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Home , DDT, Nitisinone, Triclosan

a Maha M Afifi of Mississippi, Oxford, USA c ctsUtilizationResearchUnit,United 2011 Society of Chemical Industry c Keith R Solomon, b School of Environmental Sciences, OntarioGuelph, Agricultural Guelph, ON, College, Canada University of AgriculturalResearchService,NaturalProdu States Department of , University Correspondence to: Clarence J Swanton, Department of PlantScience Agriculture, Crop Building, University ofW1, Canada. Guelph, E-mail: [email protected] 50 Stone Rd E., Guelph,Department ON of Plant N1G Agriculture, Crop 2 ScienceGuelph, ON, Building, Canada University of Guelph, Department of AgronomyNatural and Resources, University Plant of Tehran, Breeding, Karaj, Iran College of Agriculture and In this paper, an ‘argument by analogy’ is presented. It will c ∗ a d b be shown thatalso much true of forcases what it , is is and notauthors true possible it do to for not will suggest accept pharmaceuticals thatregulatory one be neither oversight is and is and argued reject without constant the risk. monitoringbe that Both other. and suggested, require review. in The however, It will most to that maintaining plant human and health,production animal and health are, that are pesticides asmaintain vital used human with health. in To prepare pharmaceuticals, for this argument, aview the on authors’ vital the role tool of chemistry used in human to and plant health will first is common inwhereas the this is popular rarely seen press with pharmaceuticals. (the tyranny of aggregation), 5 February 2011 Published online in Wiley Online Library: 21 April 2011 People voluntarily take 1 Hamid R Mashhadi, ∗ d a : 790–797 www.soci.org 67 2011; environment; regulatory; development; dose; risk

2011 Society of Chemical Industry The authors fully recognize that there are other current and c Pest Manag Sci 1INTRODUCTION Humans are potentially exposedand to synthetic many chemicals thousands onchemicals of a are natural daily consumed basis. with Naturalenvironment food through and the and skin synthetic and are lungs. absorbed from the Keywords: Abstract An argument is presentedto by human which health. the Comparisons role arehuman of made impacts. pharmaceuticals Both in technologies and terms target of pesticides particularof discovery can biological action. and functions, both and Pharmaceuticals development, be in regulatory and viewed manywhere policies pesticides cases in they and they undergo can terms target environmental a have similar of and molecular adverse similar contributing or sites effects registration the on environment. process; non-target It however, organisms isby and, both suggested if the that can misused, general the enter will risks public the have associatedthat is environment detrimental with plant based effects the and primarily on two animal human on technologies healthpharmaceuticals, health are personal are a similar. value vital vital The tool systems to rejection used and maintaining to of the maintain human pesticides human health, uncertainty health. and of that risk pesticides management. used It in is food concluded production are, as with understanding of the risks and benefits of each and Stephen O Duke and pesticides: in support of a better Clarence J Swanton, and regulation of pharmaceuticals (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI 10.1002/ps.2179 Similarities between the discovery Review Received: 5 July 2010 Revised: 3 February 2011 Accepted: 2 chemicals as pharmaceuticals toto treat prevent illness illness. orimprove plant, as Chemicals animal and human are health.susceptibletocompetitionfromweeds,diseasesanddamagefrom Plants, also for example, are usedinsects. as Simply put, healthy pesticides crop plants make more to supplies, abundant food which in turnAll contribute technologies to the have healthchemicals, benefits there of and are humankind. risks disadvantages. tofrom human As the health with use and the of all environment society both in pharmaceuticals general and does pesticides. nothuman However, connect health, plant and or thereby animalrather views health than pesticides contributing with to as their wellbeing. detracting from emerging technologies forpests other dealing than withThe pharmaceuticals human integration and of health pesticidestechnologies pharmaceuticals and respectively. and and approaches may pesticidesthis differ paper with focuses significantly. on the other However, chemical tothis these approach problems, is as still the primaryhealth and technology pest used management. The in authors both would human alsoout like that to extrapolation point of the risks of one to all pesticides

790 791 20 15 18 14 . et al produce allowable 1 L.), which is − gL μ Other highly toxic Penicillium ). Similar results were 17 1 − and gL μ 2 are instrumental in . 22 wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ps Ambrosia artemisiifolia Kuntze). Scientists have also found linkages In summary, organically grown produce versus 10 16 1 19 − gL Aspergillus, Fusarium μ 1 estimated the direct ( and physician . 21 Toxicodendron radicans Many plants produce allergens that have significant effects in Both pests and communicable often rapidly evolve Organically grown produce may be free of residues of synthetic Pesticides targeting fungi ultimately reduce the accumulation reported for fruit juices soldof in juice Italy. samples Patulin from conventionally was grown detectedand fruit in (with 26% 45% pesticides) ofthe samples samples of tested, juice organicconcentrations from apple of organically juice patulin grown hadsamples than statistically (one fruit. conventional conventional higher Of and apple169 three tested had organic juice. concentrations higher fruit than the Four 50 juices) out of humans. Common ragweed ( capable of producing up toknown 3 to billion cause serious pollen illness cells in many per people plant, around the is world. well does not meanextension, benign. that it is free of toxic contaminants and, by controlling allergenic plants such as common ragweed andivy ( resistance to pesticides and pharmaceuticals respectively.cases, In combinations both of chemicals with different modes ofvery action or different chemical structures are commonly used to slow the visits) and indirect (work absence anddue reduced to productivity) hay costs fever in the1990. United With States to the be discovery $1.8 and billionantihistamines, annually introduction the in of direct second-generation costin to the those suffering United from States,was hay i.e. estimated fever to approximately be 7.7% $3.4 billion. of the population, between ingestionas of hepatic and gastrointestinal and disorders. other illnesses such pesticides, but ittoxic is contaminants. Organic not, may byin contain some extension, mycotoxins, and cases benign; mayby it conventional present can techniques. a Patulin, contain greaterfood a spoilage risk secondary fungi, than metabolite has foodon of been human produced health, shown causing to kidneyfungicides have failure. can a Fruits have not negative higher sprayed effect with patulin concentrations. Baert mycotoxins commonly found in foodtrichothecenes include and the ochratoxin. fumonisins, the patulin concentration. of mycotoxinsmetabolites in that plants. cancommodities Mycotoxins be both produced are pre-estimated in and secondary to crops post-harvest. affectthem fungal and Fungal cause 25% death species other of orare are food yield the used reduction world’s of to crop crops, control plants. many and Fungicides of many these of fungal plant pathogens. analyzed over 200 samples of organic and conventional applein juice Belgium and determined that the mean concentration ofin patulin organic apple juice was 4 times greater thanapple that in juice conventional (43 McMenamin This is ancompounds in extreme the food example supply arethe harmless. of potential Potato varieties for the with toxic levels fact ofit alkaloids to that have the generally marketplace. not not made all ‘natural’ Genera such as doses and fever, rapid pulse, low bloodand pressure, neurological rapid disorders respiration at higher doses.poisoning Several from deaths glycoalkaloids due in to potatoes have been reported. toxic secondary metabolites,toxic to which humans. are Forcause known example, hepatocellular the to carcinoma mycotoxinregions be in aflatoxin of B1 highly humans can the living world. in high-risk 13 of 8 1 − 2011 Society of Chemical Industry According to c 7 reported a pos- 4 . and reduced 5 et al 8 and availability of food to humans. For example, the concentration of 9 fresh weight) of glycoalkaloid . 11 1 and almost 1000 active ingredients of − 2 Many of these natural produced : 790–797 10 67 2011; These compounds are generally regarded as health are sold worldwide. The benefits of pharmaceuticals 12 Pesticides are very useful in controlling vectors of hu- 3 6 Pesticides also protect humans and domestic animals from Pesticides improve human health indirectly by improving plant In support of a better understanding of the chemistry of pesticides www.soci.org the World Health Organization, withoutunacceptably pesticides, dangerous for life a would large proportion be of humankind. these metabolites. Dependingphenolic on compounds, they concentration mayeffects and have on type either human beneficial health. of or toxic itive correlation betweenhealth expenditure of on populations pharmaceuticals in developedand and advanced countries. chemistries For of example, pharmaceuticals have new expectancy enhanced by life lowering levels of cholesterol by plants arepest. hazardous Phenolic to compounds likeand the flavonoids, consumer, polyflavonoids stilbenes, human, coumarins plants are animal that important or haveThe secondary concentration significant of metabolites phenolics valuePlant increases of as in tissues pests attack defense may plants. against contain pests. up to thousands of mg kg This increase in production of foodreduction will in contribute malnutrition, which inherently is to a a factor, major cause, of or exacerbating many humancontributor diseases. to Also, diseases badmore such affluent nutrition countries. as is Fruits heart a andof vegetables, major which has the and been consumption reported diabetes toand decrease in in the humans, risk cannot of be these producedparts economically diseases of in the many world without pesticides. naturally occurring toxins producedprotection of in pesticides, crop food plants would crops. havelevels to Without tolerate higher the of stressSuch from stress may competition, triggerchemicals an or and/or increase natural in predation. the toxins production of by pest defensive the invasion. plant as a way to counter health and, as a result,average can of 32% be per used unit area) to increase crop yield (by an promoting. Potato plants infested withsprayed with Colorado an beetle produced tubers and with an not level unacceptable (over 20 mg 100 g man and animal diseases. Useprevent of 500 pesticides million -related has deaths been per year. reported to Glycoalkaloids can also cause gastrointestinal disturbances at low Pest Manag Sci Human healthcacious is chemicals dependent3000 that upon pharmaceuticals can the be availability safely of used. effi- Currently, over 2 THEOF ROLE OF CHEMISTRY HUMANS, INPLANTS THE HEALTH DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND be outlined, and aand duration brief of exposure discussion in determining on toxicitybriefly. will the The be argument discussed relationship will be of basedpharmaceuticals dose on and key pesticides: similarities comparisons in between federal registration, their presence in the environmenton and the in environment food and andwhich their the on impact science human of health. pesticidesof medical contributes Finally, science to will the be the documented. way advancement in pressure. phenolics was foundgrown strawberries to than in be strawberries treatedfungicides. significantly for diseases higher with in organically pesticides to human health are well documented. Liu . In et al 32 in vitro : 790–797 67 The 20 most 2011; 30,31 Pest Manag Sci assays. in vitro This may be largely due to one or more and is currently in . Beaudegnies -hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), 33 32 p approaches. Modern pesticide discovery often involves have briefly reviewed the pharmaceutical applications of 34 insilico . Occasionally, certain pesticides (e.g. warfarin) or analogues of Pharmaceutical discovery involves exploration of chemical The physicochemical parameters used by industry as a first Pharmaceuticals used to kill disease organisms could be common chemical side chainsthe of same as pharmaceutical those molecules for pesticidesrelative are and are frequency. found in about the same et al a particular chemical classgood pharmaceuticals. of In some pesticides cases, the have molecular target sites beenpharmaceutical for and pesticide found use of to a particular be compound aresame, the and in others they arepharmaceutical different. nitisinone For example, (NBTC) the triketone the is structurally triketone very herbicidetarget the similar sulcotrione to (Fig. 1). Both compounds and a similar process, but thereof is compounds on still intact a pests, certainmolecular followed target amount using by of determination screening of the diversity, hypothesis-ledgreater design relative emphasis in the and pharmaceutical industry on activity screening, with restrictions of synthetic chemists, butto it similarities could in also molecular be target sites. due in part triketones. Another examplesulfa drug is sulfanilamide, both of the which target 7,8-dihydropteroate herbicidesyntheses. In this case, and thein enzyme the both is involved plants in and folateand synthesis microbes. azaconazole) Azole are fungicidesfungicides used (e.g. that inhibit sterol fluconazole as synthesis in both target fungi.a Fluconazole, medicinal pharmaceutical, and was agricultural first patented for agricultural use. for pesticides in food, wherethan the doses no-effect are level. orders of magnitude less other cases of molecularthe similarities, pharmaceutical such and asdifferent. pesticide the sulfonylureas, molecular targets are quite considered to be pesticides, in thatorganisms. they are used In to kill unwanted of this this case, categorymedicinal the of fungicides. pest pharmaceuticals Table 1that lives include have provides antimalarials been within found examples and diseases. to us. of be active Examples pesticides against various transmittable estimate ofpharmaceutical the or pesticide probability are of very similar. a molecule being a good 4 THEDISCOVERYOFPESTICIDESANDPHAR-MACEUTICALS IS SIMILAR IN MANY WAYS Both pharmaceuticals andparticular biological functions, pesticides and in are someoverlap cases designed these in functions to theirprocesses or molecules. molecular target Partly for this target reason, most pharmaceutical companies sites, at or one time theya had target pesticide different divisions, similar name sometimesPharmaceutical with Sciences, (e.g. Inc., and Dow Dowchemicals and AgroSciences generated LLC). by its Most theevaluated two spin-off for divisions both companies pesticide of and pharmaceutical the Dow uses.lead company Sometimes pesticides became were pharmaceuticals, and vice versa. However, little of this has beenbe published, gleaned from and the pertinent patent information literature. must although the enzymeand humans. has Nitisione has veryParkinson’s also disease different been patented functions for treatment in of plants 28 95%) ≥ toxicity www.soci.org CJ Swanton = 2011 Society of Chemical Industry c Similarly, to make 23 Furthermore, within the same in- 29 Adverse drug reactions have been 25–27 Thus, on average, the exposure to pesticides via food is 24 exposure). The ADI is related to the toxicological properties There are similar genetic differences in the of pes- In contrast to the low exposures to pesticides in food, of a chemical; exposureBased depends on on agricultural the practices,maximum dose residue and toxicologists level (MRL) its have for each duration. calculatedMRL pesticide in is a each the food. maximum The residuein of a pesticide food that would atMRLs be the are present combined farm with gate dataand if on used proportions the to of pesticide food calculate were consumed pesticide the on used total a correctly. daily crop intake resultsthe (TDI). in ADI, If MRLs that that use the will cause usefactor be that the of applies disallowed. here; TDI a for There to example, most is exceed samples an of food additional ( safety the general statement that pesticides or pharmaceuticalsor are toxic cause cancercancer, is no misleading. matter how Firstly, large notSecondly, the there dose all are or chemicals substances that how are long cause after capable the of initiating exposure. only cancer apromoters and single require repeated dose, doses.mammalian Testing toxicity, while of including substances carcinogenicity, others for involves repeated exposures are over considered a lifetime. tofrom The this be no-observed-adverse-effect lifetime dose exposurethen used in to the develop most ana acceptable sensitive safety daily factor animal intake of value test 100 (ADI)associated is or with more. with A a rational pharmaceutical wayhazard or to as pesticide perceive a the is risk function to× of consider toxicity the and exposure ( tested in developed countriesMRL. have residue values less than the reported to be responsible for approximately2 100 million 000 hospitalizations deaths annually and in the United States alone. ticides. Although pesticides areresearch not with tested mice found directlypesticides a on among 13-fold genotypes. humans, differential detoxification of wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ps Paracelsus (1493–1541) stated thatand all that substances it is are ‘the poisonous dose’ that makes the poison. 3 THEAND GENETICS IMPORTANCE OF DOSE, EXPOSURE evolution of resistance. The chemicals(pharmaceutical) can or be as given a aschemicals tank a are given mix cocktail sequentially. Adverse (pesticide). interactions are In possible when other mixtures cases, of the chemicals areor applied given as as pesticides. either pharmaceuticals dividual, metabolism can vary becauseingested of chemicals, interactions including with pharmaceuticals, other botanical supple- ments and components ofdoses foods. of Because pharmaceuticals of takendifferential the by metabolism much and humans, greater detoxification the is importance much of greater than considerably less than the ADI. pharmaceuticals are taken at much larger dosesto that are cause designed theBecause desired pharmaceuticals effects can affect (otherwise themany physiology they ways, of this would increases humans the in potential not forSome adverse work). drug of reactions. these are caused by inappropriateof doses or pharmaceuticals, combinations and others arein caused by genetic the differences waythey are that metabolized humanshuman and react population, excreted. to differencesfor For metabolism in the example, of allelic medications withinto pharmaceuticals different frequency the or can responses. of predispose how individuals

792 793 97 93 95 . . 94 . 91 . 92 . et al et al et al et al et al 99 Zuther 102 . 101 Acute, subchronic Kemal and Casida 36 98 100 . . et al government agencies 96 . et al et al et al 39,40 ´ eandReust Burnier and Brunner estimated that 100 000 fatal drug wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ps 38 concluded that drug reactions are a . 37 . et al et al Both undergo non-clinical safety investigations 35 Similarly, 24 pharmaceuticals were removed from 41 For example, phenylpropanolamine, which was a popular 42 The key to this registration process is a thorough and regular have reassessed thealso safety do of onpharmaceuticals older a were withdrawn pharmaceuticals, from routine the Canadian as basis1963 market to from for they 2004. older pesticides. A total of 41 review of newSafety data concerns about these on chemicals have human arisenFor in recent and example, years. Lazarou environmental . and chronic tests are conductedverse reactions, to and explore results the are potential extrapolatedto for for children, their to ad- significance the elderlyFor and pharmaceuticals, to pregnant clinical and trials lactatingsponses are women. in conducted humans at to therapeutic evaluate doses. re- such as repeated dose toxicity,also reproductive , and developmental carcinogenicity toxicity. and the market in the1983. United States and Britain between 1964 and significant clinical issue inStates. a Similarly, Furberg study of 39 hospitals in the United reactions occurred among 33 million hospitalAs admissions in a 1994. result of this and similar studies, 5 THEAND REGULATION PESTICIDES IS OF SIMILAR PHARMACEUTICALS The decision to approve a pesticide or pharmaceuticaltion for is registra- based on a balancethe of risks conditions and benefits described determined on within products the are evaluated product for label. efficacy, toxicology Invironmental risk. in Canada, animals both and en- use in the other forreasons. economic, However, public from perception a andmany scientific regulatory parallels between standpoint pharmaceutical there andand are target pesticide sites. clearly chemistry Cancer Anti-inflamatory Galsky 2 spp. spp. ()spp. (malarias)spp. Bajsa Roberts Fennell spp. NH 3 2 CF SO N 2 2011 Society of Chemical Industry N N c OH N NO N T. gondii Plasmodium Plasmodium Cryptosporidium parvum Leishmania Trypanosoma Toxaplasma gondii N OH O fluconazole sulfanilamide NTBC N 2 F F H Pharmaceutical O 3 (herbicides) Heart disease Sung CH 3 COO CH 2 : 790–797 SO NH 2 67 2 N N SO O NO O N 2011; Examples of pesticides and pesticide chemistries that have been reported to have activity against non-transmittable diseases Examples of pesticides that have been reported to have activity against transmittable diseases azaconazole O OH Examples of similarities in the chemical structure of asulam Pesticide Cl Cl O N 2 Likewise, pesticides have also been reported to have phar- Haloxyfop () Protoporphyrionogen oxidase inhibitors (herbicides)Suflonylureases (herbicides)Triazolopyrimidines (fungicides) Cancer Cancer Cancer Fingar Mahindroo Morr Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors Epothilone (fungicide) Imdazolinones (herbicides) Hypertension Table 2. Pesticide (class) Disease Reference Trifluralin (herbicide) (herbicide) (herbicide) (herbicide) A long list of protozoan and bacterial pathogens Singh Table 1. Pesticide (class) Disease organism Reference H In support of a better understanding of the chemistry of pesticides www.soci.org maceutical activity against(Table 2). several Tables 1 non-transmittable andreported diseases 2 pharmaceutical only activities provide ofThe a authors pesticides, are few and not aware examples vice of anypesticides of versa. active ingredients being many of sold commercial as pharmaceuticalscide other warfarin, than which the is rotenti- of used a to compound prevent for blood one clotting. category The would use likely preclude it from Pest Manag Sci Figure 1. pharmaceuticals and pesticides. . et al , respec- Scientific : 790–797 67 In addition, 83 62,74–76 2011; and endometrial Tilapia zillii 77–79 These observations are 82 Pest Manag Sci Other examples include inhibition Perhaps the most serious impact of 73 . 69 and Egyptian fish 68 64,65 Legacy pesticides such as DDT and the Many of these are now banned or under 70 and carbamazepine and metronidozole, two 71 66 and plants. 67 Daphinia pulex Moina macrocopa Anti-ulcer pharmaceuticals such as and Various fertility pharmaceuticals increase the risk of or animals encounter. Effects of pesticides on non-target organisms in the 80 81 84 72 Pesticide residues and their metabolites can also be toxic Although some pesticides have been shown to cause cancer Inadvertent exposures to pharmaceuticals may also increase the tively, at concentrationsPharmaceuticals found commonly can in haveinvertebrates the adverse environment. effects on some species of ranitidine have been implicatedcancer. in increasing the risk of gastric pharmaceuticals in wildlife isthe the Indian near- subcontinent of vulturesinflammatory by pharmaceutical on diclofenac the in domestic inappropriate animalsthe and use disposal of of their remains. the anti- widely used pharmaceuticals, wereflea species found to be toxic to water cancer. repeated use of long-term lowthe doses resistance of of pathogens may tomaking increase pharmaceuticals, them thus less potentially effectivepeople for any future bacterial disease that agroecosystem have been well addressed inpestmanagementatthelevelofthefarmer’sfield.Mostincidentsof the use of integrated environmentaltoxicitycausedbypesticidesoffthefieldresultfrom localized high concentrations caused by spills or runoff events after heavy rain. There are also examples of normaladverse use effects. rates For resulting in example, the insecticide endosulfanfish is and toxic can to alter the reproduction performancecrustacean of the freshwater studies have linkedentering hormone replacement menopause therapy with for breast women cancer in the environment. consideration for banning underPOPs. the Stockholm Convention on of growth in two species of green algaepharmaceuticals, by veterinary in laboratory animals when exposed to high doses over most 8 PHARMACEUTICALSCAUSE AND ADVERSE PESTICIDES EFFECTS CAN IN HUMANS There arepharmaceuticals a is linked number to cancer of in humans. papers reporting that the use of 7 PHARMACEUTICALSHAVE AND ADVERSE PESTICIDES EFFECTS CAN IN THE ENVIRONMENT Residues of pharmaceuticalsshown and to their be damaging metabolitesports to on have the the effects environment. been of There pharmaceutical residueson are in the many growth effluent and re- development ofmodulators, aquatic organisms. commonly Endocrine used ingen pharmaceuticals replacements such and asadversely birth to estro- affect control wildlife. agents, have been found thyroid cancer among parous women. older organochlorine compoundsover were persistent, long transported the distances, environment. and had significant adverse effects in not surprising, as thesecause pharmaceuticals are a given physiological at orresults doses biochemical in that the effect induction that, or promotion in of cancer. some cases, risk of cancer. An epidemiological study on hormone residuesveterinary from pharmaceuticals in animal meatassociation suggested a with possible hormone-dependent . In 44 www.soci.org CJ Swanton 50,54,55 have been of more 7 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 1 c − In the , A 1999 study by the United Averaged over time, the large 59–63 41 8 56,57 found that one or more herbicides 58 Estrogenic endocrine disruptors were found in 43 This has resulted in new laws being passed 35,45–50 46,51–53 Similarly to pharmaceuticals, pesticides can be detected in the The effects of pesticides in the environment have long been Pesticides are regulated in a similar way. For example, deregistered and withdrawn from thebecause market they in could many not countries pesticide meet re-evaluation the program newmany conducted safety pesticides, by standards. including Health Inethyl the , Canada, , vernolate, benomyl wereof and these discontinued withdrawals forreasons, from use or the a market in precautionary wereThere response Canada. were for to little Most environmental new or toxicological noIn issues data. some related cases, to regulation overtthan effects of in for pesticides humans. is pharmaceuticals.regulation much for more For pesticides stringent proposes example, verythat conservative in approaches only theexposure. make EU, use the of new toxicity data and do not consider than 20 years after application. proportion of non-detects reducedthe the MRL. total exposure to below both in Canadapassed and in in the theto United United undergo States States. an that Insafety environmental 2006, required for a all risk the law pharmaceuticals assessmentregistered. environment was to and assess wildlife their before they couldenvironment. Concentrations are be usually low, but they mayfor persist a period of time, depending upon the chemistry. 5% of 113 surface water samples in California Central Valley. one study found detectabletested; however, pesticide only residues 1.09% inMRLs permissible of in 30% these food and of were feed. food above the statutory South Korea and thewere Czech detected at Republic, concentrations organochlorine of less pesticides than 3 ng g States Geological Service consideredintheregulatorycontextwheremanytestsarerequired to assess effectspharmaceuticals on can non-target organisms. beenvironment The emitted has discovery through raised that and/or discharge the their metabolites into question mayimpact. the that have a these significant compounds environmental organochlorine such as DDT and wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ps Numerous pharmaceuticals anddetected their in both metabolitescountries. sewage have effluent been and surface water in many Pharmaceuticals and pesticides enter the environment where they may have adverse effects inused non-target in the organisms. environment Pesticides and can are move from farmers’target fields areas. to Similarly, non- pharmaceuticals can be passed throughbody the and enterspreading the of environment via onpharmaceuticalsweredetectedineffluentfromaMontrealsewage sewage land. For outfalls example, and 11treatment plant. individual the 6 PESTICIDESENTER AND THE PHARMACEUTICALS ENVIRONMENT and widely used decongestant forfrom over the Canadian 40 market years, in was 2001. withdrawn found in streamsNebraska and basins rivers exceededpesticides of aquatic-life were also guidelines. the found in Residues White food. of River and Central

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Occurrence of patulin inapple organic, conventional juices and marketed handcrafted (2006). in Belgium. conventional and organic fruitexposure products assessment. in Italy and subsequent 4 Liu L, Cline RR, Schondelmeyer SW and Schommer JC, Pharmaceuti- 3 Alavanja MCR and Bonner MR, Pesticides and human cancers. 5 Blake GJ, Ridker PM and Kuntz KM, Projected life-expectancy gains 6 Kawachi I and Malcolm LA, The benefits of treating mild to moderate 7 Ames BN and Gold SL, Environmental , pesticides, and the 8 Cooper J and Dobson H, The benefits9 of pesticides to Oerke EC mankind and and Dehne HW, Safeguarding production losses in major 17 Fung F and Clark RF, Health effects of mycotoxins: a toxicological 16 McKean C, Tang L, Tang M, Billam M, Wang Z, Theodorakis CW, 14 Korpan YI, Nazarenko EA, Skryshevskaya IV, Martelet15 C, Bryden Jaffrezic- WL, Mycotoxins in the : human health implications. 13 Hlywka JJ, Stephenson GR, Sears MK and Yada RY, Effects of 11 Daniel O, Meier MS, Schlatter J and Frischknecht P, Selected phenolic 12 Asami DK, Hong Y, Barrett DM and Mitchell AE, Comparison of 27 Milkovi 10 Magkos F, Arvaniti F and Zampelas A, Organic food: buying more 26 Mladosievicova B,Carter AandKristova V,Genetictestsforpredicting 21 McMenamin P, Costs of hay fever in22 the United Law States AW,Reed in SD,Sunday 1990. JSandSchulman KA,Directcostsofallergic 24 Ritter L, Report of25 a Martin panel AM, on the Nolan relationship D, between public Gaudieri S, Phillips E and Mallal S, 20 Fumanal B, Chauvel B and Bretagnolle F, Estimation of pollen and 23 Tan SY and Yeow ME, Medicine in stamps. Paracelsus (1493–1541): 18 Baert K, Meulenaer BD, Kamala A, Kasase C and19 Devlieghere Piemontese L, F, Solfrizzo M and Visconti A, Occurrence of patulin in It 89,90 :44–47 195 2011 Society of Chemical Industry c However, poor there are 40 negative 85–88 New Scientist 8 Environ Impact Assessment According to a poll of pesticide-related 89 : 790–797 67 however; the relationship of this to adverse 90 2011; :707–729 (2007). 27 (2007). pharmaceuticals in the environment. Rev gang up when they meet in your body. 2 Enick OV and Moore MM, Assessing the assessments: 1 Trivedi B, Toxic cocktail: chemicals that are safe on their own can Other effects of pesticide exposures have been reported in the In support of a better understanding of the chemistry of pesticides www.soci.org definition of exposure makes epidemiologicalconduct studies and difficult may to confound the conclusions of the study. would be unusual for ahigh lifetime substance doses that in does rats, mice notcancer and cause other in cancer tested species humans at to at cause best, much most epidemiology lower studies levels providelinkages correlations of between pesticide or exposure. exposure suggest and Hence, cancer. at literature. For example, Costapesticides consistently Rican had farmers higher exposedaberrations and frequencies to abnormal DNA of mixed repair chromosomal response thancontrol the matched group; articles about pesticides for every article that has athem. positive The view present on authors recognize that pharmaceuticals are very personal – if people choose tothe take risk. them, Everyone they voluntarily hasand accept had can relate an to their experience benefits.not with personal On and the pharmaceuticals the benefits other are hand, not perceived pesticidesof as are directly a as pharmaceutical those by all individuals. However,or whether not, the personal risks associated with theseveral two technologies ways. are The similar argument in convergesmanagement. within The the medical profession concept attempts to of manage risk theof risk medication such that the benefitsfashion, will agricultural outweigh and the pest management risk. professionals In manage the like risk of pesticides.control The of health disease of plantshuman health. and As with are animals pharmaceuticals, critical pesticides and arethe components also the maintenance vital of to of human health. health outcomes remains unknown, andthat caused the the specific effect are substances unidentified. Pest Manag Sci REFERENCES 9CONCLUSIONS In summary, pharmaceuticals and pesticides share many common- alities. 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