Australia a S0.72

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Australia A S0.72 New Zealand: NZ U.K,: 39p U.S.A,: $0.78 :,.ilti

# Yang Liankang, who surveyed the entire Huanghe (Yellow) River on foot (see story inside).

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(MME. SUN YAT-SENI (18e3-1e8rr. PUBL|SHED MONTHLY By THE CHTNA , SPANISH, FRENCH, ARABIC, GERMAN, PORTUGUESE AND CHINESE Articles of the Month voL. xxxt No. 10 ocToBER 1e82 A Messoge to Chiong Ching-kuo p.6

Lioo Clrengzhi, son ol o founder of the Kuomintong CONTENTS ond childhood friend of the current heod ol the Toiwon odm , hos personolly to bury the nitiote the third Politics belween the st ond KMT porti For China's Reunification-A New Step Taken 6 bring obout ceful . reunificotio On War, Peace and Nuclear Weapons 19 Quotes from Lioo's ietter; responses from home ond China's Stand on Disarmament 20 obrood. Heolth He Surveyed the Yellow Health Care Network Serves the People 31 River on Foot p. 8 Culture/Educotion Minority Drums and Dances A scientist's personol survey 4 o, the entire. length ol The Children's Own Newspaper 66 Learning the Huonghe yields proposols English -A Popular Spare-Time Activity 49 which chollenge previously Radio Peking Celebrates 35th Birthday 54 held ideos. Society/Economy Gezhoubo Project Second Stoge p, 12 China's Census: Accurate to 0.2 Percent Zg - China Exports More Machinery 49 Chino's biggest key woter Transportalion: Some Facts and Figures 40 .:'*ii','n":,ffi ff: .fl:fl EnYironmentol Protection ",i:: Making China Green 24 Chino's Viewr on Wor ond Peoce p. 19 Woter ond Power He Surveyed the Yellow River on Foot I Bingnon, president ol The Gezhouba Dam Project Wong Stage Two 12 Chinese People's Associo' Li Yizhi - the - Pioneer in Taming China,s Rivers 62 tion lor Friendship with Foreign Art Countries, outlines Chino's Ye bosic -positions on wor ond Qianyu Noted Figure Painter 33 ond 'Neighbors'-A- problem peoce, nucleor weopons Film on the Housing 22 disormoment. National Photography Exhibition 56 a t Across the Lond v A Trip to Liaoning Province 52 it & Bright Future for 'Hundred-Day Bed' 46 Pointer Ye Qionyu p. 3i:l 6 { Sports The work of on outstonding con- Sports Briefs: lnternational lnvitational Tournaments 64 temporory ortist known for his figure pointings. Columns ond Speciols To Our Readers: Milestone 33 2 Postbag 3 Cartoons 5'l Chinese Mochinery in the Chinese Cookery: Cantonese 'Cha Shao' Roast pork 39 World Morket p.49 Legends and Tales from History: The Return of the Jade 69 Language Corner: Lesson 22 lncreosed technologicol pro- Learning Chinese ond 70 duction sophisticotion brings Front Cover: greoter quontity, quolity ond voriety into Fascination (Photo prize-winner, see page ol exports snd on entry story on 56). Europeon ond Noilh Americon Sun Zhichang morkets.

Editoriol Officer Woi Wen Building, Beijing (37), Chino Chino Reconstructs (USPS No. 659-850) is published monthly for US$6.00 per yeor Coble: "CHIRECON" Beijing. by Chino Reconstructs, Woi Wen Building, Beijing (37), Chino Second closs postoge Generol Distributor: Chino Publicotions Center poid ot Son Froncisco, CA. (Guoji Shudion) Postmostei: send oddress chonges to Chino Books ond Periodicols, lnc,, 2929 24th P.O. Box 399. Beijing, Chino. Slreet, Son Froncisco, CA 94110. . TO OUR READERS . in modern development, and with a population that Mflestone 33 has almost doubled, has been able to do so much so quickly, and almost entirely by its own efforts, is truly remarkable. Only under a socialist system could rflHIS month marks the 33rd anniversary of the it have been done. -a People's Republic of China - a good time to look (JF course the country is still far from rich. And back, and forward. \-/ there have been serious errors, without which To understand the new China one must never economic progress might have been greater, living forget the old society that existed before 1949. No- standards higher, culture and education more ad- body who did not see it can truly picture its evils: vanced, socialist democracy and'legality more firmly the famines that periodically killed millions; the grounded. hundre.ds of beggars dying daily in city streets; The setbacks and abuses, particularly during the the wives and children sold so that the rest of the "cultural revolution," were not, however, as some family might survive; the corruption, brutality and current writings abroad allege, an "inevitable" result injustice of decaying feudalism; the humiliation, in- of socialism. Essentially, they were aberrations caused vasion and oppression by foreign powers; the de- by backward ideas and behavior left over from vastating stri-te between aiien-backed warlord 2,000 years of feudalism combined with inexperience armles. in new circumstances (which led, among other things, One must also never forget the long, heroic to some extreme impetuousity and "ultra-Leftism',). struggles and sacrifices by which the Chinese people Undoubtedly, they have done damage to the socialist won their national and social emancipation from the cause and the Communist Party itself. shackles of that old society. But it is socialism and the Communist Party's Led by the Comrnunist Party, the people have leadership that make it possibie to repair the damage by their own efforts brought the country an immense and make new advances. China is still far from distance forward in these three decades. Formerly perfect (what country is?). But she is stili further anyone's prey, China has become independent and from the dark and pessimistic picture of her painted equal among the nations. Formerly, her backward in recent books by a few foreign correspondents. economy could not begin to support her 450 million or Some of their facts are erroneous, or hand-picked for so people. Now her agriculture feeds a billion. their chosen arguments. In general, such writers Formerly, her resources for industry were virtually focus on a small part of the picture and proclaim it untapped except for some primary processing, mainly as the whole, Iike the fabled blind men who examined of a semi-colonial type, with the profits flowing large- an elephant and concluded respectively that it iy into foreign pockets. Now she has a comprehensive resembled a -rope, tree-trunk, wall, or snake de- industrial base, publicly owned and planned. Between pending on whether they touched its tail, leg,- side 1952 and the present, the total value of China's in- or trunk. dustrial and agricultural output has grown on average Missing from their picture is the mainstream of more than 10 percent annually (with ups and downs development, the deep changes of the past six years in individual years). Factory-made goods range (and particularly the last three) touching every area from cpnsuiner items to automobiles, tractors and of Chinese life. The economy has become more res- space satellites, from petrochemical products to com- ponsive and active, income and living standards are puters - though still in limited quantity and with a rising, consumer goods are more available. Govern- lot of unevenness geographically and techaqlogically. mental structure is being streamlined. Cultural life Electricity is now seen even in very remote vil- is active. Legality is stronger, socialist democracy is lages where even candles or oil lamps used to be too advancing. The press is no Ionger over-sloganizing big a luxury for most pmple. Constantly spreading or reporting only triumphs but discussing problems is the infrastructure of roads, railways, ports, tele- and criticizing defects. Crimes, corruption and abuse communication, and hydro-projects to irrigate, pre- of public trust are exposed and punished by Iaw. vent floods and provide power. THERE are still bottlenecks and difficulties. The A LONG with better food and shelter, a far-reach- r main point is that the direction is forward and r I. inB medical network, with services free or at very that so much has been achieve'd, especially consider- low cost, has'page almost doubled life expectancy (see ing the complexity and scale of the task China has article on 31). Beijing's TB mortality rate, undertaken,- the building of a modern socialist to cite only one instance of victory over disease, has civilization, materially and ethically, out of an old dropped since 1949 from 230 to 10 per 100,000 popula- society which had both a strong ancient culture and tion. Educational levels have improved dramatically. horrendous problems. Rapid economic and social developments are not The road China travels is not always straight or unique in the modern world. But that a third world painless, but it leads upward, and this magazine looks country, so vast and wltn so recent a starting point forward to chronicling the journey. !

CIIINA BECONSTRUC,TS spread ideological propaganda, but re- reduced to trivialities. China did not ports objectively on China's geography reconstruct without an ideology, so in- and achievements in the cultural and troduce a bit more of the ideology that economic fields. has made China what it is now, and Since the downfall of the "gang of your magazine will be "super.r' four," China has opened its door much AMIDU IBRAHIM TANKO wider to other countries, inc'luding Legon, Ghana Thanks for a Life Saved those in Western Europe. I hope she policy. Our American tour grouP consisted will continue with this Only understanding of and Comprehensive Cross-Section of 25 people, with myself as tour leader through mutual other's thoughts and and my wife as escort' On the morning respdct for each feelings and achievements can the I think that the April 1982 edition is of May 5 in Zhengzhou, two members excellent, as good as anybody could of our grouP, Milton and Louise Mann, world's pqoples feel close to each other. EDWIN MAYRHOFER expect for a magazine of this nature. stayed behind at the guesthouse be- Linz, Austria You are certainly giving good insights cause Mr" Mann was Ieeling unwell. into life and progress in China, a very He went for a haircut in the barber- comprehensive cross-section of the shop, and there suffered an attack later Poor Quality Paper achievements of your people. as cardiac arrest. Await- you diagnosed a Regarding China Reconstructs, the one Together with the map of China for a haircut was a Chinese ing his turn I find is the paper on black and issued this year, the little maps in the physician, Liu from the fault army Qingyuan pages, a very c'heap type such as articles make for good understanding at Zhengzhou. He white No. 153 HosPital found small newspapers in of the geography and topography. treatment and that in our quickly administered Canada, A. J. MACLEAN restored Mr. Mann's heartbeat. in- Warana Beach, Australia returned from our tour for AII articles are very well written, When we formative and all show the great an ambulance, doctors and nurses lunch, has gone to pull hotel to take Mr. Mann to struggle China through Story of a Disabled Soldier were at the herself backward mud hospital- A member of our grouP, up out of the the of the past. Disabled by Dr. Libby Marks, examined Mr. Mann "The Story of a Soldier" ROBERT N. BROWN the JuIy 1982 issue of and consulted with Chinese physicians. Ma Xinyou in quicklY taken to the Rerdale, Canada CR will be shared with students in my Mr. Mann was preparing Provincial Hospital, accom- classes who are to be teach- Zherlgzho:u Thank gou for gour criticism; u)e are sc'hool administrators, panied Mrs. Mann. ers, couneelors, by trying to improue our paper stock. and other types of professionals that The rest of us Ieft for Kaifeng that Ect. the Manns could re- - will serve the handicapped. This day, hoping that demon- join us in Shanghai for our trip home. brief, simply written article Fair Coverage universal humanity is The treatment accorded Mr. and Mrs. strates what aII about, and how the handicapped can Mann by the hosPital can onIY be We are about to publish a small book succeed when supported by their loved most compassionate and C.hina. described as for use in schools called People's the The best the hospital had ones. My wife and I visited humanistic" Printed in English, it rviil describe People's Republic of China last to offer was available to them, and achievements, geography and China's December and your excellent magazine Mrs" Mann was permitted to sleep in the major aim is to further the cultuie. A many meaningful and her husband. An in- students English- brings back same room as understanding of in happy memories about your great na- terpreter was available 24 hours a day. speaking countries of the great depth people. guest- particularly tion and its billion Food was brought in from the of Chinese civilization, and ALFRED L. LAZAP. medical and nursing care appreciate China's house. The to enable them to Long Beach, Ca., U.S.A. was personal, warm and human' growth and development since 1949. After four days Mr. Mann was re- As a subscribet to China Reconstructs leased from the hospital and he and his and China Pictorial, now for some six Chinese Football wife, accompanied by a physician, flew years, may I take this opportunity to to Shanghai. Dr. Libby Marks and the congratulate you on your great im- I have really enjoyed everything in Chinese physician again consulted on provements over the past few years. CR but would like to comment on treatment during the triP home, and Some of my cynical friends claim that Chinese football. As I can see, after Dr. Marks was given a number of drugs you show only the best of China, but China was given the opportunity to that might be needed. since I had the privilege of visiting participate in world sports the team Mr. and Mrs. Mann and other China in April this year; I know that has really shown that it is to be members of our tour are grateful your magazines are very fair in re- reckoned with for some years to come. beyond measure to the doctors, nurses, porting your country. After reading "Football Strengths and attendants, and all those who worked STEPHEN CODRINGTON Weaknesses" in the June issue, I can over and beyond the call of dutY on North RAile, Australda see they will be dangerous if they play behalf of a stricken American. with much the same sort of stamina. We also thank the personnel of the Don't TriVialize Struggles I would Iike to advise the Chinese Zheogztrou Chinese International Travel tootball body not to place all their Service for their personal and active I have been a regular reader of your hopes on one player only, because in concern. magazine for about a year now, and I the news I read that after the toP LEO and BESS GABOW am glad I started subscribing. It is not piayer, the "Football King of Asia," was Palo Alto, Ca., U.S.A. ohly educative in providing information injured by New Zealand players he about China past present and future couldn't play the second match and br.rt the colored- pictures make it very the team lost. The Chinese football Door Open Wider -pleasant. body should avoid such things and train I enjoyed reading the APril 1982 I Would only advise that You do not everybody. China Reconstructs. Particularly praise- imitate Western magazines in which JOSEPH MACDONALD A. ANNAN worthy is the fact that it does hot news or the struggles of peoples are Accra, Ghana

ocroBER 1982 Minority Drul??s ond Donces

ZHOU ZONGTIAN

a man. Made of the wood of mango or kapok trees, with drumheads of chamois or cowhide, they are rich- ly decorated. The body is painted with multicolor designs on a red and black background and covered with silk netting from which tassels dangle, while the two en,ls feature peacock tailfeathers. At weddings and other celebrations, and particularly at the annual Water-Splashing Festival (the Dai New Year, which falls in April), the gongs and drums are brought out and the dancing be- gins under a big tree or on a threshing ground. Young and oid take part in the dances. One of the most popular is the peacock dance, usually performed by gorgeously costumed young women with small drums attached s;i to their waists on w-hich they beat Dai nationality pre-schoolers already know the basic movenrents of the elephant- out the complex rhythms of the foot drum dance. Zhou Zhonggao dance. At the climax, accompanied by swift drumming, the performers RUMS of every conceivable southwestern Yunnan province in spread their arms wide and with size, shape and material have south China, the homeland of the vigorous movements of shoulder been used in every age and almost Dai people, and elephant-foot and body imitate a peacock: every human culture. They have drums (large on top, then taper- spreading its tail. beaten out the rhythm of armies ing to- a splayed "foot") are the Bells and Drums on the march and laborers at work, chief accompaniment of Dai songs Qiang been used in religious worship and and dances. The Qiang people live in north- for signaling and communication. The drums vary in size and in western Sichuan, a large province Perhaps their happiest use is to pitch, the largest being taller than just north of Yunnan. Their bell- accompany dances. A drum in the hands of a skillful drummer is Yao drummers beat out complex rhythms on bronze drums of tlifferent sizes. practically an invitation to get the feet and body moving to his beat. No matter what other instruments are used, the drum's steady under- pinning helps give shape and form to the music and guidance to the dancers. In China, druins and percussion instruments of all sorts have been popular throughout history and are an integral part of the folk dances of minority peoples. Dai Elephant-Foot Drums Wild elephants once roamed freely in the forests of western and '::,... ,:'.1', . 1...1 ...... , . ZHOU ZONGHAN is a lecturer at the China Aeademy of illusie.

4 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS and-drum dance, performed as part of the Zhuanshon ("Mountain- Circling") Festival, has evolved from ancient reiiglous ceremonies performed by sorcerers. In the old days, villagers clirnb- ed up the mountain leading an ox and carrying food and wine to sacrifice to the mountain gods to insure good harvest. Monkeys, wild boars and rats all made of paper were set on fire- (symbolizing the -destruction of pests that ate grain). Pieces of dough in the shape of the sun and half-moon -which had hung from the ox's horns were fed to the animal. Sorcerers called on the gods through a ceremonial drum d,ance. After the religious ceremony, people danced gaily to the sound of flutes, drums and bells. Today's Qiang folk dances have evolved from these fertility festi- vals. The male dancers carry sheepskin drums with small handles, and keep time with short curved drumsticks. The women ffi# dancers carry bells that are sound- Autumn harvest festival and Yao dancers with long drums iiriir a lively air the ed in time with the drums. The celebrations. to dances are very gay, light-hearted i!,.tang Guoqing and graceful, and most villagers join in the fun. of various places. The largest is trlygur llru;:ns about 12/3 meters high and over Bronze Drums The Uygur peopie far four meters diameter; of western in it weighs Xinjiang use percrrssjon instru- Bronze drums are an old part of over 300 kilograms. cultures ments of many diff erent kinds. the of east and southeast In Ningming county the Asia, of Among the most popular are taln- in China dating back to the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Re- Spring and Autumn period (770- bourines and iron drurns which gion (south China, just east of 476 B.C.). Some 1,400 ancient come in two sizes, the larger ones Yunnan), there are 1000-year-old specimens are now preserved used singly and the smaller in by large painted murals the state culture relics departments on a cliff pairs. Both are shaped like a showing the ancestors of the flower pot. wide ai the mouth and Zhuang people dancing to the beat narrow at the base. Tambourine danee of the Uygurs. of what appear to be bronze drums. On festive occasions drums of Li Dongri The tradition has continued to this diiferent sizes and kinds are day. ALong with reed flutes, bronze grouped on the minarets of mos- drums also accompany the court- ques, on roof-'r;op platforms and by ship dances of the Miao people of the roadsides. The drumrners com- Guizhou province (just north of bine the deep, resonant tone of the Guangxi). Iarge iron drums anC tite higher The Yao people live in a moun- tones of the smaller drums in com- tainous area of Guangxi. Their plex, exciting harmcnies that are Spring Festival celebrations fea- perfect for dancing. ture night-long dancing to bronze Tambourines, with scores of iron drums. In a large hall, a drummer rings around the circumflerence sits on a ladder above a circle of which give off a clear ringing dancers. At the center of the cir- sound when the cenier is struck, cle, two bronze drums are hung also accompan)r group dances, from a beam, and a pair of male pieces for coupl+is and solos by and female dancers in turn move women dancers. It is featured in around them, occasionally reaching dance versions of the tamous up to strike the drumheads. (aanfinued on, p. 18) ocToBEB 1982 For Ghina's Reunificatlon - A ilew $tep Taken

A NEW and important step Liao said that if the great cause ing in that small corner be main- / r ioward the realization of the of reunification could be accom- tained for long?" cherished desire of all patriotic plished through Chiang's work, When talking about the remains Chinese, the reunification of the he would certainly win the esteem of Chiang Kai-shek, ex-leader of country, was taken when Liao of the nation and the praise of all. the KMT, returning to the home- Chengzhi, a vice-chairman of the Chiang would be.doing a meri- land, Liao Chengzhi said, "I re- Standing Committee of China's torious service to the country and cently read one of your writings National People's Congress and a his name would be inscribed in the in which you expressed 'fervent member of the Central Com- "temple of fame." hopes that my father's soul would mittee of the Chinese Communist Liao stressed that "Peaceful be able to return to the homeland Party who is the son of Liao reunification is entirely an in- and be reunited with the fore- Zhongkai, one of the founders of ternal affair of China. Those fathers"' I was overwhelmed with the Kuomintang, cabled a warm outsiders who talk glibly about it personal letter emotion when I read this. The re- to Chiang Ching- have designs on our Taiwan. This mains your father are still kuo, head of the present ad- of is common knowledge." placed Cihu. After ministration in Taiwan and the temporarily at reunification, they should be son of Chiang Kai-shek. Liao and DECALLING the two previous Chiang knew each other in child- moved back and buried in the I1 periods of cooperatio-n be- native soil , . in fulfillment of hood and studied together in the tween the two parties, which had Soviet Union in the 1920's. Calling your filial wishes." made great contributions . to the Finally Liao Chengzhi said, on Chiang to make his contribu- Chinese nation, f,iao said he tion to reunification,' and to "The longing for old friends grows renew hoped that Chiang Ching-kuo, with age. If it is convenient to cooperation between the who presides over the administra- two parties, Liao offered to go you, I would pack and set out for personally Taiwan tion of Taiwan, would take the a visit to Taibei to seek enlighten- to to further unshirkable responsibility to make this cause. ment from our elders." a third cooperation a reality. Liao, in his letter of July 24, pointed the recalled his family friendship with Liao out, "Over nN .Tulv 24. the letter was past three years, our Party has Chiang and regretted the 36-year (J cautei Taibei. The next repeatedly proposed talks with to lapse in their relationship and the day newspapers in different Parts recent news that Chiang was not your Party to bury the hatchet including Hongkoirg and and work jointly to accomplish of China, in good health. well as Chinese news- great cause national reuni- Macao, as He wrote further: "The peaceful the of fea- fication, but you have time and papers abroad ProminentlY reunification of the motherland tured the futl text or excerPts, would be a great achievement to again announced that there should be 'no contact, no talks and no arousing great interest among be recorded in history. Taiwan is outside China. compromise,' which I think is personages in and bound to return to the embrace of Zheng Dongguo inadvisable. . Such talk as Wang Kunlun, the motherland eventually. An .. the China with the Three and Hou Jingru, members of early settlement would be in the 'reunifying Cen- interest People's Principles' is regarded Standing Committee of the of all. The compatriots Revolution- in Taiwan would be by all sensible people as unreal- tral Committee of the able to live Chinese in peace and happiness, the peo- istic, deceptive and selfdqceiving. ary Committee of the sPoke at ple of aII nationalities on both "For the'sake of your Party, I Kuomintang in Beijing, sides of the Taiwan Straits would think that if you would a meeting on Liao's letter and would in no longer have to endure the take up the historic responsibil- issued a statement which said pains of separation from their ity and resolutely take part in part: "National unitY and the kith and kin, anci the elders in peace talks to accomplish national retrnification of the countrY are Taiwan and those who have reunification as required by time an irresistible historical trend. moved there from the mainland antl tide, the two parties would be And cooperation between the two would aII be properly placed and able to co-exist for a long time to parties is beneficial to the coun- provided for. And this would con- come, supervising each other try and the nation'" tribute to the stability of Asia while joining in the glorious ef- At a forum organized bY the and the Pacific region as r,r,ell as fort to revitalize China. Other- Preparatory Committee f or the to world peace." wise how could the situation exist- Peaceful Reunification of China

6 CEINA RECONSTBUCTS Promotion Comrnittee in New I,.. York, Soung Hsi-lien, former com- mander of the 11th group army of the Kuomintang forces, described I Liao's letter as both and ,,* t "sincere I significant." He said that the letter, based on the important nine-point proposal for reunification put forth by Chairman Ye Jianying of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress,* has set forth the pri.nciple of long- term coexistence and mutual su- pervision between the Commu- nist Part;r and the Kuomintang. Leading members of the Tai- wan Democratic Self-Government League in Beijing and the All- China Federation of Taiwan Com- patriots and other Taiwan-born people in Beijing held meetings of In April 1916, Dr, Sun Yai-sen (fifth left, ffont row) and his wife Soong Chine support. They said his letter Ling (fourth left) attend a rally in Tokyo to denounce Yuan Shikai, a represenfa- expressed the common desire of tive of foreigrr imperialisf anal feudal forees in China" Others in the picture are the people on both sides the Liao Zhongkai (second left, back row) anil Liao Chengzhi (the boy in front of of Sun Yat-sen) Taiwan Straits and expressed the hope that Chiang Ching-kuo the Standing Committee of the text of China's new draft consti- could conform to the will of the National People's Congress and tution, and calling attention parti- people and agree to hold peace Vice-Chairman of the National culally to its provisions for the talks leading to reunification. Constitutional Revision Com- establishment of special adnlin- Zhuang Xiquan, president of the mittee, urging people in Taiwan, istrative areas with rules set AII-China Federation of Returned as well as in Hongkong and according to specific local condi- Overseas Chinese, said he hoped Macao, to study and discuss the tions. n that Mr. Chiang Ching-kuo would seize this opportunity to make a June 16,1924: Sun Yat-sen (seconal right), Soong Ching Ling (far right), Liao choice beneficial Zhongkai (far left) anrt Chiang Kai-shek (second left) at the opening ceremonies to the country's for the Huangpu (Whampoa) Military Academy, peaceful reunification. Some pron'rinent Chinese newspapers in Hongkong also published comments urging Chiang Ching-kuo to give up his previous stand and work together with the Communist Party ior a vigorous deveJ.opment of China. Liao Chengzhi's personal letter is the latest of many reunification efforts from the mainland. At various levels, many other such personal approaches have been made by old colleagues of Taiwan officials now living on the mainland. Important previous statements were Chairman Ye Ji.anying's programmatic points and a more recent call on JuIy 16, by Peng Zhen, Vice-Chairman of

* The full text tlf Ye Jianying's statement, made on Sept. 30, 1981, was carried in a supplement to the November 1.981 China Reconstructs.

OCTOBER 1982 1"..:.

The solitary surveyor sketching the terrain at Lake Gyaring. Wang Jingge

A T 10 A.M. on May 31, 1982, a and how its phenomena develop dynasty emperors Kang (1662- ,t r Xi small boat advanced out of one into another along the way. L722) and Qian Long (1736-1795). the mouth of the Huanghe (yellow) River Such information would be valu- After walking about the wild toward the Bohai Sea able for better understanding, plateau for two days, on the third against a high wind and turbulent controlling and utilizing the river. day, with the help of a Tibetan waves. As the yellowish current Yang is a geomorphologist a shepherd boy, in a growth of high carrying the boat merged into the scientist who studies and seeks- to grass beside the Yueguzonglie blue of the bay meaning that the explain the features of the earth's Stream he found the wooden pla- river had reached- the sea a travel-stained man - surface. For him nothing is more que erected by the 1952 survey of about 40 in proclaiming the prow waved his arms exultant- important than first-hand data: team this the source.. iy and shouted, ,,Long live our No matter how advanced modern He and the shepherd traced the great motherland!', Then he dove techniques may be, information stream upward to search for its into the sea foi a swim. That was gathered by them cannot compare beginning. It came from a small how Yang Liankang completed. the with on-the-spot observation. He pool fed by a spring on a 1ow hill task he had set for himself of a decided to get it by surveying the four kilometers up from the personal survey of the entire length river on foot, and with a single plaque, and nearby they found a of the Huanghe. survey taking in its entire course second pool. From it he followed The Huanghe is China,s second- something that had never been a stream that he later found ran longest river whose 5,800-kilome- -done before. into another branch of the river. ter course touches seven provinces Carrying only a backpack with Yang made a drawing of the spot, and two autonomous regions. It is several changes of clothing, two then filled a small bottle with the the symbol of the Chinese people, map books, a mug, some note- water to present to his parents its valley the cradle - of the Chinese books and envelopes and two lan- in Beijing. civilization. It serves as an impor- guage textbooks (Mongolian and After a night with the hospita- tant transport artery and waters Tibetan), Yang had Beijing ble family of the shepherd, he set millions of hectares farmland. left by of pioneering out to locate the Kariqu Strez.m, Its terrible floods of the past are train to begin his 10- legendary. month undertaking on July 19, claimed as the source by the 1978 survey. He found to be a spot Aerial and ground surveys so 1981. In Qumarleb county in it far made along the Huanghe south-central Qinghai province he of shallow water on a stretch of treated each section separately. began by investigating places pre- grassy flat land, and had to spend Yang felt that no complete viously named as the source of the quite a bit of time simply deter- picture existed of the entire river. Two surveys since liberation, mining the direction of the flow. He river and its branches, its history, in 1952 and 1978, had cited two followed it upstream. It came from separate sites in the county and the behind an earth ridge. While this source had also been sought by stream, on the east side 'of the LI LINCHUAN is a staff reporter for the Guangming Daily, and TAN parties in the reigns of Kublai ridge, ran toward the Huanghe, the AIQING for China Reconstructs. Khan (1215-1294) and the Qing water in a second stream coming

8 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS from behind the ridge on the west often he had to inch ahead pressed of the river. Linking their data side, another survey had found, against the rock wall above the together, he drew a map of the eventually reaches the Changjiang turbulent river. When it was im- river's ancient course which will (Yangtze), China's other great possible to advance, he would be of great value in studying geo- rirzer. He had come to the begin- backstroke across the river with morphic changes along it. ning. He carved the charactets Yue his pack on his chest to seek a In ten months he mailed back He Yuan, "Yorl have reached the path on the other side. He felt that many rock and earth samples, source," with a sharp rock on a if a place is so difficult to get to fossils and primitive artifacts. flat stone. that geologists have not been there He worked for two hours, div- Then he went on to investigate before, that is exactly the pJace he ing again and again deep into the Lalangqingqu. another stream might find something of value. cold Gyaring Lake in Qinghai to in the southern part of the county At Gongcang, the first big gorge get a sample of mud from its mentioned in the clata of the earlier on the Huanghe and located amid bottom. Sometimes he had to scientists. While not tracing it to snow-capped peaks, the cliffs rise transport heavy rock samples its source, he followed it far so sharply that they seem to have dozens of kilometers on his back. enough to learn that it was actual- been cleft with an axe. As he and In Ningxia he discovered the fossil ly longer and had more water than two young Tibetans traveled on of an ancient fish. It weighed five horseback either of the two previously named along the bottom of the kilograms and as he carried it to as sources. Therefore the Lalang- cliff their small path vanished up a place where he could mail it, the qingqu should be considered the, a 7O-degree slope. The young men strap of his bag broke three times source the Huanghe, according turned their horses, preparing to and he had to stop to sew it of go to the internationai tradition that back, but Yang stopped them. together. explained 'just the longest feeder-stream is the He that on such "Although I did the survey source of a river. clean-cut cliffs the ancient course alone," Yang recalled afterward, of the river can be identified most "I never felt I was alone." The clearly. Ministry of Water Resources and On the Plateau They climbed the slope on foot Electric Power had instructed all and 'river Yang worked his way down the ?0 meters above the water conservancy units along the Yang found many round pebbAs river and some of its branches, way to give him accomrnodations washed srnooth much of the way on fool, studying by the water and and provide whatever data he embedded in the sedimenta- the rock and sedimentation layers, cliff needed. Wang Renzhong, secretary tion from the depth of- the river at of the Secretariat the Com- taking samples, making sketches, of a much earlier period. munist Party Central Committee, investigating and relating his expressed high praise for Yang's findings to data got from he pioneering Yang also had Anything for Science spirit. hydrological stations, oil survey the support of Liang Buting, first teams and mine pits visited he Yang inspected altogether about secretary of the Party along Qinghai the way. a hundred profiles along the length committee. At one time the latter At a section of the river west of lhe Longyangxia power station in east-central Qinghai he had Questioning Tibetans in the area near the source. Wang Jingge many battles with the weather. He was not prepared for the sud- den, sharp temperature changes in summer. He was congratulating himself in the bright sunshine one day at having discovered the gra- vel of an ancient riverbed, when suddenly black clouds gathered, a high wind rose and rain and hail began to pel+, down. He could'find no shelter on the treeless plateau. By dusk, when he reached the home of a Tibetan family, he was so numb with cold he was unable to speak. Yang investigated 30 big gorges on thb upper and middle reaches of the river along cliffs so preei- pitous and paths so narrow that

OCTOBER 1982 and mung bean soup. Local govern- and he always walked both waYs ment leaders came to the river to on weekends. Sometimes he went meet him and some went along without food for a daY to condition with him part of the way to work himself to withstand hunger. with him. Already then the great river held On the lower reaches he could a f ascination for him, After make better time, averaging ?0 graduation in 1961 he aPPlied for kilometers a day on f oot. But a job in Lanzhou, caPital of Gansu sometimes in order to make it to province. He believed that it was the next village before night, he one of the best places to studY would have to travel for several geomorphology, for there is the hours at a near-run. What most meeting place of China's several people who met him did not know geological structures, thus there the Huanghe then, was that on15, four years pre- the developrnent of viously he had been paralyzed, can be observed more clearlY. unable to walk. The resolve which carried Yang through to the end Harder Steeling A worker at a hydrology station on the lower reabhes provides information on of his project had been steeled in changes in the water level' Shi Pangi strange circumstances. In 1964 two paPers bY him were chosen to be presented at a na- 'tional geological symposium on Hard Training sent a member of his staff to take the Quaternary period. Yang asked Yang a fur coat as Protection The son of a teacher, while he for leave to attend the conference. against the plateau cold. u,as still a student in the Beijing The head of his geological team, a "The people along the river University department of geology, new person who had not hit it off looked after me like I was their Yang liked field study. During well with Yang, refused and sent own son," Yang observes. He spent summer and winter vacations, then someone else instead. When Yang nights in 48 Tibetan herdsmen's in good health, he traveled on his protested, the leader charged him tents and with 200 Peasant fami- own to 22 province", nrtd visited with disobeying the leadership. In Iies. Out of respect for his devo- many of China's famous moun- a political movement not long tion to science and the country's tains. To prepare himself for the afterward he made a lot of false needs, the people treated him like rigors of a life in the field, he charges and escalated the matter, a distinguished guest. He was even exercised 5trenuously, jogged every implying that disagreeing with a asked to sleep in the Place of morning no matter what the leader meant opposing the Com- honor reserved for iiving Buddhas weather, swam outdoors and took munist Party. After the "cultural in herdsmen's homes. cold baths in winter, and in sum- revolution" began in 1966 this led A commune brigade on the mer wore a leather overcoat to ac- to Yang's being called such things Zoige grassland on the border of custom his body to heat. His home as "counter-revolutionary attack- Gansu and Sichuan provinces was 15 kilometers from the school, ing the proletarian headquarters." assigned an old Tibetan herdsman familiar with the terrain to guide him. There the river almost looks The end of the trek, the mouth of the lluanghe River. Shi Panqi back upon itself . This is the famous marshy grassland the Red Army had to cross in the 30s on its Long March. At anY time one might sink in and be swallowed up, Their horses often sank knee- deep in the swamp. ,To Protect Yang., the old man went ahead on foot picking out a path. SaYing goodbye to him after a three-daY trip, he offered Yang the greater part of his own supply of yak but- ter for the road. The news of Yang's travels spread far and wide. As he passed through the plain and on the lower ..," reaches of the river, every morning many people would be waiting on the bank to greet him with tea

10 Yang went to Beijing eight times to appeal his case to higher authorities, but it was impossible to get a proper hearing during that period. A1l he got out of these trips was a chance to travel to Bei- jing by a different route each time, which gave him the opportunity to observe the geographic features of other areas. In the early 1970s he was taken by the police and held in custody pending trial. In protest he went on a hunger strike. The muscles of his legs began to atrophy and finally became paralyzed. He was tried by the then-authorities and Outlining his findings to scientists studying the Huanghe River at a meeting held sentenced to ten years in prison. by the Ministry ot Geology. Zhang Jingde There Yang sought to use his time to good advantage. Paper and pen had been brought to his cell In December 19?8 Yang was reiation between its main stream for him to make a confession. cleared and released from jail. A and branches, and dividing its When Yang had persisted in his few months Iater the Chinese As- course into sections. refusal, they were taken away, but sociation for Science and Techno- He thinks that the Lalangqingqu, luckily for him the bottle of ink logy, having learned about tris as the longest branch, should be was left behind. Yang made him- case, honored him with the considered the source. He feels that self a pen from a piece of reed, and title "Staunch Scientist." Yang the river was formed at least two surreptitiously began writing on meanwhile was in a sanatorium, or three million years ago, rnuch whatever piece of paper he could where he spent a year recovering earlier than previously believed. pick up. In four years he wrote his health. In 1980 he was electe

DENG SHT'LIN

Gezhouba project on the THEr Three shiplocks two of which At the power station, the first Changjiang (Yangtze), which can accommodate- 10,000 tons of three generating will take place units have been its among the shipping at one time and a smal- working smoothly since world's great engineering December feats ler one wilI handle 50 miilion 1981, and between then anrl June when completed, is China's largest tons of- shipping annually. The water of this year had produced 1.? bil- control and hydroelectric Changjiang's famous Three Gorges, lion kwh for the surrounding project to date. coun- The first stage, es- a peril to mariners since ancient tryside (and, incidentally, for the sentially completed in the summer times, will be made safer over a second-stage const,r,uction site). of 1981, is already serving naviga- l00-kilometer stretch as the water Hubei province, where Gezhouba tion and producing electricity (see level is raised. is located, now produces more "Building the 'Impossible' Dam,, hydroelectric than thermal power, in the October 1981 China Re- First-Stage Successes and in the first four months of constructs). Some b0,000 workers 1982 it used 170,000 fewer tons of and technicians now work day Gezhouba is located at a spot on and the standard coal for power generation night to finish the second and final river originally divided by two stage of the project small islands into three channels. than in the same period the by the 1986 previous year. target date. First-stage structures, across the The completed complex will smaller semnd and third channels, By the end of 1982 the fourth, included fifth and sixth generators be include a 2,56l-meter dam spanning a huge spillway, two of will the three shiplocks, operational, and within the first the Changjiang and rising 42 rneters silt-clearing six months of 1983 seventh tall (70 meters above sea level). sluices and a seven-unit' power the will station. be added. Trains and motor traffic will pass over the top of the dam. Below, According to Liu Jinming, de- The dam structures met their a greatest spillway and silt-clearing sluices puty chief of the dispatcher's challenge in JuIy 1981, will disgorge flood water:s and office, the locks handled two-way when exceptionally heavy rainfall prevent sand and mud from traffic to the tune of 28,782 ships along the upper reaches of the accumulating. Twenty-one generat- and barges and almost 1,200,000 river sent floodwaters crashing ing units will produce 14.1 billion passengers between June I981 down toward Gezhouba. When the kwh of electricity a year to supply when they went into operation and flood crest reached the dam, it ran tr)ower grids in Hubei, Hunan, May 31 of this year. In the control at 72,000 cubic meters per secohd Jiangxi, Henan and Sichuan prov- room, young technicians with the equal to the highest recorded inces. press of a button shift the huge -flow in 1896. lock gates, each weighing 600 tons Millions of Chinese listened DENG SHULIN is a staff reportei for and standing as tall as a 12-story eagerly for the latest bulletins as China Beconstructs. building. Gezhouba's giant spill*'ay was

** *^) *.* "

A model of the project as it will look wben completed.

72 CIIINA BECONSTRUCTS A giant crane towers over the construction site. W'ang Ilongrtrtt At right, water flows through the second-channel sluicegates. Across the road, the second stage of construction is under wav on the main channel. Ifang Hong_run

Workers install some of the finaI pieces of generating equiprnent in the first-stage power station" Wanr llortg.rLrn Survevors take constaili readings to insure ascuracy. Ll tutq llongttut .T ->

ln ln operatir-rn requiring prccise positioning of a part weighing many tons, the rotor of turbogcnerator No. 4 is lowered into place. Huue Qintlu Fuhou points out. Some 300,000 square meters of bedrock will have to be reinforced because of the pre- sence of clayey silt and inter- beddings. More than 6 million cubic meters of earth and stone must be dug out from under deep water. A real challenge wili be the building of a 500,000-volt s super-high-tension transformer substation and a ?O-meter-high pylon with a 600-metre span. One problem concerns the effect of the project on the fish in the river. Of the 274 species found in the Changjiang, only the Chinese sturgeon migrates to the upper reaches of the rirrer to sPawn. Specialists are now debating Hu Yaobang (second left) and other top leailers visit the secontl-stage worksite. whether to build fish ladders at Huang @ingIa the dam for the sturgeon (some favor them, some argue that the sturgeon could not get their large opened to maximum capacity and These include the No. 1 shiplock, a bodies over the ladders). Other the sluices were adjusted to handle dike to prevent silting and another suggestions for Protecting the the flow. As the flood crest passed to divide the river's flow and form sturgeon include transporting net- safely, people heaved a collective the main shipping channel. Also ted fish over the dam or artificial sigh of relief. The many measur- planned are a power station,with propagation. Many exPerts now ing instruments buried within the 14 generating units (twice as many urge a variety of approaches rather dam structure showed that every as for the first stage) and an than a single one, and a sPecial major element had taken the strain installed capacity of 1,750,000 research center has been set uP at without difficutty. Slight wear megawatts, and a large flood- Gezhouba. and tear on the apron below the didcharge and silt-scouring sluice. sluice gates, from the masses of silt At right angles to the main dam Milestone in Water Control and rock carried by the flood- will be a 978-meter concrete bar- waters, was quickly repaired. rier on the right bank of the river. Not far from the construction site Though much was learned from is a temple commemorating Yu the The Second Stage the first-stage construction, the Great, a legendary Chinese ruler second presents as many if not credited with building some of the From his office at construction more technical problems, Chen country's first water-control pro- headquarters, deputy chief engineer Chen Fuhou helps direct the complicated building tasks The first-stage power station at night Xinhua along the 5-kilometer long second- stage worksite. A cofferdam (itself a major technical accomplishment) surrounds the site, holding back the river water. Purplish-brown rocks, once covered by the flow of the age-old Changjiang, glow in the sun. From a pit measuring 900,000 square meters comes the clatter and roar of modern construction machinery a r

OCTOBER. 1982 jects. Old Yu would be proud to MINORITY DRUMS AND Yao long drums come in many acknowledge the builders of this DANCES sizes; even the smaller ones are complex as his spiritual successors. (Continued p. almost a meter long. The body is Gezhouba is the first major dam from 5) TutslD. Mukam (a made of wood, narrow in the on the main stream of the Chang- collection of.240 jiang, songs and ballads based on tradi- middle and wide at both ends, and one of the world's three decorated with floral designs. The largest rivers. tional tales, poetry and proverbs). areas drumheads are usually of cowhide Construction difficulties were In rural of southern Xin- jiang, place or sheepskin. enormous. Water flow is very fast drums take the of here, with flood peaks reaching "town bells," being sounded frorn a many a production Drums of fibet maximum of 110,000 cubic meters office roof to sign-al the start day per second. Geological conditions of the or to Among the Tibetan people, eall a meeting. are verv complex, and large drums are an important part of the amounts of silt and pebbles are accompaniment for religious and carried down by the river (as Legend of the Long Drum social dances and for dances by much as 500 million tons of silt special performers. In the Long drums carved from the Qinghai- pass Gezhouba every year). StiU, Tibet plateau region, large cylindri- trunk of a tree are popular in many after careful study, no other pro- cal drums with cowhide heads, low parts of south central China. The posed spot appeared as suitable. and resonant in tone, were once Yao people of Fuchuan county, The project brought together a ari important part of the ceremo- Guangxi, have a legend to explain large number of Chinese engineers nial equipment their origin. King Pan Gu, creator of every monastery. and wafer-contlol experts who religious of the univi:rse, went hunting one In rituals, dancers in the 1rcoled their experience and crea- masks of gods, demons and animals tivity to come up with new day and encountered a group of ferocious wild goats. They killed writhed and strutted to frighten answers to old problems. One onlookers and impress them with example was their innovative way him and hung his body from a the power of these "spirits." Po- to prevent silting. Ships passing catalpa tree. Pan Gu's seven sons looked for tent music was provided by the through the channels above and deep-toned big drums, smaller below the dam him for seven days and seven require' calm, slow- drums with sharper notes, bronze moving waters, increase.., nights. When they found his body but this horns, trumpets and cymbals. the likelihood masses they were so angry that they cut of of sir.t A folk dance popular among the piling up around the dam. down the tree and pursued the goats until they had killed them herdsmen of the Sichuan-Tibetan Specialists of the Changjiang grasslands is performed by women Basin all. Frorn the tree and the goat- Planning Offiee devised re- holding small drums with handles skins they made long drums, and taining dams and dikes to di yert and sheepskin silt into positions used them in a dance to celebrate heads and men where it r:ould carrying bells. Holding be flushed the avenging of their father's the drums away when scouring in their left hands, the women sluices were death. Yao villagers still celebrate beat opened to ma>^imum out the with curved capacity. While ships pats, King Pan Gu every July as their time drum- the sticks held in their right. The sluices remain closed New Year. and the water sound of the men's bronze bells stays calm. Opened perlodically Another Yao legend about the drum intertwine with the beat, and the while ships are kept away, they is more romantic. Young result peasant Tang Dongbi and a fairy is very lively dance music. discharge a high-speed torrent. In an area near the Himalaya Last maiden fall in love and marry, but winter alone, two million Mountains, one folk dance has cubic the proud Heavenly Emperor forces meters of sand and pebbles been performed for over a thousand her to return palace. were washed away in this manner. to the sky years. Male dancers colorful Then she in The project has provided appears to her husband dress with in-a small drums fastened to valuable experience for the cloud to tell him to cut down their waists run and leap while a qi,n country's future hydropower pro- tree from the southern moun- beating out tattoos the drum- jects tains and'make with including the massive a long drum with sticks held in both hands. In many Three- Gorges Every year Complex upriver it. on the 16th day of Xigaze dances, the drums are play- from Gezhouba, the 10th now in the plan- lunar month (in Novem- ed on the sidelines in harmony ning stage. Chinese and foreign ber or December), when he beats with the tourists bells tied to the perform- visiting the gorges a the drum, she will sneak away and ers' ankles. breathtaking scenic wonder - join him for day. and that Some ancient dances, done to the the many historic sites - of the area In memory of the loving couple, sound of drumbeats and large cym- should include Gezhouba young in their Yao men of the Liangshan bals, feature dancers in the masks itinerary. This man-made wonder Mountains "call" the fairy maiden of wild bulls and other creatures. is a feast to the eye and the in a spirited dance. They wear imagination, These once obviously had religious a monument to turbans with pheasant feathers and significance, and are perforrned human ingenuity in taming and beat the long drums strapped to with gusto reshaping in a style distinctively nature. tr their waists. Tibetan. tr 18 CEINA RECONSTRUCTS 0n War, Peace and lluclear tteapon$

TVfHAT IS China's basic attitude W as regards war and peace, nuclear weapons, and disarmament? Approached by China Re- constructs, Chairman Wang Bing- nan of the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with. Foreign Countries, who has been active in foreign affairs for decades, gave his views on a number of relevant questions: a. Do you consider that the menace of a world war is growing? A. Yes. People in all countries are right to be concerned. Partial wars have gone on without cease since the end of World War II in Korea, Indochina, Africa, the- Middle East, Latin America. The situation is really turbulent and full of crises. a. What is China's policy? Wang Bingnan A. I think the main line of our foreign policy is clear. It is to A. We Chinese appreciate and supported Britain in the war with defend world peace and to oppose understand the spontaneous actions Argentina. In today's local wars, hegemonism the drive -especially that have arisen in Europe, the 6uperpower intervertion is gen- of any superpower for world Americas, Japan and elsewhere. erally a factor. We are against domination because the it is People fear war because they have hegemonism. With regard to contention, - all warmongering and ex- already suffered from it. The Afghanistan, our emphasis is on pansionism of the superpowers atomic bombs dropped at Hiro- opposition Soviet exPansion. that endangers world peace. to shima an'd Nagasaki were an Wjth regard to some countries in China is opposed to war. She object lesson: any future nuclear America, the U.S. the has suffered long and grievously Latin PIaYs far more main hegemonist ro1e, and we also from it. Without peace, internal attacks are bound to be of these oppose that. Each case has to be international, cannot terrible. Although many and we context. modernize successfully. China movements have no clear Program, evaluated in its own god you explain China's strives to postpone, as long as pos- we sympathize with their a. Could sible, and by every possible effort, intentions the saving of Peace policy on nuclear weapons? - war. the outbreak of a new world war. and prevention of a world A. We stated years ago that we present required for a. Can world war be avdrded, in a. What is at wanted to break the nuclear your opinion? peace, in your opinion? monopoly of the superpowers, so A. I believe it can, provided all A. While the people want Peace, we built a few weapons of our the world's people take the defense the two'superpowers each want to own. But at the same time we of peace into their own hands and rule the world. Both have huge pledged, and still pledge, never to mobilize against hegemonism. To stockpiles of nuclear weapons. be the first to use nuclear arms. believe that world war is absolute- Both want to extend their control. We hope the U.S., the USSR and ly inevitable is incorrect. This starts or aggravates many all other nuclear-armed states will a. What do you think of the re- Iocal wars. The Soviet Union has follow suit. If there is less Pros- cent peace and anti-nuclear occupied Afghanistan. The U.S. pect of their use, the role of nu- demonstrations in many places supports Israel's aggressive mili- clear weapons will diminish. around the world? tary actions in the Middle East, and Furthermore, we suPPort the

OCTOBER 1982 19 various proposals made by me_ tee not to use them against such ventional arms. This is different dium-sized and smail countries for areas. from our stand on nuclear arms the establishment of nuclear-weap_ a. How about conventional nuclear arms should be completely- on-free,zones, and want all coun- disarmament? banned just tries and destroyed, not with nuclear arms to guaran- A. We want a reduction in con- reduced.

China's Stand on Disarmament

I T the June 11, 1982, Second ment: "An agreernent should be duce and ultimately destroy them / r Special Session of the UN Gen- reached by all the nuclear states altogether. eral Assembly devoted to disarma- not to use nuclear weapons. Pend- "China's social system and ment, Huang Hua, Minister of For- ing such an agreement, each nu- fundamental interests require that eign Affairs and chairman of clear state should, without attach- we pursue a policy of peaee. We China's delegation to the session, ing any condition, undertake not do not need war and we firmly op- made the foliowing statement: to use nuclear weapons against pose a new world war. China's "The Chinese government and non-nuclear states and nuclear armaments, includi.ng her nuclear people have always stood for gen- weapon-free zones, and not to be capabilities, are entirely for the uine disarmament and made posi- the first to use such weapons purpose of self-defense against tlve efforts towards progress in against each other at any time and foreign aggression. disarmament. Since the 1960s, the under any circumstances. "China does not have a single Chinese government has put for- "It is our view that conventional soldier outside her own borders ward on a number and never seeks any of occasions its disarmament should be eff ected bases on for- views proposals eign and on disarma- simultaneously with nuclear dis- soil. Neither does she have ment and on strengthening any territorial ambitions. Our rec- inter- armament. . . . AII these positions national security. We have ord shows that we were forced to always of ours indicate the obligation opposed the arms race act in self-defense only when a artd the China is prepared to undertake for threat war of aggression was imposed on or use of force in interna- disarmament. In point of fact, the tional relations, us. We will not countenance ag- and we are against government long any Chinese has since gression or threat against our- country carrying out aggres- repeatedly pledged to the world sion or expansion by means selves, and we never pose any of su- that at no time and under no cir- perior military strength. threat to others." cumstances will China be the first "China is in favor of Soviet-US to use nuclear weapons and that concludine remarks were: talks on nuclear disarmarnent, ffIS it undertakes unconditionally not ll "Di."r-"*"it is, in the final hoping countries that the two to use such weapons against non- analysis, a question of how to pre- would take serious and a iespon- nuplear states. This amply shows vent war and maintain peace, so sible attitude to reach an agree- the good faith of the Chinese it is bound to attract the attention ment genuinely helpful to bringing government on the question of and arouse the concern of the peo- the nuclear arms race to an end disarmament." ple throughout the world. So long and preventing a nuclear war, and as the people of all countries unite that they would not follow the LIUANG HUA specifically an- in a percistent and relentless strug- same old road which has, instead -fl neunss6: "If tlhe two super- gle against wars of aggression, it of leading to the reduction of nu- pow€rs take the lead in halting the will be possible to maintain world clear armaments, left much room testing, improvement or manufac- peace. The people's struggle is a for improving their nuclear ture of nuclear weapons and in re- powerful impetus to disarmament weapons." ducing their nuclear weapons by and maintenance of world peace. 50 percent, the Chinese govern- Our task is to make concerted ef- fls uenar of the Chinese government is ready to join all other nu- forts for the realization of genuine \-/ ment Huang Hua proposed clear states in undertaking to stop disarmament in conformity with several major steps toward an end the development and production of the wishes of the people of the to the arms race and for disarma- nuclear weapons and to ftrrther re- world." tr

20 CEIINA R,ECONSTRUCTS To come back to conventional ministers of American states. Her now, when you're not so strong, arms, both the United States and people showed courage and fight- won't you seek it for yourselves the Soviet Union talk endlessly of ing spirit which deserve our ad- when you're stronger?" In past desiring peace, security and de- miration. This war also showed centuries when China was power- tente. But as long as they piie up where the U.S. really stood. This ful, she did sometimes pursue more armaments, this talk should selt-styled friend of Latin America, policies of expansion that's one not 1u11 anyone it can't be con- when the test came, took Britain's reason they worry.- But after sidered honest -without action to side. visiting here most friends come to suit. In Indochina, wheh Vietnam was see that we aren't going to take Disarmament is an old issue. justly resisting U.S. aggression, it that old path. The Soviet Union raised this ques- had our support. But today the sit- We are a socialist state and as tion immediately after the October uation is the opposite. Today Viet- such oppose expansionism as a Revolution of 1917, and at the time nam wants to dominate the other matter of principle; we criticize it was sincere. Now, under dif- countries of Indochina - Kampu- the Soviet Union for abandoning ferent circumstances, it talks of chea and Laos. Vietnam's aims that principle. China has publicly arms reduction at every interna- have become unjust, so we support pledged many times that she will tional conference. And at every Democratic Kampuchea's fight to never act the superpower. She session of the UN General As- expel the Vietnamese invaders. does not keep a single soldier or sembly disarmament is put on the a. What does your Association a single base on foreign soil. agenda. But weaponry, both for Friendship with Foreign Coun- As a practical matter, China has nuclear and conventional, goes on tries do for peace? a huge territory, abundant re- Chinese peo- increasing each year. A. On behalf of the sources and a vast internal market ple, we develop ties with similar If the superpowers really mean (though a lack of these is clearly groups in other countries. Each peace they shouldn't just talk not the only motive for expansion- year we host about 200 delegations disarmament in general but specify policies). Finally, she is engaged 2,000 or so visitors. ist figures for limiting conventional - on an extensive program of ec+- arms and- for cutting down armies. Friendship requires mutual understanding, and some people nomic, modernization that will not The reason they just talk, which is the abroad still have little understand- be completed until well into easy, but don't act, which is hard, next century, and those Plans is that they lack real resolve for ing of China. As we exchange views understanding increases, and would be completely disruPted bY peace. Without that no solution waF. can be found. so does friendship. Friendship among peoples serves After exchanging views with us, Do you continue to make a a. the cause of peace. also makes most friends leave China with distinction between just and unjust It people in each country better able hearts at ease. They can see that wars? to see to it that their own govern-. China's policies are of benefit As Marxists, course we do A. of ment does something for peace. to her own people and to world we analyze each war with this - Friends sometimes say to us, peace, which is in the interests of in mind. How can one oppose all "Although you oppose hegemonism alI. tr wars, €ven those waged for self- defense or national liberation? After aII, the U.S. was born from Inside and Outside: Preparations for war and professions of peace. Yao Ning its own just war of independence, and the Soviet Union' justly defended its October Revolution. China's wars against Japanese in- vasion and against Chiang Kai- shek were just wars. In the Arab- Israeli struggle our sympathy is with the Arabs, because Israel is expansioni.st. On the war over the Malvinas Islands we consider that in essence it is a problem of opposition to colonialism. Although Argentina lost, victory or defeat in battle isn't the test of justice or injustice. Po- litically, Argentina's right to the islands has been recognized by many countries for example, at the conferences- of non-aligned states and the meeting of foreign

ocToBER 1982 2l The neighbors, including Liu Lixing (left) anrl plumber Xi Present Party secretary Yuan Yifang and former secretary Fengnian (top center), gather a,round Xingxing after her Liu have different epinions on how to deal with plumber accident in the crowded hallway-kitchen. Xi's argument with the housing director.

'Neighbors'-A tilm on the Housing Problem

BIN WEN fYfINNER of this year's Golden as advisor, that they can move in. director, who feels it is wiser to W Rooster outstanding film Old Liu, who has real concern for please his superiors than the peo- award, Nei.ghbors has proved very the grievances of the masses, ple, does not give up the kitchen popular because it deals with real chooses not to move. He does not room. Angry plumber Xi gets into problems in people's lives the feel it right to move to better a row with him, however it is not housing shortage and related- quarters until conditions for all Wu who has to make a self- evils. the people have improved. criticism, but Xi, for causing a As the film opens, through a An accident the next morning disturbance. cloud of cooking smoke the cam- highlights the critical situation. As Finally Old Liu arranges to get era takes the audience into the everyone buStles about helping the kitchen room by giving in ex- hallway of housing provided by Yuan move, a little girl, Xingxing, change for it the new apartment the "Construction Institute" for bumps into and overturns a pot he has been assigned. its faculty and staff. Probably nev- of boiling porridge in the cramped When it is learned that Old Liu going visited Alice, a er intended to house families, the corridor. She is badly burned and is to be by journalist knew 35 building has no kitchens. The six taken to the hospital. foreign who he famitries who live on the second years before in Yan'an, housing floor have director Wu is ashamed to have her to do their cooking in IURING the "cultural revolu- the corridor. They a4e busy pre- t-f tion" Yuan, along with Old see the place where this old revolu- paring arranges for lunch, each in front of their Liu, had been forced to move out tionary is living. He ov/n stove, coming and going, of better quarters and into this Liu to temporarily use Yuan's nice jostling are some hila- and sidling past each place to learn to share the prob- apartment. There other. Every inch space is rious scenes when Liu, en- of lems of the masses, but he jammed full, even the ceiling from tertaining Alice, can't explain whY seems to have forgotten the mes- which hang strings of drying somebody else's wedding picture sage. Not only does he move into onions and peppers, stovepipes is in his bedroom, can't find nice apartment, he also of- for winter use and rattan chairs a but Yuan's official stamp while a for summer. fers his former room which the postman waits with a special de- residents have been hoping- get As the neighbors talk once again to livery letter, and so on, until Alice for a communal kitchen to the Iongingly of their desire for a - catches on. Then he takes her to room that can be used as a com- nephew of a high cadre friend. his old quarters. The families are munal kitchen, Wu the institute's Xi Fengnian, a plumber, three having a celebration feast in director of housing arrives. -A new generations of whose family live their newly decorated kitchen and highrise building belongir-rg to the there, hopes to get the room back invite Alice to join them. She is institute is ready for occupancy. f or his neighbors. He tries to more impressed by their neigh- He tells Yuan Yifang, the insti- curry favor with housing director borly solidarity than she ever tute's Communist Party secretary Wu, by doing some plumbing re- would be by the fancy apartment. and Old Liu the e.Iderly former pairs for his son. But after ac- Not long afterward, Yuan Yi- secretary now retired to a position cepting Xi's offerings, the housing fang becomes director of the

,, CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS Alice, a foreign journalist who knew Liu in Yan'an, is more Liu Lixing is concerneal about the wiilening gulf between impresied by thi resirtents' neighborly spirit than the fancy the fnstitute's cadres and its workers, but his tlaungter tells apartmeut Liu is put into to fool her. him not to get involved.

Municipal Construction Com- to celebrate their imminent move. There are recognizable character mittee. While Yuan demands more Yuan, now reformed, returns types from real life, the Yuans, and more privileges for himself, from Beijing with two Beijing reformed and unreformed, and the Old Liu volunteers to take a hand roast ducks and a letter from O1d Old Lius, and the manY others in the housing office, Liu. The neighbors, recalling the who, just like so manY in the years O1d Liu has 5riven to the rev- film's audience, are struggling DECAUSE the Production of olution which have undermined his against poor Iiving conditions and pro- I) uuitoing materials lags behind health and knowing that he bureaucrats who don't do enough illness, are the needs of construction, their bably has a terminal about them" ParticulariY in the allocation can become a tool in the moved to tears at the optimism for well-rounded of the his letter. PortraYa1 hands of a few who use them the future expressed in people, with both their producers Neighbors, the ordinary to advance their own interests. The of tenacitY, the FiIm Studio, a new com- faults and quiet Old Liu learns that Yuan has al- Youth advance in pany formed by the teachers and picture represents an lowed materials allocated for con- film making. With gentle satire Institute apartment other staff of the Beijing Film structing three and warm sympathY the creators buildings to be used for luxury Institute, have given us a good offer their audience a perspective apartments for high cadres. example of how films should be problems, in the he leaps made, with their realistic treat- on their PerhaPs Liu is so enraged that leave the from hospital bed and runs out ment of a real Problem, unlike hope that they will a to into the night to go to tell the many films today that either theater with greater courage secretary of the municipal Party avoid or whitewash realitY. fight against them. tr committee. The latter immediate- A tlinner to celebrate the immineni move into new apartments. iy investigates and calls an emer- Photos bg Pan Yikt'n gency meeting to stop the abuses. On the roof of one of the luxury apartments, which is nearing com- pletion, Liu meets his old colleague Yuan and has a heart-to-heart talk with him. As if awakening from a dream, Yuan realizes how he has gone wrong. Old Liu's illness becomes worse and is diagnosed as cancei of the Iiver. But even up to his leave- taking for treatment in Beijing, his concern is more for how to speed up construction of the Insti- tute's three new apartment buildings than for his own situation. He asks Yuan to do what he can to speed things up. Spring comes, the new apartments are finished, and the neighbors are having another feast

ocToBER 1982 Muking China Green

YONG WENTAO

VERY able-bodied E-r man, woman less than a third is now of a size destruction of ecological balance. rr and child in China over the age for felling. Thus the supply of Historical records say the of 11 is that called upon to plant and wood falls far short of demand. Loess Plateau in the north-central maintain five trees annually, raise That used for fuel makes a part of the country was percent seedlings up 53 or do some other related third of the annual production. covered forests (a task, with total of 32 in a resoluti.on passed by the But getting million hectares) National People's sufficient fuel (includ- in the Western Congress in ing farm waste) is a problem for Zhou dynasty (11th century-7?1 December 1981. Last spring city an estimated 500 of the country's B.C.). But by the time of libera- workers went out masse en to 800 million population. tion the had become practi- plant trees along the rural hills streets and China cally denuded (down outlying areas, and commune has some large forest to two bri- reserves, million ha. ihree percent). gades and teams, too, began and in other areas, an- or Over their the years, land efforts to, as the call goes, i.fq111 nual planting under the people's the has been eroded China green." To emphasize government since 1949 added 28 into deep ravines. the Today importance of the campaign, Hu million hectares. Nature preserves the Huanghe (Yellow) Yaobang, Deng Xiaoping, Zhao have been created to protect rare River, which runs through the Ziyang and other Communist animals and plants. Many denuded loesslands, leads the world in Party and state leaders went out mountains were turned green, volume of silt carried. Studies planting too. deserts blossomed with oases and made at Shanxian county in The resolution highlights the farmland was protected from sand western Henan province near fact that afforestation has become behind shelterbelts. But still where the river emerges from the loessl.ands one of China's urgent problems. forests have declined as a 'result found 1,600 million tons Today she ranks 120th among 160 of incorrect policies*, and forested of silt a year being carried down- countries and regions for forests areas are unevenly distributed stream. The nitrogen, phosphorous potassium (122 million ha., 12.7 percent of her throughout thq country. and washed away an- total area). Other aspects of the problem nually through the Huanghe are As of May 16, near the end of with even more serious long-range enough for the entire country's agriculture for one year. the spring tree-planting season, consequences are soil erosion and 2.33 million hectares had been Today the Changjiang (Yangtze) planted with a total of 1,100 River i.s nearly as muddy as the miilion trees. long-range *T'he cbuntrywide small-furnace Huanghe, emptying 500 million A aim iron-smelting 30 percent campaign inl 19bB caused tons of was put forward in trees to be cut for fuel; overemphasis of silt a year into the sea. SoiI March 1980, with a target of 20 on every place being self-sufficient in erosion takes place on 20 percent percent by the end of the century. grain brought previously-forested areas of its drainage area, or on 360,000 under She has 9,500 million cubic me- cultivation. Uncontrolled felling as a result of the "cultural revolution,, square kilometers, and 2,400 ters of standing timber, but helped denude wild slopes. million tons of soil are washed away each year. Such serious soil Tree-planting at the Capital [ron and Steel Company in Beijins. erosion has raised the riverbed and silted up lakes. Desert area, on a countrywide scale, is expanding. In the north- western part of the country desert and gobi account for 127 million hectares, or more land than is under cultivation in al] China. Damage to windbreaks and shelter- 'belts in the past decade or so con- tributed to the desertification of six million hectares of land since liberation. The sands of Inner Mongo-

YONG WENTAO, formertry Minister of ForeStry, is vice-chairman of the Cen- tral Afforestation Commission antl advisor to the Ministry of Forestry,

CHINA RECONSTRUSIS f

Plastic filrn shelter helps grolv seedlings for tree-planting carnpaign. lYang Sltu-;en

Green grass now grows in Beijing. This west side overpass is one of the AA' palm-shaded avenue in the far south. Yie .lutt places. Forest area in the Lesser Ilinggan Mountains of the northeast. )'arry Lr

An avenue in the Zhengzhou (irinding Wheel Factory I;l ttr,g (ianglrr

\ ncw fbrcst atop a ravine stands like a brrlwark against erosion. 17'n Sltiturg Windbreaks protect coastal farmland from typhoon damage, A net of trees and grass in Minqin county, Gansu province, helps cut sandstorms and holds shifting sand. .Xinhua lia are moving southward and air- since 1975 the people have built ha. Of these 2.67 million have trees borne sand is more plentiful in Bei- up a network of shelterbelts and which are now full-grown and jing than previously. In the south, raised the tree cover to 14.7 1.47 have trees ready to be felled. parts of the Pearl River valley in percent. Guangdong province, Hainan Is- o In Dongxihe in Xichang Afforestation Program Needed land off the southern coast, and the county, high in the mountains of The tree-planting campaign is Xishuangbanna prefecture near southwestern Sichuan province, still in its initial stages. The work the Burmese border are threatened the - slopes had become almost has been done quite well in the by desertification as a result of loss denuded and loss of soil and water cities, but started later in remote of tree cover. were a serious problem. Now that areas so in some places is still in the slopes are covered with trees, the preparatory stage. Problems Some Successful Spots the mountain torrents have been have to be solved, one of whj.ch is There are, however, some good cut by a third, silt content of the getting enough seedlings. In some examples of what can be done streams is reduced by 80 Percent, places trees were planted but not when afforestation is consistently and annual rainfall has increased taken care of so they did not practiced. Here are a few. by 20 percent. survive or grow well. o Xiaxian county in south- o Chunhua county on the loess We need to work out a complete western Shanxi province has plateau in Shaanxi province used afforestation program which in- been commended by the State to suffer from serious soil erosion, cludes cultivation of seedlings, Council for its continuing efforts with an average of two million training technical personnel and over thirty years. This county is tons of soil a year being washed introducing systems for manage- sometimes visited for relics said to away to the Huanghe. Now soil ment of forested areas. date from the Xia dynasty (21st to loss is 50 percent less since the We are trying to avoid a mistake 16th century B.C.), but the most people began planting trees, so that made previously of insisting on spectacular thing about it is the now its mountain sloPes and uniformity, and now choose the ocean of greenery that has been valleys are covered with them. kind of trees to be planted with creatd.. Xiaxian used to be a dry, o When the Huanghe changed its an eye to the needs of the localitY. windy, dusty place with few trees. course and between 1938 and 1947 In clties the emphasis is on Since 1952 the people of the county ran to the sea through the Huaihe greenifying scenic spots, historical have done annual plantings along River, it left a vast stretch of places and the main streets. rivers, lakes and roads and around barren, sandy waste. Weishi Factories and other places of work people's homes. county in central Henan Province and residential areas are urged to The county has at present 25 has done much to reclaim such plant trees within their own Pre- million trees, 7.5 times the number land, Today, to stabilize the sand mises, and grass and flowers as in 1949, or a cover of 25 percent. dunes, 18,300 hectares of shelter- well. In the rural areas, emPhasis Three fellings of mature trees have belts have been planted. This has is on planting trees along lakes, provided 180,000 cubic meters of greatly improved the environment rivers, roads and around houses, lumber for agricultural and side- and created conditions for a Pros- and in creating shelterbelts to Iine use and extra income for the pering agriculture. Proceeds from protect farmland. peasants from sales. An average forestry have helped communes China has favorable natural of 2.5 rooms of new housing and and their brigades get funds for conditions for a great variety of public buildings per family (total farm machinery and water Pro- tree species; an incomplete survey 140,000 rooms) has been built jects. tallies 2,800 species of arbores collectively or individually. Aerial sowing of forests has alone. Afforestation committees o In Yanzhou county in western been done in 500 mountainous have been organized at the provin- Shandong province, by planting regions since this work started in cial level in every place excePt trees wherever they had space, 1958, to a total area of 12 million Taiwan. tr

ocToBEB 1982 27 China's Gensus: Accurate to 0.2 Percent

xrao QrNG

flN July 1, the cut-off date for Though China has long had a the count was necessary and had \-/ the third census of the Peo- universal household registration to be persuaded. Others- did not ple's Republic of China, five mil- system, a big advantage in know how to fill out question- Iion census takers and supervisors enumeration, there are nonetheless naires because of low education went to their assigned stations - factors that could distort the and had to be helped. Families by foot, bicycle, horse, boat or even figures and that had to be coped living far apart in mountains or .fishing camel - depending on their area with. forests or remote settle- of this huge and varied country. ments, or those without fixed times Their aim was to count all its Oifficulties and places of work, could easily be citizens, estimated at 1 billion and taken. In the cities in recent years, for missed if care was not In belonging to 56 nationalities. of short, hugeness of territory and varied habits and traditions. The instqnce, many families have moved into new apartment build- undeveloped transport and other allowable error was not more than conditions brought added dilli- 0.2 percent (2 per thousand) if ings but not reported their change address. Some people who re- culties. this was exceeded a recount -was of turned after having shifted to mandatory. To achieve such pre- Preparations cision was an ambitious undertak- rural areas in the waves of the ing. But the results of sample re- "cultural revolution" have not re- Preparations for the census be- registered Children gan quite long ago, the checks showed be realistic for residence. a time in it to planning no province or municipality was- born in excess of family winter of 1979. In JuIy 1980, a provisions sometimes went unre- pilot count was made of the found to be in ';'iolation of the standard, and in one urban district corded as did some deaths of older roughly 950,000 people in Wuxi (in Tianjin) where a recount was people whose relatives wanted to city and county on the lower required, the error dropped to keep on getting their pensions for Changjiang (Yangtze) River. Based zeto. a time. on this experience, working rules In the farm and pastoral areas, for the nationwide effort were XIAO QING is a staff reporter for some people were wary of the drawn up, including the 0.2 China Reconstructs, census takers, net knowing why percent error limit and provisions

Workers at the computer station for Shan- A national electronic computer centre in Beijing, which will make rlong province sort out local census tlata. the final count. Shi Panqi

e;d'J ',.

'.:

-,':.:.it"',r r..t.r:.r.":r # dr

rrrs*flitxF'x for re-check. By the end of May 1982, similar pilot counts had been completed in selected spots in every province and municipality. Each was also a training ground for census-takers. In mid-June there was a preliminary census, a kind of dress rehearsal in which the effect of the training was checked as well as a better understanding of the tasks gained. To bring the significance, con- , tent and requirements of the census household. r{, home to every ,* posters, blackboard notices, match- M box labels and handkerchiefs {tt illustrating the census were distributed to urban neighborhoods s.l and rural commune production teams. In June, designated as "Census Publicity Month" a documentary film on the subject On July l, a census enumerator came to the International Peace Hospital, Shanghai, to register boy born fwo days before. was shown nationwide. In Tianjin, a Wang Zijin a special textbook was produced for primary and middle school students. who were then asked to ,* help with preliminary publicity, The result was that the five mil- ?; lion census takers, when they went out for the count proper between ,4 July 1 and 10 (15 in remote minority nationality areas) al1 had the needed training.

Enumeration

The enumeration itseif was done in two ways: at census stations and through home visits. Unlike the deterrents in the old society, people were not woried that they ? would be taxed or press-ganged fl into the army, if counted. But misunderstandings that did exist were generally cleared up by a talk, and people proved willing to give truthful data. In the Chongwen Ayixia (left), census taker at a street office iu the Xiniiang UySlur Autonomous district of Region, explains the population count to resitlents. Li Guangkutin Beijing, an old residential area, there are altogether 111 streets and lanes. Here 125 census-taking bther person, unregistered for re. sons often away from home. It groups worked from 248 stations, sidence in Beijing, was afraid to sometimes took several days, and between two and three to each write down his workplace for fear dozens of phone calIs, to locate lane. After ten days, there was of being sent away. A couple that one. In Beijing's Yuetan Beijie not a single household that had not had adopted chitd'ren was reluctant (Altar of the Moon North Street) filled out the forms. Though some to report the fact. The census neighborhood, out of 752 families were reluctant at first, this soon takers went to their homes and about 100 had absent members. changed. One young man not yet dispelled their worries by promis- Nonetheless, the count there was assigned regular work, for in- ing to keep their "secrets." Then completed in time. stance, was afraid he would lose they were glad to be enumerated. In the coastal Dagu commune his chance by admitting that he One headache for the enumera- census area of Tianjin munici- jobs had done odd for a year. An- tors was to get full data for per- pality, there are fishing households

OCTOBER 1982 29 whose men sail off in trawlers, sometimes as far as the Zhoushan Islands 1,200 kilometers to the south. To enumerate them, census takers met the vessels on return, or sometimes rowed out to board .li those about to depart. At Ltiju, a fishing village there, census worker Wu Xihe, an electrician by trade, encountered snags because some people had exactly the same name, and there were oldsters who didn't know their own age. AiI these things had to be cleared up by careful arid patient work. Wu persisted through hot days and nights, bringing along his own portable electric fan to avoid staining the forms with his sweat.

' Guarantees of Accuracy The enumeration work relied Local training class for census lakers in a county in Shanxi prorince. Nation- heavily on urban nei.ghborhood wide, 5 million were trained. YtL Lttiutt committees and rural production teams (which often coincide with smaller villages) as basic units, census counted every citizen ,born scientists are waiting f or the 'Ihese know everyone lj.ving in at zero hour on July 1 and census results to get the data they their areas. They were usually subtracted every death occurring need. For instance, who knows able to estimate when a child was before then), even within a few how many children are born in expected in some family (the minutes. An example of the deep China and in this or that city each roots of some neighborhood heads day? On July 1, a newspaper in is Han Yunying, 58, chairman of Shanghai reported that in the last a lane in Beijing's Qianmen hour of the iast day of June, eighl district. Her family has lived in children were born in the city in that lane three generations, so for time to be added to the census. she naturally knows all the Some persons maintain that the neighbors, and often even their national total that day was about relatives living elsewhere. 37,550, the estimated daily rate Hence these leaders, and local last year. The census will give the census takers, were able to the correct answer. explain away the worries (and Many areas have established a sometimes the false hopes) of some special file for residents more than individuals. While some indivi- a hundred years old; the census duals feared to report children questions for them include, besides born'beyond the family planning the 19 on the regular form, 11 ad- policy, others, not normally res- ditional ones such as occupa- ident in Beiji.ng, thought register- - ing such children would ensure the tion bef ore retirement, health condition, number descendants latter and even the parents of of and experience connected with permanent- resident status in- the longevity. capital. It was explained to both The census also provide a that such fears, or hopes, were will basis for working out many social unfounded and irrelevant to the welfare systems such as age census. old pensions and various types of in- surance. It will indicate incidence Manifold Benefits A county leader in Hunan province of employment, marriage, divorce visits He Yuanzhu, a 101-year-old Not only national and local plan- and many other matters concerning woman, discovereal by the census. Li Yiping ners, but many social and other society. D

CHINA BECONSTBUCTS Health Gare Jletwork $erues the People

LI ZIYING f N the old society most of Chi- r na's vast population lived in dread of illness, because for them there was virtually no decent health care. The services of the few modern medical personnel and facilities were concentrated in large east coast cities, and even there were beyond the financial reach of the vast majority. Chinese traditional medicine, with its many useful remedies, could not be legally practiced, so there were no stand- A Benglong nationality "barefoot doctor" in Yunnan province - one of the count- ards or licenses for it and was less paramedics who are an important part of the health-care network in rural it Xinhua often riddled with superstition. areas. Many families went deeply into debt for treatment that was useless able to city residents and to peo- larize knowledge of hygiene, PoP- or harmful, and m,ost could not p1e referred from outside the city. ulation planning, disease preven- afford even these dubious services. There are aiso well-equipped dis- tion and control. Millions died of relatively simple trict hospitals or hospitals attached In 1981, China had some 77,806 illnesses that could easily have t,o universities and industrial or city health care units of all kinds, been prevented or cured with other enterprises. Most govern- almost 39 times the number in proper care. ment offices, f actories and other 1949, with over 950,000 hosPital Establishing health care services workplaces have their own clinics beds (versus 63,?6? in 1949) and was a priority f or the people's and health stations. almost 1,500,000 medical personnel government after the 1949 libera- In addition to those run by the (5.3 times the 1952 figure). tion, an,d the medical network state, there are some cooPerative painstakingly built up over the clinics organized jointly by medi- Bural Health Care past three decades now serves the cal personnel and even a few doc- A three-tier network has been great masses of China's people. tors in private practice. The co- established in the countryside. The The average life span has risen operative and private Practices, county level is at the top, its facili- from 35 years before 1949 to 68 covering both Chinese traditional ties almost invariably inciuding a years today (66.95 f or men and and Western' medicine, are oPer- hospital, epidemic prevention cen- 69.55 for women). The old terror ated by people who were trained ter, a women's and children's cen- of getting iIl has disappeared. before 1949 (and in a few cases bY ter and a medical school. Some personnel they themselves train- counties also have a traditional City Services ed). They must be licensed by the Chinese modical hosPital and a state and follow the state-set fee Urban f acilities include hospi- pharmacological institute. tals, clinics and health centers. schedule, and are a small supple- Some 2,800 county hospitals are Major teaching, research and ment to the public health system. now found in over 2,100 counties treatment hospitals some of them All clinics play a part in pievent- across the country, accommodating speclalizing in particular- diseases, ing diseases as well as curing 362,000 beds. There are 1,285 burn or accident cases are avail- them. The main task of neighbor- county medical schools and a total - hood and workplace health centers medical work force of 427,000 Peo- give have special- LI ZIYING is on the staff of the is to treat minor complaints, ple. County hospitals Ministry of Public Health. preventive inoculations, and popu- ized departments of internal med-

OCTOBER, 1982 31 lclne, surgery, gynecology and Brigade clinics provide treatment in state factories or other enter- obstetrics, ophthalmology, ENT and preventive services for minor prises, government (ear, offices, cultural, nose and throat), stomato- complaints, spread family plannrng educational, scientific, medical, logy, pediatrics, traditional Chi- and knowledge of hygiene, handle sports an,C press units, and college nese medicine, and chemical and preventive inoculations, train mod- and vocational school students. X-ray examination facilities. Most ern midwives and mobilize people Government funds cover much have epidemic prevention centers for birth control, hygiene and of this, with money-earning enter- and some also have pathology labs. other campaigns. Most clinics are prises contributing for their em- The second tier is at the com- funded by the brigades, while a ployees out of their labor protec- mune level. Almost all communes few are cooperatively-run under tion funds. Dependents of such now have their own hospitals, for the same rules governing city workers, such as spouses or minor a nationwide total of 55,500, with cooperative clinics. children who do not have other 763,114 beds and 925,000 medical medical coverage, pay half the cost personnel. One-third of these hos- Barefoot and R,ural Doctors of medical treatment, the rest be- pitals are supported by state ing paid by the units. China's famous "barefoot doc- funds. The rest get state subsidies The majority mem- commune members of commune to supplement local funds. They tors," rural with some basic medical training bers are covered by cooperative are in charge of administering medical plans by who provide health care part time care set up health care in their localities, pro- involves while continuing to do farm rvork, brigades. Usually this viding treatment and preventive paying two or three yuan originated in the 1950s. (The annually services, supplying birth control name was coined in south China, where per person to the local medical devices and guidance, and training peasants work barefooted in the fund, with the brigade allocating me'dica1 workers and fuil time rice paddies, and came an equal sum. This money main- through special short-term to be ap- courses. plied to all rural paramedics.) tains the brigade clinic and almost Most of these hospitals are not Most, over a period of years, all the cost of treatment and med- nearly as comprehensively equip- have become quite proficient, and icine. If a brigade member has ped as the county hospitals, and in 1981 nationwide to be referred to the commune or numbers professional in a exam was and level given; those who had reachefl the county hospital, or even further, health care personnel lag behind the brigade's cooperative medical practical demand. level of regular medical school Strengthening graduates were certified as "rural fund pays all or most of the cost. this sector is an important goal for doctors," while who hadn't The amount of reduction or remis- the immediate future. those kept the title of barefoot doctor sion of medical expenses is decided The third tier is at the produc- and were take more annually after discussion by tion brigade level. There are encouraged to now short-course training. Both rural brigade members, and according 610,000 brigade clinics in China. and barefoot doctors sti).I engage to the brigade's economic status. in production, earn workpoints Some people including those not employed- who are not Street-corner medieine in Beijing's (partly from medical and partly Western Dislrict epidemic preven- from farm work) and share in workers' dependents, members of tion workers educate- people about their brigade's annual year-end some industrial or service coopera- disease prevenlion and hygiene. distribution of grain and cash. tives, a few self-employed, and Thei.r incomes vary with the de- farm workers whose brigades have velopment of the economy in their not established medicai plans - particular area. pay for their own medical services. Rura1 doctors who serve in A small. number also choose to go brigade clinics also get a monthly to private practitioners or group subsidy from the local government clinics. In all instances, however, is lolv about or the brigade, or from the clinic's the cost very - cooperative income. Barefoot doc- 1/100th, it's been estimated, of tors get slightly smaller subsidies. what people in the U.S. pay. No Increasing the number (currently one goes untreated through lack almost 1,400,000) and the quality of funds. of training of rural and barefoot Chinese medicine has made doctors is now an urgent need. enormous progress in the last 33 years in facilities built, per- - in Medical Coverage sonnel trained, in prevention and treatment techniques, in endemic A number of Chinese people diseases wiped out or brought (now amounting to scores of mil- under control. To extend and up- lions) pay nothing for health serv- grade our health network se that ices beyond a l0-cent or less re- every Chinese person has the best gistration fee whenever they need possible care is our task for the such care. These include workers future. tr

CHTNA RECONSTRUC"TS Ye Qionyu- Noted Figure Pointer

PRIMEROSE GIGLIESI

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&"& Ye Qianyu at work in his studio. Yang Wumin

TfTRAVELLING, Iife itself, and r sketching are inseparable components of my art and I call the three Sketch of aclor Zhou Xinfang as a character in the Peking relationship between these opera 'The Four Scholars.' my way of life as an artist." These words of Ye Qianyu, one of the major Chinese painters of note with meticulous precision the Beijing and in 1949 became profes- human figures of our times, real world under his very eyes. sor of traditional painting in the though spoken with a great simpli- In 1937 the National Federation Central Academy of Fine Arts. He city, summarize what the artist has of Cartoonists organized an anti- now heads this department. tried to do throughout his long Japanese propaganda team that career and why he has succeeded. served along the Changjiang Sketch-Diaries -of Travel Ye Qianyu, born in 1907 in Zhe- (Yangtze) River. In a hundred car- jiang province, began to draw and toons under the title Vietos of The Ye is an art paint middle school but never art of Qianyu in Chongqing he described the life of that inquires into the world. His had opportunity enter an the to the people behind the battle lines. albums of sketches, crowned with academy benefit from the art or ln 1942, when the Japanese in- persgns and events, reveal his discipline master. His strict of a tensified their expansion in the ability to discover what is typical probably came from Iove of art Pacific, he was trapped in Hong- and essential in the innumerable who loved draw and his mother, to kong. This experience he record- manifestations of life. embroider. Forced to abandon his ed in twenty drawings entitled In his long trips through China, studies 1926 when he was 19, he in Fl,ight from Hongkong. often by train or boat, he put mas- began to draw advertisements for In 1943, after a sojourn in In- ses of impressions onto a manufacturer cotton goods. PaPer a of dia, he began to experiment with bony dog, a herdsman's tent,- a Thus his artistic career began using the techniques of Chinese child scratching his head, another almost by accident. Later he left traditional painting to depict the sitting next to an old man as textbooks, but this to illtrstrate life of China's ethnic minorities. knobby as the cane he holds. Of after two years chose to work in He traveled widely dmong these great interest are his studies of cartoons, an activity that occupied peoples il Yunnan, Tibet, Xin- landscapes years and animals. There are also him for ten led him jiang, Sichuan and Guizhou. This mountains and water, Iines gradually to a growing interest in was a turning point in his career -of boats with their nets, goatskin social problems and an ability to as an artist, for it pointed him in- rafts drying on riverbanks, roofs, evitably toward figure painting. steps cut into steep rock, an oPen- In 1946 he exhibited his works in air performance. PRIMEROSE GIGLIESI has made a study of contemporary Chinese tradi- the United States. In 1947 he was Ye Qianyu's drawings are travel tional painting. teachin! in the Art Institute of notes, or better (as he himself

OCT'OBER 1982 JJ says), his diary. Traced rapidly and reveals the power to distill a series In such sketches Ye proved an with great conciseness, more than of situations: a peasant with a line artistic maturity nourished by a achieving a physical likeness they of ducks, a group of militia passionate civic conscience and a aim at capturing the spirit of the wombn, a traveling merchant wi.th deep tie with the humanity that subject. They are, therefore, notes his scales. On another page, three surrounded him. His refusal to live that emerge from a meticulous Party leaders in animated discus- closed within himself or to live observation of reality, drawings sion, a child tying up a cabbage the life of others is expressed in a first encompassed by the eyes and bigger than he is, a bit farther language without embellishment. then registered in the mind. away a greenhouse, three peasants The personal events of an indivi- The drawings of Ye Qianyu, as with baskets, a woman standing ,dual are lived out as part of the well as his paintings, provide ex- during rest time with her shovel larger event where, in spite of all, cellent study material for those against her breast, knitting. man is not alone the universe who want to understand that gen- of an individual, his- own particu- eration of painters which, form- lar drama, is absorbe,d by the much ed essentially before the birth of vaster universe of the existence of the new society, have reflected in other human beings. their works the passing from the old to the new, the slow and dif- Man the Theme of Art ficult maturing of a consciousness - permeated with different ideals It can be seen and moral values. that the dominant theme of the entire artistic language of Ye Qianyu is man. Like Pictures the New Society his sketches, his paintings of human, figures, in particular his One of the most evocative figures in motion, are a sure point aspects of his work is revealed in of reference in understanding his the enormous number of sketches activity as a painter. Especially in connected with mass movements his portrayals of dances of the in the new society. Ye Qianyu has ethnic minorities, Ye has found not idealized or reduced socialism material more consonant with his to an instrument of propaganda poet's soul. Clarity of invention, but has introduced it through con- grace of composition, the rhythm crete images of everyday life. of music, and discretion of color On a single sheet of paper he characterize his work. The face surmounts a body expressive in posture and movement, and in.the !e Qianyu was a popular cartoonist for many years, Above ho pictures the .Gold impeccable detail of a jewel or a Bush' profiteers .Getain; of war in chongqing, 1940. Below: bast an official,s shoe we find once again hand Doorman' (1936) from the comic strip Xiao the Chen in Nanjing.* of one of the great masters of LEEtra **ila,i t&,*atfr:Brt balance and line of our time. t'tll ! lrqftf\ altl +ttu A comment by Ye Qianyu, in a I z +ert. letter to a friend written the day after liberation in 1949, reveals how he had been maturing during his experience as an artist. "I want to study tradition," he explained, "and try to paint the man of today with the methods of the Song dynasty painters." A simple statement perhaps, but it expressed his deepest conviction, a belief that can be understood in his refusal ;ltiffik*? '* k*A 6.)Ef,*Ft'ct *-q*1<3. !'t/, .e" sL "4 to passively imitate the classical ,J\ ./ models, in his scorn for conven- tions and his courage to explore new roads. One of his most loved Song dynasty painters is Li Longmian (1040-1106) whose f ame through the succeeding centuries is tied to his splendid portraits. Ye Qianyu reminds us of this famous master

CFIIn*A BECONSTEUCTS Yi Dancer 11963) ()id Boatmarr ( l 96l )

Tibetan Danee (1960) I rdit. :l I)rqrm;rtr (!961) fr *,

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Han Red Scarf Dance (1979) in the way with which he sculpts his forms and in the surprising agility of his line technique. Chinese Cookery In Ren Bonian (1840-1896), another famous painter of human figures, Ye discovered an artist who opposed academic conformism Gantonese '(}ha Shao' Roast Pork with an exalted individual invention. Before doing a portrait, Ren (Cha Shao Rou) Bonian covertly observed every gesture, every particularity of the person, so as to be able to express J N Guangzhou (Canton) this tra- Heat cooking oil in skillet. Re- his character more than physical I ditional dish is made like bar- move pork from marinade and aspects. In this spirit, Ye wrote becue, on spits in big ovens, hence when oil smokes put pork in to some years ago: "To grasp a man's the name ch,a shao (pierce-fried) fry. Deep-fry pork over medium temperament and mentality, it is meat. But it is also made at home heat until dark red. Remove pork necessary to observe him closely in the skillet by this recipe. and let it drain. Pour off oil and in when daily life his characteris- 2. lb. Iean pork wash skillet. tics are revealed naturally instead 4 cups chicken broth (or stock) Heat one tablespoon oil in skillet. of asking him to sit formally or of star tablespoon strike a pose, thus losing all sem' 8 "points" an anise Add one sugar. Stir blance of his natural self." 2 tablespoons soy sauce over very low heat until sugar 1 tablespoon sugar melts and turns light yellow. Add 5 cloves garlic (crushed) chicken broth, marinade sauce, Figure Painting and Movement - 1/4 teaspoon taste powder (msg) garlic, anise, taste powder, soy 1/4 teaspoon red food coloring sauce, red food coloring and the Like Longmian and Ren Bo- Li (optional) fried pork. Bring to a boil and nian, Ye Qianyu has raised the art 1/2 tablespoon sesame oil skim foam. Simmer over }ow of figure painting to new heights. heat for about 45 minutes, or His works, conceived in his mind For marinade until pork is cooked but not so with detailed sharpness, express 1 12 teaspoons salt the idea modern man through tender that it falls apart. Remove of 4 tablespoons rice wine (or pork a style that is new and, at the to platter. To gravy in skillet, sherry) add sesame oil. When gravy thick- same time, distinctive and delicate. 3 scallions (cut in sections) Alone, free of any surrounding ac- ens, pour over pork. Cha shao 5 slices ginger meat is generally eaten cold cessories, the figure stands out, a 1/2 3 tablespoons sugar served in Vz cm. thick slices cut figure with whom the artist seerns 1/2 teaspoon five-spice powder* to identify himself completely. against the grain. Serves 4-6. tr 1 lb. vegetable oil for deep- The color does not attempt to at- frying tract immediately as a fundamen- * powder (uuilangfenl a Cut pork into strips 5X5 centi- Five-spice is tal element. At times intense and ready-mixed powder availabie in Chi- Iuminous, at times light and clear, meters and 15 cm. long. Mix salt, nese provision storesr abroad, containing it serves to bring out the infinite wine, scallions, ginger, sugar and anise, fennel, cinnamon, ginger, tan- five-spice powder weII and gerine peel and hua jiao, a mild Chi- nuances of the ink. mari- nese red pepper. It is particularly used In Tibetan Dance, for example, nate meat in it for one hour. to season red-cooked meat and poultry. the long sleeve in a warm, burnt red and the belt of the pure green of grass create a surprising con. trast with the heavy folds of the dark robe. The face, gracefully something in motion," he onc€ his paintings but underline the tre- leaning to one side, defines and wrote. "In the dance, for example, mendous effort of those artists exalts the inner life of the per- the gestures are very rapid and the who have chosen to speak a lan- son a woman in the flower of brush has difficulty keeping pacq guage close to the millions of peo- her -youth, with well-drawn eye- with them. It is necessary, there- ple who only three decades ago brows and large, Ianguid, caressing fore, to master the laws of destroyed the "man-eaters" of eyes that seem stilI wet with the motion." their society. artist's ink. Ye Qianyu's life, like that of Qi The Chinese public had another It is useful to compare this paint- Baishi (1864-1957) whose work opportunity to see Ye Qianyu's ing with Korean Dance where, was a miLestone in modern Chinese works when they were displayed once again, Ye exhibits great skill painting, seems a constant road on in a one-man exhibition at the in bringing out character, mood which he has riever rested. The National Art Gallery in Beijing and particularly motion. "It is four seals Qi Baishi carved for him last June. Included were pieces almost irnpossible to sketch not only add a note of beauty to dating from 1935 to the present. ! OCTOBER T982 39 Transportation: Some Facts and Figures

LIU HONGFA

HINA has striven to construct frt-l railway was built from the port of sources, and for developing her land, water and air transport Wusong to Shanghai-and 1949, local economy. Rails carry ?0 per- facilities to keep pace with her altogether only 21,000 kilometers cent of the total volume of goods economic development. Before 1949 of railroads were constructed. But moved and 60 percent of the pas- she had very few railways and they were poorly equipped and had senger transport. they were concentrated mainly in no unified rail standard, so trans- A line from Qinghai province the northeastern and eastern port capacity was very low. By into Tibet through some of the coastal provinces. Today rail lines the time of liberation in 1949, only world's highest mountains is now reach into every one of the 29 10,000 km. were in use. under construction. Its first stage, mainland provinces and autono- Since liberation a total of 820 km. from Xining, capital of mous regions; the capitals are ac- 28,000 km. has been built and exist- Qinghai, to Golmud in its western cessible by rail with the exception ing lines have been restored to use part, was opened to traffic earlier of Lhasa in Tibet, and a line is and improved. Now rail lines total this year and the line is proceeding being built to it. All of her 2,100 51,000 km. Much of the new toward Lhasa. counties have highway networks construction has been in the in- Electrification is one of the except two in Tibet and Sichuan. terior, especially in the northwest- measures being taken to mod- Oceangoing transport and civil ern and southwestern provinces. ernize. In 1976 the Baoji-Chengdu aviation have developed markedly. This provides conditions for a ra- rail line was transformed from China now has her own fleet of tional distribution of industry steam power to electricity. Re- oceangoing freighters, with a total throughout the country, for better cently another five lines totaling carrying capacity of eight million exploitation of China's natural re- 1,600 km. have been electrified. tons going to 400 ports in over a hundred countries and regions. She is served by 171 domestic air routes; 20 international lines link her with 18 countries and regions throughout the world. il6nrhouli

Sketch mop for Chino's roilwoy construction

Urumqi

D AILROADS: Most of the I\ railroads in old China were \ built to suit the needs of the im- perialists who intended to dominate )n;, that years Exr$rng Y4Y China at time. In the 73 oerore zhanjisns between 1876 when China's first Consrruded ofter I 949 - Mulrjplerrock B""uo .'shil' Elecr/iffed Husn0liu \sanya LIU IIONGFA is a staff reporter for Sketch Map bA Liu Pins China Reconstructs. - - 40 CIIINA RECONSTRUCfS Construction since liberation in- stayed bridges of prefabricated cludes 4,000 tunnels and 14,000 reinforced concrete. bridges. Before liberation there Nevertheless, despite progress, were only two rail br.idges across highways connot yel rneet the the Huanghe (Yel1ow) River and needs of the country's construction. none at all over the Changjiang Quality needs to be improved and (Yangtze) River. Now 13 cross the a more complete network to be Huanghe+ and the Changjiang is built. spanned by four big bridges at Wuhan, Nanjing, Chongqing- and Zhicheng. A f ifth is being constructed at Jiujiang. Ilowever', transport is still a weak link in China's economy, and further development is an urgent task. The lail system is still inadequate, and its technology backward.

Qinhuangdao port's mechanized dock No. 8 when completed can handle 6 rrrillion tons a year, Wu QingYue

TYfATER TRANSPORT: This. W and especially oceangoing transport, has also developed greatly. A total of 180,000 km., of China's rivers are now navigable. Technical conditions for inland navigation have irnproved: almost al] boats have been mechanlzed. The ice-free 6,300-km.-long Changjiang River, deep and broad, LfIGHWAYS: Construction has is China's main water transport II av"ruged 25,000 km. annually artery. It is of tremendous impor- over the past 33 years, giving the tance in linking the country's country a total of 890,000 km. of southwest, central-south and highways. This is 11 times the eastern regions. Lack of upkeep after figure in the early days kept its pre-liberation transport First plane trip for this old Uygur and liberation. Ninety-two percent of capacity quite low. Dredging of his granddaughter. Outtying places the rural eommune centers and B0 the river after liberation, includ- like Qiemo on the southern edge of the percent agricultural pro- Iaklimaka,n Desert in Xinjiang now of their ing the dangerous upstreams chan- have air service. Liu Hanliang duction brigades can be reached by road,x* These play an impor- (1,255,6 the The longest highway bridge meters; over the Changjiang River soon to tant role in developing be completed in Luzhou, Sichuan province, will atlow ?,0H-ton ships to pass. economy, culture and health care Xiong Rueing in the rural areas and in generally "ry" improving the lives of the peasants. nffiffi Before liberation there was only tr one highway bridge over the Huanghe River; now there are 30. The longest, in the city of Luoyang, measures 3,400 meters. The newest at Jinan in Shandong province, with its longest span 220 meters, is the biggest of China's ten cable-

* See "Bridging the Ye1low River" in the March 1982 China Reconstructs. ** Two articles on these country roads appeared in the September China Reconstructs.

OCTOBER, 1982 nel at the famous gorges, raised its Tlaf fic in China's ports has A VIATION: China's civii avia- transport capacity more than 30 increased from 10 million tons at A lien in number of planes, times. Automatically controlled the time of liberation to 200 mil- carrying- capacity, flight length, electric navigation lights have lion tons today. airport construction and specialized made night travel possible. Bef ore iiberation there were tlights has also develoPed. The 2,400-year-o1d Grand Canal only a very few Chinese oceangoing Altogether- more than 100 airPorts from Beijing in the north to Hang- ships and-these were almost all have been built, expanded or re- zhou in the south, after being controlled by foreign capital. Now constrdcted. Some of them, includ- dredged and widened along its China has a considerable oceango- lng Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, 1,747-km. Iength, is handling 16 ing transport fleet with a total Urumqi, Nanning, Kunming, Tian- times as much cargo as in 1949. carrying capacity of eight million jin and Harbin are international However, water transport can still tons. But ports must be expanded ports which can receive giant Pas- play a bigger role and its potential and the number of oceangoing senger Planes under comPlicated needs to be further tapped. ships increased if she is to compete landing conditions. Some 20 kinds China at present has 140 deep- in the international shipping of planes are in civil air service, water berths able to handle ships market. inciuding the Boeing 707 aod' 747' of 10,000-ton capacity. Seventy Trident, Ilyushin 62 and China- percent of these f acili.ties were made passenger Planes and heli- built since liberation and were copters. Boeing 747s are used on designed and constructed through China's international lines and China's own self-reliant efforts. some domestic ones. Since 7972, 70 new deep-water China has aviation agreements wharves and berths have been with 40 countries and professional constructed in the ports of Dalian, contacts with airlines of 180 coun- Qinhuangdao, Tianjin,- Qingdao, tries and regions. Civil Aviation Shanghai, Ningbo, Huangpu and Administration of China (CAAC) Zhanjiang. Among them is the operates 18 international lines new Dalian harbor for 100,000-ton reaching 21 cities in 18 countries oil tankers and the new Beilun port and regions, However, China's at Ningbo with highly mechanized aviation is still far behind that of f acilities for handiing iron ol'e. the advanced countries. Ir

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BECONSTRUCTS 42 CTIINA Leorning English- A Popular Spore-Time Activity

YE MEI

NTOT long ago a young British needs. A course in technical guages Institute, and English on I\ woman living in Beijing was English is part of the TV Univer- Sunday, an advanced Program riding on a train to the southwest sity series. There is also Engl.ish, which combines language studY when a 4-year-old boy came up to ABC taught by Professor Chen and entertainment, and airs everY her and whispered in English, Lin of the Beijing Eoreign Lan- Sunday afternoon. "Hello, Katherine." Katherine Flower. an announcer on China I{atherine Flower (right) and Yuan Shibin, an English teacher from Beiiing's Central TV's popular English- College of Foreign Affairs, being filmed for 'Follow Me.' Ianguage course FoLIout Me, had been recognized once again. The boy enthusiastically introduced her to his whole family, including his 70-year-old grandfather, all of them regular watchers. An eagerness to learn English on the part of people of all ages is a fairly new phenomenon in China, connected to the drive to modernize the country and open her doors wider to the rest of the world. Foreign trade, scientific and technical exchange and foreign tourism within China are all increasing rapidly, and knowledge of foreign languages is thus a real necessity. Of all those now being studied, English has received particular stress because of its international importance. Many of the world's people speak it as a second language, and many technical jour- published nals and documents are A family of 'Follow Me' viewers. in English. A number of Chinese youngsters now get their first English lessons in primary school. In middle schools, it is part of the regular curriculum. Beginning in 1980, an English test has become a com- pulsory part of the entrance exams for key colleges an'd universities. Outside of the school system, many are studying on their own, aided by spare-time courses, language broadcasts and informal study groups. TV Programming Foll"oto Me is one of four nationwide English TV programs de- signe'd to meet viewers' different YE MEI is a staff r€porter for China Reconstructs,

ocToBER 1982 43 * ous response. Some hundred letters each day arrive at the station, ex- pressing appreciation, suggesting improvements and asking for printed texts, Katherine is recognized e": wherever she goes, and is very im- t-aA pressed with the young people she encounters standing behind shop counters or sitting at desks. busy practicing their English. Not long ago, while visiting Kunming in southwest China, she lost her way in a narrow street. Suddenly a Chinese woman on a bicycle stopped, Looked at her in amazement and then said in careful English, "Hello, Katherine Flower." Learning that Katherine was lost, with a proud smile the woman said, "The hotel is on the Ieft. Follow me, please," and other English phrases she'd learned fiom Follow Me's Lesson 4 Street - .*i Directions, ,Ioan Wang holds class in the dining room of her home. Zhang Jtngde Night Schools The 30-minute Follow Me, even though she was covered to To meet the nee'ds of people who shown every other day, is the most the neck in soap suds). When the work duling the day. evening 0r' popular general program. The bathtub picture was eliminated, spare-time courses have been original series was developed by some viewers guessed what, had started by government offices, BBC of London and has been happened and wrote to complain trade unions, factories, research adapted for Chinese viewers by a that the program was underesti- institutes and hotels. Chinese CCTV including team Katherine mating their sophistication. What's English-language teachers and Flower and several Chinese uni- so shocking about a bath ? foreigners llving in China have versity English teachers. The ap- First shown in January this year, proach is fresh and lively, with been recruited to teach these the program has evoked tremend- classes" short sketches, jokes and pictures. Skits using professional actors show how English is use,d in daily English-language students at the Chaoyang Districi Tradc Union night school lif e situations in hotels, shops, take their final spring semester exam. Photos bu Wu Chupinll restaurants, homes and business meetings. The adaptors have added ex- planations on some items of West- ern culture (such as supermarkets or English football fans wearing the ribbons of teams they support) and supplemented British segments with Chinese. To a "Lon'don Quiz," for example, they added a "China Quiz," asking viewers to answer in English the age of Tian An Men Gate in Beljing and the length of the Changiiang (Yangtze) River. The adaptors were also careful to cut things they thought would be totally unintelligible (such as a stage vampire about to sink his fangs into a lady's neck) or offen- sive to Chinese audiences (a picture of a wo5nan taking a bath,

44 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS The Chaoyang District Trade Union of Beijing runs a successful spare-time college covering a number of subjects. Of the 780 students GHilA flA]illBllot( SERIES currently enrolled, 200 are taking English classes. They include . "How, reolly, is Chino todoy?" mony people osk. This factory workers and technicians, series onswers.the guestion by presenting Chino in its vorious staff members from scientific in- ospects, including: stitutions, doctors and nurses, and shop assistants. One young woman 1. Geogrophy 6. Art ond Literoture is a typist employed by the Ameri- 2. History 7. Sports ond Public Heolth can Embassy in Beijing. 3. Politics 8. Culture Students attend classes three 4. Economy 9. life ond Lifestyle 5. Educotion ond Science hours an evening three nights a 10. Tourism week. Textbooks prepared by the Beijing Foreign Languages Insti- Published by Foreign Longuoges Press, Beijing, Chino tute are supplemented Engiish by Dis^trhuted by_Chino Publicotions newspapers, and the teachers in- Centre (Guoji Shudion) P.O. Box 399, Beijing, Chino sist the students speak only English in class. Those in their second year of this four-year course can express themselves fairly adequately in English write composi- and short Another student, 27-year-old diate one for senior middle school tions. When they graduate, they'rs Wang Xiaohong, works at Beijing kids, and an advanced. class for expected to reach the ordinary Knitting Factory No. 3, which im- those preparing for college en- college graduate level. ports its synthetic yarns from the trance exams and for young gov- Zhou Benzertg, 32, is typical of U.S., Japan and other countries. ernment employees. the young people taking the course. For a long time the workers had a Joan doesn't collect a penny In 1968 he was employed as a lathe hard time with the English labels from her students, either for her operator by the People's Machinery on cartons and materials, and this services or for books. In fact, Plant. He was eager to learn every- caused difficulties in production. with the help of friends and reL- thing about his machine, but disap- Armed with what he'd learne'd in ative abroad she has set up a pointed to find that the only evening classes, Wang started com- small library of 700 volumes in operating manual was in a foreign piling an English-Chinese hand- English, ranging from patrick and, Ianguage. In 1974 he started to fol- book of common words appearing the Ducklings to a junior encyclo- low the Central Broadcasting Sta- on the labels and translating some pedia. tion's English language course and English texts. She now has 30 students. Her formed a study group with two Last June the faotory leaders classes are so Iively and cheerful other young factory workers. A asked him to conduct a basic that by popular demand they stay few years later, attending a book English course for 100 workers. open even during the long summer fair at the Workers' Cul.tural Pal- With his help, they have now learn- vacation. She searches out simple, ace, he was delighted to find he ed to read in English such terms interesting stories to use as read- could communicate a bit with an as kilo, class, grade, unit, weight ing texts (Ali Baba and. the 40 English-speaking foreigner. and the names of different coun- Thieues was on the agenda when When he learned that the District tries. this reporter visited the interme- Trade Union was opening a spare- diate class), and pays much atten- Tutoring Young People tion to correct pronunciation time college, he immediately en- and Joan Wang, 68, lived in Swit- the use idiomatic rolled. He has made of English. so much pro- zerland for 14 years and speaks gress Warm and energetic, Joan is a that last fall his factory sent English fluently. She is one ot grandmother him a special English-Ianguage now but still lithe to many volunteer teachers around from years training course run by the First of tennis-playing. She the country. In 1975 she began to laughs off her own hard work: Ministry of Machine Building in give some English coaching to two (Canton), "It's really exciting to see the Guangzhou and on his neighborhood children about to children growing return he was made a researcher up, and most are move to Hongkong with their making good progress.,, The in the design section of Beijing's parents. As more and more kids children love Research Institute Printing her. Bright-eyed, of asked for help, her class grew so pigtailed Huang Luhong Machinery. There his language has this large, with so many different tribute for her teacher: ,,I tike ability will be put to good use in levels, that she had to divide it Auntie Wang's class because helping engineers keep it,s up with into the present three classes an always so interesting and hvely, developments in their field around elementary one for primary- and and it's helped me a the world. lot with my junior high students, an interme- middle-school English course.,, tr ocToBEB 1982 45 fiRIGINATING in south Asia \-/ and northern Oceania, it was grown in China at least as early as the Tang dynasty (7th century) in its capital Chang'an (today's Xi'an). Now it grows wild in south, central, east and southwest China, The shrub thrives in moderate climes, but has a certain adaptability to cold, so it can also be cultivated as far north as Bei- jing in sheltered spots, and can be found there in the parks and along the streets. The region south of the Chang- jiang (Yangtze) River is ideal and there it is widely planted in open spaces. The botanical garden in Hangzhou has a big collection of many species of crape myrtles. In places like Chengdu and Chong- qing in Sichuan province they often form part of plantings of shrubs set out to form a design. Even more fascinating are the shapes into which these bushes The author, Chen been trained the parks of Junyu in Davis, have in California with ,a these cities, as to go around a door blooming crape frame, or in the shape of a basket myrtle in the Nanjiao Park in background, or vase. In Chengdu is a myrtle as tall as a man with its criss-crossing branches formed into the shape of a vase, With this adaptability to training and its long life the crape myrtle lends itself well to dwarf cultivation for miniature gardens. Bright Future While the crape mYrtle loves fo, sunshine, it can adapt to shade; while it prefers a humid climate, 'Hund,red,-Doy it can also adapt to a dry one and R.ed' grow in poor soii. Thus it is suitable for cultivation in gardens, CHEN JUNYU courtyards, rockeries, and along lakes and streets. But often whole hill stopes are covered with it. ft Ufue is not alone in widelY l-,r planting the crape mYrtle. T N the green oI midsummer, The crape myrtle is one of the Last year when I attended an I when the flowering shrubs of. shrubs being introduced in many academic conference in Davis, Cali- spring have long faded, there is parts of China for park and street fornia in the United States, I still one bush whose bright red beautification. Its striking clusters found the streets of this small city lo blossoms light up the landscape. of long-lasting blossoms make it lined with it. In the Sacramento This is the crape myrtle. For its a favorite for decoration, but it has valley I saw a new species of crape an additional use myrtle being grown on a lawn be- long period of bloom, beginning in - fighting air late July, it is known in Chinese pollution: with strong resistance to fore a factory. In addition to the as "Ilundred-Day Red." sulphur dioxide, a common in- original light red variety, China dustrial pollutant, it can therefore now grows the Silver CraPe be grown around factories. And, Myrtle, which bears white flowers, CHEN JUNYU is a professor in the landscape gardening department of since it absorbs sulphur dioxide, it and dark red and PurPlish the Beijing Forestry Institute. helps purify the air. varieties. tr

46 CIIIN.A- RECONSTRUCTS The hardy crape myrtle is one ofthe shrubs chosen for planting along Beijing streets to beautify the city.

Red Beautv Light Violet Silver

Violet Cloud Photos' by Zhang Shuicheng Ghlna Exports More Machinery

PAN MOLIN

I\TOT LONG ago a small hydro- equipment. Most of these products However, not only are the quanti- I \ power stalion went into opera- were quite simple small standard ties rising rapidly, but the quality tion in the state of California in and diesel engines,- lathes, drills and variety of such exports have the U.S - using a set of generat- and bearings. The volume was not also improved. While continuing ing equipment made in China. very large, and it went to Asian, to export small, simple machines, According to the project con- African and Latin American coun- Ctrina now exports many more tractor, Consolidated Hydroelec- tries. However sma1l, this was an pieces of large precision equip tric, Inc., the station will contribute important beginning. One major ment, such as 6,000-ton hydraulic a lot to the economy of the locality measure of a country's level of presses, 6- and 8-meter crankshaft where it was installed. This is development is its ability to export grinders, 3-meter gear hobbers (for the second such station built, and manufactured goods rather than cutting ihe teeth on. gear wheels), contracts for more have been raw materials. and oil-drilling equipment. signed. Over the years China has In addition to single items, she A West German firm has just developed the technological know- also now sells complete sets of ordered 1,000 BCM-III microcom- how and industrial base to supply equipment. From 1978 to 1981 puters developed by the Beijing 80 percent of the equipment China signed about a hundred Computing Technology Institute. needed in her own national contracts for completely equipped This is the first sale of Chinese smali plants for textiles, sugar economy including electrical and - computers to the West, but probably mechanical- devices, meters .and refining, abrasive paper and cloth not the last. A foreign computer other instruments and to pro- making, and electrical machinery journal described the BCM-III as duce for foreign markets.- China production. Satisfied customers an important product. At three- now has 10,000 industrial include some from the Philippines, quarters of the cost of similar com- machinery enterprises staffed by Thailand, New Zealand, Canada puters made abroad, its design and 10 million people, plus hundreds and the U.S. performance have won praise from of research and design institutes. West German computer experts. Machinery for export still Expanding the Market Can China really be selJ.ing such amounts to only about 10 percent China products now sells hundreds of high-tech to advanced of that produced in the country. categories of machinery products industrial countries like the U.S, and West Germany? Only some thirty years or so ago, China had In llangzhou, a woman technician and a representative of West Germany,s Linde no modern industries to speak of A.G. do a final check on a punching machine which makes plate fins ior large oxygen-making equipment. and could barely make the simplest machines for her own use, much less for export. Over decades of increasing industrialization, exports to developing countries had gradually expanded. Competing in the larger worldwide market, however, and on a rnuch larger scale is a recent development. Since 1977 the volume of machinery exports has grown by 30 percent annually, and in 1981 it was 6.5 times that of 1965.

Small Beginnings As early as the mid-1950s, China had begun to export manufactured

PAN MOLIN is with the Policy Re- search Department of the Ministry of the Machine-Builtting Intlustry,

OCTOBEB 1982 49 Tool Works, says that the prod- ment, have started to trade directly ucts are stable and dependable, with foreign companies, thus and the Ctrinese firm is efficient making it easier for factories to and responsible in handling business tailor their production to cus- affairs. Another satisfied Ameri- tomers' needs. Cooperative pro- can customer, Zidell Explorations duction, compensatory trade deals Corp., has urged Shanghai's Liang- and agreements to process ma- gong Valve Factory to increase its terials on order for particular output, as Zidell would Iike to customers have also activated purchase as many of its high- China's foreign trade. quality products as the factory China has signed some 20 can turn out. cooperative production contracts Over the past few years, Chinese vzith Japanese, French, Italian, factories have developed new prod- West German and American ucts of world-advanced technical factories covering such products Ievel, such as a plasma-bead weld- as grinders, mills, and ordinary ing machine for large welding jobs, and digital-process control lathes a high-precision magnetic disc amounting to US $130 million. lathe, and many other precision To promote foreign trade and lathes. In addition to adapting exchange, China's foreign trade foreign technology, China has corporations have sent delegations made breakthroughs of her own to West Germany, the U.K., Japan in the machine tool field, including and the United States to investigate new types of gear-making and markets and develop ties with in- steel tube-straightening equipment. dustrial and commercial circles. Foreign customers now show Individual enterprises also now regularly senC representatives produced greater interest not just in Chinese Machine tools by Machine abroad and invite foreign business- TooI Works No. 1 in Shen},ang sell well products but in Chinese patents. in international markets, In 1980 a West German firm men to China. purchased Chinese patent rights In a sense, China is just be- on a technique for processing key ginning to show her potential for regions to 120 countries and world- components used in large oxygen- industrial exports, but with close Hongkong, Macao and coun- wide. making equipment. str.rdy of international markets, tries of Southeast Asia and Africa greater output and variety, and an have long been markets, but new emphasis quality and Cooperation and Exchange on control opportunities are now opening up cost-cutting measures, the "Made and expanding in Western Europe With increased openness and in China" label will undoubtedly and North America. China began flexibility in foreign economic rel- be showing up more and more exporting lathes.to the U.S., for ations, some Chinese enterprises, often on machinery used around instance, in the early 1970s, but with the approval of the govern- the world. ! the volume w'as only about US $10,000 annually. By 1978 the volume of equipment sales had At Luoyang, Henan province, workers ready bearings for export to Europe and increased to US $400,000 a year, North America. Photos bg Xinhua and in 1981 to 20 times the 1978 figure. The breakthrough into top international markets is a tribute to China's increasing competence in technology and production. Cus- tomers from industrialized countries, who can pick and choose among products made everywhere in the world, are naturally in- terested in quality, reliability and cost. An executive of the Kloeck'Ner Machine Tool Company of the U.S., in explaining why his firm has purchased a variety of machine tools from the Shanghai Machine

CHINA EECONSTEUCTS cARrooNs

Ancient anil modein 'skyscrapers.' Hua Junwu

Undiviiled attention. Yu Shouaang

Terrific head work. Zhang Yimin

fashionable hedgehog. Yang Chengzhong

w We're so lucky to still have granny with us! Ding Huayuan ocToBER 1982 51 A Trip to Liooning Province

Staff Reporter

A TOUR of Liaoning province, flanked by several smaller square once Penki (coal and iron ore), has fi- just eastward from Beijing open pavilions to seat other top also a number of scenic spots. across Bohai Bay, might include a leaders. Banner flags, weapons Twenty-f ive kilometers southeast of stop at the port of Dalian one of and other Manchu artifacts are Anshan is Mt. Qianshan (Thousand China's biggest located at- the tip displayed in the former residence Peaks). Its jagged peaks covered of Liaodong peninsula and its rooms of the palace and in the with pines, oaks and lindens made seamen's club, or a farm- where Liaoning Historical Museum also it an ideal place for building spotted deer are raised for their in Shenyang. temples and shrines. There are horns (used in traditional medi- The tombs, though smaller in nearly 40 of them, each with its cine). trt might include a stop at size, are in the style of those of own character, some perched atop that vast hole-in-the-ground at the Ming emperors north of Bei- the peaks, others in the valleys, Fushun, an open-pit coal mine, jing. Nurhachi is buried in sheltered by craggy rocks and old and, for something lighter, to a Shenyang's Eastern Tomb,, and in trees. The earliest Buddhist one handicrafts workshop making gor- its Northern Tomb, his son Huang dates from the Tang dynasty (?th- geous pictures out of feathers. Taiji, who succeeded him and be- 8th century); most of the Taoist Another shop in Dalian- creates fore his death in 1643 wrested temples were built in the Qing elaborate rnosaics from shells. much of northeastern China from dynasty. Many have been restored the armies of the Ming dynasty. and are functioning tod3V*. rftHE visit will certainly include I Shenyang, the provincial IIIANY people are surprised to tina eastern Liaoning's *Some temples are described in capital. Shenyang has a more -LYI that greater quadrangle detail in "Thousand Mountains, colorful history than one might famed industrial made Fairyland Near Steeltown" in the Shenyang, steel city expect a large industrial city. up of the January 1981 issue of China Recon- of Anshan, Fushun (coal) and Benxi, structs. In the 17th century Shenyang was an early capital of the Manchus, who after 1644 ruled all China as its last imperial dynasty, the Qing (1644-1911). After the leader Nurhachi united the tribes of this nomadic nationality, their capital was at Shenyang from 1625 to 1644 when they marched on the central Chinese capital Beijing. At Shenyang one can see their early palace and two imperial tombs. The palace design, while adopting the curving roofs of traditional Chinese architecture, was made to accommodate a custom harking back to the Manchus' earlier days, the tribal conference. The top leader sat in a separate not-very-large throne room, round in shape and reminis- cent of a Mongolian ceremonial Mud baths in the above builcling are one kind of treatment given at ranggangzi yurt tent. The throne rooni is hot springs near Anshan. Liu Jiangua

52 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS From the auto road to the base, by easy footpaths one can climb through the quiet greenness to visit them and see the temple statuary Sakyamuni, founder of Bud- dhism- and other Buddhist figures, and in the Taoist temples, Lao Zi, to whom the basic writings of Taoism is attributed, and other Taoists. Half-way up, at the Zhonghui nunnery temple with its building Fd* climbing up the slope, you may be wr'.. received by 50-year-old Abbess Neng Kuan, who is qui.te a figure in the area. In addition to the Buddhist scriptures, she has studied traditional Chinese medicine. She is a member of the lea-ding council of the Liaoning Meeting ground of Manchu palace at Shenyang. The chief; leader sat in the Province Buddhist Association. throne room at top and other heads in the smaller square pavilions. She and two other nuns, a retired Xinhua worker and a former comrftune member, chant the sutras three 2,300-meter-long boat times a day, receive visitors and trip through Tanggangzi, 15 kilometers south- its labyrinthine underground pas- maintain the buildings. There are west of Anshan. Visitors often sages between fantastically shaped a total of 40 monks and nuns on stop there for a refreshing .bath the mountain. stalactites and stalagmites. They and a bit of relaxation at the large have been given fanciful names Qianshan is particularly beau- sanatorium with parklike sur- like "Galloping Horse" and rourrdings, perhaps tiful in May when its thousands of "Clus- and a tour of ters of Spring Bamboo Shoots". physiotherapy pear trees are in bloom. Something the clinic. Several times it seems as if the The place about the water and soil ther6 has long been famed boat has come to the end of the as a pleasure 1920s seems to produce very special spot. In the pears, particularly cave but with a slight push of the several of the northeast warlords the famous punt pole it makes a turn and en- thin-skinned Southern variety. built the Longquan (Dragon In ters another part of the under- Stream) the Qing dynasty the mountain Resort for their exclusive ground river. Along the way one use. Pu Yi, last was used for growing them for the of the Qing passes caverns so large that any dynasty imperial line who was emperors" Now the orchards are rnaintained one could serve as a natural made "Emperor of Manchuria" by by the Mt. eianshan theater performance. Look- administration. for a the Japanese, lived there for a time ing down from the boat through during the Japanese occupation of Other curiosities there include a the clear water, at the bottom of mountain peak northeast China following 1931. in the shape of a the river one can see fish swim- Iion But it was strictly forbidden to one of many such gro- ming, though no ray of sun ever ordinary people tesquely-shaped- of the area. rocks. The peak enters the cave. Patients from all over the sends back the echo of the sound A recent geological survey found country now come to 1,300-bed bronze the of a bell in a nearby that the cave was formed 150 mi1- hospital for treatment for arthritis, pavilion, so the place ,,The is called lion years ago. Some 5,000 years rheumatism, psori.asis. Lion Roars sciatica and as the BeIl Tolls.,, ago the part near the mouth was The 72" Centigrade water contains There is also a huge stone poised a shelter for neolithic man. In potassiurn, magnesium, sodium, on slope a like a big goose egg. 1962 a few hurnan fossils, stone fluorine, radon and other elements. Though it quivers when touched, axes, pestles, pendants and other The 120 pools for hydropathic it is known to have stood there for stone age remains were excavated treatment can accommodate 1,200 thousand a years without falling. here. people. In a steel-structured glass house beside the lake, 130 people flN warm, sunny days you can rnHE Liaodong peninsula, which at a time can get the mud-bath L-/ see a cloud of mist curling up I makes up rnost of eastern treatment. A Geriatric Research among the verdant hills 20 kilome- Lidoning, is one of the places in Institute set there ters up in recent east of Benxi. It is coming China noted for its large number years, in addition studying from the to mouth of a huge water- of hot springs, caused by a well- problems of aging, places special eroded limestone cave. In it one developed earth fault and molten emphasis on rheumatism and skin can take a spectacular two hour rock activity. One of its largest is diseases. ! ocToBER 1982 53 Radio Peking Gelebrates 35th Birthday

Shahe Village and the site of the eave from which the first English neu'scast was transmitted. #r:$sfl $ I E ''. *

Broadcasi House built in 1959 stands iust outside Fuxingmen, Beijing.

Wei Lin, who reaal the first news bulletin in l9?t?, pictured a [ew. I'ears tatcr in Beijing.

T B:40 P. M. Iocal time on September 11, L947, the voice of liberated China reached the outside world in an English- language broadcast for the first time. The newscast was beamed from a cave in the small village of Shahe, nestling in the Taihang Mountains, north China. The news was read by a young woman announcer with two thick Pigtails. Before she started, a gramoPhone record of the "Triumphal March," from the Italian opera Aida was played as the signature tune. The announcer, Wei Lin, is still with Radio Peking. Now in her late fifties she still turns uP occasionally before the microphone. The first 20-minute English transmission that night, which followed

CTIINA RECONSTRUCTS a newscast in Chinese, marked the nouncer to a department of some 1949. Listeners' letters were f ew inauguration of the English ian- 50 people. They include program and far between in those early guage service of the Northern editors, news and feature writers, years, but some people did write Shaanxi New China Broadcasting reporters, announcers, translators, regularly" In 1981, a total of 10,889 Station under the leadership of music editors and those who take letters were received by the the Chj.nese Communist Party Cen- care of listeners' Ietters and re- English service alone. Radio tral Committee. ference material, plus a few lan- Peking wouldn't have achieved as As the Chinese people's revolu- guage experts from abroad. much as it has but for the support tion rolled on to victory, the Radio Peking received its first of its listeners, as its leaders and broadcasting station moved with Ietters from listeners in March staff constantly say. tr the liberation army. At one point, it operated from Kulong Peak in the vicinity of Jingxing, Hebei province. The editori.al department and the studios were some 40 Two of Radio Peking's regulal[isteners and old friends from lceland call at Broad- kilometers apart, separated by the oast House while visiting China, Hutuo River. Communication difficulties made the delivery of scripts very haphazard, and a messenger on horseback was called in to do the job. Sometimes, when the water level of the river was higher than usual, he had to abandon his horse. He would wrap the scripts in oil-cloth and swim across the river, the parcel held precariously overhead. When- ever there was an urgent script or last-minute changes to be made, the editorial department would dictate over the phone. Following the liberation of Beiping, as Beijing was known under the Kuomintang ru1e, the broadcasting station moved into the city in March of 1949. A Japanese langtrage service was added later that year. The founding of the People's Republic in A veteran runner in the oltlsters' long-distance race in Beijing being interviewetl October 1949 provided the essen- by Radio Peking. tial conditions for the rapid expansion of the overseas services. Today the station, known as Radio Peking, broadcasts worldwide in 38 foreign languages and also in Chinese putonghua and four dialects for overseas Chinese Iisteners. The total transmission time has increased from 11 hours a day in 1950 to 134 hours at present. From its small beginnings in 1947, the English language service has grown swiftly, expanding from a 2O-minute transmission to 18 one- hour transmissions beamed to the five continents every day. A 10- minute newscast beamed to the Eastern Caribbean area six days a week was added recently. Mean- while, the staff has grown, too: from a solitary pig-tailed an-

OCTOBEB 1982 55 Nationul Photography Exhibition

ZHANG SHUICHENG

A NEw FoRCE oI phorographers -t r has grown up in China in recent years, as shown by the great number of entries (14,788 by 4,385 photographers) submitted for the 12th National Photo Art Ex- hibition held in Beijing. Many of ,, ,2 them are young, and very alive in their thinking and willingness to Iearn. Quite a few are amateurs who have been able to create good works and a style of their own despite often inadequate equipment and facilities. For the final showing, 251 in color and 1i6 in black and white were chosen to be Another Day for the Builclers Cai Shttohua hung. The exhibition shows in China's photographers today a heightened sense of beauty and at- Rhythm Zhang Tottgshettg in the Microwave Darkroon'r tempts at inventiveness in theme, forrn and style. They have made a marked advance as keener obser- vers and in both recognizing a picture and the technical ability to capture a rare shot.

bolh in subjecr V and artistica)ly and winner oI one^UTSTANDING of the three golC medals is a shot of a farm tvoman in her kitchen. The photographer, Zeng Yue, out to photograph new farrn housing construction in Guangdong province, by sheer accident saw and snapped through an open doorway v a scene which expresses very well I the peasant's feeling of satisfaction i with things going well on the farm.

$. He titled it with a line from a I poem by the eighth century poet Du Fu, "Preparing a Meal for Guests with New Grain". The woman is kindling the stove in her spacious southern-style kitchen, and the main lighting comes from a tongue of flame from the stove and rays of sunlight through the window. Fish, just- washed vegetables and the new- crop rice piled on bamboo trays in the foreground contribute to the picture of plenty.

Preparing a Meal for Gu6sts with New Grain Zeng Yue

,,:t CIIINA RECOI\ISTRUCTS t t lird nrrl \\ hrtr It's Ninty-Nine Percent Ferspiration Zheng )'ongqi t 1! it'

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Autumn Comes to the Birch Forest This shot was snapped with texture of an oil. By creating a is the litter of sunflower seed hulls available light. The kitchen itself composition of a few branches of they have dropped on the ground. is rather dark but with the reflec- red maple leaves against two large From a positive angle, a photo tion of the strong "floodlight" birch trunks, with the green of named "Starting with Myseif ", streaming in from the window younger trees behind, mainland showing giris helping two blind helped to brighten up the whole. photographer Lang Qi has captured people across the street, implies Though contrast the the in that fleeting moment just as sum- that one should not wait for cam- Iighting was very strong, the dark mer is turning into autumn. paigns or institutionalized assist* part came out well because of the ance, but take the initiative in be- accurate exposure. The Ieaping flame in the stove pit, the linger- D)HOTO realism as social criti- ing kind and helpful when€ver needed. the ing steam from the boiling pot, and I cism or praise has not been Unfortunately, with the woman's moving hand hoiding widely used in the new China, so erosion of values resulting from the straw helped to make a some- a picture of this type is significant. circumstances during the "cuhural what still shot full of motion. The "Out of Step" sholr,s the feet of revolution", such warnings ar'e use of a r,vide angle lense for this several young women seated on a necessar-v, Here is a new rr-.,le for rather close shot enabled the park bench in new leather shoes, photography in China. tr photographer to cover everything which now in- China are considered in the kitchen he intended to and highly desirable. But in contrast ZHANG SHUICHENG is a photographer attain a greater depth of field so to their spanking-neai modernity for China Reconstructs, that everything in both foreground and background is in focus. The slow speed he chose permitted a Trvo Little Mischiefs Zeng Yue fuller exposure of the flame, and this highlight is what lends the &ss :lj;ry(i:.i' poetic qual.ity to this otherwise ,. Iow-key picture. In "It's Ninety-nine Percent Perspiration", also a candid shot, photographer Zheng Yongqi has caught two dancers just after re- . .n1 hearsal and still covered with perspiration, which in the stage lighting ;*', glistens against the background of the darkened theater. His unro- manticized, down-to-earth view of an of ten too-glamorously-portrayed world is a breakthrough in theme. Photos of children attracted many viewers. "Two Little N{ischiefs", winner of one of the 15 silver medals, is a candid shot of two little boys trying to weigh themselves on a farm scale. The show ,also included works by photographers from Hongkong and Macao of technical excellence and unusual style. "Red and White", a silver medal winner by Hongkong photographer Tan Yuxiang, strikes a note of restful quietude, Like an elegant painting, it pleases both the eye and the mind with its bold combination of the brilliant red cherries with the white teaset and its perfect use of lighting. It's like an oil painting, people say when they see "Autumn Comes to the Birch Forest", and indeed this picture u,'ith its rich pattern of coiors does seem to have the

OCTOBEE I98Z 61 Li Yizhi - Pioneer in Taming Ghina's Riuers WANG HUZHEN

AST February a number of peo- involved and design structures to ple gathered in Beijing to com- do the jobs that needed to be done. memorate the centenary of the Textbooks in foreign languages birth of Li Yizhi, the man who is were used only as short-term ex- viltuall;r the f ather of modern pediences. Professor Li insisted hydrar.rlic engineering in China. that Chinese-J.anguage texts be Water control, particularly in the developed as quickly aS possible, central plains area which is and wrote a number of them him- drained by great river systems, self . Students were frequently iras always been of vital impor- taken on field trips and surveys tance in this country to avert of the country's river systems. [Ioods and provide irrigation. For In the seven years Professor Li inuch of history, indeed, Chinese taught at the school, its grad- €rngineers were innovators in the uates inclu'ded such distinguished ,:levising of dams, dikes and water- hydraulics engineers as Xu Xinwu ways. But by the beginning of the and Mou Tongbo, Song Xishang (now Chen 2Oth century this had changed, and living on Taiwan) and Shen ,.here was virtually no engineer Centenary: Kejie, Pu Liangchou and Li Yizhi Baixian (all three now in the trained in modern water control (r882-1982) United States). During those same methods. years he founded the Schocl of Waier Control and Highway En- Iege of Engineering. He formed gineering in Shaanxi, which later close contacts with Hubert Engels becarne the agricultural water and Otto Franzius, two of the control department of the North- leaders in this fieJ,d, and explored west Agriculturai CoIIege. TodaY their laboratories. He investigated its graduates play key roles in the ihe most advanced hydro-projects province's water control efforts. in Europe, always with the intention of applying the methods he learned in the service of his own Irrigation and Flood Control country. With the Hehai HYdraulic En- Returning China 1915, he to in gineering College developing u'ell, decided priority that a top was to Professor Li resigned to become train contingent engineers a of head of water control and technicians. Through his ef- the Projects The northern part of forts the Hehai Hydraulic Engi= in Shaanxi. Part of Professor Li's many writings province, covered by a thick on hydraulics. neering College was founded in the plateau was verY arid Nanjing, the country's first such of loess soil, modern institution. As one of the - even wells several dozen meters AII this was very much on the early students at the college, I was deep often failed to find under- mind of Li Yizhi, a native of fortunate enough to be taught by ground water. Periodic droughts Shaanxi province, when he grad- Professor Li. forced peasants off the land to uated from Beijing University in In those days there were no wander about in search of a living. 1909 and went to Germanv to modern water control projects to The Huanghe (Yellow) River and study hydraulics at the Royal CoI= be studied in China, and no many of-its tributaries cut through hydraulics textbooks written in the region, but they were lower WANG EUZHEN, member of the Chinese. Professor Li assembled than the plateau and to tap thern Science Council of the Chinese Acad- structural models and samples of tor irrigation would require fairly emy of Sciences, is former tlean of the building materials to show students massive irrigation works. i Institute of Vlrater Conservancy and Ilydroelectricity and advisor to fhe the basic principles of hydraulics. Professor Li and his assistants Ministry of Water Conservancy. We learned to calculate the forces made in-depth surveys of centrbl

62 CHINA BEICONSIBUCTS and northern Shaanxi and drew of China's major rivers. He pre- His dedication to relieving the up plans for irrigation networks. sented a nurnber of plans for sufferings of the people through But the unsettled political situation water control projects based on his taming the rivers, his plain unas- and the conflicts between local surveys in different places, but suming lifestyle and his patriotic warlords made it impossible to most could not be realized at the opposition to the Japanese aggres- raise funds for the projects. Then, time. sion had gained him great respect. from 1928 to 1930, a severe drought People lined the streets of Xi'an as his funeral cortdge passed. hit the province. Vast stretches of Written Legacy land' lay barren. The roads He was buried at Jingyang, swarmed with refugees and soon Professor Li wrote a large north of Xi'an, and local residents began to be strewn with the bodies number of articles on different immediately volunteered to build finished of those who had starved to death. aspects of hydraulics and to pro- him a tomb which they rivers days.- More than 5,000 Professor Li's plans gained - the mote the taming of China's in two had support of Yang Hucheng, then for the benefit of the people. A peasants who themselves most - and head of the provincial government, collection of some of his experienced the droughts published floods he had struggled to conquer some were collected important works will be and funds of great his burial, and manY from international charitable insti- shortly, for they are still to value to water control experts. thousands more paid resPects at tutions and overseas Chinese. The One his major insights was his tomb over the years. building of the Jinghui Canal and of that river systems were organic After the founding of the new b,egan in a dam in central Shaanxi wholes, and had to be studied China, projects that he started 1931 a'nd was completed the next and treated comprehensively. The were completed under the PeoPle's year, bringing 33,000 hectares of River, he noted, government. The irrigated area in trans- Huanghe land under irrigaiion and frequently broke through dikes Shaanxi now amounts to 1,260,000 torming the lives of the local and changed its course. The root hectares; no dike breaches have peasants. cause was the large accumulations been reported along the Huanghe In 1931 botli the Changjiang of silt in the river, which was River for many years. A11 across (Yangtze) and Huaihe rivers over- carried down from its upper and the country water control projects flowed, breaking through dikes in middle reaches. The anSwer, of many kinds have been built, countless places and flooding vast therefore, was not concentrating some by his students and otherS tracts of cultivated land. Li simply on the lorver reaches as incorporating his ideas. ComPre- became chief engineer of the Flood was the case in the past decades, hensive flood-control, irrigation, Relief Commission. Transferring a but considering the entire river. navigation and hydroPower Pro- number of technicians to direct He also argued for comPrehensive jects such as Gezhouba on the dike repair, he also recruited attention to flood prevention, Changjiang River, the largest of its several hundred thousand refugees navigation, irrigation and. hydro- kind, have been built or are under to work on the projects thus electric generation. construction. providing relief jobs for them- and In March 1938, after a long More than any tomb, these are many enthusiastic hands in the ilLness during which he continued his real legacy. One can onlY wish construction. He organized the to work and visit construction he could have lived to see so manY work so weII that it was completed sites, Professor Li died in Xi'an. of his dreams come true. tr the next year, far earlier than anyone had expected. his death. In 1933 and 1935 respectively, he The Dihe Dam of Professor Li's Luohui Canal, completed after supervised the start of construction on the Luohui and Weihui canals in central Shaanxi. The Weihui project proceeded smoothly, with closure of the great dam at the canal head completed by 1938. The other project was delayed many times. A 5-kilometer tunnel had to be dug through a mountain, and the 1937 Japanese all-out aggression against China created a great shortage of equipment. The canal's .builder did not live to see it pompleted. , Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Professor Li served on a number of commissions and advisory bodies concerned with the taming

OCTOBER 1982 SPORTS BR'EFS

lnternational lnvitational Tournarments

Zhu Jianhua clears 2.31 meiers to break his own Asian record of 2.30 meters. Zhou Tiefia

r*@# .r

Neroli Fairhall, New Zealand archer, The men's ll0-meter hurdles race. competes from her wheelchair. Xu Zhen, one of China's ace spikers, Zhou Tieila Tong Yumin Guan Tianai

CHINA TTECONSTRUCTS T AST summer a series of inter- German woman shot-putter, helped women's team, but they used to L ,nsfi6n3l invitational tour- Shen Lijuan correct the positioning advantage their height and all- naments were held in China in of her body and throwing techni- round competence. preparation for the upcoming ques. A Soviet 100-meter hurdle Ninth Asian Games. In June alone world title holder, Vera Komisova, Archery there were three high-Ievel tour- studied Dai Jianhua's movements naments in track and field, men's and gave her a number of tipa. The An international archery eom- volleyball and archery. tournament as a whole was petition was held at Shijiazhuang in Hebei province, southwest of Track and Field valuable to Chinese athletes for the experience it gave them in interna- Beijing. Neroli Fairhall, a New Attending the 1982 Beijing In- tional competition. Some young Zealand girl who took part in the ternational Track and Field Meet people are still rather nervous contest, has to get around in a were athletes from ten countries when going up against formidable wheeLchair. She impressed every- Czechoslovakia, Finland, India,- foreign teams and consequently one with the skills she'd mastered Japan, Romania, the German don't perform to their full ability" in spite of her disability and came Democratic Republic, Soviet in fifth in the double-round indi- the Men's Volleyball Union, Thailand, Trinidad and To- vidual event. bago, and China. Some 130,000 The international men's volley- Contestants came from the Beijing sports fans attended de- ball competition in Shanghai in- Democratic People's Republic of spite three days of rain. cluded some world powerhouse Korea, the Federal Republic of Ger- Zhu Jianhua, 19, represented teams Brazll (third in last year's many, Finland, India, Italy, New China in the high jump event, World -Cup), China (fifth), and Ja- Zealand, Singapore, the U.S. and clearing 2.31 meters in the first pan (sixth) plus other strong teams China. At the end of four days of trial to break his own Asian record from the U.S., Canada, Yugosla- competition, the Korean Women's of 2.30 meters set Iast year in via and France. China's Youth, Team and the Italian Men's Team Japan, His goal now is to break Shanghai and Jiangsu teams also had captured first place with total the world record of 2.36 meters, participated. point scores of 7,356 and 7,378. O which he just missed this time, Compared with their showing in Gwang Sun of Korea won the but will attempt again at the Asian last year's World Cup Corfrpeti- women's individual double-round Games. tions, China's Men's National Team event with 2,543 points and Kyosti In the women's 400-meter hur- played calmly and eff ectively, Laasonen of Finland led the men dles, Chizuko Akimoto of Japan, winning all seven matches for a with 2,510 points. 21, set another Asian record of 58.50 first-place win. Though the Bra- For two-thirds of the Chinese seconds, 0.74 seconds better than zilian players seemed off their participants, this was their first the old mark set by China's Zl:ang form and were beaten by both try in international competition. Huifen. Japan and China, they took second Owing to lack of experience, they Many experienced foreign place and will remain a team to were overanxious and didn't do athletes were generous in sharing watch in future world competi- well, though the women's team did know-how with young Chinese tions. The third-place U.S. men's capture the runners-up spot and players. Ilona Slupianek, an East team hasn't the record of its the men placed sixth. D

Archers from the U,S, and Italy talk In volleyball, the Brazilians fail to bloch a shot by a Japanese player. shop. Tong Yumit Shen Huizhang ffiww ryT

oCTOBER 1982 The ehildrert,ts Ousn Newspaper

JIANG JINGWEN

rFHE weekly Chinese Children's I Journal has a regular circula- tion of between 9 and 11 million, the largest of any national newspaper. Written for children g to 13, the journal started publicatioh in 1951. Its easily understand- able language, color pictures, at- tractive layout and responsiveness to readers' needs and interests have a lot to do with its popularity.

Popular'Personalities', Some of the special columns are written as if by imaginary characters whom children find it easy to identify with or confide it. "Little Re1rcrter" (who flies about in a helicopter with camera at the ready) covers notable developments In lhe reading room at China's Natioral Children's in China's socialist construction Center. Wu C.huptntt and world affairs. One column, for example, was an "eyewitness" look science: "Why do we have young people should be encouraged at the Gezhouba Dam project on dreams?"; "How does a space-ship not to harm beneficial birds, dis- the Changjiang (Yangtze) Rive'r-, return to earth?"; or "When my turb their nests or steal their eggs. the largest and most ambitious ears feel hot, does it mean that Intrigued, the journal sent a re- project of its kind. someone is cursing me?" Once, the porter to Hebei to find out the The "Clever Grandpa" column column received a letter from 11 background of the suggestion. It answers kids' questions about Hebei province kids saying that all turned out that the 11 youngsters

Familiar Characl.ers from the Newspaper:

Little Reporter Dear Older Sister 'Liitle Tiger' Clever Grandpa

66 CIIINA BECONSTBUCTS had once been the terror of the tt,,/+$tr;, local bird population. However, {t-.+ r}iAettrt. tl_t tr r:ci I after learning in a nature study -ll.rtI. a-.rrrltl+.' rrtr+ Clirr,tr(f rri6tllr l ! class how important birds were to ra. ,'*, t-tnd.axr,r.t, t^l$ t, IJ B the local ecology, they had become l}l.lIa.l+t. UT ,+tLn, ltaI,t*F.EItIEll+! enthusiastic protectors of their I.lll. El' rl.^* aa feathered friends. The journal t, itIs.t^.trt publicized ,t.l$.tlr5+a, the story, and in re- iri^rl(l.[rr& sponse many readers wrote to say t'a,r i,bll they had made studies of birds in their communities and were building birdhouses and feeders. Children all over China confide nfrtr #l#s their problems and worries to the --.)LijJL+, Sf;f p {trlEffl+F^, "Dear. *ft,trFI,BF F^ffih7[,(K. Older Sister" column. One :+ErFr!iEails*, AFE. Afifi d( t!Aa. Eil+ Shanghai primary school girl AteE +[ !F66t,h6. ttE, 6il n,fl+tet+a,Etr*x, ,eElE ): fi EIE 4.?El t I Et) I Sl^qi + arirtl i + E \r! FI +rl ilfi h4: Itltilr[Niil. ( wrote: - y *:I!Ets7 tfi "In addition to classwork, I TrFr! ilE, +p,r.IEi! nilt E, fi(ilErtXEEFrUSr " rtr 2f, ),.-..-Afi i!Nlnrk-& have a lot of homework every day. ?17f f. Fi?ftlr{r7,.- xf{ il7{9,*+,tx7rr.** T, EEft,KEEEBBI]E, M+E get s6&trEt/(+tE:\DfrT, *Efitutr*E+^r,J, [T{Ee REBrfiln, ilrrAhtiA+ffi I can't to bed before 11:00 and dE//-E{g*,t' itê-.-.'fi#rEt, ndEn have to get up at 5:00. I'm always :l ts* Efi * Eftl.it rf. tr& rt fifr#at!*r, ffifiailu,.fl e!i)tr. ffi frfi hI-X, trFL\= eE, ltat*qEttrE,t , ** tired and I'm losing weight. .,' A + tFt+, *3l7t+*. *B -*&tfiiq. HIfl4Ei!E7-r EFEIi[ixt'JtgEffi h. journal editor went investigate 64hEE df;l7iErfi (!EEf,). , t to , tuit[,]+ **,rl'EEES, ft !!&&t. Et?ft*aE,^!l /:', the situation. She found that in fiiil,'at&xql tf)itffatEp, fi trJ1*EilFHrf, aEUHErg iEEia,F+. o *r6hfi t., EA!lfifhr some schools +Er!-x, flrFi4'{1r} l children were serious- 'Itrt,'hrlEGttfr^?ie.?.G0RiE tEr!. " *+=.EDlE,*Sfrr+T. *9J+&. tf{ :[JFFrltlt R lt ly overburdened with work. fisEr,[E= ]-Affifriulr t[-X, EI+ft-*eil**tr. tHtrtt$C, *+tArftiL{' fi.J t' E fi E7. AF f)Xly,t tp* EhE*&t'lf!rtk, The column made a special ap- ilai5ils t=EEE,lhEtHr" f J:r',, Efl.r *li.*+#,€'d * r' *lE7, TiEl[.'rHti], ir6nfi-x! KX.-r+ftA1 ff[ifl,.ft f ,; peal to schools and education de- tiLit, i)6*R5ts ),b ttil, h +iE7. -I&k+h, *rt1P)ltlxw &rrf ,EtE,t frBiliELrr'iil1L 1r: partments to pay more attention L\fr.,i{'fi,\,bfrtufrrys t4,pî!xfi'F, * ";i.r ,{r'*tEgfiltftr!*}, K 'tiE, 6'IH3'6, to children's health and to relieve "f.iEr+-fr +E+EfrEei.B*+trrtrb. * t!&rt{x.+r, lilqt4 L}., : /igx -eEEaE.trli!:r sif . 8,66-r+, -.nEE, rtm# +LBffi4:hE, Ti,?TÎE+ fr.fr+EtS-r IL+9t\. their burdens. The letters that ;\ilffiE9Lfr.fifiil.irrxt tEr! E r tt. h ziE h *.0i,t.." ,ehtrlufiElE-FT. *5h-r tdfrfr.t'f}'T, 1,. aH, *+G7ItrEi, tr4:il +Êfielfi, eup.*., ,' lr fr.Fl+., it &..t rE?J( tE started to pour in reveal the jour- * t " +ft Ena,îfr, fiil,li,if xIt.: i, ;[ E SEI. Effi f, Iil Di trFI. f 8., +iltEr,,.f itE l. uf,.ft.fta ,r Hii,'81: lli*{if,J ,} :11.I naL's influence with educators as * +llA, EIEIfi?fj4'1laE, Ei , lft ld.r tl tr ia E 1 T. *\fitr tt &i\Hff r" Et)t.i, ).4i1:: t well as kids. A Guangxi student X, hifr.ry.& A X4 Wit.) h*rt, *-F frbet t5 &,F ir.( a ri ,,*i{ i: .TE&*.EEA€MljliW. -qEr t{rtrt;[l6l. l : reported: "We used to have lots of T, ,4t:I-g.bt, E'rillrlTA 7, RA'I, **.-. lR rB*i,riE d(. t tH.EfljB Eit *. s-H6rhEfl+rLin, trE*frh!ri t::':' homework on Sundays, ,7 **,Lit but not any +_tt z|il,,r'fr7. 1,0#r€t &fr**s-k+rt, 41Y,* a' A )1 JEN, ItF. tn.,j:i more since our teacher read your fifr!'n, 'tA. Aflfi,L+fA fr frlt, fr -- 4,il i\j,'-,!;c,EE. + f4EAffilUti' ÊxT,#&+' t-if)U;,j *Ertt co1umn." One group kids *Z*aqt " G:6,i7flT" .t,atti*tr!F, Ld?iE. f, s- fr+, {'fitt E, flE[,\Iti/li'il of wrote: t3rlE,lT&!JSIlf.r*fi. ilx, tlE€fix. ltlY6trid, ItW4iE.'4' r+lr+8. "We're happy that our school is 1i'!,tt, "*itf.JilEFl?,,rtE' 'Bl1-*., a-d4:H.tT.' zf i*itff *lt{ rr. fi supporting more sports activities. l EitIi;; ,iFFifr-.t- ,t,xhE. *r:i +plrE +ilid,r New basketballs, ping-pong balls EJ., A+t1 +r&

T fi ,t td, E, fi I E *- i o il I I € + * rEt + t lr + ,l\ I t*t-'fl- E n 09 rs x ixte- rt .H;$.\LW t I \ u iE 'un,Ittt ) t V & aA n * f .tt t* ' t ,l €-t- , t T ^t q a !!-EXnE. J--9, A A + * ,!^ + E 5 + trstrEltt^ sr 'H l ta, t t fl. A I { t i*Etft+il= Etl?*.- 12 tt + f € ,rJ E El]\ltlrfrS. 'n ".8 € i ]t n E + i:l'0An-f,,i{rl: ;tH"#,t,Q rt a\ ,t fi t -r 'il- *,1.J rL lt -l: lrr fr * n i, IN !fii.l ,q ':t \ t*+?g' Small Red Flower

The lively layout of the 'Chinese Children's Journal.' Little Hedgehog

OCTOBEE 1982 67 and badminton shuttlecocks have honesty in returning lost articles. accounts of youngsters' experi- been bought." The cartoons have had a definite ments and construction of scienti- influence. Last year a thousand fic devices, or letters from the bud- Moral Lessons with Humor "Learn from Little Tiger" groups ding scientists thernselves. were formed among Young Pio- Liu Weihong, a first-year student One of the most popular comic neers in Beijing alone. at Beijing's Middle School No. strips is "Little Tiger," chronicling Two other columns feature the 50, recently wrote a paper about the daily adventures o.f lively irnaginary characters "Small Red his kitten, Mimi. He reported in a great physio- boy. Little Tiger is clever, studious, Flower" and "Little Hedgehog." detail the animal's logy, eating habits, abilities and honest and brave. He respects The forrner singles out and praises conditioned reflexes. Soon another older people and helps those small- good deeds, while the latter points cat-owner from Shaanxi province er than himself. He does have out faults and shortcomings. The wrote to say that some of his ob- faults he is often careless and points are often made humorously. - The "Little Hedgehog" column servations differed from those of likes to outshine others but is children quick - once carried a cartoon about cheat- Liu Weihong" Other to correct his mistakes when around the country then began to they are pointed out. ing and lying. In the first frame, a boy tells his teacher, forgot study and record facts about their Young readers find Little Tiger "I pets, and offer their conclusions to and left my homework at home." and his friends very funny, but the column. In the second frame, the boy an- the cartoons also present impor- The Art and Literature page of swers his the same tant moral lessons without heavy- father about the journal, besides sketches and handed preaching. The comic- homework, "Oh, I forgot it at paintings, carries storieg-and poems strip hero is a good model forr school." From the side, Hedge- written by children's writers and hog cominents: "So where is it, at kids - a child like themselves who by children themselves. The jour- is not perfect, but who tries hard home or at school? You're only nal also acted as the Chinese spon- and who, without being a prig, is cheating yourself!" sor for a 1980 UNESCO interna- not afraid to stand up for good be- tional children's poetry contest and havior even when his peers are Science and Art a 1981 letter contest sponsored by pulling the other way. the International Postal Union. A wide range of themes are The "Children's Garden" column The response to both contests covered, including respect for helps cultivate an interest in was overwhelming. Nine-year-old teachers and older people, good science and the scientific attitude Liu Qianqian from Hubei province study habits, concern for pub- of careful observation, testing, and was an international prizewinner Iic hygiene, helping others and respect for facts. It often carries for his poem "Don't Ask Why?" and Zhao Shuang, a 14-year-old junior middle school girl from the Young critics offer advice to the editors. Shao Yan Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Re- gion, won a gold medal for her letter about a rural postwoman (see the March 1982 China Recon- structs).

The Best .Iudges

The editors of the journal PaY a lot of attention to feedback from their young readers. After each issue is published, some children are invited to the office to talk with the editors. They give their opinions on every article, picture and headline. In many schools across the country, kids' correspon- dence groups have been organized to discuss and report back to the journal any criticisms and suggestions. Young readels also write individually. In 198L alone the editorial department received near- Iy 700,000 pieces of mail, including letters and articles submitted for publication. tr

68 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS Legends ond Toles from History

The Return of the Jade

WEI TANG

rFHE DUKE of Qin, which was you look at it' carefully. Let me held a solemn ceremony. I [here- I the most powerful state during show it to you." fore hope that your majesty witl the Warring States period, learned The duke believed him and do likewise before I present it to that the Duke of the State of Zhao handed back the jade. As soon as you." The Duke of Qin promised had acquired a priceless piece of he had it in his hands, Lin to do so. carved jade. The Duke of Qin withdrew a few steps and took a But that night Lin Xiangru had coveted the jade and in 283 B.C. stance beside a pillar. "I brought one of his men, disguised in rags, sent an emissary to Zhao offering this jade because I thought your secretly take the jade back to to trade 15 cities for it. The Duke majesty would keep your pre Zbao. After five days, the Duke of Zhao was reluctant. He knew rnise," he said with a great show of Qin held a grand ceremony for that if he accepted the offer Qin of anger. "But you have taken reception of the jade. At it, Lin would not really give up the cities. the jade without even a mention Xiangru said to him sternly, "The But if he refused, the powerful of the 15 cities. What kind of trick State of Qin has had some 20 rulers Qin armies would probably attack is this? Now the jade is in my and none of them were known for Zhao. Someone advised him to hands. If you try to seize it, I will keeping their word. They all re- consult with Lin Xiangru on this smash my head against the pillar lied on power and oppressed the dilemma. and the jade with it." peopie, Considering that and my Lin Xiangru, who carhe from a The Duke of Qin immediately recent experience, I'm afraid of poor family., was a steward of one apologized and called for a map to being tricked again so I have had of the court eunuchs. Though not point out the location of the 15 the jade taken back to Zhao. To an important person, he was known cities. get it, you must send your emis- to be brave and resourceful and a sary to Zhao. lf. you turn over the man of his word. He had also T IN XIANGRU knew that the 15 cities first, the Duke of Zhao I ruler still had no intention of will certainly not refuse to give shown considerable ability as an giving envoy. up the cities, but he had you the jade. As for myself, if plan we refuse out of hand," another up his sleeve. Since you wish to punish me, I am pre- "If Qin early times jade had Lin Xiangru told the duke, "it will been revered pared to suffer the severest for its power to impart virtue, and punishment." Iook as if we are in the wrong. But was used for purposes. if we give Qin the jade and its ceremonial The Duke of Qin was furious, Lin Xiangru said, but he decided unwise duke does not hand over the cities, "Before I it would be brought this jade here, the Duke to it wiII be they who are in the kill Lin Xiangru, for if he did of Zhao fasted for five days and (Continued p. wrong and this will be to our on 72) advantage. Let me handle the matter."

IY/HEN Lin Xiangru reached W Qin, he ceremoniously presented the jade to the duke, who was delighted with it. He looked at it this way and that and passed it among his retainers and the court ladies for them to admire. Everyone congratulated him for having got such a good thing. However, in the joy and excite- ment, Lin Xiangru was ignored and nothing was said about the 1b cities. Finally Lin said to the duke, "This is indeed a very good piece of jade, but it has a flaw. you will not be able to detect it unless "Give up the cities or I'll smash the jade,"

ocToBEB 1982 69 E

TIUANG 1VENYAN Lesson 22 Learnins 0himese

,4*,1, *\ + T 1T tu + ,J'-L: " oL+fr-T ,gJ" *.4( d, ir.-nfr i. MiIi: W6 xu6le Mo ii ni{n 'x.i#,TAFrhirnyi, kE y6ushi Xitro Wdng: "Chi fin le ma" dirddu ziti finqi{n huir Mary: I studied euite a fsw ysar Chinese, but sometimes Xiao Waog: 'Ate meal" mostly at meal before or ifr.rt1 i€ T €9, T + tkh fr1 > +\- FI f6l l4 , shu6 de huir bri shiding, bir h6 firnhiru de yi duirn shiii5n wOn. say words not suitable, not fit meal after a period (of) time ask. f tr ,t fr1 tr'W. T vl( @ *" vLl " iL'h" o Zh6nggu6 r6n de xiguhn. K6yi huidi "chi le" hudzhE "m6i ne". Chinese people's habit. Can answer "ate" ^t"or "not Yet"' ,J.E: is& + ,l'i. frfi-rl++t .Ef "J ryIFiL +' Tv{ Xi[o W4ng: Zhi shi xui wiiw6n chdngpingdio de Zhiyi "shing nlr qu" kEYi Xiao Wang: This is leaming foreign language often met As for "toward where go" can lE XE" t, d. FI frIJ ,r) + , 4,ft iL + t+ A t&,7, {.- winti. Zii birt6ng de chlngh6, jnti shu6 qir sh6nme difang, Yd problem. At different circumstances, specifically say go what Place, also *I r tEI frl 1+ *-, iiL 6'IJ i€ , T v)( fr,ri. iL " -Y * t, h" r dui bit6ng de duixiing, shud de huir, k6yi l6ngt6ng shu6 "qir mtri d0ngxi", to different hearer, said words, can in general say "go buy things"' i€rfl fr1 i*-1 fr\ T " rlL)L *" . " h fltl k" , Et+ ytnydng de yiqi d6u bir -l+"yiyirng. "wdnr gu", "kin p6ngyou", zlnyirng use manner all not alike. "play go", "see friend", however € frt, -a- rE4R g ;J-v.(.ts. X + + it, +B E fis ^<- Jiir i6 wdnhiru l6i shu6, Zhdnggu6 huidd dou kdyi. Zhi. zhi shi yi-frf zh6ng Just take greetings to speak (of), Chinese answer all right. This only is a kind )t-ek X n, 6 ifr, " lhlt" , lr tg,+ rt4J f iL i€ A hinzri r6n jiirn milrn shu0 "ni h[o", de zlfiohu de fdngshi, shu6 hui rdn Han people (when) meet say "you well", (of) greeting manner,^, sPeaker E *x 4iE {* iL * r't4 a{ ff" lE fx Al de ziri mEngzri mirqii h6i yiro shud bing m6iy6u P{o g6n wdn di bottom at Mongolian pastoral area also want to say certainly nothavedig(into)root ask

"l*A *T" "+tA *7" o E,g-. . yisi. "sh6ngcht hlo", "ciocMng h6o", "livestock well", "pasture good." meaning. ,4*,1, ftr 1+? t&,T fr. fi IhI ,1*,1, MTIi: Zhbnggud x[du6 difang jidrn miirn chrjrle M6ri: "Shhng nlr qu" ziri w6men gudjii shi Mary: Chinese many places (in) meeting besides Mary: "Toward where go" in orir country is (a thing) FJ l? v\tf, 4. *" Fl Ti^ tE 6i. 4.d " , k+w wCn hlo yiwii, hdi ni win bttgEi wEn de" HAi ydu "du6 dit ni6nling", asking well, (people) also like (to) ask should not (be) aSked. Also have "how great age", oE)" ,Y " oLtk! ., " -LqlF )L +" " , a'f " . " frW )L a,1+" "chi fin le ma", "shirng n6r qut'. " "dudshao gdtrgzi", "zii nlr gdnpuir" "ate meal", "toward where go". "how much salary", "at wherc work" ii. f:Li^ EZ w*z ++, *txl k xt +6t, {" Zbd yingeEi zCnme huid6? dEngd6ng, tdbi6 shi dui nll de, geng These should how answer? etc, especially is to women, further

70 CIIINA EEICONSTBUCTS rt1r "Where are you going?" in greeting. How do Thv FI x4 I **-, Tfr. you reply to these? bn n6ng wtn r6njia de suishu, kEshi Xiao Wang: "Have you eaten?" is mostly asked around meal- can't ask aEa, but someone's time. You can answer "Yes" or "Not yet". f&-fE,\ :lttrL, rt vY,+i- As for "Where are you going?" you can reply g6n Zhdnggu6 r6n jidowing, dui biiino with the specific'place, or give a general answerl r', with Chinese people exchange, to relatively "Shopping "Out for fun", or "To see a friend". frIr jr& You can answer in either way, as this is only a ftt ,\, lE ffTi1 kind of greeting and the speaker isn't asking shixl de r6n, wBn zhdxiE su6wdi seriously (literally: not going to the root of the familiar people, ask these so-called matter). " taLtq X[" *t A Mary: In my country we don't use the question "Where *- &. ff you going?" greeting. "sir6n wCnti" hioxihng m6i sh6nme arc in this way as a Ques- "private questions" seems not (much of a) tions like "How old are you?" and "How much is your salary?" and "Where arc you working?" *.fr," arc also not asked. Especially to a woman you gudnxi. must not ask her age. But in exchanges with matter, Chinese people, it seems not to matter if you ask ,l.r: someone with whom you're fairly familiar these :8. f E X iL'* hL" r so-called "private questions"" XiAo Wdng: Ng. Zhdnggub r6n shud "lio xiinsheng" Xiao Wang: Yes. Chinese people say "old gentleman", Xiao Wang: Yes. Chinese say "old gentleman" and "old com- "*F7,+*,-"4frxt#gatrt4J rade" to show respect for older people, But in ' some countries even elderly people don't like to "ltro t6ngzhi" biioshi dui nidnjl dn de hear the word "old". Therefore in leaming a "old comrade" express for age grcat language you must undeistand that nation's cul- /'-fr*J tural traditions, customs and habits and the peo- $at, T d E B* ple's psychology. you rin de ziinjing, kE ydu xiE gu6iin Doing this helps improve your person respect, but have some countries ability to use the language. *x & T *-,t "*' +" llor6n y6n b6 ni ting ..160" zi. Notes old people also not l.ike hear "old" word. l. Time phrases. Ft ,y-.tfr v\ * a ff i*€, A time phrase after a verb shows how long Su6yi xu6xi yi- zh6ng y[ydn, bixii gdngzud Therefore, leam akind(of)language, must the action lasts, as in Gdngr6n m6i ti6n (Workers 1 fl[l ,{r frlr bd xiloshi r,^.4ia,ffz\,l.Et work fr+ Kik i4t every sentence an liioiiE nir ge minzi de w6nhui eight hours day). If the has understand that nation's cultural object, it can be said in two ways: Wd xu6le wi j\+ l+ 9n. IL.fB 4 ,W fr- ,\ frl ni6n hirny[ 1 n+rr-i+ or Wd xud hiny[ chu4nt6ng, f6ngst xiguirn, jl r6n de xu6le w[ ni{n J!"f ,x.i++ I n+ (both mean: I tradition, custom, habit and also people's have studied Chinese for five years). ,srg. jg.t+ diltt eA 2. Asking about age. xinli. ZhCyirng yduzhiryri tig5o For young people and children, Ni dud di. psychology. Thus (can be) helpful improve j:; fh ? k (How old are you); for elderly people <.rfl ft i+€ nl frv JJ suishu y & (age) is put at the end: Nin du6 dir yirnydng zhC zhdng ytyAn " de n6ngli. suishu t&, X-y **_ (Nin is'a polite form of ni.) using this kind language ability. 3. HIo iF for quite a lot. Translation It has this meaning when used before d,ud p (many) and (a few). \ild xu6le hio ji ni{n Mary: I've been studying Chinese for quite a few years, ii n but sometimes I can't say things properly in the hiny[ ,i"+ T *7 tL+: -i+ (I've studied Chinese for Chinese way. quite a few years); Jintidn wd jid l6ile h6o dud Xiao Wang: This is a problem often met in leaming a foieign karen Air}its+T*t?E,r. (Today quite a lot language. Under diflerent circumstances and of guests come to my family). speaking to different people, what you say and how you say it differ. Take greetings for instance. Han Chinese people would say, ..How do yo, Everyday Expressions do?"; but in pastordl areas Mongolians also say 1. ytnyirng use, apply "How is the livestock?" and "How is the pasture?', €Fl Mary: In many places in China, besides asking about sfrlirli+ ytnydng ciy[ use words .'Have health people also ask you eaten?,' and 'eni i* ytrnydng f-angfi use a method ocToBER, 1982 7l ,(r*€Fl linghu6 yirnydng flexible applica- Exercises tion 1. Answer the following questions in Chinese. 2. *_ di Iove, like (1) you child? *"12+ ni hdizi Iove children How do ask the age of a *-#ilt ii tdoddng love labor Of an older person ? (2) greetings. Efr E f.j ii kin diinying like to see films Give several common pinyin. 3. fr,rn ldngtdng general 2. Write Chinese characters for the fr,riLrt 1L ldngtdng de generally (1) Jlifi- h{o dud }f AflA&-" ' shud. . . speaking . . . (2) ri;tf it#rif, + hio ji ,X"/'\," fr,rr,rt ffitrt6ngtdng de jidshi explain in 3. Complete the following sentences using the general terms time adverb in brackets. 4. te* zhdohu greet, say hello ( 1 ) qA f-lr.^Lttr, -*,f+,8'--. ( -i ) to; call (2) ti,tL+L4ta4FT ( :tf ) t(

5. ... r,;( r,h T tl'chfle . . . besides, with A 4 tr F-l.i1 Ertr'i+-. -dtfi 6 14 4 +$ls )LD - Yiwii. . . the exception of L'frln,@rffr "?k+W".(*qF)L', ++, T&-Ef E, r,t l4X.rcnrib mEitidn besides working le,fA 4Ehhta*al-tfi{". Af Eid, 4t v\ ,1... gdngzud yiwii ('* . . . everyday... lcl-" . "*Fl lu" , 42" f.+tf 9a Xal Yll +6 chrile hdngde with the ex- -6i+#., ;fd Earzx*-ZF.a_,fr ,'*" +" hl v\ 11... yiwii . . . ception of red ,fr, t Ta|lrh+, rt6Fl6irt *-, iL61ri&, EI+l ones... ali+n4s^-t+"

THE RETURN OF THE JADE state, but he had one big short- These words reached Lian Po's (Continued coming he was vain ar- deeply moved and from p. 69) - and ears. He was he might never get the jade and rogant. He could not tolerate the regretted the way he had acted. relations between the two states fact that Lin Xiangru, from a poor To express his apology, he took off would be affected. Reluctantly he family, should now hold a higher his shirt and went to see Lin I allowed Lin Xiangru to return to position than himself. He bad- Xiangru. On his bare back was a i Zhao. mouthed Lin aII over the place. load of the prickly branches of the rIHE Lin tried to stay out of his way. "chastisement tree" used for Duke of Zhao was very At state meetings he deliberately whipping people. Kneeling before I pleased with Lin's feat and avoided sitting on the same side as Lin, Lian Po said that he should soon made him prime minister. Lian Po so that it would not be not have let a matter like personal Lin's promotion, however, was a too obvious that he took precedence fame and fortune turn him against source of great irritation to another in seating. One day when he was Lin Xiangru. not recognize minister, the renowned general "I did out in his chariot he saw Lian Po's your magnanimity and am heartily Lian Po. Now Lian Po was really chariot coming toward him along sorry for what have done. You a very upright man who had I the narrow road. According to have every right to scold me and rendered outstanding service to his rank, Lian Po was supposed to pull beat me." over to let Lin, as a higher official, Lin, too, went down on his knees. pass. But Lin ordered his driver are hard on yourself, "You very F to pull into a small side lane so general. Let us share the burdens E e that Lian Po could go first. of state together." They embraced + Lin Xiangru's subordinates could and after that worked side-by-side t,E not understand his attitude toward to build up and defend their state, ffi Lian Po. "Do you think I'm afraid so for a long time Qin did not dare A of him?" Lin said. "Was I afraid to invade Zhao. E of the fierce Duke of Qin? I want Told in Sima Qian's Historical .. to get along with Lian Po because Records, this became one of the I L we are both officials of Zhao. If best-known stories from Chinese we work together, Qin will not history. A Peking opera, The Re- ^ dare bully us, but if we're at odds, conciliation of the General and, the )1' it will be easier for Qin to invade Prime Miruster, based on it is still ar. Drawings by Lin Kai us." played today. tr 4 f #I 72 o. CHINA RDCONSTRUCTS * IEXIILES r.l

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