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Juke Liu · Weiping Sun Wenzhen Hu Editors The Development of Eco Cities in China The Development of Eco Cities in China Juke Liu • Weiping Sun • Wenzhen Hu Editors The Development of Eco Cities in China Weiguang Wang, Dadao Lu, Jingyuan Li 123 Editors Juke Liu Wenzhen Hu Lanzhou City University Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Lanzhou, Gansu Beijing China China Weiping Sun Institute of Philosophy Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Beijing China ISBN 978-981-10-2286-9 ISBN 978-981-10-2287-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2287-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016949606 © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #22-06/08 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Foreword The concept of the ecological civilization as a new form of civilization follows on from the preceding fishing and hunting civilization, agricultural civilization and industrial civilization. The city, as the birthplace and carrier of human civilization, is at the center of our economic, political, cultural and social activities. How does the concept of the ecological civilization fit into wider urban development? A group of scholars in China are exploring the path of the development of the Chinese eco city, and The Report on the Study of the Eco City in China is the theoretical crystallization of that exploration. In 2015, China’s rate of urbanization was over 56.1 % and about 750 million people lived in urban areas. China has been transformed from a largely agricultural society to a much more urban society. In 1978, China’s rate of urbanization was only 18 %. Over these 37 years, the annual increase in the urban population has been about twelve million, approximately equal to the total population of Belgium, and the total increase of the urban population every five years is roughly equal to the total population of the United Kingdom, doubled. China’s urbanization process has required huge resource utilization, a substantial increase in the secondary and tertiary industries with the attendant problems of employment, housing, trans- portation and social security, and it has also meant tremendous changes to the lifestyle of residents and an associated environmental impact. The rapid process of urbanization in China has been accompanied by the emergence of “urban diseases”, for example an explosion in population, shortage of housing, unemployment, traffic congestion, environmental degradation and frequent public safety incidents etc. How are these problems to be solved? In December 2015, China held the working conference of the central cities, which clearly defined the guiding ideology, general ideas and key tasks required in doing the work of a city well. The Chinese government has accelerated the transformation of the mode of economic development, so as to ensure that the economy operates in the new environment, and economic growth has been decreased by about 6.5 %, however, GDP cannot be used as the main index of evaluation. The Chinese government has also strengthened reforms of supply measures in order to lower capacity, destock, v vi Foreword de-leverage, reduce cost, compensate for weakness, adjust economic structure, expand domestic demand and address urbanization as the greatest potential in the expansion of domestic demand and to address “urban diseases” effectively. The Report on the Study of the Eco City in China implemented the urbanization policy of the Chinese government to solve the problems associated with China’s urban development, and began to explore the path of the Chinese eco city in 2011. Reports on the progress of research into the construction and development of eco cities in China have been published in Beijing since then, including The Report on the Construction and Development of the Eco City in China (2012), The Report (2013), The Report (2014) and The Report (2015). We aim to construct a guiding ideology, theoretical systems, developmental ideas and principles, and a standard system and evaluation model of eco city development, in order to guide the con- struction and development of the eco city in China. The guiding ideology of the eco city in China, informed by a scientific concept of development, aims to implement the concepts of innovation, coordination, greenness, openness, sharing, adherence to the human-centered principle, and to guide urban construction with the idea of “Following the Way the Human Body Works”. The core of “Following the Way the Human Body Works” considers the city as a kind of organism, just like the human body. The function of the human body can to be used to guide urban construction and management. Man is the initiator of the deterioration of our environment and the spread of “urban diseases”, which are a serious threat to the health and survival of humans. In order to rebuild the ecological civilization and save mankind, we have to address both the symptoms and causes of these problems. The reconstruction of the rela- tionship between man and the environment is the core principle, and changing people’s values is key, while a change in the mode of production and lifestyle is the focus. First, the level of civilization of mankind, and the harmony and development of humans should be improved. Secondly, we need to improve both social civi- lization and ecological civilization, the harmony between man and nature, man and society and develop these relationships. If this cannot be achieved, then ecological civilization, social harmony and economic development are not sustainable. The ideas of The Report on the Construction and Development of the Eco City in China are green development, a circular economy, low-carbon lifestyles, and improvements to health and livability. To establish an ecological view that “the natural health of human beings is the primary goal of green development, and the ecological environment is the basic ecological security of the natural health of human beings”, while serving modern construction, improving residents’ happiness index and achieving the comprehensive development of humans is the objective, along with updating the perspectives of the people, providing consultation on decision-making, guiding engineering practice, and leading green development in order to fully integrate the concept of the eco city into the process of urbanization, and to promote the formation of green low-carbon methods of production and life through “the inlay of the three zones”—the agricultural zone, the natural zone and the human zone, and to explore the development trajectory of a new type of Chinese-style eco city. Foreword vii The aims for the development of the eco city in China are “integrating five aspects in one, supporting them with two points, inlaying three zones, driving with four wheels, while centering on humans and developing in a green way”. “Integrating five aspects in one” means that eco city construction in China should stick to rural urbanization, urban landscaping, clean production, green lifestyles and the ecological environment, and address the integration of urban and rural eco- logical construction. “Supporting with two points” means that the eco city should take the ecological industrial parks and the green ecological community as two important agents of construction, supporting production and life in the city The concept of “inlaying three zones” involves the natural ecological zone, the agri- cultural ecological zone and the cultural ecological zone and should be inlaid inside and outside the city. The idea of “driving with four wheels” indicates that the construction of the eco city should aggregate the power of government, businesses, non-governmental organizations and the public to form a coordinated management mechanism. “Centering on humans” indicates that the development of the city should be centered on the livable environment, rather than on the economy, while “developing in a green way” indicates that under the constraint of the ecological environmental capacity and resource carrying force, environmental protection should be regarded as an important pillar in the realization of the sustainable development of the city. The development principle of the eco city in China is “classified construction and step-by-step implementation”. “Classified construction” refers to the dividing of eco cities into six types, namely the environmentally friendly city, the resource-saving city, the circular economy city, the landscape and leisure oriented city, the green consuming city and the integrated innovation city, and then con- structing cities according to the types they belong to. “Step-by-step implementa- tion” indicates that urban construction should be implemented in three phases: the first phase being preliminary green, the second moderate green, and the third dark green. The evaluation index system of Chinese eco cities includes three types of sec- ondary indicators and 14 core indicators.