The Following Abbreviations Are Used in This Index: WO = World Ocean, AO = Atlantic Ocean, IO = Indian Ocean, PO = Pacific Ocean, Med = Mediterranean, C = Current
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PICES Sci. Rep. No. 2, 1995
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD vii Part 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE OKHOTSK SEA AND KURIL REGION 3 1.1 Okhotsk Sea water mass modification 3 1.1.1Dense shelf water formation in the northwestern Okhotsk Sea 3 1.1.2Soya Current study 4 1.1.3East Sakhalin Current and anticyclonic Kuril Basin flow 4 1.1.4West Kamchatka Current 5 1.1.5Tides and sea level in the Okhotsk Sea 5 1.2 Influence of Okhotsk Sea waters on the subarctic Pacific and Oyashio 6 1.2.1Kuril Island strait transports (Bussol', Kruzenshtern and shallower straits) 6 1.2.2Kuril region currents: the East Kamchatka Current, the Oyashio and large eddies 7 1.2.3NPIW transport and formation rate in the Mixed Water Region 7 1.3 Sea ice analysis and forecasting 8 2.0 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS 9 2.1 Hydrographic observations (bottle and CTD) 9 2.2 Direct current observations in the Okhotsk and Kuril region 11 2.3 Sea level measurements 12 2.4 Sea ice observations 12 2.5 Satellite observations 12 Part 2. REVIEW OF OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE OKHOTSK SEA AND OYASHIO REGION 15 1.0 GEOGRAPHY AND PECULIARITIES OF THE OKHOTSK SEA 16 2.0 SEA ICE IN THE OKHOTSK SEA 17 2.1 Sea ice observations in the Okhotsk Sea 17 2.2 Ease of ice formation in the Okhotsk Sea 17 2.3 Seasonal and interannual variations of sea ice extent 19 2.3.1Gross features of the seasonal variation in the Okhotsk Sea 19 2.3.2Sea ice thickness 19 2.3.3Polynyas and open water 19 2.3.4Interannual variability 20 2.4 Sea ice off the coast of Hokkaido 21 -
Fronts in the World Ocean's Large Marine Ecosystems. ICES CM 2007
- 1 - This paper can be freely cited without prior reference to the authors International Council ICES CM 2007/D:21 for the Exploration Theme Session D: Comparative Marine Ecosystem of the Sea (ICES) Structure and Function: Descriptors and Characteristics Fronts in the World Ocean’s Large Marine Ecosystems Igor M. Belkin and Peter C. Cornillon Abstract. Oceanic fronts shape marine ecosystems; therefore front mapping and characterization is one of the most important aspects of physical oceanography. Here we report on the first effort to map and describe all major fronts in the World Ocean’s Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs). Apart from a geographical review, these fronts are classified according to their origin and physical mechanisms that maintain them. This first-ever zero-order pattern of the LME fronts is based on a unique global frontal data base assembled at the University of Rhode Island. Thermal fronts were automatically derived from 12 years (1985-1996) of twice-daily satellite 9-km resolution global AVHRR SST fields with the Cayula-Cornillon front detection algorithm. These frontal maps serve as guidance in using hydrographic data to explore subsurface thermohaline fronts, whose surface thermal signatures have been mapped from space. Our most recent study of chlorophyll fronts in the Northwest Atlantic from high-resolution 1-km data (Belkin and O’Reilly, 2007) revealed a close spatial association between chlorophyll fronts and SST fronts, suggesting causative links between these two types of fronts. Keywords: Fronts; Large Marine Ecosystems; World Ocean; sea surface temperature. Igor M. Belkin: Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA [tel.: +1 401 874 6533, fax: +1 874 6728, email: [email protected]]. -
The Ulleung Eddy Owes Its Existence to Β and Nonlinearities
The Ulleung eddy owes its existence to β and nonlinearities ∗ Wilton Z. Arruda a,1, Doron Nof a, ,2, James J. O’Brien b aDepartment of Oceanography 4320, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4320, USA bCenter for Ocean Atmospheric Prediction Studies (COAPS), The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2840, USA Abstract A nonlinear theory for the generation of the Ulleung Warm Eddy (UWE) is pro- posed. Using the nonlinear reduced gravity (shallow water) equations, it is shown analytically that the eddy is established in order to balance the northward momen- tum flux exerted by the separating western boundary current. In this scenario the presence of β produces a southward (eddy) force balancing the northward momen- tum flux imparted by the separating East Korean Warm Current. 1/6 The solution is derived using an expansion in powers of (here = βRd/f0 where Rd is the Rossby radius based on the undisturbed upper layer thickness H). It is found that, for a high Rossby number western boundary current (i.e., highly 1/6 nonlinear current) the eddy radius is roughly 2Rd/ implying that the UWE has a scale larger than that of most eddies (Rd). This solution shows that, in contrast to the familiar idea attributing the formation of eddies to instabilities (i.e., the breakdown of a known steady solution), the UWE is an integral part of the steady stable solution. A reduced gravity numerical model is used to further analyze the relationship between β, nonlinearity and the eddy formation. First, we show that high Rossby number western boundary current which is forced to separate from the wall on an f-plane does not produce an eddy near the separation. -
ATOC 5051: Introduction to Physical Oceanography HW #1: Given Sep 2; Due Sep 16, 2014 Answerkey
ATOC 5051: Introduction to Physical Oceanography HW #1: Given Sep 2; Due Sep 16, 2014 Answerkey Note: you may use any “reliable” resources (peer-reviewed journal articles, books, official websites such as NOAA website, etc.) – in addition to the class materials - to complete this homework. Please list the extra-references (if you have used any) at the end of your homework. 1. Ocean basin and climate (30pts) 1a) Draw a schematic diagram showing the common features of ocean basins; specify the percentage (in volume) that each part roughly occupies. (5pts) Although each ocean basin varies in its location and size, all oceans have common features. They have continental shelf (7.4% of the ocean volume), continental slope, continental rise (slope+rise 15.9%), and abyssal plain (76.7%) with ridges and trenches. See schematic diagram below. Schematic diagram showing the common features of ocean basins. 1b) In which ocean is the thermohaline circulation strong? (2pts) Discuss its basin geometry (including the area, zonal and meridional extent, mean depth) (3pts); Provide a reason for why you think this ocean favors the thermohaline circulation. (2pts) The Atlantic. The Atlantic Ocean has a total meridional extent: It extends from the Arctic to Antarctic. Its zonal largest extent, however, spans little more than 8300km from the Gulf of Mexico to the coast of northwest Africa. It has the largest number of adjacent seas. With all its adjacent seas, Atlantic Ocean covers 106 ×106 km2. Its mean depth is 3300m. 1 The full North-South extent of the Atlantic allows the ocean to extend farther north, where it is cold enough to produce heavier surface water than the subsurface water and thus cause convection and deep- water formation. -
Global Ocean Surface Velocities from Drifters: Mean, Variance, El Nino–Southern~ Oscillation Response, and Seasonal Cycle Rick Lumpkin1 and Gregory C
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: OCEANS, VOL. 118, 2992–3006, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20210, 2013 Global ocean surface velocities from drifters: Mean, variance, El Nino–Southern~ Oscillation response, and seasonal cycle Rick Lumpkin1 and Gregory C. Johnson2 Received 24 September 2012; revised 18 April 2013; accepted 19 April 2013; published 14 June 2013. [1] Global near-surface currents are calculated from satellite-tracked drogued drifter velocities on a 0.5 Â 0.5 latitude-longitude grid using a new methodology. Data used at each grid point lie within a centered bin of set area with a shape defined by the variance ellipse of current fluctuations within that bin. The time-mean current, its annual harmonic, semiannual harmonic, correlation with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), spatial gradients, and residuals are estimated along with formal error bars for each component. The time-mean field resolves the major surface current systems of the world. The magnitude of the variance reveals enhanced eddy kinetic energy in the western boundary current systems, in equatorial regions, and along the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, as well as three large ‘‘eddy deserts,’’ two in the Pacific and one in the Atlantic. The SOI component is largest in the western and central tropical Pacific, but can also be seen in the Indian Ocean. Seasonal variations reveal details such as the gyre-scale shifts in the convergence centers of the subtropical gyres, and the seasonal evolution of tropical currents and eddies in the western tropical Pacific Ocean. The results of this study are available as a monthly climatology. Citation: Lumpkin, R., and G. -
Geophysical Analysis of the Alpha–Mendeleev Ridge Complex: Characterization of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province
Tectonophysics 691 (2016) 65–84 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Tectonophysics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto Geophysical analysis of the Alpha–Mendeleev ridge complex: Characterization of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province G.N. Oakey a,⁎,R.W.Saltusb,1 a Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic), PO 1006, B2Y 4A2 Dartmouth, NS, Canada b US Geological Survey, Mail Stop 964, Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225-0046, USA article info abstract Article history: The Alpha–Mendeleev ridge complex is a first-order physiographic and geological feature of the Arctic Amerasia Received 6 July 2015 Basin. High amplitude “chaotic” magnetic anomalies (the High Arctic Magnetic High Domain or HAMH) are associ- Received in revised form 30 June 2016 ated with the complex and extend beyond the bathymetric high beneath the sediment cover of the adjacent Canada Accepted 8 August 2016 and Makarov–Podvodnikov basins. Residual marine Bouguer gravity anomalies over the ridge complex have low Available online 11 August 2016 amplitudes implying that the structure has minimal lateral density variability. A closed pseudogravity (magnetic fi 6 2 Keywords: potential) contour around the ridge complex quanti es the aerial extent of the HAMH at ~1.3 × 10 km . Alpha Ridge We present 2D gravity/magnetic models for transects across the Alpha Ridge portion of the complex constrained Mendeleev Ridge with recently acquired seismic reflection and refraction data. The crustal structure is modeled with a simple High Arctic Large Igneous Province three-layer geometry. Large induced and remanent magnetization components were required to fittheobserved Magnetic domain magnetic anomalies. Density values for the models were based on available seismic refraction P-wave velocities. -
Chapter 2. Ocean Observations
Chapter 2. Ocean observations 2.1 Observational methods Before we introduce the observational instruments and methods, we will first introduce some definitions related to observations. Accuracy: The difference between a result obtained and the true value. Precision: Ability to measure consistently within a given data set (variance in the measurement itself due to instrument noise). Generally the precision of oceanographic measurements is better than the accuracy. 2.1.1 Measurements of depth. Each oceanographic variable, such as temperature (T), salinity (S), density , and current , is a function of space and time, and therefore a function of depth. In order to determine to which depth an instrument has been lowered, we need to measure ``depth''. Meter wheel. The wire is passed over a meter wheel, which is simply a pulley of known circumference with a counter attached to the pulley to count the number of turns, thus giving the depth the instrument is lowered. This method is accurate when the sea is calm with negligible currents. In reality, ship is moving and currents are strong, the wire is not straight. The real depth is shorter than the distance the wire paid out. Measure pressure. Derive depth from hydrostatic relation: where g=9.8m/s2 is acceleration of gravity and is depth. (i) Protected and unprotected reversing thermometer developed especially for oceanographic use. They are mercury- in-glass thermometers which are attached to a water sampling bottle. The pressure was measured using the pair of reversing thermometers - one protected from seawater pressure by a vacuum and the other open to the seawater pressure. -
Response of Biological Productivity to North Atlantic Marine Front Migration During the Holocene
Clim. Past, 17, 379–396, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-379-2021 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Response of biological productivity to North Atlantic marine front migration during the Holocene David J. Harning1,2,3, Anne E. Jennings2,3, Denizcan Köseoglu˘ 4, Simon T. Belt4, Áslaug Geirsdóttir1, and Julio Sepúlveda2,3 1Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland 2Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA 3Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA 4Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK Correspondence: David J. Harning ([email protected]) Received: 9 September 2020 – Discussion started: 18 September 2020 Revised: 22 December 2020 – Accepted: 4 January 2021 – Published: 8 February 2021 Abstract. Marine fronts delineate the boundary between dis- 1 Introduction tinct water masses and, through the advection of nutrients, are important facilitators of regional productivity and bio- diversity. As the modern climate continues to change, the Marine fronts are the boundary that separates different water migration of frontal zones is evident, but a lack of infor- masses and are a globally ubiquitous feature in the oceans mation about their status prior to instrumental records hin- (Belkin et al., 2009). By nature, marine fronts are charac- ders future projections. Here, we combine data from lipid terized by strong horizontal gradients of typically correlated -
Chapter 10 Adjacent Seas of the Pacific Ocean Although The
Chapter 10 Adjacent seas of the Pacific Ocean Although the adjacent seas of the Pacific Ocean do not impact much on the hydrography of the oceanic basins, they cover a substantial part of its area and deserve separate discussion. All are located along the western rim of the Pacific Ocean. From the point of view of the global oceanic circulation, the most important adjacent sea is the region on either side of the equator between the islands of the Indonesian archipelago. This region is the only mediterranean sea of the Pacific Ocean and is called the Australasian Mediterranean Sea. Its influence on the hydrography of the world ocean is far greater in the Indian than in the Pacific Ocean, and a detailed discussion of this important sea is therefore postponed to Chapter 13. The remaining adjacent seas can be grouped into deep basins with and without large shelf areas, and shallow seas that form part of the continental shelf. The Japan, Coral and Tasman Seas are deep basins without large shelf areas. The circulation and hydrography of the Coral and Tasman Seas are closely related to the situation in the western South Pacific Ocean and were already covered in the last two chapters; so only the Japan Sea will be discussed here. The Bering Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk, and the South China Sea are also deep basins but include large shelf areas as well. The East China Sea and Yellow Sea are shallow, forming part of the continental shelf of Asia. Other continental shelf seas belonging to the Pacific Ocean are the Gulf of Thailand and the Java Sea in South-East Asia and the Timor and Arafura Seas with the Gulf of Carpentaria on the Australian shelf. -
Exceptional Ocean Surface Conditions on the SE Greenland Shelf During
PUBLICATIONS Paleoceanography RESEARCH ARTICLE Exceptional ocean surface conditions on the SE 10.1002/2015PA002849 Greenland shelf during the Medieval Key Points: Climate Anomaly • Ocean surface conditions were reconstructed from the SE Greenland Arto Miettinen1, Dmitry V. Divine1,2, Katrine Husum1, Nalan Koç1, and Anne Jennings3 shelf for the last millennium • The Medieval Climate Anomaly 1000 1Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway, 2Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Arctic University of Norway, to 1200 C.E. represents the warmest 3 period of the late Holocene Tromsø, Norway, INSTAAR and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA • Solar forcing amplified by atmospheric forcing was behind the surface conditions Abstract Diatom inferred 2900 year long records of August sea surface temperature (aSST) and April sea ice concentration (aSIC) are generated from a marine sediment core from the SE Greenland shelf with – Supporting Information: a special focus on the interval ca. 870 1910 Common Era (C.E.) reconstructed in subdecadal temporal • Figures S1–S5 resolution. The Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) between 1000 and 1200 C.E. represents the warmest ocean surface conditions of the SE Greenland shelf over the late Holocene (880 B.C.E. (before the Common Era) to Correspondence to: 1910 C.E.). It was characterized by abrupt, decadal to multidecadal changes, such as an abrupt warming of A. Miettinen, [email protected] ~2.4°C in 55 years around 1000 C.E. Temperature changes of these magnitudes are rare on the North Atlantic proxy data. Compared to regional air temperature reconstructions, our results indicate a lag of about 50 years in ocean surface warming either due to increased freshwater discharge from the Greenland ice sheet or Citation: Miettinen, A., D. -
Response of Biological Productivity to North Atlantic Marine Front Migration During the Holocene David J
Response of biological productivity to North Atlantic marine front migration during the Holocene David J. Harning1,2, Anne E. Jennings2, Denizcan Köseoğlu3, Simon T. Belt3, Áslaug Geirsdóttir1, Julio Sepúlveda2 5 1Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland 2Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA 3Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK Correspondence to: David J. Harning ([email protected]) 10 Abstract. Marine fronts delineate the boundary between distinct water masses and, through the advection of nutrients, are important facilitators of regional productivity and biodiversity. As the modern climate continues to change the migration of frontal zones is evident, but a lack of information about their status prior to instrumental records hinders future projections. Here, we combine data from lipid biomarkers (archaeal isoprenoid glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers and algal highly branched isoprenoids) with planktic and benthic foraminifera assemblage to detail the biological response of the marine Arctic 15 and Polar Front migrations on the North Iceland Shelf (NIS) over the last 8 ka. This multi-proxy approach enables us to quantify the thermal structure relating to Arctic and Polar Front migration, and test how this influences the corresponding changes in local pelagic productivity. Our data show that following an interval of Atlantic Water influence, the Arctic Front and its associated high pelagic productivity migrated south-eastward to the NIS by ~6.1 ka BP. Following a subsequent trend Deleted: stabilized of regional cooling, Polar Water from the East Greenland Current and the associated Polar Front spread onto the NIS by ~3.8 Deleted: on 20 ka BP, greatly diminishing local algal productivity through the Little Ice Age. -
Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42318-2 — Oceanic Histories Edited by David Armitage , Alison Bashford , Sujit Sivasundaram Index More Information 319
Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42318-2 — Oceanic Histories Edited by David Armitage , Alison Bashford , Sujit Sivasundaram Index More Information 319 Index Aa, Pieter van der, 185 sea ice, 286 – 92 Aboriginal Australians, 66 – 67 , 68 , thermohaline circulation, 276 127 , 301 whaling, 284 – 85 , 299 , 302 Abu Mufarrij, 168 Arktika , 277 Adam of Bremen, 211 – 12 Armitage, David, 171 Adelman, Jeremy, 145 , 146 artillery, 248 Aden, 54 , 55 , 168 , 171 Ascension Island, 100 Gulf of, 171 Ascherson, Neal, 241 Adigal, Ilango, 36 Atlantic age, 22 African American Monument, South Atlantic Charter, 93 Carolina, US, 10 Atlantic islands, 99 – 100 Agatharchides of Cnidus, 167 Atlantic Ocean, 85 – 108 , 138 Agnew, John, 273 circum- Atlantic history, 96 – 97 agricultural exchanges, Indian cis- Atlantic history, 96 – 97 Ocean, 49 – 50 extra- Atlantic history, 97 , 105 – 8 Albert, Duke of Saxony, 212 infra- Atlantic history, 97 , 98 – 102 , 108 Albrecht of Bavaria, 212 migration, 93 , 95 , 103 – 4 , 107 Alencastro, Luiz Felipe de, 91 slave trade, 90 – 92 , 93 – 94 , 95 , 104 , 106 Alexander III, tsar of Russia, 256 sub- Atlantic history, 97 , 102 – 5 , 108 Alexander the Great, 163 , 243 sub- oceanic regions, 89 – 91 Al- Masudi, 168 trade, 106 – 7 amber, 217 trans- Atlantic history, 96 – 97 Amino Yoshihiko, 187 , 192 Atlantis, 99 Andaman Islands, 57 – 59 Aurobindo, Sri, 37 Andaya, Barbara Watson, 49 Azad, Abul Kalam, 57 Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 296 Antarctic Treaty, 310 , 311 – 12 Baekje Kingdom, Korea, 187 , 188 Antarctica Bailyn, Bernard,