DOCSLIB.ORG

Misunderstanding + Misinformation = Mistrust

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Misunderstanding + Misinformation = Mistrust Misunderstanding + misinformation = mistrust: How language barriers reduce access to humanitarian services, reduce the quality of those services and aggravate social exclusion for Rohingya communities PART II: COX’S BAZAR, BANGLADESH September 2019 1 A three-part report Translators without Borders (TWB) is We are grateful to the many organizations pleased to launch a three-part report and individuals that supported or and accompanying language guidance participated in this study. on an innovative cross-border study. The series explores the role of language The cross-border study was conducted in humanitarian service access and and authored by a TWB team in Myanmar community relations in Cox’s Bazar, and Bangladesh. Many others also Bangladesh and Sittwe, Myanmar. contributed feedback and valuable comments to the final series of reports. • Part I. Cross-border trends: Challenging trends in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh and Sittwe, Myanmar • Part II. Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh: Findings from Bangladesh including sections on challenges, adaptive programming, and recommendations • Part III. Sittwe, Myanmar: Findings from Myanmar including sections on challenges, adaptive programming, and recommendations Children learn the Arabic alphabet at a madrassa in a Bangladeshi community neighboring the refugee camps in Cox's Bazar. Credit: TWB / Fahim Hasan Ahad 2 Table of Contents Methods and further information .......................................................4 Usage ............................................................................................................4 Executive summary .................................................................................5 Recommendations ...................................................................................6 Language barriers limit access to quality services .....................8 Language barriers limit access to quality health services............................................ 8 Language barriers limit access to quality education services ..................................... 18 Language barriers hinder the inclusion of Rohingya communities in Bangladesh today and in Myanmar tomorrow ........................................................26 Language skills determine access and status in Bangladesh ...................................... 27 Language determines future integration efforts in Myanmar ...................................... 29 Naming conventions reinforce intercommunal divisions ............................................. 30 Cultural understanding breaks down intercommunal barriers .................................... 31 Effective humanitarian communication depends on clear messages and high professional capacity ......................33 English- and Rohingya-speaking communicators rely on intermediaries speaking Chittagonian and Bangla ................................................... 33 Unclear communication and low capacity can lead to misinformation, mistrust, and power imbalances...................................................... 39 Humanitarians appear to misunderstand the language and literacy skills of displaced people ...................................................... 40 3 Methods and further information Detailed information on methods and limitations is available at https://translatorswithoutborders.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Methods-and- limitations_Cross-Border.pdf. For detail on the languages of the Rohingya response in Bangladesh and Myanmar, see https://translatorswithoutborders.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Languages-in-the- Rohingya-response_Cross-Border.pdf. Usage Language and ethnicity names: Language speakers: The terms "English We use the official language or ethnicity speaker," "Myanmar speaker," "Rakhine name designated by the national speaker," "Rohingya speaker," refer to a government in Bangladesh or Myanmar person who is most comfortable speaking respectively. For example, we use Bangla the given language. instead of Bengali and Myanmar instead of Burmese. This does not imply that the person is a native speaker of that language or that If a language or ethnicity is not officially their ethnicity necessarily mirrors the recognized, we use the name recognized language they are most comfortable in American English or the preferred speaking unless otherwise stated. For term of self-identification used by example, a Chittagonian speaker may interviewees. For example, Rohingya. be ethnic Rohingya. Also, local and non-local Bangladeshi. 4 Executive summary through other people. The groups that “A language should are most commonly monolingual are have its own also disadvantaged in other ways. This language dependency reinforces their exclusivity… Until relative lack of power and agency. today language is the Forced displacement increases reliance only anthropological on others from outside the Rohingya element to identify community for support. This makes it even more essential for them to them as Rohingya. communicate across languages and cultures. The role of intermediaries One Rohingya can becomes more important and the risk of be separated from a exclusion for monolinguals even greater. Bangladeshi only with Effective two-way communication is his or her language. a key component of user-centered, equitable service provision and So we do not want them accountable humanitarian action. In to mix up with our the linguistically diverse humanitarian response, organizations struggle to language and culture.” get that communication right. The result is reduced access to quality - A Bangla speaking services, further exclusion, and government official missed opportunities to help improve intercommunal relations. The Rohingya are marginalized in Myanmar society, as reflected in their Humanitarian organizations in Cox's Bazar lack of legal status and recognition as District can improve communication citizens. Across the border in Bangladesh, with Rohingya refugee communities they are also unable to fully participate by increasing staff language capacity, in society due to their lack of legal cultural awareness, and knowledge status and recognition as refugees. One of interpreting principles. consequence of this is to reduce their opportunities to learn other languages More fundamentally, language and such as Bangla or Chittagonian. This cultural awareness should inform every locks in their exclusion through language. aspect of program design, resourcing, and implementation. That is how we Monolingual Rohingya in the Cox's Bazar ensure that under-served Rohingya can refugee camps and host communities understand their options, make their have difficulty accessing information, needs and wishes heard, and build better voicing their needs and wishes or relations with neighboring communities. engaging with decision-makers except 5 Recommendations This assessment highlights ways in 3. Test comprehension which humanitarian organizations can of critical messages communicate more effectively with the Develop and test message banks affected population. to see which messages are best understood, convey the intended 1. Apply plain language principles meaning, and resonate with target Develop information, education and groups. Whenever possible, co-design communication materials in plain or co-redesign messages with language, especially those intended community members. This will also for the Rohingya community. Explain help to track progress and raise concepts using familiar words and awareness of the importance of clear sentence structure. Avoid or clear messaging. Ultimately this explain technical jargon and words should increase the effectiveness that are not commonly used. Ensure of humanitarian communication content is field-tested, appropriate for practices over time. the intended audience, and addresses key community concerns. (For an 4. Promote and support empathy overview of plain language principles, with service users and see https://translatorswithoutborders. understanding of their needs org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/ Train and brief service providers in Basic-plain-language-principles-for- language and cultural awareness. humanitarians.pdf) Enable them to apply that learning by designing programs to allow 2. Invest in formal training for adequate time for communication. interpreters and field staff In health clinics, for instance, this in language and cultural skills means organizations should plan Assess Rohingya language skills as for doctors to spend longer with part of staff recruitment, and engage patients, especially new patients. It Rohingya staff and volunteers to is common for interpreting into an support community engagement. unstandardized language to take Training and support programs a few minutes longer. Plan for any can build interpreters’ and field interpreted meeting or gathering, workers’ capacity, including in such as focus groups, to take at least complex terminology such as health twice as long. As far as possible, interpreters may require. This can don’t rush interactions with Rohingya draw on tools like TWB’s multilingual community members: it can readily glossaries of humanitarian terms. be taken as rude and disrespectful. Humanitarian organizations can foster cross-cultural communication skills by encouraging collaboration between Rohingya staff and volunteers and those from other backgrounds. 6 5. Design a bridging strategy for scope for standardizing Rohingya home language (Rohingya) to as a language of instruction. national language (Myanmar) as the language of instruction 6. Develop social cohesion
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
    Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates.
    [Show full text]
  • Asia in Motion: Geographies and Genealogies
    Asia in Motion: Geographies and Genealogies Organized by With support from from PRIMUS Visual Histories of South Asia Foreword by Christopher Pinney Edited by Annamaria Motrescu-Mayes and Marcus Banks This book wishes to introduce the scholars of South Asian and Indian History to the in-depth evaluation of visual research methods as the research framework for new historical studies. This volume identifies and evaluates the current developments in visual sociology and digital anthropology, relevant to the study of contemporary South Asian constructions of personal and national identities. This is a unique and excellent contribution to the field of South Asian visual studies, art history and cultural analysis. This text takes an interdisciplinary approach while keeping its focus on the visual, on material cultural and on art and aesthetics. – Professor Kamran Asdar Ali, University of Texas at Austin 978-93-86552-44-0 u Royal 8vo u 312 pp. u 2018 u HB u ` 1495 u $ 71.95 u £ 55 Hidden Histories Religion and Reform in South Asia Edited by Syed Akbar Hyder and Manu Bhagavan Dedicated to Gail Minault, a pioneering scholar of women’s history, Islamic Reformation and Urdu Literature, Hidden Histories raises questions on the role of identity in politics and private life, memory and historical archives. Timely and thought provoking, this book will be of interest to all who wish to study how the diverse and plural past have informed our present. Hidden Histories powerfully defines and celebrates a field that has refused to be occluded by majoritarian currents. – Professor Kamala Visweswaran, University of California, San Diego 978-93-86552-84-6 u Royal 8vo u 324 pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages in the Rohingya Response
    Languages in the Rohingya response This overview relates to a Translators without Borders (TWB) study of the role of language in humanitarian service access and community relations in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh and Sittwe, Myanmar. Language use and word choice has implications for culture, identity and politics in the Myanmar context. Six languages play a role in the Rohingya response in Myanmar and Bangladesh. Each brings its own challenges for translation, interpretation, and general communication. These languages are Bangla, Chittagonian, Myanmar, Rakhine, Rohingya, and English. Bangla Bangla’s near-sacred status in Bangladeshi society derives from the language’s tie to the birth of the nation. Bangladesh is perhaps the only country in the world which was founded on the back of a language movement. Bangladeshi gained independence from Pakistan in 1971, among other things claiming their right to use Bangla and not Urdu. Bangladeshis gave their lives for the cause of preserving their linguistic heritage and the people retain a patriotic attachment to the language. The trauma of the Liberation War is still fresh in the collective memory. Pride in Bangla as the language of national unity is unique in South Asia - a region known for its cultural, religious, and linguistic diversity. Despite the elevated status of Bangla, the country is home to over 40 languages and dialects. This diversity is not obvious because Bangladeshis themselves do not see it as particularly important. People across the country have a local language or dialect apart from Bangla that is spoken at home and with neighbors and friends. But Bangla is the language of collective, national identity - it is the language of government, commerce, literature, music and film.
    [Show full text]
  • Map by Steve Huffman; Data from World Language Mapping System
    Svalbard Greenland Jan Mayen Norwegian Norwegian Icelandic Iceland Finland Norway Swedish Sweden Swedish Faroese FaroeseFaroese Faroese Faroese Norwegian Russia Swedish Swedish Swedish Estonia Scottish Gaelic Russian Scottish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic Latvia Latvian Scots Denmark Scottish Gaelic Danish Scottish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic Danish Danish Lithuania Lithuanian Standard German Swedish Irish Gaelic Northern Frisian English Danish Isle of Man Northern FrisianNorthern Frisian Irish Gaelic English United Kingdom Kashubian Irish Gaelic English Belarusan Irish Gaelic Belarus Welsh English Western FrisianGronings Ireland DrentsEastern Frisian Dutch Sallands Irish Gaelic VeluwsTwents Poland Polish Irish Gaelic Welsh Achterhoeks Irish Gaelic Zeeuws Dutch Upper Sorbian Russian Zeeuws Netherlands Vlaams Upper Sorbian Vlaams Dutch Germany Standard German Vlaams Limburgish Limburgish PicardBelgium Standard German Standard German WalloonFrench Standard German Picard Picard Polish FrenchLuxembourgeois Russian French Czech Republic Czech Ukrainian Polish French Luxembourgeois Polish Polish Luxembourgeois Polish Ukrainian French Rusyn Ukraine Swiss German Czech Slovakia Slovak Ukrainian Slovak Rusyn Breton Croatian Romanian Carpathian Romani Kazakhstan Balkan Romani Ukrainian Croatian Moldova Standard German Hungary Switzerland Standard German Romanian Austria Greek Swiss GermanWalser CroatianStandard German Mongolia RomanschWalser Standard German Bulgarian Russian France French Slovene Bulgarian Russian French LombardRomansch Ladin Slovene Standard
    [Show full text]
  • The Rohingya Origin Story: Two Narratives, One Conflict
    Combating Extremism SHAREDFACT SHEET VISIONS The Rohingya Origin Story: Two Narratives, One Conflict At the center of the Rohingya Crisis is a question about the group’s origin. It is in this identity, and the contrasting histories that the two sides claim (i.e., the Rohingya minority and the Buddhist government/some civilians), where religion and politics collide. Although often cast as a religious war, the contemporary conflict didn’t exist until World War II, when the minority Muslim Rohingya sided with British colonial rulers, while the Buddhist majority allied with the invading Japanese. However, it took years for the identity politics to fully take root. It was 1982, when the Rohingya were stripped of their citizenship by law (For more on this, see “Q&A on the Rohingya Crisis & Buddhist Extremism in Myanmar”). Myanmarese army commander Senior General Min Aung Hlaing made it clear that Rohingya origin lay at the heart of the matter when, on September 16, 2017, he posted to Facebook a statement saying that the current military action against the Rohingya is “unfinished business” stemming back to the Second World War. He also stated, “They have demanded recognition as Rohingya, which has never been an ethnic group in Myanmar. [The] Bengali issue is a national cause and we need to be united in establishing the truth.”i This begs the question, what is the truth? There is no simple answer to this question. At the present time, there are two dominant, opposing narratives regarding the Rohingya ethnic group’s history: one from the Rohingya perspective, and the other from the neighboring Rakhine and Bamar peoples.
    [Show full text]
  • SUFIS and THEIR CONTRIBUTION to the CULTURAL LIFF of MEDIEVAL ASSAM in 16-17"' CENTURY Fttasfter of ^Hilojiopl)?
    SUFIS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE CULTURAL LIFF OF MEDIEVAL ASSAM IN 16-17"' CENTURY '•"^•,. DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF fttasfter of ^hilojiopl)? ' \ , ^ IN . ,< HISTORY V \ . I V 5: - • BY NAHIDA MUMTAZ ' Under the Supervision of DR. MOHD. PARVEZ CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2010 DS4202 JUL 2015 22 CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY Department of History Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh-202 002 Dr. Mohd. Parwez Dated: June 9, 2010 Reader To Whom It May Concern This is to certify that the dissertation entitled "Sufis and their Contribution to the Cultural Life of Medieval Assam in 16-17^^ Century" is the original work of Ms. Nahida Muxntaz completed under my supervision. The dissertation is suitable for submission and award of degree of Master of Philosophy in History. (Dr. MoMy Parwez) Supervisor Telephones: (0571) 2703146; Fax No.: (0571) 2703146; Internal: 1480 and 1482 Dedicated To My Parents Acknowledgements I-11 Abbreviations iii Introduction 1-09 CHAPTER-I: Origin and Development of Sufism in India 10 - 31 CHAPTER-II: Sufism in Eastern India 32-45 CHAPTER-in: Assam: Evolution of Polity 46-70 CHAPTER-IV: Sufis in Assam 71-94 CHAPTER-V: Sufis Influence in Assam: 95 -109 Evolution of Composite Culture Conclusion 110-111 Bibliography IV - VlU ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is pleasant duty for me to acknowledge the kindness of my teachers and friends from whose help and advice I have benefited. It is a rare obligation to express my gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Mohd.
    [Show full text]
  • Statistics on the Use of Language Interpreter and Translation Services in Courts and Tribunals
    / Statistics on the use of language Interpreter and Translation services in courts and tribunals Statistical bulletin, 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2014 Ministry of Justice Published 16 April 2015 1 Contents Contents…………………………………………………………………………………..…..1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….…......…2 Key findings ………….………………………………………………………………..……..4 1. Number of completed services requests for language interpreter and translation services…………………………………………………………………………….……....…6 2: ‘Success rate’ of completed requests for language interpreter and translation services……………………………………………………………….……………………..10 3: Number of complaints made relating to completed service requests……………...14 4: Number of ‘off contract’ requests for language interpreter and translation services……………………………………………………………………………………...18 Annex A: Explanatory Notes, Data sources and Data Quality………………………...20 Annex B: The Language Services Framework Agreement…………………..……..…23 Annex C: Revisions Policy………………………………………………………………...25 Annex D - Glossary of Terms Used………………………………………….……......…26 Annex E – List of Languages…………………………………………...……………...…28 Annex F: List of Accompanying Tables………………………….……………...........…29 Contacts……………………………………………………………………..………………30 1 Introduction The data presented in this bulletin are statistics for face-to-face language interpreter and translation services provided to HM Courts & Tribunals Service (HMCTS) and the National Offender Management Service (NOMS). These services are supplied under a contract with Capita Translation and Interpreting (TI);
    [Show full text]
  • What Matters?
    Finding the right Host Getting relief goods: words in the Community A re-emerging concern within Rohingya language Feedback the Rohingya community WHAT Find out more on page 1 Find out more on page 2 Find out more on page 3 MATTERS? Humanitarian Feedback Bulletin on Rohingya Response Issue 12 × Wednesday, October 03, 2018 There have been many flows back and forth along the standard Burmese and Rakhine. When the ‘new Rohingya’ Finding the porous Bangladesh-Myanmar border over the last 50 joined the registered community in the camps, the linguistic years. In the early 1990s, about 250,000 Rohingya people differences became clear. So did the need to consider those right words in the fled to Bangladesh from northern Myanmar to escape differences when communicating with the community. a military crackdown. Some of those people returned Rohingya language to Myanmar, but many remained in Bangladesh. The ‘Registered Rohingya’ now use many Bangla words community that stayed behind is usually referred to as Clear communication with the Rohingya the ‘registered Rohingya’, even though some of them are In the past three decades, various government and non-government community is one of the most challenging not officially ‘registered’ as refugees by UNHCR and the institutions exposed the ‘registered Rohingya’ community to aspects of the current response. It requires us to government of Bangladesh. standard Bangla. Those that went to Bangladeshi schools learned understand how their language is evolving, how how to read and write in standard Bangla. Rohingya men learned different languages have influenced it, and how In 2017, another 700,000 Rohingya people crossed Bangla in their interactions beyond the camp, through trade or distinct dialects are emerging.
    [Show full text]
  • Rohingya Muslims
    Rohingya Muslims March 29, 2021 In news : During the visit of Indian Prime Minister to Bangladesh, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh requested India, as a member of the UN Security Council, to play a “strong role” in the early repatriation of the displaced Rohingyas back to Myanmar Who are Rohingyas? They are an ethnic group, largely comprising Muslims, who predominantly live in the Western Myanmar province of Rakhine. They speak a dialect of Bengali, as opposed to the commonly spoken Burmese language Rohingya Muslims represent the largest percentage of Muslims in Myanmar, with the majority living in Rakhine state. They are descendants of Arab traders and other groups who have been in the region for generations. Language of Rohingyas The Rohingya language is part of the Indo-Aryan sub- branch of the greater Indo-European language family and is related to the Chittagonian language spoken in the southernmost part of Bangladesh bordering Myanmar Rohingya scholars have written the Rohingya language in various scripts including the Arabic, Hanifi, Urdu, Roman, and Burmese alphabets, where Hanifi is a newly developed alphabet derived from Arabic with the addition of four characters from Latin and Burmese More about Rohingyas & their migration The United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) places them among the “the most vulnerable groups of the forcibly displaced Ppukation: Before the displacement crisis in 2017, when over 740,000 fled to Bangladesh, an estimated 1.4 million Rohingya lived in Myanmar Main reasons for their migration are:Denial of citizenship, restriction of their movements, education, job and their exploitation by Myanmar military, as reported in the news Arguments of Rohingyas & Myanmar govt over their origin Arguments of Rohingyas: The Rohingya maintain they are indigenous to western Myanmar with a heritage of over a millennium and influence from the Arabs, Mughals and Portuguese.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Phonological Bengali Language and Chittagonian Dialect Spoken in Bangladesh
    A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHONOLOGICAL BENGALI LANGUAGE AND CHITTAGONIAN DIALECT SPOKEN IN BANGLADESH Amit Barua A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Linguistics) Graduate School Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University C.E. 2020 A Comparative Study of Phonological Bengali Language and Chittagonian Dialect Spoken in Bangladesh Amit Barua A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Linguistics) Graduate School Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University C.E. 2020 (Copyright by Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University) i Thesis Title : A Comparative Study of Phonological Bengali Language and Chittagonian Dialect Spoken in Bangladesh Researcher : Amit Barua Degree : Master of Arts (Linguistics) Thesis Supervisory Committee : Assoc. Prof. Nilratana Klinchan, B.A. (English), M.A. (Politics) : Dr. Narongchai Pintrymool, B.A. (English), M.A. (Linguistics), Ph.D. (Linguistics) Date of Graduation : May 29, 2021 Abstract The purpose of this research is to explore the comparative study of Bengali Language and Chittagonian Dialect Phonology. The objectives of the study are classified into three parts as the following; 1) To study Vowels of both Bengali Language and Chittagorian Dialect, 2) To study Consonants of both Bengali Language and Chittagong Dialect and 3) To compare vowels and consonants of Bengali Language and Chittagorian Dialect. Research design in this study was qualitative and documentary research. Population was six key informants
    [Show full text]
  • Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo Iouo
    Asia No. Language [ISO 639-3 Code] Country (Region) 1 A’ou [aou] Iouo China 2 Abai Sungai [abf] Iouo Malaysia 3 Abaza [abq] Iouo Russia, Turkey 4 Abinomn [bsa] Iouo Indonesia 5 Abkhaz [abk] Iouo Georgia, Turkey 6 Abui [abz] Iouo Indonesia 7 Abun [kgr] Iouo Indonesia 8 Aceh [ace] Iouo Indonesia 9 Achang [acn] Iouo China, Myanmar 10 Ache [yif] Iouo China 11 Adabe [adb] Iouo East Timor 12 Adang [adn] Iouo Indonesia 13 Adasen [tiu] Iouo Philippines 14 Adi [adi] Iouo India 15 Adi, Galo [adl] Iouo India 16 Adonara [adr] Iouo Indonesia Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Russia, Syria, 17 Adyghe [ady] Iouo Turkey 18 Aer [aeq] Iouo Pakistan 19 Agariya [agi] Iouo India 20 Aghu [ahh] Iouo Indonesia 21 Aghul [agx] Iouo Russia 22 Agta, Alabat Island [dul] Iouo Philippines 23 Agta, Casiguran Dumagat [dgc] Iouo Philippines 24 Agta, Central Cagayan [agt] Iouo Philippines 25 Agta, Dupaninan [duo] Iouo Philippines 26 Agta, Isarog [agk] Iouo Philippines 27 Agta, Mt. Iraya [atl] Iouo Philippines 28 Agta, Mt. Iriga [agz] Iouo Philippines 29 Agta, Pahanan [apf] Iouo Philippines 30 Agta, Umiray Dumaget [due] Iouo Philippines 31 Agutaynen [agn] Iouo Philippines 32 Aheu [thm] Iouo Laos, Thailand 33 Ahirani [ahr] Iouo India 34 Ahom [aho] Iouo India 35 Ai-Cham [aih] Iouo China 36 Aimaq [aiq] Iouo Afghanistan, Iran 37 Aimol [aim] Iouo India 38 Ainu [aib] Iouo China 39 Ainu [ain] Iouo Japan 40 Airoran [air] Iouo Indonesia 1 Asia No. Language [ISO 639-3 Code] Country (Region) 41 Aiton [aio] Iouo India 42 Akeu [aeu] Iouo China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand,
    [Show full text]
  • MARGALLA PAPERS a Journal of International Affairs
    Vol. XXI, 2017 ISSN 1999-2297 MARGALLA PAPERS A Journal of International Affairs National Defence University Islamabad - Pakistan National Defence University Islamabad - Pakistan Patron-in-Chief Lieutenant General Majid Ehsan, HI(M) Patron Major General Muhammad Samrez Salik, HI (M) Advisory Board Major General Khalid Zia Chief Instructor, National Security College, NDU Islamabad Dr. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema Dean FCS, NDU, Islamabad Dr. Lubna Abid Ali HoD (IR), FCS, NDU Islamabad Dr. Nazir Hussain Professor, School of Politics and International Relations, QAU Islamabad Dr. Syed Hussain Shaheed Associate Professor, Department of Soherwordi International Relations, University of Peshawar Dr. Rodney W. Jones President, Policy Architects International, USA Dr. Marvin G. Weinbaum Scholar in Residence, Middle East Dr. Muhammad Ahsan Academic Research Consultant, UK Dr. Stephen P. Cohen Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution, Washington DC USA Dr. Ragip Kutay KARACA Faculty Member, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey Editorial Board Colonel Dr. Ghulam Qumber Editor Ms. Qurat-ul-Ain Assistant Editor MMaarrggaallllaa PPaappeerrss Volume XXI 2017 Message of the Patron-in-Chief i Lieutenant General Majid Ehsan, HI(M) _______________________________________________________ Acknowledgements ii Major General Muhammad Samrez Salik, HI(M) _______________________________________________________ Reflections on Indo – Pak 1971 War through Theories 1 of War and Peace Zahid Latif Mirza _______________________________________________________ Role and Significance
    [Show full text]