vLAArfu NG 10 March 9, 1979 BEIJI

o Chinese Frontier Troops Begin Withdrowol o Chinese Women Discuss Life ond Work

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- ,4R*d}'] ,! __ ..:. REYIEW CHTRONNCTE ,h 4,{A.fu Feb. 24 o The national conference of secretaries of provincial committees of the Chinese Communist Vol. *) No. l0 Morch 9, 1Yt9 Youth League closes in Beijing: The conference sets forth that.study and work for the realization of the "four modernizations" is the major subiect CONTENIS for 's youth in the new era. .t CHRONIC|E 2 Feb. 28 A'ENTS & TRENDS 3 : r Vice-Premier rneets with Ta- Exhibition in Memoiy of Zhou Enloi ' keji Watanabe, Fresident of the Kyodo News Ser- Another Coll to Toiwon Authorities' vice of Japan. The Vice-Premier gives his views T,ibeton Compotriots Abrood Welcome on a number of que$lions including the situation Home on the Sino-Vietnamese border, Sino-Japanese rela- Regulotions for Arrest ond Detention tions and China's Two New Roilwoys "four':modernizations." Guidelines for Economic Construction A Reopproisol of "Hoi Rui Dismissed From Feb. 28 Office" o Premier meets W. Michael Blu- ARTICTES AND DOCUMENTS menthal, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. Premier Hua says: "Sino-U.S. friendly relations will grow To Honour the Memory oJ Premier Zhou, step by step." Seeretary Blumenthal says that talks Act os Premier Zhou Would Hove Us Act past Renmin Ribao editoriol I have proceeded very well in the few days and Authorized- Stotement by Xinhuo News that a foundation has been laid for closer bilateral Agency Ch,inese frontier troops stort economic relations. withdrowol- 12 Chinese Frontier Troops Begin Pullout on March 1 Morch 5 12 '' Chinese Foreign Ministry's Note to Viet- o The Chinese Foreign Ministry in its notp to nomese Embossy.* Proposing once ogoin the Yietnamese Embassy in Beijing proposes once to the Vietnomese Government'to hold again to the Vietnainese Government that negotia' . speedy negotiotions 13 tions be held as soon as Possible. Reports From the Frontier !.. Coi * Bridgeheod Vietnomese o Premier Hua Guoflng meets with Hassan Loo for '. Provocotions 14 Mohamed el Tohamy, Special Envoy of President The Bottle.for Khou Mo Son Mountoin t5 'Sadat and Deputy Prime Minister at the Presidency' Distributing Groin to Vietnomese ln- Premier Hua says that China resolutely supports hobitonts t5 the Egyptian, Palestinian "and other Arab people Life Returns to Hekou 16 in their just struggle to recover their lost territories World Economy: A Rugged Rood and restore their national rights. Economic difficulties in mojor Western- copitolist countries 17 March SPECIAI. FEATURE o Comrade Hua Guofeng meets with Branislav Chinese Women Discuss Life ond Work Ikonic, Vice-President of the Federal Executive Employment Opportunity 19 Council of Yugoslavia. Both are of the opinion that Eguol Poy for Equol Work 20 relations between .the two countries and the two Love ond 22 Morrioge Parties will develop further with concerted efforts . . Fomily Budget 23 Fomily. Plonning 23 from both sides. Toking Core of Children 24 The Autumn Yeors 25 March 4 Women ol Minority Notionolities 26 o In.his meeting with Eric Varley, British Sec- ROUND THE IIYORID 28 retary of State for Industry, Premier Hua Guofeng ON THE HOME FRONT 30 says that Sino-British relations have been get- COVER: ' Chinese women on vorious fronts, 'and (Upper ting better better. leftl o ieosont, llouter lett) o can learn from and professor .in medicine, ltipper rightl o "We worker, (lot4gr rightl two P.L.A. soldiers help each other," he \r of o signol rhri& adds. fle expresses his appreeiation for Britain's stand that it brooks no Publisthd every Fridoy by BEIJING REVIEW, intervention by a third Beijins (37), Chino country in developing its . rt-fost loflice Reghtrotion No, 2-922 China. \Printid. in ire People's Republic of Chino ielations with EYENTS GP TRENDS

Exhibilion in ilemory ol . have seen the exhibition. Prac- the 32nd anniversary of the tically every day in the last . "February 28" uprising by the two years the exhibition halls people in Taiwan. The meeting were packed with visitors March 5 this year was the took place at a time when Sino- something unprecedented - 81st anniversary of the birth of in the U.S. relations have been history- of Chinese exhibitions. the .late Premier Zhou. Enlai. normalized and the return of Now the exhibition is open The exhibition in memory of -that Taiwan to the motherland has to the public, the wish of the Premier Zhou, housed in' the been put on the agenda. At- people of the whole country has Museum of the Chinese Revolu- tending the meeting were more been fulfilled tion on the eastern side of Tian than 200 people from various An Men Square, will henceforth In its March 5 editorial, circles and compatpiots of Tai- be open to the publiq, according Renirnin Riboo gave d high ap- wan Province origin in Beijing. to a decision by the Party Cen- praisal of the contributions and Speaking on behalf of the tral Committee. lofty character of Premier Zhou. C.P.P.C.C. National Committee, It called on the entir€ Chinese its Vice-Chairman Xu Deheng Ttre exhibition consists of four people parts: to learn from him. invited people of all walks of (See p. 8 for full text.) life in Taiwan to visit the main- o Comrade Zhou Enlai: A land, and great added that arrange- Marxist and a model in ments will be made for people integrating Another Gall to Taiwan theory with practice. on the mainland visit Tai- Exhibits to in this part include [uthorities wan, so that they can exchange some of his works, retrrorts and views.qn the question of reuni- instruetions In settling the question of written on docu- fying the motherland. This is ments. Taiwan returning to the motherland, the status quo and yet another proposal to the o An outstandi,ng leader of the present system in Taiwan authorities and people in Tai- the Party and the state. On will be respected, the opinions wan following the earlier ones display are documenis of Party of the people of all walks of made by the departments con- and state policiea which Pre. ]ife there will be taken into cerned for trade, postal and mier Zhou formulated in con- consideration, and reasonable telecommunication serl.rices and junction with and policies and measures will be eeonomic, scientific, cultural other crmrades. adopted so as not to cause any and sports exchanges between the mainland and Taiwan. o A model in safeguarding loss to the people on that island. unity and placing the interests Their way of life will not be The Message to Compatriots of the whole above everything changed, and their living stand- in Taiwan issued by the N.P.C. else. Ttris part shows how he ard will remain as before and Standing Committee on New combated the sabotage activities will be further improved along YeaCs Day embodies the basic of and the ,.gang of with the development of pro- stand with regard to the reuni- four," defended the party's duction and construction in the fication of the motherland (see motherland. cause and protected the veteran Beiiing Retsieta, No. 1, 1979) cadres during the Cultural These principles and .policies which is the common aspiration . Revolution. were reiterated by Liao Cheng- of the people of China, the o Exhibits in this part show zbi, Member of the Central Taiwan eompatriots included. kemier Zhou's communist Committee of the Chinese Com- If the Taiwan authorities place spirit of being modest and munist Party and Vice-Chair- the national interests above ' prudent, of working hard and man of the Standing Committee everything else, the return of pensevei!ilrce in struggle, and of the National People's Con- Taiwan will be realized smooth- complete devotion to the party's gress, when he spoke at a meet- ly. The earlier the people of cause. ing called by the National Com- the whole country join their mittee of the Chinese People's efforts, the faster they will turh Previews began in January Political Consultative Con- their motherland into a power- 7977. To date, 4 million people ference in commemoration , of ful modern country. For this

March 9, 7979 repres€nts the will of the peo- proud of this!" IIe urged crime or crimes mmmitted are ple and the general trend. Dalai Lama and other Tibetan established and the crime or cornpatriots abroad to have a crimes are such that the crim- clear assessment of the situation inal is liable, if oonvicted, to Iibetan Compatriots and .return to the embrace of be sentenced to a term of irry Abroad telcome Home' the motherland at an early prisonment or when the amest date. is deemed necbssary. "We hope that Tibetan com- Before a warrant is obtained, patriots abroad, including Dalai according regulations, Lama, will return to the mother- [egulations for lrrest to the public security organs may de- land as soon as''possible to And lletention tain persons accused of a crime reunite with their kinsfolk and With a view to speeding the or major suspects emergency take part in building up the in work of iaw-making, the Stand- cases. arrest such country." If the of de- ing Committee of the National tainees is deemed necessary, the This message was conveyed People's Congress adopted on public security organ toncerned by , Member of the February 23 the Ri:gulations of should submit the evidence Poiitical Bureau of the Central the People's, Republic of China against them to the coruespond- Committee of the Chinese Com- Governing the Arrdst and De- i"g people's procuratorate r4unist Party and Head of the tention of Persons Accused of within three days after the de- Department of United tr'ront Crimes. Consisting of 15 arti- tention, or, in special circum- Work, at a gathering in Beijing cles, these regulations have re- stances, the time of detention on the eve of the Tibetan New placed those published in 1954. may be extended for another Year which fell'on tr'ebruary 27. When Lin Biao and the "gang four days. The people's pro- For the first time in the past of four" could do what they euratorate has to approve or dozen years or so, the Tibetan pleased, the regulations gov- reject the appeal for arrest people in Lhasa and Beijing erning the.arrest and detention within three days after being celebrated it in accordance with of persons accused of crimes notified of the detention. If the their national customs. They were completely ignored. Peo- appeal is rejected, the'public danced and sang at the get- ple were wilfully detained or security organ must release the togethers, gave ha.ta (silk scarfs) arrested wlthout the least re- detainees immediately. as pr€sents and toasted each gard the laws, and the qingke (barley) wine. for The regulations also stipulate other with were rights of citizens seriously that interrogation must start sfressed that Tibetans undermined. Ulanhu within 24 hours after any arrest willing come back abroad to Article 1 of the new regula- or detention is made and that are welcome. If. they want to tions stresses that the objective the arrested or. detained per- down returning settle after is "to safeguard the socialist sons must be released imme, home, the state will make prop- system, maintain public order,. diately if no positive evidence is for As er airangements them. punish criminals, and protect' available. for those who return only for citizens' freedom of person and a short visit, they will be given their homes from eneroach- leaving fruo llew [ailways a warm send-off upon ment." China. \ilhoever living abroad Two more lines have appear- wants to come to visit their rel- The new regulations reaffirm ed on China's railway map. atives will be provided with all that no citizen may be arrested One runs from Beijing to Jilin necessary facilities and will be except by tfe decision of a peo- Province's Tongliao and the free to leave the country again. ple's court or with the sanction other from Taiyuan in Shanxi The Party and government of .a people's procuratorate. Province to Jiaozuo in Henan. mean what they say, Ulanhu The regulations stipglate that The former starts in Chang- added. immediate arrest can .be made ping County on the outskirts of . At the get-together in Beijing, by the decision. of a people's Beijing and passes through Pqnchen Erdeni said: "I feel court or'with the sanction of a Longhua in Hebei Province and wax4n and happy in the great people's procuratorate when the Chifeng in Liaoning Provinc6 to socia\i1.t motherland, and l'm principal facts related to the Tongliao. Together with two

Beiiing Retsieto, No. 70 Tongliao has rapidly recovered and the situation is becoming better and better. But the dispropor- c' tionate development which in some cases is quite serious Chileng among the vaiious branches of '-'J*nn"^1{, the economy needs to be recti- fied without delay. In the coming two yearS, therefore, efforts will be focused on restoration, readjustment and consolidation, the aim being to Changping pave the way for greater and Beiiing faster development Jiaozuo in the future. The current tasks include: SITICH TAP OF IAIYUAIIJIAOZUO ll{D 8[tJtl{G-T0l{c1tt0 RA[.WAys o First and foremost, efforts should be made to increase spur tracks, the total length is mountainous areas with very agricultural production. 870 kilometres. Its oompletion complex geological conditions. . Boost the production of has eased the transport. pres- There are 110 tunnels and 460 Coal, electric power and sures on the Beijing-Shenyang bridges along the Beijing- build- ing material-s and improve Railway which was until now Tongliao line and 56 tunnels transport these being the the sole trunk line linking the and 55 bridges along . the - weak links in the ecenomy. capital with the northeast] Taiyuan-Jiaozuo line. Attention should also be paid Tlre latter is linked with the Since country-wide liberation to the construction of houses J iaozuo-Zhicheng-Liuzhou Rail- in 1949, China's railway con- qnd schools which the people way which was completed ear- struction has made great head- urgently need today. lier'(see Beiji.ng Reui,eio, p. 8, way, but it still falls far short . o Develop those trades and No. 2, 1979). This 209-kilo- of the needs of modernization. rffork branches of ltre economy that metre-long .new north-south on the new lines is now will produce quick results, earn trunk line runs parallel going full steam ahead. Arnong to the more profits and foreign ex- one from Beijing to Guangzhou. the difficult projects now being change and that can compete Its opening to traffic facilitates undertaken are the Qinghai- on the international market so the transport of coal from Xizang (Tibet) Railway and as to accumulate more funds, Shanxi and Henan Provinces another line across the southern part of the Xinjia.ng import advanced techniques to the coal-poor provinces south Uygur and quicken of the Changjiang River. Autonorhous Region. the pace of mnstruction. Another line under construc- Guidelines for Economic o The proportion of invest- tion in Jilin Province connects ments Gonstruction for iron and steel should the Huolinhe open-cast coal be reduced. mine in north the - one of the What are the guiding princi- eight big coal mines now being ples for China's emnomic con- In, order to do a good job in opened. upo in China with struction today? Renmin Ribao readjustment, it is necessary to Tongliao in the - south. Work on dealt at length. with this topic emancipate the mind and make this 40O-kilometre-long railway in its February 24 editorial. a reassessment of those polick-,s ,line,began towards and prineiples which "Biao. the end of Following are. the salient Lin 1977 and to date 83 kilometres points: and the "" sancti- of the track have been laid. fied and forbade others to dis- Readjustment: Why and How. cuss. The principle of ,,taking The. above-mentioned ,,gang three Since the downfall of the steel as the key link" is a case rallway lines run through of four," the national economy in point.

March 9, 1g7g Not an. Unalterable PrinciPle. afraid only of 'lconservatism" horizons, learn from the ex- "Taking steel as the keY link" but not of rashness. Even perience of economic develop is not an unalterable PrinciPle. toflay, this "Right-phobia" still ment in other countries, dare to It's true that a big countrY like affects people's thinking. In face the: reality and existing China needs more steel. When construction, for instance, they contradictions, and to study- there is a great demand f6r overstress the size and speed and solve problems in economic steel in industrial develoPment without cunsidering the amount construction today. and when it is the central link of materials and money avail- national economy' able. Enormous , wastes are in the entire A Reappraisal of f,ui steel as the caused in this wa;r because of '!Hai the slogan "taking : key link" plaYs an imPortant the lack of planning and prep- llismissed From 0lfice" people role. But this is bY no means aration work. Some The Beijing opera about Hai the infeasi- an objective economic law who are aware of Rui, an upright 16th century plan dare not speak which must be followed at all bility of a court official, has been restaged up fear of being stigmatized times. To increase the outPut for recently in the Chinese capital. as opportunists." of iron and steel, it is necessarY "Right Thirteen years aBo, it was dePart- for heavy industrial Some argue that to combat slandered as a, "poisonous undertake the work of ment]s to conservatism meairs to supPort weed," and its playwright and number of ancil- setting up a the people's enthusiasm and to a large number of scholars, lary industries. For Years oppose advancing rashly means writers and artists involved made big invest- China has to dampen their enthusiasm. were framed and brutally 'in steel, financiallY and ments But the fact is that advancing persecuted. Today their wrongs materials and in terms of in a rash manner disrupts the have been duly redressed. but the gains have manpower, overall economic balance, caus- major reason is , Chunqiao been slow. A es disproportionate develop- industries, and Ya,o Wenyuan, three mem- that the .suPPorting ment among the various eco- such as the fuel and Poweti in- bers of the "gang of four," were nomic branches and is therefore responsible for this frame-up. dustries, are not adequatelY harmful to the fundamental in- Moreover, when Relevant materials found last developed. terests of the masses. If this is quota steel is high, in- year in Zhang Chunqiao's for- the for not rectified, it dampens the heavY industrY mer office in testified vestments in people's enthusiasm more than will inevitablY increase at the to the fact that the frame-up was anything else. expense of agriculture and light directed at the people, especially the intelligentsia, and the aim industry. Overall Balance. This is essen- was to "seal up the lips" of the Against Conservatism tial in economic work as a Guard people and smother dissenting Rashness. GenerallY sPeak- whole. Whether the objective and voices so that the gang could ing, differing views on the scale Iaw of planned, proportionate keep public opinion under con- of economic norms and con- and high-speed development of scheme of Struction 'are a question of un- the socialist economy is follow- trol and realize their derstanding and should not be ed or not and whether the usurping supreme power in the regarded as a struggle between superiority of the socialist sys- Party and state. two pglitical lines. However, tem is brought into full play, all was an official who starting from the late 50s, there hinges on the work done in ef- dared to champion the interests has been criticism onlY of Right fecting an overall balance be- of the people and speak uP for conservatism, but not of impet- tween the various economic the oppressed. Historical records uosity and rashness. During departments. To achieve this. show that he was fbarless in the , Lin it is essential to use Marxism- enforcing the law with justice, Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought Biao and the "gang of four" upholding the truth in the Pres- PartY's as the guide, take practice as arbitrarily attacked the ence of the emperor and criti- criterion for testing the policy of readjustment after the the sole cizing the abuses of the court. up both the three years (1959-61) of eco- truth. and'and sum nomic diffieulties as Right de- positive negative experi- Beginning from June 1959 viationist tendency. The result ences of the three decades. It is Wu .Han, a.noted historian and w'as that many cadres were also .essential to broaden our then deputy mayor of Beijing,

Beijing Reoieu, No. 70 This article set a precedent attack innocent people and for fabricating charges against fabrieate bizarre charges innocent people. .It brought against them. groundless charges against this trt has been found that even . drama, linked and wilfully before Yao's article was pub- present history with the reality. lished, Zhang Chunqiao had In the opera there was a scene already drawn up his "plan of in which Hai Rui forced the operation" to criticize the opera gentry to return the land selzed Hai Rui Dismissed, From Otfice. lrom the peasants. Ttris, Yao Immediately after Yao's article Wenyuan charged, was actually was published, they started "telling .the people's communes collecting what they called the to return the land to the individ- "reactions and tendencies" ual peasants." The scene in among the intellectuals and which Hai Rui redressed the in society. as a whole. Zhang wrongs suffered by innocent Chunqiao also ordered the people was, according to Yao, Shanghai newspaper Wen Hui actually the playwright's Bao to hold forums so that attempt to "oppose the dictator- those opposing Yao's views ship of the proletariat on behalf would speak out. He told the of counter-revolutionaries." leading dailies. in that city to And "returning the land" and lublish their statements,' and Hai Rui in lhe opera. "redressing the wrongs," Yao then said to his trusted aides: alleged, were the focal points "splendid! Now we have published' articles advocating of today's struggle between the targets to hit at." Hai Rui's spirit outspoken- proletariat and bourgeoisie. of the Eight well-known scholars ness. Later, the request of at In this way, this historieal who spoke at the forums were the Beijing Opera, Company in drama was seized upon by Jiang the first batch to come under the capital, he wrote the drama Qing and her cohorts as attack. Several thousand histo- From q Hai Rui Diszrissed evidence of deliberate attack rians, writers, artists and Party His conscientious atti- OtJice. on the dictatorship of the pro- workers throughout the country historical-materialist tude and letariat. were subsequently involved. approach enabled him suc- to Many were branded counter- cessfully project on the stage the On academic and literary issues, the principle revolutionaries "oppcising the image of an upright court of "letting a hundred flowers blossom and Great Cultural Revolution." official of the 16th century. hundred schools thought The celebrated Beijing opera First staged in 1961, the opera a of contend" should be applied, and actor Zhou Xinfang, who had was a success,' and was well there should free discussions played the role of Hai Rui in received by dramatists and his- be on questions of right and wrong torians alike. (Continued on p. 27.) before arriving at the right con- A few years later, however, clusion, In accordance with this Jiang Qing hatched a plot and principle, debates between sorted out this drama as the differing views should be target of her attack. When she encouragd, ,and people who failed to enlist support in Bei- have expressed wrong views jing, stre went to Shanghai should be made to see their w.lere she found two cohorts in mistakes by persuasion, not Zha4g Chunqiao and Yao Wen- coercion, stitl less by the yuan. 1& November 1965. Yao method of "finishing them off p\rblished his signed article "A with a single blow." But career- Criticism of the Ner*- Historical ists like Jiang Qing, Zhang Drama Hai Rui Dism,issed From Chunqiao and Of Jice." were from the very start out t<;

March 9, 1979 ARTICLES & DOCUMENTS

Io llonour the ilemory of Ptemier Zhou, lct as Premier Zhou llould Haye Us lct

Renmtn Ribao Editorial,

Comrode Zhou Enloi wos o greot Morxist contributions in the history of the Party. We Together with Comrodes Moo Zedong, Zhu warmly hail and firmty support these decisions De qnd others, he hod led the Chinese which well reflec't the desire of the people in proletoriot ond the line sons ond doughters of their hundreds of millions. the Chinese notion in founding our Porty, Comrade Zhou Enlai was a great .Marxist. our orml ond the People's Republic. Ha Together with Comrades Mao Zedong, wos o long-tested, outstonding leoder bf and other proletarian revolutio:raries of the older the Porty ond the stqte ond the closest generation,'he had led the Chinese proletariat comrode-in-orms of Comrqde Moo Zedong. and the fine sons and daughters of the Chinese nation in founding our Party, our army and our lhe best woy to commemorote Comrode Peoplels Republic. He was a long-tested Zhou Enlqi is to conscientiously leorn from his outstanding leader of our Party and state. revolutionory spirit ond to work ond liue in Comrade Zhou Enlai had been Comrade Mao the .monner thqt he did. Zedong's indispensable assistant and closest co(nrade-in-arms throughout the protrdcted revolutionary struggles. For more than 50 is Comrade Zhou Enlai's 81st mODAY years, the two fought shoulder to shoulder from I birthday, and on April 5 it will be the'third south to north, and worked together in national of anniyersary of the revolutionary activities construction and handling the affairs of the the masses in'Beijing who on that day in 1976 state. Comrade Zhou Enlai had made indelible gathered at Tian An Men Square to mourn had contributions to the C-hinese revolution and passing late Premier Zhou and to the of their socialist construction, to strengthening the unity of four." In the demonstrate against the "gang of the international ptoletariat and the people Committee of the circular issued by the Central of the world, to the struggle against hegemgn- about year's Communist Party of China this ism and'to promoting the development of the Zhou activities in commemoration of Comrade international commuriist movement. Comrade Enlai, it stressed that "activities to com- Zhou Enlai had devoted his whole life to the meimorate and learn from Comrade Zhou Enlai Party and the people, and has been held in high must give expresiion to his behests and style esteem in the Communist Party of China, among of work." In this spirit, the Party Central Com- the Chinese people, and internationally. The mittee has decidcd that the exhibition at the whole Party, the whole army as well as the Museum of the Chinese Revolution on the life people of all .nationalities in the country love of Comrade Zhou Enlai, rearranged and him dearly; the people of the whole world enlarged, be officiglly opened to the public, and respect him with alt their heart. Comrade Zhou that Comrade Zhou writings be compiled Enlai's Enlai was and still is the pride of the Chinese publication and begun early next year. The Communist Party, the pride of the Chinese to Party Central Committee is also continuing nation. study and work out an appropriate plan for the construction of a memorial hall for Cornrade Comrade Zhou Enlai was a great moral in- Zhou Enlai and other revolutionaries of the older spiratiori to the and generation who had rnade most outstapding the Chinese people. The Tian An Men Incident in

8 BeiiirW Reuiero, No. 10 Premier Zhou Enlai. ba Giotgi Lotti, Italian photo' grapher (1973)

April 1976 which captured nationwide and, terminating the nationwide upheaval and indeed, worldwide attention was truly a mam- building China into a powerful socialist country moth revolutionary mass movement launched by with modern agriculture, industry, national the Chinese people to defend Comrade Zhou defence and science and technology. Comrade Enlai and denounce the "gang of four." For he Zhou Enlai's spirit lives for ever among us and was the man who had stood firmly in the way there is great enthusiasm.among the Chinese of the "gang of four" trying to usurp the people to rerhember him and to learn from him. supreme leadership oI'the Party and state..When This is a tremendous spiritual wealth which, Comrade Zhou Enlai was alive, the gang had when properly guided and handled, is bound to maliciously tried to defame him; after his death, transform itself into a powerful material torce. the gang had forbidden the nation to mourn Thqoughout his life Comrade Zhou Enlai was him. This perversive behaviour of the "gang averse to publicity about himself, and intensely of four" had provoked the whole nation to disliked the kind of publicity which set him utmost indignation. The mighty masses roared apart from the masses, the Party, the Farty and their anger burst out like an erupting Central Committee and Comrade Mao Zedong volcano. In front of Tian An Men, at the foot and gave prominence to him alone. When he of the Monument to the People's Heroes, the was still alive he had repeatedly expressed the sons and daughters of the Chinese nation dem- hope that nothing of the country's wealth or onstrated .their love with wreaths and their the people's time should be spent to commem- hatred in acrimonious poems, delivered their orate him, but the country's financial ahd historic verdiet which sounded the knell for the material resources and all the people's efforts powerful "gang of four" and provided the ideological and should be devoted to building a social- mass basis for the victory of the October strug- ist country. This was Comrade Zhou Enlai'i virtue. In our activitieii to honour the memory gle,led by the Party Central Committee with of Comrade Zhou Enlai, we must take care not Comrade Hua Guofeng at its head. to do anything contrary to his wishes or com- Today the main goals of the revolutionary promise his image. It is with this consideration mass movement at Tian An Men Square have in mind that the Party Central Committee, in been attained and have become tangible line with the tradition the Party has upheld in realities, namely, overthrowing the "gang of the last few decades and reiterated at the four," defending Premier Zhou, carrying recent Third Plenary Session of the l1th Central forward the Party's democratic traditions, Committee, deems it inappropriate suggestions

March 9, 1979 "9 made by the public such as to erect bronze There are many problems that need to be settled statues of the late Premier or name a park after in different fields and many difficulties. Our hirn. This should be made clear to the masses. cadres and people must therefore ilearn from Comrade Zhou Enlai's noble quality of taking The best way to commemorate Comrade ,the interests of the whole into account, and Zhou Enlai is to conscientiously learn from his correctly handle the relations between the whole revolutionary spirit and to wolk and line in thi and the part, between the state, the coil€ctive nianner that he did. We should learn from hi.s. and the individual. Our economy is just begin- spirit of consistently seeking truth from facts ning to look up and a period of readjustment is and integrating Marxism-Mao Zedong Thought still reguired before we can forge ahead in big with concrete conditions; his lofty quality of stridqs. Our people's livelihood is still 'oery boundless love for and'loyalty to the people and poor. In particular, there, is the question of serving them wholeheartedly; hie democratic properly arranging the work and lives of way of doing things, his modesty, prudence, several millipn middle-school graduates who for hard work and plain living, his strict adherence many years have been working hard in the coun- to discipline and setting a strict personal tryside. Their reasonable requests should be example. The whole Party, the whole army, met, but not all of these can be met within a the people of all nationalities and all young peo- short time. ple in the country, leading cadres of the Party, just put government and army at all levels in particular, The whole country has been back should take Comrade Zhou Enlai as an exam- into the right hands and there are so many be. by accelerat- ple and work hard in building China into a things crying out to done. Only putting powerful socialist country with rnodern agricul- ing'the pace of the four modernizations, to the ture, industry, national defence and science and the national economy swiftly back on technology. right course can di.fficulties of one kind or another in the people's livelihood, on the basis Today,'on this new Long March and in of continuous development of production, be learning from Comrade Zhou Enlai, we should gradually surmounted. This is where the particularly promote his- spirit of placing the fundamehtal interest of the 800 million people problem interests of the whole above anything else. lies; this is the overall situation. No whatsoever can be resolved out of the context of Throughout his life he.was far-sighted and a modernizations, embody the man of great principle, and always took the the four which whole situation. We must be like Comrade Zhou whole situation into account and proceedecl from Enlai, have the overall picture in mind, take this. He was both a great statesman and a great the whole situation into account, endure soldier; he rendered most distinguished services personal injustices and take up our heavy to his country and won nationwide recognition, responsibility, and work hard to make our but he remained as modest as ever. He was -all country gtrong and prosperous. Only when the open and aboveboard, willingly endured whole nation works with one mind for the personal kinds of injustices so as to be able to same goal and work together in unity can our bear heavy responsibilities. He was strict with country becom€ powerful and strong; only then himself and magnanimous in his dealings with can our lives be improved. other people. With the view to uniting comrades and stabilizing the overall situation, he would In learning from Comrade Zhou Enlai, we rather humbly acquiesce and bear the blame should promote democracy as he did. He was than show the least bit of complaint. He was an outstanding exponent of our Party's a selfless man who dedi.cated his whole life to democratic style of work. He maintained close society without asking anything, however little, ties with the masses and paid attention to in return. It was Comrade Zhou Enlai who investigation and study; he was sensitive to the people's good at ac- helped preserve a part of the best of the Party needs and aspirations and membership, rallied the hundreds of millions cepting their opinions. Wherever the masses or complain- of our people together and thus averted a big met with difficulties in their living split of the Party and state during the great. ed about defects in our work, he was always on and to help havoc wrought by Lin Biao and the "gang of hand to listen to their suggestions four." them overcome difficulties. He was an outstand- ing example of modestly making self-criticisrn. This year is the first year of our Party When problems cropped up at work, he always shifting the focus of its work to modernization. courageously shouldered the responsibilities and

10 Bei.jing Reai,eu, No. I0 never shifted them on to others, still less on to In learning from Comrade Zhou Enlai, we the masses. In this respect quite a number of should personally set an example as he did. He leading comrades are not up to the mark. Some matched his words with deeds, first doing of them seldom go among the masses to listen to whatever he asked of others and never doinf ciiticisms and suggestions and they iven fear anything that he asked others not to do. He and keep themselves away from the masses. worked hard and led a plain life, sought nothing Such a state of affairs must be resolutely for himself but gave his all to the interest of changed. the public, was a man of high integrity and resolutely opposed anything which smacked of The revolutionary mass movement that took privilege. He kept to the principle of seeking place in Tian An Men Square tells us that the truth from facts, abhorred empty talk, detested masses are the real heroes. We Communists bragging, worked hard and willingly without a should not be afraid of the masses, but should word of complaint and in a down-to-earth go among them. We should not fear but promote manner, while always giving the credit to others democracy. We should welcome criticisms from and taking the heaviest work on himself. He the masses so as to enlist their assistance. was always the first to take upon himself the Likewise, we should tell the masses about the 'work most arduous hardships and the last to enjoy difficulties in our so as to obtain their and he always shared weal and woe with the understanding. We should be convinced that masses. Comrade Zhou Enlai's noble spirit of the overwhelming majority of the people are setting.an example by his own conduct is what reasonable. Only a very small handful of every revolutionary cadre, leading cadres above peopte have their own ax to grind and are all, must have, I'f a leading cadre says one thing bent on making things difficult for the leader- and does another, using fine-sounding words but ship. When the great majority of the people giving a poor performance in deeds, he will not are with Vou, it is easy to work on the have prestige and no one will listen to what few. The thrust of the "April 5" movement he says. was against the "gang of four," Everyone of We all feel badly today about our' social , us must see this clearly. gang The has been ethics being eorrupted by Lin Biao and the overthrown and its bourgeois factional setups "gang of four." If we are to change social have been demolished and the leading bodies practices; we must, first of all, change .the at all levels, after being readjusted, strengthened practices within the Party, and to change the or reorganized time and again, are not what practices within the Party, we must begin with they were when the gang held sway. We should the leading cadres. As the sayrng goes, the rank not overlook this faet. and file follow the practices of the leadership. When the style of work of the leading cadres We must carry forward the democratic and the Party is sound, social practices will daily spirit displayed in the "April 5,, movement, be improved and we wiII be sure of attaining concern ourselves with affairs of the state and the grand goal of the four modernizations. exercise the power invested with us by the Con- stitution to supervise the functionaries of state It is now fhree years sirice Comrade Zhou organs, while supporting their work, paying Enlai departed from us. He left no pro- attention to observing discipline and maintaining perty and no children; no tomb has been order in production, at work and in society at erected for him and even his ashes are scattered. large. When there is no order and everyone He seemed not to have left us anything, but he goes.his own way, it is anarchism, and not de- will always live in our hearts. His spirit is im- mocracy, At the moment, the Vietnamese re- mortal, his virtues will always be remembered gional hegemonists are making frenzied prov- by us. His glorious image inspires us to race ocations in oui. border areas and we are being against time and work diligently, devote all our foroed to counterattack in self-defence. A1- energies to production, work and study and thougt our counterattacks in self-defence will dedicate ourselves'heart and soul to the four soon be srrccessfully accomplished, the defence modernizations, so that we will, with outstand- of our frontiers remains a serious task for a ing achieve{nents in productive labour, work long time to come. At home, thers is still class and study, speed the realization of the four struggle class and enemies. We must not do modernizations. anything which grieves our own people and gladdens the enemy. (March 5)

March 9, 1979 11 Authorized Statement by Xinhua NeWs Agency - Ghinese frontier troops $tart withdrawal

T HE Xinhua News Agency was authorized by the Chinese Government will be respected by -f the Chinese Government to.issue the follow- the Government of Viet Nam and the govern- ing statement on March 5: ments of other countries in the world. We warn the Vietnamese authorities that they must make The Chinese frontier troops have attained no more armed provocations and incursions the goals set for them since they were compelled along the Chinese border after the withdrawal to launch a counterattack in self-defence on Feb- of the Chinese frontier troops. The Chinese ruary 17 against ceaseless armed provocations Government soldmnly states that the Chinese and incursions of the Vietnamese., aggressors side reserves the right to strike back again in against China. The Chinese Government an- self-defence in case of a recurrence of such Viet- nounees that starting from March 5, 1979, all namese activities. Chinese frontier troops are withdrawing to Chi- riese territory. We have always held that disputes between nations should be settled peacefully through The Chinese Government reiterates that we negotiations. The Chinese Government proposes do not want a single inch of Vietnamese terri- once again that the Chinese and Vietnamese into tory, but neither will we tolerate incursions sides speedily hold negotiations to discuss ways Chinese territory. A11 we want is a peaceful and of ensuring peace and tranquillity along the just stable border. We hope that this stand of border between the two countries..and then pro- ceed to settle the boundary and territorial dis- putes. We sincerely hoPe that the Vietnamese side will respond positively to our proposal. The Chinese Frontier Troops Begin Chinrixe Government is prepared to give serious. proposals will help to Pullout on March 5 consideration to any that safeguard peace and tranquillity in the border attaining their set objectives, A FTER areas and resolve the disputes concerned. rI Chinese frontier troops in Guangxi and Yunnan, who were compelled to strike Between the Chinese and Vietnamese .peo- back .in self-defence against the Viet- ples there is a traditional friendlhip which is namese aggressors, have been ordered to not only in the interests of our two peoples but withdraw complet'ely to Chinese territory also in the interests of the people of Southeast dtarting on March 5, 1979. Asi.a, of Asia as a whole and of the entire world. In the 16 days since February 17 when The Chinese people highly value their friendship they launched the counterattack from the with the Vietnamese people. Although this aieas of Longzhou and Jingxi in Guangxi friendship has in recent years been damaged to and Hekou and Jinping in Yunnan, they our distress, we eagerly hope that it may be re- dealt devastating blows to Vietnamese arithorities armed forces in the Dong Dang-Lang Son stored. We hope that the Vietnamese area, the Cao Bang-That Khe area and the will take the fundamental interests of the two Lao Cf,i-Cam Duong area. peoples. at. heart and stop pursuing their hostile anti-China policy so that the Chinese and Viet-

Beiii.rlg Reuietn, No. 70 namese peoples may live together in friendship peace and uphold justice will take measures to from generation to generation. urge the Vietnamase authorities to stop promptly their aggression against Kampuchea and with- We believe that our positive and construc- draw all their forces of invasion back to their tive stand will enjoy widespread international own territory so as todserve the interest of the synrpathy and support. At the same time, we peace, security and stability of Southeast Asia hope that all countries and people that love and of Asia as a whole.

Chinese Foreign Ministry's Note ToVietnomese Embossy - Proposing once again to the Vietnamese Government to hold speedy negotiations

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The Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Viet the two countries and any constructive measures Nam in China: that can ensure peace and tra,nquillity along the Ttre Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Peo- border between, the two countries, and then ple's Republic of China presents its compliments proceed to settle the disputes between the trvo to the Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Viet countries cpncernfu)g the boundary and terri- tory. The Chinese side would welcome Viet- Nam in China and has the honour to state as follows: namese ideas about the.level, venue and other matters of the negotiations between the two On February 17, 19?9, the Chinese Govern- sides. ment issued a solemn statement in which it proposed that the Chinese and Vietnamese sides llhis proposal of the Chinese Government speedily hold negotiations to discuss the restora- accords with the will and interests of the tion of peace and tranquillity along the border Chirrese and Vietnamese peoples in maintaining between the two countries and proceed to settle relations of peace and friendship, and also meets the disputes concerning the boundary and ter- the earnest desire of the majority of the coun- ritory. It is to be regretted that the Vietnamese tries in'the world and international opinion to side has failed to make a positive response to see a cssatio,n of the border conflict between this proposal of the Chinese side. China and Viet Nam and an assurd peace be- tween the two countries. It is hoped that the However, Chinese the Government still Vietuamese Government will give serious con- hopes to see settlement a of the disputes be- sideration and make a po.sitive response to the tweeu the countries peaceful two through Chinese Government's si,ncere proposal. frttqtrafions. To this end, the Chinese Govern- The Ministry'of Foreign Affairs avails ment worr$ like to propose once again to the itself of this Vietnamese Government that each side appoint opportunity to renew to the Embassy the a vice-rninister of foreign affairs as its repre- a$surances of its highest consideration. sentative to meet a.s soon as possible at a Ttre Ministry of tr'oreign Affairs of mutually agreed place for concrete negotiations the People's Republic of China on ending the current border conflict between .Beijing, March 1, 19?9

March 9, 1979 13 Reports F ro,q the F rontier streets of Lao Cai. Inside there was almost nothing apart from military supplies. Walls be- tween courtyards facing China were all pierced lao Gai-Bridgehead lor and concrete floors were badly broken. Through the holes, it was possible to pass from every Uietnamese Proyocations room along the streets to the bunkers under the tower on the Vietnamese section of the Nanxi River Bridge. T AO Cai, the capital of Viet Nam's Hoang Lien I ' So., Province, was taken on February 19 by There were openings in all the walls facing Chinese frontier forces in Yunnan in their coun- the Nanxi River. We noticed straw mats under terattack. these embrasures, on which Vietnamese soldiers positioned observe or shoot. Lao Cai is separated from the Chinese town had slept or been to prone position embrasure of Hekou by the Nanxi and Honghe Rivers, A From a under an Nanxi River, we looked across to bridge linking the two countries crosses the overlooking the people strolling front of the Nanxi River. The people on both sides of these China and saw in a few days earlier, rivers used to be bound by ties of traditional Hekou railway station. Only been at the mercy of Vietnamese friendship, forged through,inter-marriage and their lives had guns positioned trade. here. This friendship has been deliberately de- Leaving the living quarters, we came to a stroyed by the Vietnamese authorities who nearby height which was dotted with pillboxes steadily intensified preparations to invade Chiha. and blockhouses and crisscrossed by trenches Back in 1977, they began forcing Lao Cai's and bunkers. Facing Hekou was an emplace- Vietnamese residents to evacuate and driving ment, from where, a cadre of our frontier troops Chinese nationals back to China, to create what said, a 5?mm. gun had continually shelled the they called a "sanitary district." town. This emplacement was the nearest to Hekou and posed the greatest threat. There was Then, large numbers of Vietnamese troops evidence that this solidly built artillery positibn and their "youth shock brigades" moved in. had been used for a long time. Similar gun They turned the emptied houses into emplace- emplacements were found in the hills all around. ments for attacking China. We correspondents inspected one house after another along the Then we came to a hill which, a cadre of the frontier forees told us, had been hollowed out by Vietnamese troops. Beneath the solid emplacements built on the hill with reinforced concrete were ia" concrete-paved tunnels in double layers leading to the edge of the Honghe River' d+

;a ii1 * "These defence works were not built in one day," said the cadre bitterly. "It is obvious that when we were talk' ing about Vietnamese and Chinese being comrades and brothers, theY were drlready preparing to attack us, extend- ing these fortifications right under our noses." In the pillboxes and bunkers left by the Vietnamese troops large quanti- ties of weapons, ammunition and rice have been found. Most of the weapons and ammunition were made in China. , aq$ The word "China" was printed on the irl*lffi*-, rice sacks and even the rice bowls bore Resting 'beside a sugarcane field Chinese fronlier troops the Chinese slogan "people's communes don't eat any bf the sugaroane but drink water from their good." While holding Chinese own canteens. The Chinese forces strictly abide by dis- are cipline during theit counterattack, weapons and eating,'Chinese rice, the

14 Beijtng Reaieta, No. 10 /t

Vietnamese troops turned their guns on China. Standing on his turret, gunner Xiao Chengshun Isn't this conclusive evidence of the perfidy of used his anti-aircraft gun to silence one enemy the Vietnamese authorities? position after another and then guided the tanks across anti-tank trenches. On the way he ( Xinhu a co rr e sp on d ent s ) caught sight of a hidden Vietnamese anti-tank position and eliminated it with hand grenades. Ihe Battle lor fihau ila Son When the tanks reached a minefield, Chinese sappers moved forward to clear the mines. ilounhin Well co-ordinated actions by Chinese in- fantry and tank forces enabled them to capture FTER an intensive bombardment, Chinese all the heights around Khau Ma Son Mountain frontier troops overwhelmed the Viet- before they made the final assault on the main names€ troops entrenched on Khau Son Ma peak. The enemy put up a desperate fight from Mountain on February 27, thus clearing the way the commanding height, firing from all pill- to Lang Son, the capital of Lang Son Province. boxes and hidden bunkers. The summit was .A.s Khau Ma Son Mountain provides a nat- enveloped in smoke that blurred visibility. At ural northern screen for'Lang Son, it is a key this eritical moment, the leader of the Second position for attacking or defending the city. Tank Company Li Decai drove his tank to- Vietnamese troops entrenched on the mountain, wards the enemy positions and pinpointed them had fired oVer 1,000 shells on China's Youyi- with bursts of tracer bullets for his comrades tb guan, inflicting heavy casualties. Indignant at knock out. The enemy firing positions were Vietnamese provocation, the Chinese soldiers destroyed'one by one. Finally two signal flares were determined to punish the enemy as they reporting victory rose from the top of Khau set out for the battle to take Khau Ma Son Ma Son Mountain. Mountain. ( Xinhua c om e sp ondents ) Chinese tanks .spearheaded the attack on Height 303. Thanks to their covering fire, Chinese infantrymen charged forward and cap- llistributing Grain to tured enemy positions on Height 303 in about ten minutes. Uiotnamese lnhabitants The Vietnamese forces on the mountain began firing heavy artillery at Height 303. Ling HE Chinese Guangxi and Yunnan border Xufu, captain of tank No. 5 of the First Tank forces have distributed grain to Vietnamese Company, calmly directed the tankmen to fire inhabitants in the border areas which they 60 shells in quick succession, which knocked out captured from the Vietnamese Government and enemy artillery positions and blockhouses. troolx in their self-defensive counterattack. The words "People's Republic China" were printed on the Chinese Guangxi border forces in their self-defensive of counterattack in Lang Son area. sacks found in Vietnamese mili- tary storehouses, showing that the grain was given by China as aid to the Vietnamese people. But the Vietnamese authorities held it back as military supplies in their armed provocations against China. The Chinese troops distribut- ed the grain to Vietnamese inha- bitants according to their needs, ranging from a few dozen to some 50 kilogrammes per household. Chinese soldiers delivered the grain to the doorsteps of old folks who had difficulty walking about.

15 shooting and shelling. When sorrie'cor- respondents went to see an old woman r.:ffi Iiving by the river, someone on the * opposite bank shouted in Vietnamese: "Get that one welaring glasses!'; The correspondents quickly ducked and the bullets whined close overhead. It was reported that at the beginning of the year the Vietnamese authorities had ordered their armed border personnel to shoot at a'nything that moved on Chinese territory-from trains and motor vehicles down to cows, .dogs, pigs and chickens. The day before our arrival, a water buffalo grazing by the Shelling Vietnamese aggressors. river was killed by machine-gun fire from the Vietnamese side of the river. We saw with our own eyes thL close- Vietnamese inhabitants in Thong Nbng, Ha packed bullet holes which riddled. the hide of Guang, Ban Lao and Bat Sat Districts told this buffalo, Viet Nam's constant shooting and Chinese border troops that they were only given shelling made Hekou's inhabitants fearful of grain enough rations to last for a few months walking about, and their production and life year of the because the Vietnamese authorities, were greatly affected. bent on expanding their military might, paid no heed to the people's well-being. Today, Hekou with its shady trees has re- gained its beautiful, peaceful look. Its shops, Local . inhabitants said that Vietnamese stores, hotels, restaurants, bookstores and bar- soldiers and seeurity personnel often took away ber shops have all reopbned and the streets are their grain and cancelled the rations of those filled with people even when it rains. Brightly who refused to support the Vietnamese authori- lit at night, the town is once again flourishing. ties' opposition to China. Many families had gone hungry for quite some time, they said. Rail traffic has aiso reopened and train- Many Vietnamese inhabitants were moved loads of people returning to the town keep pouring to tears when they received rice from Chinese out of the railway station. The in- frontier troops. habitants are busy repairing houses damaged by Vietnamese shelling, levelling shell craters or ( Xinhua com espon ilents ) cleaning up their courtyards. Old and young in

Chinese frontier troops distribute rice to Vietn:imese in- Lile Returns to llekou habitants in Cao Bang area. The rice was given by China as aid to Viet Nam. A FTER Chinese frontier troops / r counterattacked the Viet- #6,ffi# ffii namese prov- authorities' armed .F.,,&*"#€ ocations, the inhabitants of Hekou, China's border town in Yunnan Province, who had been forced to flee because of Viet- namese attacks are gradually re- turning home. People now cheer that Hekou, which is separated from Vietnamese teritory by the Nanxi River, has revived.

before the counterattack t' started on February 17, Hekou was practically a ghost town be- ' cause of endless Vietnamese

16 a family who had been separated becarxe of streets which rifle-carying militia now patrol. the Yietnamese attacks, could be seen joyfully One militiaman said: "Only by teaching the telling eaqh other their different experiences reactionary Vietnamese authorities a lesson for during their separation. undermining Chinese-Vietnamese friendship, can we live in peace." Once in a while military vehicles of the Chinese frontier forces would pass through the ( Xinhu a co rr e sp ondent s )

World Economy A Russed Road - Economic dilliculties in maior Western capitalast countries

qOME Western industrialized countries have total last year hit 28,450 million dollars, 1,900 \J experienced a sluggish recovery since the million more than 1977. This deficit is a key summer of 19?5 from the economic crisis of factor in the slump of the dollar for 18 months. 1974 and 1975, the worst since World War II. The U.S. Government last November adopted a Their annual growth rate of gross national pro- package of measures to shore up the dollar, but duct (GNP) in 19?? was 40 per cent below 19?6. they could not check decline. The obviously And this sluggishness persisted over the last deteriorating bconomy has led to loud grumbles year. What's more, these economies were in the U.S. Congress since last fall about the like- lihood another economic recession home plagued by unchecked price hikes and large- of at this year. scale layoffs. Unemployment was worse than in the pre-crisis period, with the total figure in Japan's GNP Growth Bate Down. The growth some countries surpassing the peak crisis figure. rate of Japan's gross national product last year was 2.5 per cent quarter, 1.1 per {r.S.A. Faees a Potential Economic Recession. in the first cent The real GNP growth rate of the United States in the second and 1 per cent in the third. Al the last year was 3.9 per cent, or 30 and 20 per cent end of December, the Japanese Government was less than 1976 and 1977. The productivity .for obliged to lower its economic growth targei private enterprises last year only rose by 0.4 (April 1978-Mareh 1979) from 7 per cent to 6. per cent, the. smallest rate since the crisis of But Japartese economic circles pointed out that 1974. And 19?8 also witnessed a slowdown in at best the GNP growth rate would reach b per the fixed industrial .capital investment and pri- cent. Last spring the seasonally adjusted figure vate consumption, the major motive forces for for production in factories and mines returned, developing the American economy. Last year, to its pre'crisis level; but the recovery.has since the U.S. enterprises' irrvestment in new factories then been slow, with the October figure only and equipment was only 4.5 per cent higher 2.4 per cent higher than the pre-crisis pelak. than 1977, far below the real growth rate of the And production in some enterprises has con- previous two years' capital investment 8.6 and tinued to deteriorate. For instance, as of + ..;4 - ' ll.8 per cent. Since last May private consump- September, production of iron, steel and textiles tion has flagged while the price index for con- still had not returned to the pre-crisis peak. sumer goods increased by 9.2 per cent, doubling To change this situation, the Japanese Govern- the anpual price increase rates of the'previous ment adopted stimulant measures in March and two years. The employment situation in the September 1978; which centred 'around the ex- United States improved in 19?8, but began to pansion of financial investments; but the ex- deteriorate in December, with layoffs exceeding pected results were not forthcoming. The fixed 6 million, larger than the,figures for October and capital investment in enterprises remained November. According to the U.S. Department sluggish. The total investment in equipment of Commerce, the national foreign trade deficit last year for the five largest steel companies

Nlarch 9, 1979 17 was three-fifths below the 1976 figure and one- in the future, last year only sars a real increase tour{n below 1977. Japan depended mainly of I per cent in private fixed capital investment on exports to rnaintain a slow economic growth. and this has exacerbated the grave unemploy- But the yen's soaring exchange rate has grad- ment. The number of jobless has been increas- ually impeded the export trade. Government ing almost month by month since the beginning statistics show that Japan's total export last year of last summer, with the average figure for the was 97,587 milliqn U.S. dolldrs, a 21.2 per cent whole year standing at more than 100 million. increase over the previous year. Calculated in The real growth rate of the Italian economy Japanese yen, however, it was actually 5 per Iast year was 2 per cent, a small improvement cent less than 19??. According to the forecast of over the previou.s year. The value of industrial the Mitsubishi Research Institute, the largest output for the first 11 months of 1978 was Japanese organization doing economic research, 1.5 per cent higher than for the'same period in the nation's real economic growth rate the in L977, Last year consumer prices rose 12.4 per fiscal year beginning April 1, 1979, is likely to cent, one-third lower than the increase of 19?7, drop to 4 per cent. but nearly twice the average figure for the nine E.E.C. Shows Slight Upturn. Ttre real growth E.E.C. countries. By the end of last year, the rate of the GNP of the nine countries in the total number of unemployed in Italy was.still European Economic Community for 1978 was more than 1.6 million, with 70 per cent below only 2.5 per cent while consurrer prices in- the age of 30. creased by 7.5 per cent. This, however, was an West Germany's economy has, in recent improvement over 19?7. Up to last October in- years maintained its pace of gradual improve- dustrial output for the E.E.C. nations excluding ment. Last year, its GNP grew by 3.4 per cent - France and Ireland rose. Furtherunore, the total below its rate of growth in the 50s and 60s, but foreign trade deficit last year for the nine E.E.C. far above the average growth rate of 2.4 per members was only 5,500 million U.S. dollars, cent in 1970-77. Last year, the number of jobless nearllr half of the previous year's figure. averaged 989,300 which was an'improvement Serious unemployment, however, remained the over the previous three years when more than E.E.C.'s biggest headache. The E.E.C. Commis= 1 million people were unemployed each year. sion predicted that the real growth rate for the Consumer prices in 1978 increased around 2.5 nine E.E.C. couhtries this year would rise to per cent, the lowest rate in recent years. The around 3.5 per cent. rate of utilization of West German industrial The economic situation in the various West ,equipment has for a long time'stagnated at European countries varied. Britain's real growth about 80 per cent and, for the foreseeable fu- rate last year was 3.5 per cent, the best since ture, there is no likelihood of booms in fixed its last crisis and the highest in the E.E.C. In capital investments. Throughout 1978, the that year, Britain managed to break its four- deutsche mafk remained firm. However, with year run of a double-digit increase, in consumer its value going up nearly 30 per cent against prices by bringing it down to 8 per cent, exactly the U.S. dollar, West German exports have to half the rise in 19??'. Britain's foreign trade a certain extent been put at a disadvantage. also registered a slight surplus for the first time It was noted that last year the West German in years. Though there was a favourable turn economy switched for the first time since the in the employment situation in 1978, 1.36 end of World lVar II from relying mainly on ex- million remained jobless in Decemtrer, double ports to depending largely on domestic economic the figure prior to the last recession and in its factors. Despite this, West Germany's total early days. foreign trade last year was estimated to have netted a favourable balance of 40,7fi) million The Freneh economy remained sluggish last marks which was 2,300 marks more than the year with the real growth rate at 3 per cent, 1977 surplus. which was nearly the same as the previous year's rate. Consumer prices, however, rose 9.7 per Although thre'e years have passed since the cent, surpassing the 1977 figure. Industrial pro- 1974*75 economii crisis, the capitalist world is duction started to drop last surnmer and since still recovering. According to AP estimates, then has proceeded by fits and starts, so that inflation and unemployment this year will pro- the industrial produetion index in November bably become major social issues. The road did not return to the April level. In additioh, will still be rugged in 1979 for Western with the owners of enterprises losing confidence economies,

I8 Beiirng Rezsiean, IVo. I0 SPECIAT FEATURE

Chinese lllomen Discuss Life And llVorh lllllllllllIllllltlnlllllilillullllilllllllllilullllItIllllllllillllllllllltIltilttll1illllltillln

Women were more oppressed thon nren in old Chino. ln oddi- tion to the three forms of oppression weighing upon men, womcn qlto hod to cope with.mole dominotion. Moo Zedong wrote thot these lour oppressions politicol, clon, religious ond mEsculine w€re the four ropes ol -Chino's old feudol-pctriorchol society rhockling- the Chinese people, ln the 30 yeors since libcrotion, the sociol stotus of women hos been fundqmentolly oltered. Such phenomeno os child brides ond boby girls beinE drowned ore now noneristent, Equolity between men ond women is guoronleed by low. Women ore ploying o lorger role in politics, industrisl ond ogriculturol production, culture ond educotion ond hove o bigger soy in fomily offoirs. But the ottitude thot men ore superior to women still persists, Women't complete emoncipotion still hos lo be striven for. But it will be oided by tociolist modernirstion, o gool which the Chinese people ore now ererting oll their efforl to ochieve, On the eve of Morch 8, lnternqtionol Working Women's Doy, our correspondent osked eight women ol different trodes to soy some- thing obout o womon's life in Chino.

economic, cultural, soeial and family life. Men Employment Opportunity and women enjoy equal pay for equal work." Zhang Min, head of the A basic condition for women's emancipa- women workers' department tion is their taking part in social productive of the Shoudu Iron and Steel labour. Since. 1957 the number of women Company in Beijing had this workers and staff members has increased from to say: 3 million to nearly 30 million in the spheres of industry, trade, communications and finances. Ours is a large iron and steel works in the western In our enterprise, women hold jobs in most suburbs of Beijing. Women fields and receive the same treatment as men. account for 15 per cent of the They do their work well as is shown by the fact work force in the company's that there were two women among the 14 pace- plants. Naturally there are many more men setters cited by the company last year. One was workers in heavy industrial enterprises than an electrician named Li Zhirui, the other a in textile mills where women make up the ma- loader called Yan Jinfeng. And Zhao Xiaohua, jority. (iur-enterprise does not recruit its own a woman Warehouse keeper, was one of 'the five workers; they are assigned to us by the Labour workers commended by the Metallurgical Bureau according to a state plan. Ministry. In terms of employment, women enjoy However, the attitude that men are better equal rights with men in state industrial and than women also exists in our company. Gen- coqrmercial enterprises and Party and state erally speaking, women workers are physically or6ians. This right of equal employment and weaker and are burdened with tiring household e-qual pay is guaranteed in Article 53 of the chores. Most older women are less educated as Constitution which says: "Women enjoy equal they were deprived of the opportunity to study rights with men in all spheres of political, when they were young. In the 1950s, it was

March 9, 1979 19 g,PTI*IAE EFATI;PF provisions to accommodate women during their menstrual, pregnant, child-birth and nursing periods, and try to run the nurseries, canteens and other service trades well. Our company now has nine kindergartens which can cater for most of its women's children. There is a spe- cial bus for those women and their children who live far away from the factories, and fofums are held for men workers to encourage them to share the housework. We do all this to improve the employment opportunities for women workers and to do away with the wrong concept that women are incapable. But I feel that women cannot be inspecting products in the Beijing further liberated until household work has been ' Instruments Faetory. socialized. said that two women workers were secretly used to replace one man worker in some fac- Equal P^y Equal tories. This kind of phenomenon no longer for exists. But the leadership in certain plants usually assigns women workers to service or Work auxiliary jobs, paying no heed to their studies Fu Xiuzhen, woman of techniques. member of Donggaocun Com- As head of the women workers' department, mune, . Pinggu: County, .in it's my job to get involved with such matters, suburban Beijing, explained: since our department is charged with the re- Constitution states sponsibility of training women wor!

20 Bei,jing Retsietn, No. 10 ..*,i"

take part in. agricultural production. But only half of the worrian labour force would show up on,any one day. Instead they would visit their relatives or do needle work at home. And those who did come to the fields did not work very hard. The reason for their poor attitude towards work was they were unhappy about the pay icale. For a man could get as many as 10 work- points a day while a woman wouldn't get any more than eight, even though many women worked just as much and just as well as the men. The commune Party committee studied this problem and found many Ieading comiades men believed that Women members of a Hebei people,s communs getting their pay. werb'superior to women. The com- mune Party committee made a self- criticism and urged the production t€ams to of the workforce for the spring ploughing and make sure that women received equal pay with autumn harvesting. Their attendance rate was men for equal work. Some production team above 90 per cent. Grain output was 4,500 Ieaders opposed this decision at first because kilogrammes per hectare before 1974, now .it is they were-afraid it would dampen the men's 6,800 kilogrammes. A man commune member enthusiasm. And after they were won over, said: "As long as no one says anything about there were some male commune members who women's achievements, no one can see their complainedr "A cock runs faster than a hen!" contributions; but when they are mentioned, people quickly see that women really can hold There was quite a opposition. Some bit of up the other half of the sky." youngsters proposed that they have a rock- shouldering contest with the women. Others Now in our commune 10 per cent of the deliberately embamassed the women. For in- women work force and 30 per cent of the men's stance, one day when men and women were receive 10 workpoints a day. Twenty per cent both carting earth, the men wanted to put the of the women's and men's work force each earn women down by showing how strong they were, the next highest amount of workpoints. And and they hauled 13 cartloads of earth. But 35 per cent of the women's and 30 per cent of normally they would only cart away 6 or 7 the men's work force get the third highest num- I loads. ber of workpoints. While we know from our own experience Putting the policy of equal pay for equal that we have'to combat the idea of looking down work into effect has actually stimulated men's upon women in order to successfully establish enthusiasm. When those men who thought of equal pay for equal work, women also have to themselves as the main bread winner saw that show they are capable and can work well. For their wives earned as many workpoints as they instance, women for the first time recently be- did, they were more inclined to share the house- gan to learn how to transplant rice. Now g0 work. As a woman's status in the family im- per cent of the paddyfields are planted by wom- proves, so does the family atmosphere. And en and th-ey do it quickly and well. Seeing this, this in turn has a positive effect on family a very conservative old peasant said smilingly: planning. Of course the notion that men are "'When they work like this, I don't mind if they superior get 15 workpoints a day." to women still exists. But it is no- where near as serious as before. Now some peo- In recent years, women have also started to ple say that it doesn't *.it". whether a woman learn other types of highly skilled work which gives birth to a baby boy or a baby girl. The was done exclusively by men before, such as population growth rate in this commune has scattering seeds, building., houses and driving fallen from 2.3 per cent in lgZO to 1.1 per cent horse-carts. , Women made up ?0 per cent last year.

March 9; 1979 21 SPECIAT FEATURE Marriage for their sons' wedding::' Such marriages were Love and a heavy burden, especially for young peasants. , Cao Shunqin, Vice- A similar situation appeared in the cities. Chairman of the Shanshai young people would choose their partners Women's Federation, re- .Some for economic reasons rather than for the latter's counted: character. Often there were'serious problems Freedom of choice in' with these mamiages. marriage was practically non- In the eity of Shanghai, most marital prob existent in semi-feudal and lems amcing middle-aged couples come frorn semi-colonial 'old China the husbands thinking they can rule their fam- where marriages were arbi- ilies without question like men did in the old trarily arrange{ by the par- society. Sometimes these husbands even beat Nor was unusual woman be ents. it for a to their wives. But marital problems among young treated as commodity be bought a that could couples mainly happened either because'the and sold. This sort of thing. was called a mer- couple didn't reach a mutual understanding.be- cenary marrrage. fore their marriage or because they had eco- A year after nationwide liberation, the nomic disagreements over such matters as Government passed the Martiage Law which poorly plbnned budgets or whether to help outlawed the feudal system of marriage. Ac- support .the parents of either side. cording to the new- law, young people could The family is a mainstay in society, so freely choose their partners, husbands and when these kinds of marital problems go un- wives were equal and the interests of women checked, the social order is affected. That is and children were to be protected. The law why our women's federations began to pay also forbid polygamy as well as exaction of special attention to these problems after they money or gifts in cronnection with marriage. started to refunction last year. First of all, we called on the people to look at marriage and The new law radically changed the ol{ love from a socialist perspective and let it be marriage customs. Many young people began known that those who violated the Marriage consider person's character and to a ,moral Law would be prosecuted. attitude towards work rather than his or her possessions and economic background. Girls Nevertheless, law is not all-powerful. It woutd refuse to accept betrothal gifts and men needs to be backed up by good ideological work. who didn't have enough money to get a wife At the Fourth National Women's Congress last in the old society were now able to marry and auturnn, people ;qere called on to establish start a family. "revolutionary, democratic and harmonious new families." We cadres in the women's federa- This situation unfortunately took a turn for tions have to educate members of families to be the worse when Lin Biao and the "gang of four" considerate and helpful to one another, be were in power. Party and government organi- thrifty and industrious in managing their house- In zations in many places stopped functioning. So holds and to be respectful to the elderly. and did the women's federations. This meant that addition, we need to stress that husbands wives should share the housework and the. young people had no place to go to when they responsibility of raising and educating their ran into family or marital problems. Many old children. practices cropped up again. . For the last decade or so, the "gang of In some places in the countryside, parents four" wouldn't .allow the subject of Iove and once again arranged their childrenrs marriages marriage to appear on the screen, in ai't or'in and demanded betrothal gifts, A young man fterary works. The press was not allowed to would have to spend a lot of money to buy, run articles on how young people should look among other things, a bicycle, a sewing machine at love and family life or on successful mar- and a radio for the bride or her parents, and riages. Tf either the women's.federations or the he would also have to hold a wedding feast. Youth League tried to give pointers to young Quite a few peasants would go into debt as a people ot thit subject, tLey woutd be criticized result. Some parents would marry off their for "not putting politics in command" or "cater- daughters-first so they could get enough money ing to vulgar interests."

22 Beijing Revieu, No. I0 SPEGIAI. FEATURE . Now the problems of giving guidance to social status is not based on how much money young people on these matters is being taken he has. seriously. The journals Zhongguo Funu (Women Because we live simply and plan our budget of China) and Zhongguo (China QirWnian carefully, we are able to save 40 yuan a uionth Youth) and the newspaper Zhongguo Qingnian and'mail 10 yuan to my mother. In the last Boo (Chinese Youth) often carry artieles on this few years, we have bought, among other things, subject. And love is a common theme in litera- two bicycles, four watches, a transistor radio ture. The one-act play Reidezuous recently and a sewing machine. Before buying something staged Shanghai in and the short story The expensive, the whole family gets together and Proper Place Loue very popular. of were decides what to buy. For instance, once my children wanted to buy a TV set but after talking it over we decided to buy an electric Family Budget fan first since Shangha! is pretty hot in the' summertime. It was only very recently that we Zhang Haofen, a woman were able to buy. a black and white TY' set. worker in the Shanghai Jia- passed feng Cotton MilI, said: My husband and his mother who away last year have given me a lot of help in running Like other women, I our household. Since my factory is far away organize the budget for my from home, I can't get back in time to fix meals. family. I plan the expenses With the help of the children, my husband does for four people, my husband the shopping and cooking. He also shares other who is a movie projectionist, housework. This may seem to be a small thing my youngest two children but it means a lot to me. who are teenagers in middle Sinee our marriage 25 years ago, I lrave not school and myself. Our oldest two children live been tied down by household chores. I joined away from home and are self-supporting. Our the Communirst Party in 1955 and was cited as 23-year+ld daughter is a peasant on the out- a city advancd worker in 1964. In the last 14 Shanghai and our oldest son is a skirts of years, I was only absent from work for three worker. days because of a minor car accident. I have As China is a poor developing country, our also been cited as a pa.ce-setter in my factory income is fairly low. So I hevb to be quite every year since the overthrow of the "gang of economical'in running our household. But as four" in 1976. In 1977 I was cited as a national long as we have a sound family budget, we have model worker of the tgxtile industry. no trouble getting along on our combined monthly income of 145 yuan. My husband's Family Planning wage is 78 yuan a month and mine is 6? yuan. My job is made easier by the fact that many Yan Renying, professor basic living costs are quite reasonable. We pay of the gynecology depart- 6 yu?n a month, or 5 per cent of our income; for ment at the No. I Hospital electricity, water and rent for our three-room affiliated to the Beijing flat. Both my husbarrd and I get free medical Medicat College, (well.known gynecologist stirdied caie and we pay half the medical expenses for who medicine in the United our children. The other half is paid by my States in tho 1940s) told me: factory. The tuition for their sehooling is ? 1ruan each per term. Now that two of my Years ago when,I worked gtrildren hre wage-earners, we spend more in large cities I irsed to refuse m.oney on food. One-third of our income goes to induce abortions because I thought they were for groceries. 'We mainly eat grains and vege- harmful to women's health. Since China's tables with a small amount of meat and eggi. liberation, I came into contact with more pa- tients. I found many women, particularly '".Liike our fellow workers, we lead a simple working women, were very eager to take part life. Otir.tidy home has little furniture and we in the socialist revolution andl construction. don't buy feshionable clothing. But simple But they wer:e unable to because they had clothing is not a disgrabe. [n fact thrift and big families. Many of them were very anxious frugality are respected in China and a person's to get some birth control devices. Some

March 9, 7979 '23 SPECIAT even usd'EATUTE dangerous methods to induce. an no social pressure against wome{r who want to abortion. My views changed; I decided it have q.n abortion. Some elderly people were was my duty to help thme women. In 1956, stroqgly against it in the 1950s when abortions when Chairman Mao called for family planning were available on a large scale for the first time. so that China's population growth could be reg- They claimed that to have an abortion was the ulated, I came to realize that family planning same as killing a baby. Such opposition died was much more than a medical problem. It was down as people learnt more about science. But important for women's emancipation, the health some still worried that the popularization of of mothers and children, and the prosperity of induced abortions might lead to licentiousness. our nation. In fact, licentiousness is a problem related to the social system and social morals and not the Not long ago the state set a target to limit popularization induced abortions. few the annual populatibn growth rate to I per cent of A unmarried women get pregnant in the urban by 1980. Last year the rate fell to less than I areas but they are also given a free abortion at per cent in the cities of Beijing, Stranghai, a hospital. Since there are no private practi- Tianjin and in eight provinces. In Sichuan, tioners China, indueed abortions high China's most populous province, it was only in at a price are out of the question. 0.8 per cent. . And more men in this province are being sterilized than in other provinces. In I have seen the benefits of family planning some piaces this is being done by giving injec- in the last few years. Women have more time tions to block the spermatic duct instead of by and energy to work and study, they can bet- surgery. ter arrange their family budgets and family lives; the mothers' health can be protected arid population It is expected that the annual children brought up in a better way. In short, growth per rate will drop to less than L cent in family planning is a great help to the cornplete more provinces year, those with this and that emancipation of women. a higher rate will do better. Take Guangshan County in Henan Province for instance. The population growth rate dropped from 3.52 per Taking Care of Children cent in 19?2 to 0.513 per cent in 1977. The Li Min, dOputy secretary decline is chiefly due to ideological work, to of the Zhapu neighbourhood raise people's understanding of the importance Paity committee* in Hongkou of family planning. As a result, 85 per cent District, Shanghai, said: of the women i.n their child-bearing years are now using contraceptives. And more men are If women are to become being sterilized than women. liberated, they need to be freed from child-care chores Contraceptives, sterilization and induced so that they can spend more abortion are free all over the country. There is time working and studying. Sixty thousand people live in our residential area. When the Party Central Committee announced the new Long March towards socialist modernization, our res- idents enthusiastically responded. That made those of us working on the neighbourhood com- mittee begin to think of Ways we could help them. We made an investigation and found tfrqre was a strong cry to solve child-related problems. For instance, -it was felt that the school-age children of working parents should get meals and after-school- help on their homework and that nurseries should be expanded for more infants. At that time we already had 1,674 children enrolled in the eight nurseries and kindergartens * This is an urban organ of power at the grass- roots level, which is a branch office of the district Beijing No. I Cotton Mill kinrlergarteners. revolutionary committee.

24 Beiiing Reoieut, No: 10 SPECIAL FEATURE in our residential area, but there were still 211 We are also rtrnging five canteens to pro- on a wbiting list; After considering quite a few vide luneh for those ichool children whose par- alternatives, we ,flecided to rearrange the rooms ents can't come home in the middle of the day., and ask some. housewives who were in good In the past, these children had to cook their health to help out. Now all kids from 56 days own lunch. to six years old are in nurseries and kinder- gartens except those from families which have The Autumn Years elderly people.around to care for them. Yang Guizhi, an old In the pas,t our nurseries and kindergartens woman livrng in Jianguo were only open in the daytime. This was very Street, Guilin, Guangxi inconvenient parents for working on .night Zhuang Autonomous Region, shifts. Some of them had to ask for leaves of told me: absence to take care of their children at night. And there were other parents who wanted I come from Hunan Prov- boardihg facilities for children so that they ince whBre my forefathers could have more time.for reading and studying farmed for generations. My in the evenings. To meet these demands, all our husband died before libera- nurseri€s and kindergartens now provide tion. I was so poor, I had round-the-clock service, and parents can go to leave my two children at home and go there whenever they wish. look {or work in the city. I ggt a job as a wet- Chinese chiidren start school tt age of nurse.there for a while. Then during the war 6. fn our neighbourhood we have"i 1,100 " school I was forced to move from place to place. until children whose parents both work. Naturally I finally settled. in Guilin. I located my two it was not uncommon to see children playing children a few years ago, thanks to the help cif in the streets after school with keys hung the Government. I hadn't seen them for years. around their necks. Besides, there were some It turned dut they were still living in my native middie school students whose parents hadn't village. had enough education to help therrr- with their I'm ?8 now arid I live on money given me studies. every month W my residents' committee.* But bread . Those:of us oR the neighbourhood com- I do not like the idea of being an idle mittee felt that the job of bringing up young- eater. So I do volunteer work for the residents' stens can't just be left to the schools and parents. committee which tries to provide services for We had to help too. So we set up.many cul- the 2,000 residents, most of whom are workers, tural centres where 900 retired workers, teach- cadres and students. I help look after the aged ers and scientific and technical personnel help and children along with 18 other retired work- ers and housewives. Our average age is 63. children with their lessons. This had a good effect on most of their studies. We have many tt'ings tg do, and our work covers a large area. .sometimes we have to do the unexpected. I'd like to give you just one or two examples. Once,r a woman was about to give birth prematurely. But there was no one around to. help her becausq her husband, a worker, had jgst undergone an operation in the hospital and her first child was too young. It wai for us on the residents' committee to pitch in. We sent the woman to the hospital and one of us stayed behind to look after her child. We con- tinued to give her assistance uritil her husband was back from the hospital. In another instance, 'one couple in our neighbourhood' quarrelled a lot. Since the man was a locomotive driver, we were worried

* An organization set up by residents in an An elderly woman in Foshln, Guangdong, gels urban area to manage their own affairs. The com- citation for .good housekeeping. mittee members are elected by the resiilents.

March 9, 1971) 25 SPECIAT FEATURE that he. might become preoccupied with these I was 53. Two years. Iater I applied to Join the spats when he was driving and endanger the Pgrty. At that time scime people said: What's safety of the passengers. So we tried to help the use of an old woman joining the Party? this couple pateh things up. After a good deal But I didn't agiee. I should serve my neigh- of gentle persuasion, they finally got back on bours better and do my bit for socialist con- good terms. The person on our committee who struction. I was admitted into the Party when was in charge of the mediation; by the way, was I was 71. a highly respected 84-year-old grandma. My daughter ang grandson eame here Womgn of l*linority several years ago. They wanted to take me back to Hunan so that I could spend my remain- Nationalities years leisurely course ing with them. Of I Jin Shuying (Mongo- would like to be with my children. But I didn't lian nationality), chairman go because my neighbours need me and I'm of a women's federation, getting along well here. How could I ,quite said: leave? mother of There is a lot of concern for old people in I'm 47, a chairman our country. My neighborrrs often give me a five. I'm now (equivalent to helping hand. They do my heavy household of a banner federa- chores, like buying coal and cleaning windows. a county) women's I came down with pleurisy last year. When tion in the Ulanqab League my neighbours found out they immediately (equivalent to a prefecture) rushed me to the hospital. I couldn't remember of the Nei Monggol (Inner how many people. came to see me during my Mongolia) Autonomous Region. stay in the hospital. But I am sure that they My parents chose a husband for me before brought me much fruit which piled up like a I was born accordirig to the old Mongolian fruit stall by my bed. custom. fhey promised anofher family that if I have been living by myself these years, the newborn were a girl, she would be married but I never feel lonely. My livelihood is secure. to one of their boys. I did not see my husband Young people don't treat us old people with until the wedding. It turned out tt-tat he was a disdain. No one has forgotte,n us either. I try midget less than one metre tall. He often to hold up my end by being useful to society. whipped me on a mere whim. Even though it I began to learn how to read and write when would have been very easy for me to knock him down with my fist, I didn't dare because he was.-a man. For according to feudal ethics no wornan was allowed to offend a man. In the old society women had to strictly observe the 81 taboos and commandments laid down by the lamas. They were not allowed to read or talk in a loud voicd. Nor could they give birth at home; instead they. had to do it out in the open or in the stables. My mother-in-law was beaten so often by her hus- band that her ten fingers were mutilated. We hated the men anil wanted to rise up against them. But it was useless to fight this by yourself. I tried to commit zuicide but failed. I tried to run away twice but eaeh time I was brought back. It was finally possible for me to divorce that midget after the revolution succeeded in 1949 and the Marribge Law was passed in 1950. I was remarried to a man of my own choice. He is a section ehief in our banner's commerqial Mo[golian nationality herdswomen shopping. department. I also became a cadre in 1951

26 Beijing Revieto, No. 10 .l . SPECIAT FEAIURE after I finished studyiirg in a nationalities in- A decade or so ago, we were very unhappy stitu.te, -later i became a member of the Chinese when some schools here were forced to stop Commirnist Party. teaching the Mongolian language. Now it turns out that this was done by local followers of I know from my own experiences ,that Lin Biao and the "gang of four" to sow discord women could not have been emancipated if they among various nationalities. They said that the had just opposed masculine authority. Their Mongolian language was a foreign language emancipation was tied to the liberation of the and that those who wanted to.learn it were trai- entire labouring people. My former husband . tors. Mongolian language classes were resumed and father-in-law were poor herdsmen who after the gang was toppled, and what is more, oppressed, yet believed the tradi- were they it has been decided that the Han students in tional that men were superior to women notion the autonomous region also have to study and so they mistreated women. The old social Mongolian. system is to blame for this. If we hadn't over- thrown the old social system, our present happi- Women play a big role in Nei Monggol's ness would have been out of the question. agriculture and animal husbandry. In our. banner many womeh have learnt to drive trac- In those dark days we minority people were tors, do farrn work, herd and deliver animals discriminated against wherever we went. and serve as veterinarians. There are now Women fared even worse since they were at 1,399 women workers in our banner. And more the bottom of the social ladder. Now things and more women are becoming leaders in Party tiave changed. I have been working with Han and government organizations, factories and cadres for many years. We respect each othei. rural areas, I have hardly seen or heard of discrimination *$he days when women of the Mongolian against minority people or similar bad things. nationality were treated as speaking tools are gone for good. But much remains to be done Minority nationalities in China, particularly for women's liberation. This is because eco- minority women, enjoy preferential treatment. nomic and cultural developments are still at a In college extrance examinations, for example, considerably low level in our country, par- standards enloknent for minority nationality ticularly in the areas . inhabited by national students are lower than for Han students. This minorities. As I see it, it is impossible for means minority students have more opportUni- women to be eompletely emancipated until ties to receive a higher education. Last year, China achieves its socialist modernization. Only when the state decided to increase wages for then will they be free from heavy physical workers and staff, minority pegple were among labour and tiresome housework. Only then will the first to be considered as long as they were the attitude that women are inferior to.men as competent as their Han colleagues. My and similar old ideas and habits be done away salary was raised at that time. with.

(Cqntinued. trom p. 7.) this question, history has given whole Party land the whole the best answer. Yao Wen- nation. another . opera, was also per- yuan's article was nothing but In bringing the truth to light secuted and eventually died ,a shocking frame-up which today, not only are the griev- without being able to defend initiated the campa.ign of per- ances of the victims redressed himself. , who wrote secution against the academic but obstacles to the implemen- Hai, Rui Disrnissed From Office, and cultural circles. In the was even more ruthlessly per- tation of Chair.man Mao's policy Culturai Revolution that of "letting a hundred flowers secuted until he died in 1969. followed, Jiang Qing and eom- blossom and a hundred Jiang Qing and her gang once pany used the power they had schools of thought contend" are gleefuliy described Yao Wen- seized and enforced a fasci:st swept away. This will facilitate yuarl's article as the "prelude" dictatorstrip on the people, the development of socialist to the Cultural Revolution. On bringing disastrous losses to the culture and academic studies.

March 9, 1979 27 ROUND TIIE WORLD

WEST GERMANY a'stategre,$t.made to the press filrssian bear, for, if provokd said that the assertion that the bear could turn dangerous Soriet Military Buildup Soviet military might is "defen- and strike out madly. If vre ls Not Delensive sive" contradicts not only what take this line of thinking then :,General Haig and other military we would be0ome,.more or less, experts have said on this subject. hostages to the Soviet policy of A debate is raging in West but also the Federal Govern- strength." German. political and press ment pronouncement that the circles over the policy on In its reply to interpolations buildup Warsaw Pact mili- security and disarmamsnt. of on the security and disarmament tary forcs far exc.eeds defensive policy raised by the four major It was sparked off by state- requiremente. partie in parliament, the ments conceihing .disarmament government fn an interview *itr, the Bonn conceded on made early this year by Herbert February Soviet F r ankf urt er All g eme in e Z eitung, .20 that Wehner, chairman of the par- medium-range Alfred Dregger of the opposition weapons were a liamentary group of the ruling strategic threat NATO, and Christain Democratic Union to Social Democratic Party. Weh- proposed that NATO should ner asserted that the Soviet said: "So far as conventional, take cpunter-meas-ures. :.- military buildup in Europe was tactical nuclear and strategic "defensive rather than offen- nuclear weapons are concerned, sive" and that the Soviet Union Soviet armaments are all offen- NORTH AND SOUTH YEMEN maintained a marked tank pre- sive in nature." He went on to ponderance in Europe for say that whoever makes a Ceaseltre Agreement defence purpos€s and "not for realistie appraisal of the situa- launching a sudden offensive tion will inevitably come to the Since the outbreak of border here." conclusion that if the military clashes between the Yemen Arab Republic and People's Wehner aired these views at balance is not nestored on the the Democratic Republic Yemen a time when widespPead ap- European mntinent, then West of February many nations, prehension prevails in Western Germany, the Netherlands, Bel- on 20 gium Luxembourg will fall particularly the Arab ones, have Europe over the magnitude of and direct political dependence expressed their grave doncern, the cuntinuous militarY builduP into Union. appealed for a cessation to this of the Soviet Union which, on the Soviet fighting, mediate already enjoying an overwhelm- A Die Welt editorial noted sent envoys to between the two countries and ing edge over the NATO coun- that "it happens ttrat in the withdrawal of tries by way of conventional Federal Republic (of Germany), called for a troops. arms, is now rapidly boosting and in some other Western its nuclear might against countries as well, there has been After Iraq, Syria and Jordan Western Europe. Soviet SS-20s for years an inelination to go dispatched special envoys to and nuclear-capable Backfire as far as possible to avoid pro- Sanaa and Aden to mediate the bombers have most of Western voking the Soviets, and even to dispute, the Yemen Arab Re- Europe within range, including try to oover up facts if they are public and the People's Demo- Wet German targets. The not to the liking of the cratic Republic of Yemen issued continuing Soviet military Kremlin." separate statements on March 2 buildup cannot help upsetting Refuting the apologists for the in Sanaa, Aden, Damascus, West European countries. Soviet Union, the editorial Baghdad and"Amman announc- Many political figures and declared: "Those who talk a ing a ceasefire. The statements newspapers in West Germany great deal about the Kremlin's said that a ceasefire would begin refuted the views propagated by 'desire for peace' are self- at 8 a.m. on March 3, that theii Wehner as soon as his state- contradictory. While making forces would be withdrawn as monts were made public. great play about the benevolence soon as possible and that both 'Manfred Woerner, spokesman of Brezhnev and his crew, they sides would work to create a on defence policy for the C.D.U.- strongly caution against any conducive atmosphere for enter- C.S.U. parliamentary group, in action which might provoke the ing into direct talks, including

28 t Beiling Revieu, No. I0 an end -to their propaganda sT. tuctA campaigns. lndependence Proctalmed Heiri ATLANTIC OCEAN Differences between the Arab countries, including those that St. Lucia, in the eastern part Puarto RicorlJ.S.) d have a historical basis, can be of the Caribbean $ea, pro, . :,r:rl settled through friendly negotia- claimed 'its independence on \ St. Chrisioohcr-Nev,"-o"oruo2f tions. But, since the Soviet February 22 to become the 29th (B.it.) .i.1t Union labelled some Arab coun- independent Latin American CAribbeAngr, . Guadcloupclrr.;0f ' tries as "reactionary" and state. ,y'.{ others their dif- "progressive," Prime Minister John Compton ferences have been aggravated said in a speech celebrating the and have even led to the use of birth of his nation: force. It should be noted that "The business of the nation and the involved in every event which business of building a nation is bloodshed, the Soviet Union never finished." "Let every St. supported one side and opposed Lucian remember always that the other. the prime responsibility of building a. nation is At a time when the Arab ours." In- ternally, the St. Lucian Govern- countries have been making col- =Tr-rUGi;= ment is committed to developing lective eliminate the ' l. Vcnczucla 2. Tdnidsd and Tobago efforts to agricultural production, pushing tension in the Red Sea area, for a diversified economy, boost- governor was 1664, TASS openly supported South killed. In ing the modernization o{ its the island again was reduced Yemen against North Yemen. to agriculture and paying attention a British colony. The long It alleged on February 27 that it to developing the tourist and struggle between British was North Yemen which had the other industries. Externally, and the French for possession of invaded South Yemen and that the Government is firmly op- the island end6d in 1814 with South Yemeni armed forces.and posed Britain taking over the island. militiamen had repelled the in- to imperialism and co- After sustained vasion. It bsserted that all Ionialism. It wilt actively sup- a struggle by port people, attempts to undermine South national independence and .!he St. Lucian the island Yemen's sovereignty were ecpnomic integration in the was granted "internal self- bound to fail. The TASS report Caribbean region, stressing government". in March 1967, to made no mention of the com- unity and cu-operation among become one of Britain's West mon desire of the Arab world the member states of the Carib- Indies "Associated" States with for the cessation of the drmed bean Community. It stands for Britain responsible for defence conflict between South and the establishing of a new in- and external.affairs. In August North Yemen. ternational economic order and 1976, the Parliament of St. Lucia for developing friendly relations adopted a resolution demanding The Soviet has long with other Union third world countries. complete independence. From planned:to take a hand in the The people of St. Lucia April . 1977 oD, a St. Lucian dispute between the two Ye- have - waged a prolonged and government delegation held a mens and cause trouble in the arduous struggle to achieve na- number of talks in London with Arab Peninsula and the Gulf tional independence. Early in the British Government on St. area. The,fact that the heads the 17th century, the valiant Lucian independence. It led to of state of the two Yemens were and industrious Indians of St. the decision that St. Lueia last killed within three days Lucia had put up strqng re- would become fully independent June fresh people's is still in sistance against the Western on February 22 this year, a new memories. colonial invasion. In 1639, Britain independent state within the - occupied the island, but after a present, there are many British Commonwealth. At few months, some 400 British Soqipt advisers and military colonists were wiped out by the St. Lucia has an area of 616 pers@el in South Yemen. The island inhabitants. In 1651, the square kilometres and a popula- Soviet Urypn has ulterior mo- .9j:.t island was occupied by France. tion of 150,000. Its principal tives for fanning up the dispute Fierce resistance was put up by crops are bananas, coconuts and between the two countries. the island people and the French cocoa.

Marci g, lgzg 29 Oil THE HOlr{E FRONT

i!:., O ), Aerlalt Attorestaltlon Aerial afforestation has the Jialing, which vastly imprcived Over 10 million hectares of further advantages of speed, the city's accessibility. . But barren land and mountaip low cost and high efficiency. there was no highway bridge slopes in China were sown from Departments concerned are over the Changjiang River. the air. Saplings have appear- using this method to plant trees With the completion of the pro- ed on 2.7 million hectares and more and more extensively. jected bridge, the three parts mature trees on 1.5 million divided by the two rivers in the hectares. ? Cnor*qlns Battd.r city will be linked more close1y. Brg Etghtoa,g Brtdge The people of Chongqing The highway bridge project are all for this project. Over over the Changjiang River in the past year, several hundred southwest China's Chongqing is thousand people haVe taken under way. part in the work. The actual bridge will be O Ila,^olyl* Monasterlec 1,128 metres long, 2,948 metres fn Lhara: freopened, together with its approaches, and 21 metres wide. It will The three well'known have seven piers 50 to 60 metres monasteries oJ Jokhan, Daipung high to allow shipping to pass and Sera in Lhasa, capital of under, and the central span the Xizang (Tibet) Autonomous measuring 174 metres will be Region, were recently reopenc*d the longest one of.this type of to the general public. bridge in China. Jokhan Monastery attracts Chongqing city, at the con- many Tibetan visitops and pil- fluence of the Changjiang and grims every day. The Buddha Jialing.Rivers, is surrounded by images and beautiful frescoes water on three Before sides. are in excellent shape and the liberation 1949, there were in shrine halls are now lit up by no bridges, only ferry steamers. electric lights. Since liberation, a railway bridge hbs been built over the Jokhan and other we]I-known Changjiang and a railway and monasteries, which enjoy gov- Aerial spraying against two highway bridges over the ernment protection as major insect pests in Guangxi.

Large-scale afforbstation has brought about a discerhible change in the climate. Rainfall and humidity have increased and erosion ameliorated. This is of benefit to agricultural production. The forest cover of China is proportionately smaller than that of most other countries. Of 80 million hectares of barren land and mountains suitable for afforestation in China, some 33 million are at high altitudes and the most feasible way to plant trees on them is by air- Gasholpa Chhoekyinyima (with beard), high-ranki ng official of trhe former Xizang local government, and other Tibetan D&triotic per- craft. sonages inspect Jokhan Monastery in Lhasa.

30 Beijing Reoieta, No. I0 \ \

matches, so that each box held mercial advertisements com- fewer matches, and some pletely disappeared from the **n. ..r'natches were duds. Chinese press because Lin Biao and the "gang of four" alleged / The other offender was the these ads "are the practice of i$few rqrp.I&Par planning commission ) rltqur capitalist businesses,'? when Reliheries. of Nanjing. It had ignored state they took control of the coun- standards for TV sets and had A major sugar-cane prodticer, try's mass media. ,For a period set lower standards check- the Guangxi Zhuang Autono- of time even window displays ing the quality of ,S mous Region last year set up and showcases were banned. 9-inch black-white TV sets. eight new sugar refineries and enlarged one. These will pro- a nationwide appraisal the sets the smashing of the produced the Nanjing Tele- cess 6,350 tons of cane a day by "gang our," attention was vision , and produce 76,000 tons of Set Factory were behind agaii" givefirtqrdesigning shop- granulated sugar annually. everyone else. Beijing rejected window display3n put people all its sets. were still not sure end The ?3 sugar refineries built of 1978 whether .,e*.p'i13qat since ]iberation Bbth departments were in this auton- should run commercial ads, anfc omous region severely taken to task by con- can turn out no one tried. more than 400,000 tons of cane sumers and related stores. A sugar each year. letter from a reader published in As there is no private enter- Renmin pointdd Riboo out that prises' cut-throat competition a box of matches was only two O Embroidered Kfunono in China, there is no need for fen, but matches are intimately ads or a big advertising indus- Sa,.ches bound to people's the daily life. try as in capitalist countries. An art handicrafts experiment This flagrant lowering of stand- But this does not mean that ards must not be countenanced, workshop in east China's Hang- there is no need for ads. As the it said. The Ministry zhou. city has signed a contract of Light Wen Hui Boo article stated: We Industry and the planning with a Japanese firm to ernbroi- com- should . use advertisements to mission der the latter's sas_hes for Japa.- of Nanjing should take convey knowledge and help immediate steps stop this nese kimonos. to people as well as to establish practice harming the people's and cement the ties between silk embroideries interests. The letter went on to have- the people and the departments a 1,000-year history and suggest that the departments world. fame. responsible production Japanese mer- responsible for standards and for the chants visited the workshop last and sale of specifications should carefully .commodities. October and were highly im- inspect and enforce what they pressed The press, radio and television by its products. Sitk have laid down for the quality threads in. over a dozen colours of products. should advertise new products, are used to embroider the techniques, technological pro- sashes. cesses and service dePartments, fiie traditional O Corntnc?elal Adc tn continued Wen'Hui Bao. A1- Japanese ki- Neuspapers mono is made of silk and the though the papers now carry sash which goes with it is an Tianjin .Riboo began ru,nning some movie and theatre ads, indispensablq ornament of fine cqmmercial advertisements. they are very simple. Why workmanship. Shanghai's W en Hui Bao publish- shouldn't there be a flowering ed'an article entitled "Reinstat- of both pictures and words in O'$qcrcdololih& ing Advertisements." Ttre first these ads? Shoddg Goodc ad in the Tianjin Ribao was for all the toothpastes prqduced in ' Two government departments the city. The consumers found . hav-e been criticized for reduc- it helpful to know the special I ing -the otandards of. certain features of each brand so they -products. - 'r_ .- '' could make their selections ac- cording.to their preferences. .- One was the istry of Light llndustry. In the Since jthe start of the Cul- :1965 state speti tural ,Revolution 1966, ' + in com- Ydls- \ Moich'$ 197'0 31 r'\' tt It f. xt iR* L fr * m Y0ll mffiT[ *f

)L & rL + Pn0 YOllfi [lI$llt ; n )L s & [[r$ltrr ll$, ft .F ffi [[r nmw r[ ffirtn rt .{\ a Hil.r E ttfl[rrffi $t[utffi$ i I IL . LINES OF BUSINESS 3 Advertising: Handling advertising business of Chinese export commodities in foreign countries, including advertisements in newspapers or magazines, bi llboards, posters, slides, filmlets. televisions, etc. Undertaking commercidl ad-. vertising business.in China fr foreign manu- facturers or traders. Designing and Printing: Handling art designing and printing ol various trade marks, packaging, catalogues, pictorials, calendars, etc, for various com- modities.

Displayl

Arranging display of Chinese export ,, ' . commodities and foreign commodities rx- :

hibited in Shanghai, Designing and producing . various manneguins, stand display, etc. for various exhibit pr.rr,poses.

Publicity Photographi ng: Photographing and processing grrious. artistic publicity pictures for colnsibdities. '.. _ Pho-tographing advertising tetEiision fims-r-.{ and filmlets-{or various commodities t SHANGHAI ADVERTISING

Address: 97 Yuan Ming yuan Road Cable Address: . Shanghai J.)hina

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