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The Lessons of the Iraq War: Executive Summary

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The Lessons of the Iraq War: Executive Summary SIS___________________________________ Center for Strategic and International Studies 1800 K Street N.W. Washington, DC 20006 (202) 775-3270 (To comment: [email protected] For Updates see Executive Summary: http://www.csis.org/features/iraq_instantlessons_exec.pdf; Main Report: http://www.csis.org/features/iraq_instantlessons.pdf) The Lessons of the Iraq War: Executive Summary Eleventh Working Draft: July 21, 2003 (Note: This is the last prepublication version. The CSIS book to be published this fall will have substantial additions and corrections, and comments on this draft will be incorporated into the book, and the ongoing CSIS Lessons of War project. Comments --and requests to cite, quote, or reproduce any part of this document should be requested in writing or by e-mail to [email protected].) Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair for Strategy Cordesman: Lessons of the Iraq War 7/23/03 Page 2 Index Introduction................................................................................................... 6 ANALYZING THE MORE DETAILED LESSONS .............................................................................................. 8 The War Plan and Transformation Debate ............................................... 9 THE “NEW WAY OF WAR” DEBATE ........................................................................................................... 9 The Need to Remember the Past ........................................................................................................... 9 The New “New Way of War”?............................................................................................................ 10 THE NEED TO REDEFINE “DECISIVE FORCE” ............................................................................................ 12 THE DANGERS OF AMERICAN “TRIUMPHALISM”...................................................................................... 15 Lessons About the Interaction Between Military Fundamentals and New Tactics and Technology ..................................................................... 16 THE VALUE OF TRAINING, READINESS, AND HUMAN FACTORS ............................................................... 16 Morale and Motivation ....................................................................................................................... 17 COMPETENCE, ADAPTIVENESS, AND FLEXIBILITY IN WAR PLANNING ..................................................... 17 SYNCHRONICITY, SIMULTANEITY, SPEED, JOINTNESS, AND COMBINED ARMS ........................................ 18 SITUATIONAL AWARENESS; INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE (IS&R); AND COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS, AND INTELLIGENCE (C4I)............................... 20 THE IMPACT OF SPACE WARFARE ............................................................................................................ 22 THE IMPORTANCE OF GPS........................................................................................................................ 23 “OWNING THE NIGHT” AND “ALL-WEATHER WARFARE”........................................................................ 23 THE NEED FOR BETTER RADAR AND SPACE CAPABILITIES ...................................................................... 24 THE IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABILITY .................................................................................................... 25 Airborne Refueling.............................................................................................................................. 25 Logistics and Power Projection.......................................................................................................... 25 Airlift and Sealift................................................................................................................................. 26 THE ROLE OF THE RESERVES.................................................................................................................... 27 Lessons Affecting the Overall Conduct of the War and Joint Forces ... 29 LANDPOWER-REINFORCED AIRPOWER AND VICE VERSA......................................................................... 29 INCREASED TEMPO OF OPERATIONS: SHOCK AND AWE VERSUS PRECISION AND FOCUS.......................... 30 NETCENTRIC WARFARE, IS&R TECHNOLOGY, PROCESSING, INTEGRATION, AND NEAR-REAL-TIME INFORMATION FLOW AND TARGETING ..................................................................................................... 30 THE BROADER PICTURE: THE NEED FOR AN INTEGRATED COMMON OPERATING PICTURE, INTEROPERABILITY, AND THE POSSIBLE NEED TO ELIMINATE SERVICE-ORIENTED SUBORDINATE COMMANDS IN THE THEATER ................................................................................................................... 31 Areas for Improvement and Problems at the Battalion Level............................................................. 32 Target Characterization and Battle Damage Assessment................................................................... 32 Copyright Anthony H. Cordesman, all rights reserved. May not be reproduced, excerpted, or quotes without the author’s written permission. Cordesman: Lessons of the Iraq War 7/23/03 Page 3 BANDWIDTH ............................................................................................................................................. 34 ASYMMETRIC WARFARE .......................................................................................................................... 34 FRIENDLY FIRE AND CASUALTY ISSUES ................................................................................................... 36 The Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below (FBCB2) System.............................................. 37 Blue Force Trackers ........................................................................................................................... 37 POSTWAR REVIEW OF FORCE PLANS, BASING, AND TRANSFORMATIONAL RESTOCKING......................... 38 THE BROADER IMPLICATIONS OF CUTTING ENEMY CASUALTIES AND COLLATERAL DAMAGE: A NEW DUAL STANDARD AND FORM OF ASYMMETRIC WARFARE? ..................................................................... 39 Lessons Affecting Air, Missile, and Land–Based Air Defense Forces... 40 AIR DOMINANCE ...................................................................................................................................... 40 EFFECTS-BASED BOMBING: FUNDAMENTALLY CHANGING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AIRPOWER WHILE LIMITING CIVILIAN CASUALTIES AND COLLATERAL DAMAGE................................................................. 41 IN-FLIGHT AND RAPID TARGETING AND RETARGETING: TIME-SENSITIVE STRIKES ................................. 44 STEALTH .................................................................................................................................................. 44 CLOSE AIR SUPPORT ................................................................................................................................45 URBAN CLOSE AIR SUPPORT IS A REALITY—UNDER THE RIGHT CONDITIONS........................................ 45 THE VALUE OF EXPEDITIONARY AIR POWER AND PROBLEMS IN ALLIED READINESS, INTEROPERABILITY, AND MODERNIZATION .............................................................................................................................. 46 CHANGES IN AIR COMBAT PACKAGES...................................................................................................... 47 HARD TARGET KILL CAPABILITIES .......................................................................................................... 48 CRUISE MISSILES...................................................................................................................................... 48 THE USE OF PRECISION AIR MUNITIONS .................................................................................................. 49 Laser-Guided Bombs and the JADM .................................................................................................. 49 Dumb Weapons and Strafing .............................................................................................................. 50 THE PROBLEM OF CLUSTER MUNITIONS................................................................................................... 50 THE BOMBER AND THE ADVANTAGE OF RANGE-PAYLOAD...................................................................... 50 The Continuing Role of the Bomber.................................................................................................... 51 The Issue of Survivability in Future Wars........................................................................................... 52 The Role of the E-8C JSTARS............................................................................................................. 52 UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAVS) .................................................................................................. 52 The UAV Tactical User Interface........................................................................................................ 53 UAV Procurement and the UAV Road Map........................................................................................ 53 THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE A-10.................................................................................... 53 THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE A-64 APACHE AND OTHER ATTACK HELICOPTERS ............. 54 The Apache and Apache Longbow.....................................................................................................
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