~s ada- s~na kadar uzanan bölüme ise ~lkça~da "Pamphylia Denizi" ad~~ verilmekteydi 1. Pamphylia bölgesinin hudutlar~~ konusu antik yazarlar aras~ nda oldu~u kadar halen günümüz ara~t~ rmac~lar~~ için de çe~itli görü~~ ve fikir ayr~l~ klar~na sebep te~kil etmektedir. Kuzeyde teraslar halinde denize do~ru inen Toros da~lar~, güneyde ise Akdeniz, ovay~~ iki yönden s~n~ rlamak bak~m~ndan ~üphe götürmezken, bat~~ ve bilhassa do~u hudutlar~~ hakk~ nda birbirinden oldukça farkl~~ görü~ler ortaya at~lmaktad~r. Güvenilir antik kaynaklar~n belirtti~i gibi genellikle Olbia Lykia bölgesinden evvel yer alan en bat~~ Pamphylia ~ehri olarak kabul edilir 2. Bizi konumuz dolay~s~ yla daha ziyade ilgilen- diren husus do~u s~ n~ r~~ olup Pamphylia bölgesinin nerede son buldu~u ve Da~l~k Kilikia'mn nereden ba~lat~lmas~~ gerekti~i sorunudur. Burada da bir genelleme yapacak olursak Pamphylia'n~n en do~u noktas~~ olarak Side ~ehrinin veya Melas'~ n a~z~ n~n kabul edildi~ini söyliyebiliriz 3. Strabon ise Pamphylia ve Kilikia aras~ ndaki s~n~ r~~ çok daha do~uya kadar götürmekte ve Korakesion'u yani bugünkü Alanya'y~~ Pamphylia'ya dahil etmektedir 4. Skylax da ayn~~ ~ekilde Kibyra ve Korakesion'u Pamphylia ~ehirleri olarak tan~mlamak- tad~ r. 5. Yak~n zamanlardaki ara~ t~ rmac~lar aras~ nda da bu görü~e C. E. Bosch, Studien zur Geschichte Pamphyliens, 1957, S. 13 2 Strabon XIV 667, 671; Ptolemaeus V 5, 2 3 Mela I 78; Plinius, Naturalis Historia V 93, 96; Anonym. Stadiasmus Maris Magni, 213 f.; Ptolem. V 5, 2. 4 Strab. XIV 667. Skylax I o . 614 GÜLAY TIGREL yer verenler vard~ r. W. Ruge bu bölge hakk~ ndaki incelemelerinin sonucunda Pamphylia hudutlar~n~n ba~lang~çta Side'ye kadar uzan- d~~~~ fakat M.O. 200 y~llar~nda Korakesion'a kadar geni~ledi~i netice- sine vard~~~n~~ ifade etmektedir 6. Bütün bu görü~leri birer birer ele al~ rken en ba~ta göz önünde bulundurulmas~~ gereken husus Pam- phylia'n~ n esas itibariyle co~rafi bir kavram olu~u ve Toros'lar~n güneyinde yer alan sahil ovas~ na verilen isim olmas~d~ r 1. Antalya körfezinin kuzeybat~~ kö~esinden itibaren da~lar k~y~dan kuzeye do~ru uzakla~~ rlar ve verimli topraklara sahip bir düzlük meydana getirirler. Ova Melas'~n denize döküldü~ü yere kadar bu ~ekilde devam eder, ancak do~uya do~ru ilerlendi~inde Toros'lar~n devam~~ ~eklinde irili ufakl~~ tepelerin k~y~ya kadar sokulduklar~~ ve Alanya'ya kadar olan kesimde tepeler ile sahil aras~nda dar bir k~y~~ ~eridi kald~~~~ görülür. Bu durumda co~rafi bir kavram olarak art~ k bir düzlükten, bir sahil ovas~ ndan söz etmemek ve Side'nin do~usundan itibaren Da~l~ k Kilikia'mn ba~lad~~~n~~ kabullenmek zann~ m~zca uygun olur. Ara~ t~rmalar~ m~za ve yaz~m~za konu olan bölge Bat~~ Kilikia'da Alara Çay ile Karg~~ Çay aras~ nda kalan sahil kesimidir. ~imdi bu bölge hakk~nda bilgi veren ba~l~ca kaynaklar~, bilhassa inceleme gezileri yapm~~~ olan seyyahlar~n notlar~n~, mümkün oldu~u kadar kronolojik bir s~ ra takip etmek suretiyle, birer birer gözden geçirelim. ~ngiltere hükümeti taraf~ndan Francis Beaufort ~ 8~~ ~~ -18 ~~ 2 y~llar~~ aras~nda Küçük Asya'n~ n güney k~y~lar~nda, Rodos yak~nlar~ndan isknderun Körfezi'ne kadar olan k~s~mda, hidrografi ara~t~rmalar~~ yapmak ve sahil haritas~ n~~ ç~ karmak üzere görevlendiriliyor. Beaufort kendisinin çok ilginç buldu~u ve ayn~~ zamanda ogüne kadar çok az bilinen bu yerler hakk~nda k~smen sathi de olsa bilgi vermek ve hiç olmazsa daha ilerde ara~ t~rmalara sebep olacak ölçüde heyecan ve ilgi uyand~ rmak gayesiyle gözlemlerini ve incelemelerini aç~ klamak lüzumunu hissederek Karamania ad~ nda bir kitap yaz~yor. K~sa ve substantif bir eser olmakla beraber ülke hakk~ nda kapsad~~~~ ö~retici bilgiler, bu uzun sahil kesiminde yer alan antik harabeler hakk~ ndaki izlenimler bak~m~ ndan bilhassa Akdeniz k~y~s~~ için bir rehber mahi- yetinde oldu~u kabul edilebilir. " RE XVIII 3, s. 354 v. dd. C. E. Bosch, ayn~~ eser, s. 13. ALANYA YÖRESINDE ANTIK BIR LIMAN 615 Bat~dan do~uya do~ru k~y~y~~ inceliyerek kaptan~~ oldu~u gemiyle Karaburun'u geçiyor ve kitab~nda yer alan haritada Ptolemais olarak i~aretledi~i yerde pek çok yap~~ ve antik kiklopik duvar kal~nt~lar~ na rastlad~~~ndan söz ediyor 8. Ptolemais olarak gösterdi~i yer Karaburun ile Alanya aras~ nda yer alan bir burun ve Beaufort'un kendi ifade- siyle her iki taraf~nda da eskiden sun'i birer liman olmas~~ laz~m gel- mekte, fakat denize uzanan iskele veyahut mendirek tamamen or- tadan kalkm~~~ ve su üstünde görülebilecek bir iz zaman~m~za kadar gelmemi~. Burnun arkas~ nda kara içine do~ru uzanan sulak vadiler yer almakta. Strabon XIV 667 de verilen bilgiye de de~inerek Melas ve Korakesion aras~nda kurulmu~~ olan Ptolemais ~ehrinin zama- n~nda burada yer alm~~~ oldu~unun kabul edilebilece~i fikrini ortaya at~yor. Bundan sonra Alanya'ya do~ru yol al~rken k~y~da pek çok köy, kale ve kilise harabesi gördü~ünden ve bunlar~n oldukça yak~n devirlere ait oldu~undan bahsediyor. Beaufort'un bu ara~t~rmalar~~ ve verdi~i bilgiler arzu etti~i ilgiyi uyand~ rm~~~ olmal~~ ki kendisinden sonra gelen seyyahlar~n ve ara~- t~ rmac~lar~n Pamphylia ve Kilikia bölgelerini de ele ald~ klar~n~~ ve Akdeniz k~y~lar~nda inceleme gezileri tertiplediklerini görüyoruz. Bu bölgede oldukça uzun bir ara~t~rma gezisi yapan Heberdey ve Wilhelm Karaburun üzerinde gördükleri harabeden ve çok say~daki lahitIerden söz ettikten sonra buras~n~ n Kibyra olmas~~ laz~m geldi~ini belirtiyorlar 8. Alara Çay~~ vadisine do~ru ilerlemek ve bu bölgeyi incelemek istediklerinden Okurcalar köyünden iç bölgeye do~ru yöneldiklerinde Selçuk eserleriyle kar~~la~~yorlar. Buradan dönü~te tekrar ayn~~ k~y~~ bölgesine indiklerinde aniden meydana gelen bozuk hava ~artlar~, f~rt~na ve ya~mur sahil kesimini incelemelerine mani oluyor. Buna ra~men sahilden ve az sonra da biraz daha iç kesimden do~uya do~ru ilerleme~e devam ediyorlar. ~arapsa'daki hana var- madan önce geçtikleri yol boyunca kendilerinin sa~~ taraf~ nda kalan ve k~y~ya yak~ n tepelerin ete~inde yer alan harabeleri ancak uzaktan izlemeleri mümkün olabiliyor. Buralar~m tan~mlamak hususunda kulland~klar~~ ifade oldukça ilginç. "Beaufort (Karamania 159) da bu harebeleri kaydetmi~~ ve do~rulu~u ~üphe götürmez bir ~ekilde Ptole- F. Beaufort, Karamania, 1817, s. 159 v. dd. 9 Heberdey und Wi~helm, Denkschr. Akad. Wien, phil. - hist. KI. XLIV, VI (1896) S. 135. 616 GÜLAY T~GREL mais olarak kabul etmi~tir. Stadiasmus m.m. 21 o f. deki Leukotheion burnunun da buras~~ oldu~u laz~ m gelmektedir." Yollar~na devam ettikleri bir s~ rada ancak uzaktan bakarak görüp geçtikleri bir yer hakk~ nda kendilerinden evvel ayn~~ yerleri dola~m~~~ ve baz~~ fikirler ve tan~mlamalar ortaya atm~~~ bir gezginin görü~lerini, en ufak bir inceleme ve ara~ t~ rma yapmadan, bu kadar çabuk kabullenmek tabiddir ki bugünkü ilim anlay~~~ m~zla ba~da~amaz. Korakesion'a yakla~~ rken, dik yamaçlar halinde denize inen tepelerin kuzeye bakan eteklerinde gene bir tak~m harabeler gördük- lerinden bahsediyorlar fakat ayr~nt~l~~ bilgi vermiyorlar. Ancak bura- lardan a~a~~ya, k~y~~ düzlü~üne indiklerinde moloz ta~~ malzeme ile in~a edilmi~~ yap~~ kal~ nt~lar~~ ve kap~~ sö~eleri olarak kullan~lm~~~ büyük ta~~ bloklarla kar~~la~~yorlar. Buras~ n~n yüksek bir tepe üzerinde yer alan Hamaxia'n~n liman~~ olan ve Stadiasmus m.m. 208 f. de bahsi geçen Aunesis olmas~~ Laz~m geldi~ini belirtiyorlar. "Bu duruma göre de Augai bugünkü Sarapsa denen yerde olmal~d~ r," diyerek ilave ediyorlar". K~sa bir yolculuktan sonra da Alanya kalesinin yer ald~~~~ burun gözlerinin önüne seriliyor. Heberdey ve Wilhelm'den sonra, onlar~n izledi~i yolu takip ederek 1936 y~l~ nda me~gul oldu~umuz bölgeyi de içine alan bir ara~t~ rma gezisi yapan H. Rott, Alara Çay~~ vadisinde, Boztepe yak~n- lar~ndan, k~y~ya yani Karaburun'a do~ru iniyor11. Civarda pek çok kule ve sur kal~ nt~s~ na rastl~yor ve sahile yakla~t~ kça bunlar~n ço~al- d~~~m görüyor. Yüksek ve dik bir yamaç halinde denize kadar inen bu burun üzerinden etrafa bakt~~~nda birden fazla tepe üzerine ya- y~lm~~~ bir surette geni~~ bir alan kapl~yan harabeyi izliyebiliyor ve buras~mn hakikaten Kibyra olmas~~ laz~ m geldi~ine kanaat getiriyor. Burnun bat~s~nda yer alan bir koyda antik bir mezarl~ ktan, gördü~ü çok say~daki mezar odalar~ndan, semerdaml~~ lahitlerden söz ediyor. Bunlar~ n üzerinde bulunan haç motiflerinden yerin Bizans ça~~nda iskân gördü~ü anla~~l~yor. Dik ve sarp kayal~k burun üzerinde pek çok yap~~ kal~ nt~s~na rastlam~~~ oldu~unu ve hattâ büyük dörtgen temel ta~lar~n~ n, bir s~ra sütun dizisinin ve yüksek kap~~ sö~elerinin mevcudiyetine dayanarak burada bir tap~ na~~n yer alm~~~ olmas~~ laz~m geldi~ine inand~~~n~~ ifade ediyor.
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