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Impact of Upper Ocean–Topographical Coupling And OCTOBER 2000 HOGAN AND HURLBURT 2535 Impact of Upper Ocean±Topographical Coupling and Isopycnal Outcropping in 1 1 Japan/East Sea Models with /88 to /648 Resolution* PATRICK J. HOGAN AND HARLEY E. HURLBURT Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi (Manuscript received 3 November 1998, in ®nal form 23 November 1999) ABSTRACT A regional primitive equation ocean model is used to investigate the impact of grid resolution, baroclinic instability, bottom topography, and isopycnal outcropping on the dynamics of the wind and through¯ow-forced 1 surface circulation in the Japan/East Sea. The results demonstrate that at least /328 (3.5 km) horizontal grid resolution is necessary to generate suf®cient baroclinic instability to produce eddy-driven cyclonic deep mean ¯ows. These abyssal currents follow the f/h contours of the bottom topography and allow the bottom topography to strongly in¯uence mean pathways of the upper-ocean currents in the Japan/East Sea. This upper ocean± topographical coupling via baroclinic instability (actually a mixed baroclinic±barotropic instability) requires that 1 mesoscale variability be very well resolved to obtain suf®cient coupling. For example, /328 resolution is required to obtain a realistic separation latitude of the East Korean Warm Current (EKWC) from the Korean coast when Hellerman±Rosenstein monthly climatological wind stress forcing is used. Separation of the EKWC is more 1 realistic at /88 resolution when the model is forced with climatological winds formed from the ECMWF 10-m 1 reanalysis due to strong positive wind stress curl north of the separation latitude, but at /88 the level of baroclinic instability is insuf®cient to initiate upper ocean±topographical coupling. Hence, this major topographical effect is largely missed at coarser resolution and leads to erroneous conclusions about the role of bottom topography 1 and unexplained errors in the pathways of current systems. Results from a /648 simulation are similar to those 1 at /328, particularly where the EKWC separates from the Korean coast, suggesting statistical simulation con- 1 vergence for mesoscale variability has been nearly achieved at /328 resolution. Isopycnal outcropping and as- sociated vertical mixing provide an alternate mechanism to topographical control in developing and maintaining a boundary current along the west coast of Japan, but are less important than baroclinic instability in driving deep mean ¯ows. 1. Introduction ubiquitous mesoscale eddy ®eld. Because the JES contains processes similar to those occurring in large- Located between Japan, Korea, and Russia, the Ja- scale ocean basins, but is smaller and may adjust more pan/East Sea (hereafter referred to as the JES) is a rapidly, and hence be easier to study, the JES offers part of the chain of adjacent marginal seas in the ocean scientists a unique natural laboratory for in- northwest Paci®c. With a maximum depth of about vestigating oceanic processes. For the same reasons, 3700 m, the JES has been characterized as a micro- the JES is an ideal basin for studying dynamics via cosm of the global ocean (Ichiye 1984). Indeed, large- numerical simulations. The region is characterized by scale circulation features similar to those found in the global ocean include cyclonic and anticyclonic gyre complex circulation patterns and mesoscale variabil- systems, a western boundary current that separates ity, yet is small enough for multiple simulations to be from the coast, and a deep homogeneous water mass. economically feasible, including some with very high Other interesting phenomena include wind and ther- horizontal grid resolution. This feasibility is further mohaline driven circulation, deep convection, and a enhanced by using the Naval Research Laboratory's Layered Ocean Model (NLOM), a modular design that provides an effective means to dissect ocean dynamics (Hurlburt et al. 1996) and one that is extremely ef- * Naval Research Laboratory Contribution Number NRL/JA 7323- ®cient and portable to several different computer ar- 98-0063. chitectures (Wallcraft and Moore 1997). In¯ow through Tsushima Strait and out¯ow through the Tsugaru and Soya Straits (Fig. 1) couples the JES Corresponding author address: Dr. Patrick J. Hogan, Naval Re- search Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529-5004. to the Paci®c Ocean. These straits have shallow sill E-mail: [email protected] depths; the deepest sill depth (about 200 m) is in the Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/05/21 01:48 AM UTC 2536 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY VOLUME 30 1 FIG.1.THE /328 bottom topography for the Japan/East Sea. Locations of the in¯ow and out¯ow ports are marked as black arrows. Geographical locations used in text are marked. Contour interval is 250 m. western channel of Tsushima Strait. However, ¯ow meandering current that episodically sheds eddies. The through these straits has a profound impact on the cir- highly variable spatial and temporal characteristics of culation features within the JES. In particular, a fun- the TWC make it dif®cult to support one theory over damental circulation feature in the JES is the Tsushima the other. Indeed, hydrographic surveys (Kawabe 1982; Warm Current (TWC), which transports warm salty wa- Kim and Chung 1984), analyses of satellite infrared data ter into the basin through Tsushima Strait. The historical (Kim and Legeckis 1986; Cho and Kim 1996), and anal- interpretation of Suda and Hidaka (1932) and Uda ysis of satellite-tracked drifters (Beardsley et al. 1992) (1934) that the TWC splits into three distinct branches demonstrate the complex and chaotic behavior of this after entering the basin is still widely accepted, but oth- current system. ers (Moriyasu 1972) have regarded the TWC as a single In contemporary literature, the three branches of the Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/05/21 01:48 AM UTC OCTOBER 2000 HOGAN AND HURLBURT 2537 FIG. 2. Observationally based schematic patterns of surface circulation in the Japan/East Sea (a) in summer by Naganuma (1977) and (b) annual mean by Yarichin (1980). The following currents are labeled: East Korea Warm Current (EKWC), Nearshore Branch (NB), Liman Cold Current (LCC), and North Korea Cold Current (NKCC). Warm (cold) rings are denoted by a ``W'' (``C''). From Preller and Hogan (1998). TWC (from east to west) are named the Nearshore instance, what mechanism determines the separation lat- Branch (NB), the Offshore (or Middle) Branch, and the itude of the EKWC from the coast of Korea? What East Korea Warm Current (EKWC), respectively. In the causes the formation and persistence of the NB of the three-branch view, the NB ¯ows eastward along the TWC? What role does the bottom topography play in coast of Honshu and exits into the Paci®c Ocean through in¯uencing the surface circulation? Of course the ability Tsugaru Strait (Fig. 2). The Offshore Branch, which is to address questions such as these depends on the re- more variable in space and time, is situated to the west- alism of the numerical model being used to investigate northwest of the Nearshore Branch and ¯ows along the dynamics. The realism of any given simulation is Honshu farther offshore. The EKWC ¯ows northward dependent on many criteria, including choice of model along the Korean continental slope to about 378±388N, physics, numerical implementation of the equations of where it meets the southward ¯owing North Korean motion, the choice of forcing functions and parameter Cold Current (NKCC). At the con¯uence, the currents space, and model grid resolution. For the simulations separate from the coast and ¯ow east-northeast toward used in this study, the numerical implementation of the Tsugaru Strait along the polar front. Much of that ¯ow equations of motion is identical for all simulations (see exits through Tsugaru Strait, while the remainder con- Hurlburt and Thompson 1980; Wallcraft 1991; Hurlburt tinues northward along the coast of Hokkaido as the et al. 1996; Moore and Wallcraft 1998). The model Tsugaru Warm Current. Some of this ¯ow exits into the physics are varied only to the extent that they are used Sea of Okhotsk through Soya Strait, while the remainder to explore the parameter space for the simulations. The eventually returns southward along the Siberian coast primary forcing functions are in¯ow and out¯ow as the Liman (or Primoriye) Cold Current (LCC) and through the straits and monthly climatological wind the NKCC (south of Vladivostok), forming a cyclonic stress. Nearly all of the simulations are forced with sea- gyre in the northern part of the basin (Fig. 2). sonally varying in¯ow and out¯ow through the straits A primary objective of this study is to identify the and the Hellerman and Rosenstein (1983, hereafter HR) critical dynamical processes responsible for the ob- monthly wind stress climatology, although that wind served and modeled circulation patterns in the JES. For climatology may not give the best results in the JES. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/05/21 01:48 AM UTC 2538 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY VOLUME 30 Indeed, a simulation forced with a different wind set is Finally, the summary and conclusions are presented in offered to accentuate this point. However, because we section 7. are interested in the dynamics of the circulation, a less than optimal wind set can actually facilitate this task 2. The NRL Layered Ocean Model (NLOM) because systematic changes between different solutions can be easier to identify. The NLOM is a semi-implicit primitive equation The overall strategy employed in this study is to ex- ocean model with vertically integrated model equations ploit the modularity of the NLOM to investigate the for each layer. In the NLOM, the layered model equa- circulation dynamics in the JES. In this context we ex- tions are cast in transport form and (in the version used amine the solutions from an ensemble of simulations here) the interfaces between the layers are isopycnal with increasing (dynamical) complexity by including or surfaces.
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