“The Practical Course of English” («Практичний Курс Англійської Мови») Для Самостійної Та Індивідуальної Роботи Студентів Спеціальності 035 «Філологія»

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322096313

“The Practical Course of English” («Практичний курс англійської мови») для самостійної та індивідуальної роботи студентів спеціальності 035 «Філологія»

Book · January 2017

CITATIONS READS 0 187

2 authors:

Olexandr Malykhin Natalia Aristova National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Institute of Pedagogy of NAES of Ukraine

44 PUBLICATIONS 12 CITATIONS 51 PUBLICATIONS 27 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Теоретичні і методичні засади розвитку педагогічної майстерності майстрів виробничого навчання майстрів виробничого навчання професійно-технічних навчальних закладів у післядипломній освіті View project

The formation of methodological competence with the help of the change in contents of teaching philologists View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Olexandr Malykhin on 28 December 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ БІОРЕСУРСІВ І ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ УКРАЇНИ

КАФЕДРА РОМАНО-ГЕРМАНСЬКИХ МОВ І ПЕРЕКЛАДУ КАФЕДРА АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ ФІЛОЛОГІЇ

Київ – 2017 1

НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ БІОРЕСУРСІВ І ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ УКРАЇНИ

КАФЕДРА РОМАНО-ГЕРМАНСЬКИХ МОВ І ПЕРЕКЛАДУ КАФЕДРА АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ ФІЛОЛОГІЇ

Київ – 2017 2

УДК 811.111 : 821.111+821.111 (73) (075.8) ББК 81.2 Англ. : 83.3. Англ. (075.8) М 20 Малихін О. В., Арістова Н.О. “The Practical Course of English”(«Практичний курс англійської мови») для самостійної та індивідуальної роботи студентів спеціальності 035 «Філологія» – Київ : Видавництво ТОВ «ГЛІФ МЕДІА», 2017. – 524 с. Навчальний посібник є складовою дидактичного та методичного забезпечення практичного курсу англійської мови для студентів спеціальності 035 «Філологія». Основна мета посібника – навчити студентів основам перекладу та реферування художньої літератури, передавати в усній і письмовій формі зміст прочитаного, максимально використовуючи різноманітну автентичну лексику. Допоміжна мета – формування студента як культурного посередника в ситуаціях міжкультурного спілкування, як суб‘єкта діалогу культур за допомогою читання іншомовних художніх текстів, що забезпечує реалізацію трьох взаємопов‘язаних компонентів навчання іноземної мови: користування мовою, усвідомлення природи мови, розуміння іноземної та рідної культур. Структура побудови посібника забезпечує формування в студентів широкого тематичного словникового запасу, а також підпорядкована завданням формування вмінь і навичок двостороннього перекладу, тобто саме тих умінь і навичок, які потрібні сучасному фахівцю-філологу.

Рецензенти: Шинкарук В. Д. – доктор філологічних наук, професор, декан гуманітарно-педагогічного факультету НУБіП України; Морська Л. І. – доктор педагогічних наук, професор, завідувач кафедри англійської філології Тернопільського національного педагогічного університету імені Володимира Гнатюка; Гришкова Р. О. – доктор педагогічних наук, професор, завідувач кафедри англійської мови Чорноморського національного університету імені Петра Могили.

Рекомендовано до друку Вченою радою Національного університету біоресурсів і природокористування України (протокол № 1 від 29 серпня 2017 р.)

© Малихін О. В., Арістова Н.О. Всі права охороняються. Жодна частина цього видання не може бути відтворена у будь-якій формі без письмової згоди авторів. © Національний університет біоресурсів і природокористування України, 2017 р.

ПОЯСНЮВАЛЬНА ЗАПИСКА

Навчальний посібник для самостійної та індивідуальної роботи – частина навчально-методичного комплексу дисципліни «Практичний курс основної іноземної мови (англійська мова)» для підготовки фахівців ОС «Бакалавр» галузі знань 0203 «Гуманітарні науки» напряму підготовки 6.020303 «Філологія». Навчальний посібник розроблено для того, щоб допомогти студентам-філологам самостійно розширити та активізувати словниковий запас, розвити навички читання та письма, мовну здогадку та мовленнєву реакцію, увагу, пам‘ять, логічне, творче мислення та включають завдання різного типу складності. У ході виконання самостійної роботи студенти- філологи вчаться самостійно здобувати необхідні знання, самостійно орієнтуватися в інформаційному потоці, науково аргументувати сформовані переконання з певного питання для того, щоб використовувати набуті знання у майбутній практичній діяльності. Всі завдання, використані у навчальному посібнику, розроблені на основі автентичних матеріалів, і безперечно, стануть у нагоді студентам і викладачам вищих навчальних закладів.

SECTION A

CONTENT USEFUL SET-EXPRESSIONS FOR DISCUSSION 7 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION: TOPIC – MASS MEDIA 9 TOPIC – TRAVEL AND TOURISM 12 TOPIC – PERSONALITY 15 TOPIC – FAMILY AND FAMILY LIFE 18 TOPIC – HOBBIES AND INTERESTS 20 TOPIC – CULTURE AND IDENTITY 21 TOPIC – CRIME AND PUNISHMENT 23 TOPIC – CITIES 25 TOPIC – MONEY 27 TOPIC – NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT 29 TOPIC – WEATHER AND CLIMATE 31 TOPIC – EDUCATION 32 TOPIC – CONFLICT 34 TOPIC – HOUSES AND HOMES 35 TOPIC – FOOD 36 TOPIC – MARRIAGE 38 TOPIC – SCIENCE AND RESEARCH 40 TOPIC – WORK 42 TOPIC – POLITICS 44 TOPIC – SHOPPING 45

USEFUL SET-EXPRESSIONS FOR DISCUSSION

Asserting your view As a matter of fact … I really feel that … What I mean is … The point is that … I think … I don’t think … As far as I am concerned … It strikes me that … The problem lies in the fact that … My impression is that … It is quite clear to me that … There is little doubt that … The first thing we have to consider is … Giving opinions It is logical that … It is acknowledged that … One of the reasons for … That is the reason why … I have mixed feelings about … It seems obvious that … Giving reasons Firstly, … To start with … For one thing … First and foremost … Secondly … On the one hand / On the other hand… On the top of that … To express an Alternatively …

7 alternative Instead of … Otherwise … To repeat As aforementioned … As noted before … As has been noted … As explained earlier … As mentioned earlier … As mentioned previously … Asking for an What is your reaction to that? opinion How do you feel about this? Are there any comments? What are your views on this? Agreeing/disagreeing It is true to say that … I could not agree more… However … Perhaps … I am afraid I don’t really agree with you … The fact remains that … I am persuaded that … To a certain extent … Nevertheless … Though … But the question is … Summing up In conclusion, … To summarize what I have just said … All in all, …

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION TOPIC – MASS MEDIA The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. What type of TV programmes do you like? 2. What type of radio programmes do you like?

3. How often do you read a magazine or a newspaper? 4. How many times a week do you usually watch TV news? 5. How many times a week do you usually listen to different radio news? 6. How often do you watch the news on television? Which channels do you usually watch? 7. Is it possible to separate mass media from our life? 8. Are our values and way of life in the society in this information era strongly influenced by the mass media like newspapers, TV, radio, video, and the internet? 9. Do you believe that mass media have the potential to play a key role in developing a culture of peace and non-violence? 10. How much influence and power should the national TV news have in our society? 11. How often do you usually use the Internet to obtain information about politics and society? 12. Do you usually trust the information you get from the news? 13. What do you think the most important source of information is? 14. Do you think the news influences people? 15. Do you ever watch any of the international news channels or get your news from the Internet?

16. Which do you rely on most for news about current events: radio, television, newspapers, magazines, the Internet? 17. What news channels do you trust? Why? 18. What is the difference between radio and TV news? 19. Which is better in your country, television or newspapers? 20. Which are you more interested in, national or international news? 21. How important is the Internet these days? 22. How important is radio these days? 23. What is the role of newspapers in modern society? 24. What newspapers do you usually read? Do you have a favourite newspaper? 25. What do you think about TV news presenters in your country? 26. Being a presenter is all about personality, isn‘t it? 27. What skills are news presenters expected to have? 28. Why would an ordinary-looking presenter have trouble getting work on a makeover show? or Why might an ordinary looking presenter do fine in general interest shows such as science, travel, etc.? 29. Should a person have the ability to work on more than one task at a time to be a TV presenter? 30. Why should a TV presenter have great team-working skills? 31. What are the advantages and disadvantages of newspapers? 32. What are the advantages and disadvantages of television? 33. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Internet news? 34. If you were a journalist, what kind of stories you would like to write? 35. Do you believe that journalists always tell the truth when they write their stories? 36. Do you think journalists add more information to make their stories interesting? 37. Do you think journalists can exaggerate information in their stories?

38. Is there too much news about celebrities in the mass media? 39. Do you believe that television, movies, the Internet are contributing greatly to a decay of morality? 40. Do mass media make it easy for children to find programmes and movies with violence, sexuality, drug use and crime? 41. Why do mass media have a huge impact on women and their body image? 42. Do present-day mass media promote thinness and perfection? 43. Is it a good idea to meet the crazy impossible standard that the mass media portray? 44. Do magazines, newspapers, the Internet, television and books influence socializing in children? 45. Do you think that children learn positive and negative things through the mass media? 46. Does television give children and teenagers the opportunity to use real life social skills? 47. Is it true that violent mass media increase violent and aggressive behaviors in some individuals? 48. What problems do mass media face in the countries of the Third World? 49. What problems do mass media face in the developed countries? 50. What are the reasons for Internet censorship? 51. What are the cons and pros of censorship? 52. What way can censorship affect every aspect of cultural life in your country? 53. What way can censorship affect every aspect of intellectual life in your country? 54. Why are politicians very dependent on the news media? 55. Do you believe that the news media are the most important channels for the propagation of culture, ideas, and opinions?

TOPIC – TRAVEL AND TOURISM The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. What is the difference between travel and tourism? 2. Is it possible to travel without leaving home?

3. How important is it for young people to visit other countries? 4. Is it true that there are endless opportunities for travel around the globe? 5. Do travel and tourism play a huge and vital role in personal well-being and the health of economy? 6. If you could go on holiday anywhere in the world, where would you go? 7. Why do people travel? 8. What is the most dangerous way of travelling? 9. What is the most ecological way of travelling? 10. What is the cheapest way of travelling? 11. What does present-day travel agency include? 12. Which of these ideas is better: to travel with friends or to travel alone? 13. What are five things that adults say that scare young people from going travelling? 14. Why are some people afraid of travelling? 15. Why are some people afraid of going abroad alone? 16. Have you ever been abroad? 17. Are you afraid of travelling alone? 18. What is the best kind of holiday for children? 19. What is the best kind of holiday for teenagers? 20. What is the best kind of holiday for families with children? 21. What is the best kind of holiday for adults without children? 22. What is the best kind of holiday for elderly people? 12

23. Why is it necessary to set a budget before chalking out a plan for a holiday? 24. What five things would you need to take on a trip to the desert? Why? 25. What five things would you need to take on a trip to the jungle? Why? 26. What do you know about eco-tourism? 27. Do you know anything about eco-tourism in your country? Do you think it is a good idea to organize eco-farms? 28. Do you know how to pack your bags? What do you need to pack in? 29. Do you know anything about safari holidays? What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of safari holidays are? 30. What do you know about package holidays? What are advantages and disadvantages of package holidays? 31. What is the difference between a package holiday and a group tour? 32. Is it true that group tours can be described as busloads of 20-year-olds who want to drink and party to groups of elderly people who want to visit historical monuments and everything in between? 33. What is the best thing about travelling for business? 34. What is the worst thing about travelling for business? 35. What are advantages and disadvantages of a group tour? 36. What might you think of when you hear the words ―Gap Year‖? 37. How important is tourism to your country? 38. What are the major tourist attractions in your country? 39. What are the most popular holiday destinations for people from your country? 40. What countries you would like to visit? 41. What are the effects of tourism on environment? 42. Is tourism an important source of income for many countries? 43. Is tourism an important source of income for your country? 44. What do you know about agrotourism?

45. What activities does agrotourism involve? 46. Is agrotourism popular and widespread in your country? 47. What do you know about ecotourism? What activities does ecotourism involve? 48. Is ecotourism popular and widespread in your country? 49. Have you ever heard about culinary tourism? What is the difference between culinary tourism and agrotourism? 50. Where are you planning to go for your next holiday? 51. Who do you think are the best tourists in the world? 52. Who do you think are the worst tourists in the world? 53. Do you know anything about UNESCO sites that there are in your country? 54. What problems can tourists have when they are travelling? 55. How could travel develop in the future? 56. What country would you most like to visit? 57. What are the best holiday destinations in the world? 58. What are the most unusual holiday destinations in the world? 59. What are the most dangerous holiday destinations in the world? 60. Is there any place in the world you would never visit again? 61. Do people like watching Travel TV shows? How often do you watch them? 62. Do people prefer the flexibility and convenience of travelling in their own cars despite the availability of public transportation and travel options such as airplanes, ships, buses, train and planes? 63. Would you rather go to a ski resort or a seaside resort? 64. Would you rather go to the sea or to the mountains? 65. Do you believe that time travel will be possible in future?

TOPIC – PERSONALITY The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. How would you describe your personality? 2. Are you happy with your personality?

3. What of your personality traits do you like most? 4. What or who has helped shape your personality? 5. What personality trait would you like to develop? 6. Do you have any negative qualities? What are they? 7. What personality traits do you hate? 8. Which of your personality traits would you like to lose? 9. Would you like to change your personality? If so, why? 10. What is the most attractive personality trait a person can have? 11. What is the worst personality trait a person can have? 12. What kinds of people do you get along well with? 13. Do all of your friends have similar personalities? 14. What personality traits do you consider important in a good friend? 15. Is your personality more similar to your mother or father? 16. Do you think it is possible to hide your personality? Explain your answer. 17. Do you believe that your positive traits will never change? 18. Do you adapt easily to new situations? 19. Do you prefer to be in the company of other people? 20. Do you find it difficult to tell your friend if you feel he or she has treated you badly? 21. Do you often agree with what other people say about your personality? 22. Do you often disagree with what other people say about your personality? 23. Are you shy or sociable? Explain your choice. 24. Are you lazy or hardworking? Explain your choice. 25. Do you have a good sense of humor? Explain your answer. 15

26. Is it necessary to have friends with a good sense of humor? 27. Can a good sense of humor help you find

good friends? 28. Are you moody? What usually puts you in a bad mood? 29. What makes you happy? 30. What makes you unhappy? 31. What are some things that make you angry? 32. What is more important: personality or appearance? 33. What is more important: personality or good luck? 34. Should the choice of your profession depend on your personality traits? 35. What kind of personality should a good doctor have? 36. What kind of personality should a good teacher have? 37. What kind of personality should a successful politician have? 38. What kind of personality should a successful businessman have? 39. What kinds of personality traits are best for running a business? 40. What kinds of personality traits are worst for running a business? 41. What personality traits do you think are important in a boss? 42. What personality traits do you think are important in a good employee? 43. Do you think your horoscope affects your personality? 44. What major change would you like to make to your personality? 45. Do you like taking personality tests? Are they accurate? 46. What personality types are you attracted to? Why? 47. What personality types do not you like? Why? 48. What word would sum up your personality? 49. What type of personality do your family members have? 50. Do you think personality traits vary between countries? 51. What do you think a strong personality is? 52. What do you think a weak personality is?

53. Do you agree that the strong personalities have great power of influence? 54. Do you think that you have a strong personality? 55. What do you think of people who have weak personalities? 56. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a strong personality? 57. What tells more about a person‘s personality: his/her appearance, voice, or attitude towards other people etc? 58. Do you agree that extroverts like to be in large groups of people? 59. Does your personality affect decisions about your future? 60. What are different ways of finding out about your personality? 61. Do you believe that personality is unique to every person? 62. Do you believe that personality is what judges a person and makes him? 63. Do you believe that colours you like or dislike affect your personality? 64. Do you believe that colours you like can tell a lot about your personality? 65. Do you believe that colours you dislike can tell a lot about your personality? 66. Can the colours which represent your star sign reveal your nature and personality 67. What is your lucky metal? Do you believe that it can bring you luck if you touch it every day? 68. Do you have a talisman? Is it made of your lucky metal?

TOPIC – FAMILY AND FAMILY LIFE The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. Is society now more tolerant than it used to be of single parents? 2. Is society now more tolerant than it used to be of unmarried couples? 3. Is society now more tolerant than it used to be of unmarried people? 4. Is a family still essential part of our society? 5. Who makes a family in a modern society? 6. In what cases can pets become members of a family? 7. Why has family structure changed dramatically over the last 50 years? 8. Do childless families meet the traditional standards set by society? 9. What is a typical family in your country? 10. How many people are there is a typical family? 11. What is a single-parent family? 12. Are there many single-parent families in your country? 13. Do you come from a big or small family? 14. Do you have any brothers or sisters? If yes, do you keep in touch with them? 15. Do you often spend your spare time with your relatives? 16. Who is the breadwinner in your family? 17. Are there any family traditions in your family? If yes, what is your favourite family tradition? 18. Would you like to have your own family? 19. What does family mean to you? 20. What is an ideal family? 21. What are the qualities of a good father? 22. What are the qualities of a good mother?

23. How often do you keep in touch with your aunts, uncles and cousins? 24. Are there any advantages of being the only child in a family? 25. Are there any disadvantages of being a single child in a family? 26. What are the most important family values for a happy family? 27. Do you know what an extended family is? Do you have a large extended family? 28. How many people are there in your extended family? 29. Do you often see your relatives at Christmas? 30. Who takes care of old people in your country? 31. Why do not many people want to take care of their old relatives? 32. Do you often spend your spare time with your relatives? 33. How much time do you spend with your parents? 34. Would you rather spend your spare time with your parents or with your friends? 35. How much time do you spend with your grandparents? 36. Would you rather spend your spare time with your grandparents or friends? 37. What categories should family values include? 38. Are family values passed down from previous generations in your country? 39. What do social values include in your family? 40. What do Ukrainian political values include? Should parents pass them down to their children? 41. Are there any political values that remain constant across all nations in the world? 42. What are the strengths of your family? 43. What words or phrases best describe your family?

TOPIC – HOBBIES AND INTERESTS The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. Do you have enough free time? 2. Should a person have a hobby? 3. Why do people have hobbies? 4. How many times have you wished you had time to pick up a new hobby? Are there any hobbies you would like to try? 5. How much time can a person spend on his/her hobby? 6. What hobbies are the most popular in your country? 7. Can hobbies be expensive? What are five most expensive hobbies in your country? 8. Are there any hobbies that can help you make much money? 9. What way can you make money using your hobbies? 10. How do women spend their free time in your country? 11. How do men spend their free time in your country? 12. What are you interested in? 13. Did you have any hobbies when you were a child? 14. Are there any hobbies that are popular with adults and children? 15. Are there any dangerous hobbies? 16. Why are most people embarrassed to talk about their favourite hobbies and interests? 17. Are there any hobbies for elderly people? 18. How much money can you spend on your hobby a month? 19. Is there any difference between hobbies for men and for women? 20. Do hobbies make you better at your job? 21. May hobbies ward people off depression? 22. What important benefits do hobbies provide?

TOPIC – CULTURE AND IDENTITY The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. When people from other countries think about Ukrainian culture, what do they usually think of?

2. Are there many people of different cultures in Ukraine? 3. What does it mean to be polite in Ukrainian culture? 4. What is considered rude in Ukrainian culture? 5. Why do you think culture is important? 6. What do you think is important when visiting another culture? 7. Do you think ―when in Rome, do as the Romans do‖ is always a good piece of advice? Why or why not? Have you ever been in a situation when you felt that you didn‘t have to ―do as the Romans do‖? 8. What are some things that define a culture? For example, music, language, household objects etc? 9. How does culture affect your life? 10. Does the culture we belong to have a direct impact on our behavior? 11. What do you know about cultural differences? 12. Do we live in a multicultural society? Explain your point of view. 13. Do you believe that the study of different cultures broadens our view towards cultural diversity? 14. Does our culture help us build our character? 15. What ways do our cultural values influence how we approach living? 16. Do you believe that culture defines the way we treat others and ourselves? 17. Would you ever consider marrying or dating someone from another culture? 18. What is your favourite Ukrainian festival?

19. What is your favourite Ukrainian dish? 20. What do you like about Ukrainian culture? 21. What don‘t you like about Ukrainian culture? 22. What is the best thing your culture has given to the world? 23. What is the most important thing your culture has given to the world? 24. What is the best thing Ukrainian culture has adopted from another culture? 25. What is the most important thing Ukrainian culture has adopted from another culture? 26. If you could choose three aspects of your culture to put in a ―time box‖ for the future, what would you put in it? 27. What is a culture shock? 28. Have you ever experienced a culture shock? 29. Would you ever consider marrying or dating someone from another culture? 30. Would you ever consider living permanently in a country other than your home country? Why or why not? 31. If a group of people has just come to your country from overseas, what advice would you give them? 32. What culture besides your own do you admire? Why? 33. Have you ever felt confused by the actions of someone from another culture? 34. Is it OK to ask someone what his or her religion is? 35. Is it true that women from male-dominated societies perceive men to be superior?

TOPIC – CRIME AND PUNISHMENT The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. Why do people become criminals? 2. Have you ever witnessed a crime? 3. How strict should the law be with people who drink and drive?

4. How strict should the law be with people who use drugs and drive? 5. What is the worst crime a person can commit? 6. Is corruption common in your country? 7. Do you believe that it is possible to get rid of corruption? 8. Is shoplifting common in your country? 9. Do you think that people should be allowed to carry weapons? If so, what kind of weapons? 10. What weapons do the police carry in your country? 11. What are the qualities of a good police officer? 12. Would you commit a crime to save your relatives? 13. What is the purpose of punishment? 14. Is capital punishment practiced in your country? 15. Do you believe that poverty causes crime? 16. Do you believe that lack of education causes crime? 17. Do you agree that graffiti is crime? 18. What do you think the reasons for teenage crime are? 19. Who do you usually get in trouble with and why? 20. What small things do people do every day that are actually breaking the law? 21. What punishments do you think are best for young offenders? 22. Is it a good idea to ban anyone under 16 from being in the street after 9 pm?

23. What do burglars usually steal from houses? 24. What precautions should people take when they leave their houses for a long period? 25. What kind of things can teenagers do that are against the law? 26. Do you believe that criminals can change? 27. What is the punishment for vandalism in your country? 28. What is the punishment for DUI in your country? 29. What punishment do people deserve for swearing in public? 30. What should the police do to prevent crime? 31. Surveillance cameras can be found in nearly every public place. Do you think that they are necessary? Are there any drawbacks to surveillance cameras? 32. Many people download material such as films, music and TV programmes illegally from the Internet. What do you think about it? 33. Is the law strict enough for criminals in your country? 34. Why are many crimes committed by teenagers? 35. What do you know about crime prevention? 36. Do you know how to prevent crime in your neighborhood? 37. What is vandalism? What kind of vandalism do you think is the most serious? 38. If you saw someone damaging property in the street, what would you do? 39. Are there any differences between cyber criminals and traditional criminals? What are they? 40. What should you do to prevent yourself from being a victim of cybercrime? 41. How is it possible to promote cybersecurity awareness and digital literacy amongst all Internet users?

TOPIC – CITIES The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. What are the advantages of living in a city? 2. What are disadvantages of living in a

city? 3. What are the advantages of living in a village? 4. What are the disadvantages of living in a village? 5. What is the best city in your country? 6. What is the worst city in your country? 7. What is the most famous monument in your city? 8. What is the most dangerous district in your city? Why? 9. What is the most popular kind of public transport in your city? 10. What social problems do many cities face? 11. Which of these is better: living in a city or living in a village? 12. Is it better to grow up in a city or in a village? 13. What is the difference between people who live in cities and people who live in villages? 14. Why do some people like living in cities? 15. Why do some people hate living in cities? 16. How can people make cities better places to live? 17. In your opinion, what is the most beautiful city in your country? 18. In your opinion, what is the most unusual city in your country? 19. Which city would you prefer to live in: old one with many historical monuments or modern one? 20. Is pollution a problem in your native town? 21. What is the greenest city in your country? 22. What would people do to make a city where they live greener?

23. Are there any traffic problems in your city? 24. What is the best way to deal with traffic problems in your city? 25. What can cities do to improve their air quality? 26. What can cities do to improve their water quality? 27. What would you do if you were in charge of your city? Do you believe that you could make great changes in your city? What changes would you make? 28. What are the major problems in your city? What do officials do to solve these problems? 29. Do you feel safe in your city? Can you walk alone at night in your city? 30. Where is the best place in your city to take a date? 31. What do you think people should know about your native city? 32. Should the authorities set up more recycling centres in your city? 33. Should the authorities recruit more officers to police the poorer parts of your native city? 34. Should people plant trees in every street in your city? 35. Should the authorities increase the amount of green space available for public use in your city? 36. What is the government of your country doing to deal with the problem of urban unemployment? 37. Should the authorities build a tourist centre in your city? 38. What do you think is the most damaging to a city where you live? 39. Are there any run-down areas with many buildings in poor condition or completely derelict in your city? 40. What is the number one thing people could do to improve their city life? 41. Can traffic be a nightmare in a big city? 42. Why do many young people from rural areas dream about living in big cities?

TOPIC – MONEY The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. How important is money for people? 2. Why do many people think that money is the root of all evil? 3. Do people worry about money too much? 4. Do you often think about money? If so, why? 5. Do you believe that money can buy happiness? 6. What is the minimum subsistence income people need to make a living in your country? 7. What things are more important than money? 8. Do you believe that money makes people happy? 9. Do poor and rich people have equal opportunities in your country? 10. Do you believe that everyone can become rich? 11. Which of these takes longer: spending money or earning it? 12. What is the average salary in your country? 13. What part of income do you think people should spend? 14. What part of income do you think people should save? 15. Are you good at saving money? 16. Have you ever been in debt? Why? 17. What do you think is the best way of making money? 18. Can you give money to beggars in the street? 19. Which of these is more disturbing: coming into fortune or being in debt? 20. If you won a lot of money, would you stop working? 21. If you won a lot of money, would you give some money to charity? 22. Which of these is worse: losing your credit card or losing your wallet? 23. Do you think that money is more important than friendship? 24. How much money do you want to spend a month?

25. How much money do you want to earn a month? 26. What way do you usually spend your money? 27. How much money do you need to feel happy? 28. What qualities must a person have to become a millionaire? 29. How often do you pay cash in your country? 30. What are advantages of using cash as a form of payment in your country? 31. What are disadvantages of using cash as a form of payment in your country? 32. What are advantages of using your credit card as a form of payment in your country? 33. What are disadvantages of using your credit card as a form of payment in your country? 34. How important is money for you? If you did not have any money would you be happy? 35. Do you believe that much money changes people? 36. Do you believe that lack of money changes people? 37. Do you believe that money change people for better? 38. Do you believe that money change people for worse? 39. What would happen if you made much money very quickly? 40. What are the reasons for money envy? 41. Do you believe that money can change a person‘s character? 42. Can money change your personality? 43. Do you want to be a millionaire? Why? 44. What are the reasons for saving money? 45. What do you think is the hardest thing about saving money?

TOPIC – NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. What do you think the major environmental issues that require urgent attention to make the ecology friendly are?

2. Do you know what global warming is? 3. What is the difference between nature and environment? 4. Do you believe that global warming is happening? 5. What causes global warming? 6. What do you think the most serious environmental problems are? 7. What countries cause the most pollution? 8. What do you think will happen if people keep polluting the environment? 9. What is the reason for air pollution in your country? 10. What is the reason for water pollution in your country? 11. Why people don‘t build environmentally-friendly houses in your country? 12. Do you use environmentally-friendly washing-up liquid and washing powder at home? 13. Are there any ways to prevent ocean systems from collapse? 14. Might the over exploitation of oceans and seas result in the collapse of the fishing industry? 15. Does the disposal of nuclear wastes from the reactors pose major risk to the environment? 16. Why do you think the quality of drinking water is under threat in the modern world? 17. Do you believe that water wars can become a reality? 18. Do you believe that overconsumption leads to poverty?

19. What are the consequences of overpopulation? 20. Are GMO products harmful to human beings? 21. What are green energy sources? 22. What do you think of recycling? 23. What things should people recycle? 24. Where does energy come from? 25. Which animals are the most endangered? 26. Which plants are the most endangered? 27. Are there any endangered animals and plants in your country? 28. What do you think people can do to protect endangered species? 29. What do you think the governments should do to protect endangered species? 30. How do people protect endangered species in your country? 31. What do you think of hunting or killing animals? 32. What is the most effective way to save endangered species? 33. Why do children need to grow up aware of plants and animals around them? 34. Why do many people take nature for granted? 35. What are people doing to protect their surroundings? 36. Why do we need to preserve our wildlife? 37. What would happen if we did not recycle anything? 38. What would happen if all animals disappeared? 39. Do you believe that most of the problems we have today such as food and water shortages, water and air pollution are the effects of overpopulation? 40. Why do people who want to recycle have to be motivated? 41. Are there any environmental groups in your country? What are they? 42. Why should people worry about environment? 43. Are there any anti-pollution programmes in your country? 44. What should people do to protect forests in your country?

TOPIC – WEATHER AND CLIMATE The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. What is the difference between climate and weather? 2. Do you think that the northern and southern hemispheres of the Earth experience the same seasons at the same time?

3. Do you believe that our planet has the same seasons as other planets in our solar system? 4. When is the shortest day of the year? 5. When is the longest day of the year? 6. What is the main cause of Earth‘s seasons? 7. What is your favourite season? Explain your answer. 8. What season do not you like? Explain your answer. 9. What is the hottest season in your country? 10. What is coldest season in your country? 11. Can cold and rainy weather affect your mood? 12. How can sunny and warm weather affect your mood? 13. What extreme weather does your country have? 14. What types of weather do you like? 15. What types of weather do not you like? Why? 16. What problems does the extreme weather cause? 17. Do you usually check the weather before you go out? If so, why? 18. What do you think causes changes in climate? 19. What do you think causes changes in weather? 20. Have you noticed recent changes in the weather in your country? If so, describe them.

TOPIC – EDUCATION The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. How important is university education? 2. Does education encourage competition? 3. What way can educational institutions help students learn new skills and learn to interact with people of different social backgrounds? 4. What disciplines are you good at? 5. What disciplines are you bad at? 6. Do most people go on to higher education in your country? Why/why not? 7. Do many Ukrainian people study abroad? 8. Why do many people prefer to study abroad? 9. Why do people think that foreign education is better than national one? 10. Which is more important for a student: to be talented or hard-working? 11. What are the qualities of a good student? Explain your answer. 12. What are the qualities of a good teacher? Explain your answer. 13. Do you think the most parents influence what universities their children will attend? 14. What is the most common reason for cheating during exams and tests? 15. What is your attitude towards cheating? 16. Do you believe that good education guarantees a well-paid job? 17. Why do you think people become teachers? 18. Should university education be free? 19. Is it easy or difficult to get a job after graduating from university in your country? 20. Why is education one of the most important investments a country can make in its people and its future? 21. Is it true that education is critical to reducing poverty and inequality?

22. Will there still be schools, universities, teachers and students in the future? 23. How can education help you in your future life? 24. Does your country provide a good system of higher education? 25. What are the best universities in your country? Explain your answer. 26. Should the government of your country spend more money on education? 27. What way is the global learning crisis affecting the poorest and most marginalized children? 28. Can you name the obstacles that prevent girls from getting an education in the Third World countries? 29. Why is girls‘ education fundamental to a country‘s social and economic well-being? 30. Why are children with disabilities often marginalized and excluded from the education systems in the Third World countries? 31. Why do people believe that education helps fight the spread of HIV/AIDS and other diseases? 32. What way does education reduce mother and child mortality and help improve health? 33. Why do gender disparities remain in many countries despite remarkable progress towards achieving gender equality in education? 34. Why do women still represent nearly two thirds of the world‘s illiterate? 35. Is it true that teachers are the essential link to delivering a quality education to all children?

TOPIC – CONFLICT The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. What are different types of conflicts? 2. Is it possible to avoid conflicts? 3. How should people deal with conflicts? 4. What are common reasons for conflicts? 5. Are there any conflicts that cannot be resolved? 6. Why is it important to settle disputes peacefully? 7. Have you ever seen a small disagreement that turn into a big fight? How did it happen? 8. What does the word ―compromise‖ mean? 9. What has to happen before people can compromise? 10. Do you believe that the reasons for conflicts have been the same for thousands of years? 11. What is the most important key to deal with any conflict? 12. Why are conflicts inseparable from life and diversity? 13. What should learning how to manage a conflict involve? 14. What are the most common attitudes towards conflicts? 15. What are the reasons for wars? 16. What is an international violence? 17. What does the word ―peace‖ mean? 18. What problems do refugees usually face? 19. Are there many refugees in your country? 20. What problems do refugees face in your country? 21. What does the word ―genocide‖ mean? 22. What is the worst genocide in the history? 23. Was the Holocaust the most evil crime ever committed in the history of the world?

TOPIC – HOUSES AND HOMES The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. What are advantages of living in a mansion? 2. What are disadvantages of living in a

mansion? 3. How many different houses are there in your city? 4. Do people prefer to rent houses or to buy them in your country? 5. Is it expensive to buy a house in your country? 6. Is it expensive to rent a house in your country? 7. What is your dream house? 8. Do people prefer to live in flats or houses in your country? 9. How many rooms are there in your flat? 10. Do you live in a block of flats or in a cottage? 11. Do people live in house boats in your country? 12. What problems can house owners have in your country? 13. How well do you know your neighbours? 14. What do you think houses will be like in the future? 15. What would you like to change in your house? 16. What would you like to change in your flat? 17. Which room in your house do you spend the most of your time? Why? 18. Which room in your house do you spend the least of your time? Why? 19. Can people live in houses without modern conveniences? 20. Would you rather live in a big house in the country or in a small flat in the centre of the city?

TOPIC – FOOD The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. Are fruit and vegetables good for your health?

2. What are the most common vegetables in your country? 3. What is the most delicious vegetable that grows in your country? 4. What is the most delicious fruit that grows in your country? 5. Do you eat organic food? 6. What is the difference between organic and healthy food? 7. What is your favourite food? 8. How many vegetables do people need to eat a day? 9. What fruit and vegetables should people eat to be healthy? 10. Would you rather eat apple pie or pancakes with maple syrup? 11. Would you rather eat fruit salad or ice cream? 12. Would you rather eat vanilla ice cream or chocolate one? 13. What is the worst meal you have ever eaten? 14. What is the best meal you have ever eaten? 15. What food do you like very much? 16. What food do you hate eating? 17. What is your attitude to food: do you live to eat, or do you eat to live? 18. What do you think of vegetarianism? 19. What do you think of veganism? 20. Have you ever tasted ethnic food? Did you enjoy it? 21. What is your favourite junk food? 22. How many times a week do you eat junk food? 23. What are advantages and disadvantages of eating fast food? 24. What are advantages and disadvantages of eating healthy food?

25. How many times a day do you eat? 26. How often do you drink coffee? 27. Do you often eat bread? 28. What is your favourite traditional dish? Can you cook it? 29. What is your favourite breakfast? 30. What is your favourite lunch? 31. How often do you think about food? 32. Is it safer to eat out or at home in your country? 33. How many calories do most people need every day? 34. How much can you eat when you are happy? 35. How much can you eat when you are sad? 36. What role did the food play in your life when you were a child? 37. What role does the food play in your life today? 38. Do you like chocolate? What is your favourite type? 39. Do you like seafood? 40. How many times a day should people eat to be healthy? 41. How much water should people drink to be healthy? 42. Do people drink tap water in your country? Is it safe? 43. What is the most important meal of the day? 44. Have you ever visited a restaurant for vegetarians? Did you like it there? 45. Why do people become vegetarians? 46. How often do you eat out? 47. What is a typical drink in your country? 48. What is the most unusual food that you have eaten? 49. Do you like ice-cream? How often can you eat it? 50. How often do you eat meat? 51. What would you do if you were hungry and did not want to cook? 52. What would you do if you invited friends for dinner and forgot to buy food?

TOPIC – MARRIAGE The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. What is the main difference between being married and being single? 2. Are arranged marriages common in your country?

3. Is it necessary to get married to have a happy life in your country? 4. What do you think of people who filed for divorce? 5. Why do people file for divorce? 6. Do unmarried people live together in your country? 7. Is it possible to control jealousy? 8. What is important for a good marriage? 9. What is the best number of children to have? 10. What is the worst number of children to have? 11. What do you think makes a good marriage? 12. What do you think of forced marriages? 13. Are forced marriages still practiced in certain regions of the world? 14. Are forced marriages still practiced in your country? 15. Is offering dowry still common in your country? 16. What do you think about prenuptial agreement? 17. How long should a couple date before they get married? 18. What is a wedding ceremony like in your country? 19. What do you think is the best age for a man to get married? 20. What do you think is the best age for a woman to get married? 21. Do women usually work after getting married in your country? 22. What kind of person do you want to get married to? 23. What are the popular places to go for honeymoon in your country? 24. What do you think is the best season to get married? 38

25. Do you think you would be able to marry a person from another country? 26. What are the advantages of an international marriage? 27. What are the disadvantages of an international marriage? 28. What do you think of arranged marriages? 29. What are some unusual wedding traditions in your country? 30. Is matchmaking common in your country? 31. Is marriage becoming more or less popular in your country? 32. Do young people usually live with their parents after they get married? 33. Are there any superstitions connected with wedding in your country? 34. Are there any unusual wedding traditions in your country? 35. Why do you think a wedding ceremony is usually followed by a reception? 36. How much money do you need to organize an unforgettable reception? 37. Why should not a single person sit at the corner of the table? 38. Which is more important: marriage for love or marriage for money? 39. What are the most common reasons for divorce? 40. Why do many marriages end in divorce? 41. How common is divorce in your country? 42. What should people do if they feel their marriage ends? 43. Do you believe that the breakdown of a marriage can happen overnight? 44. Should people get remarried after a divorce? 45. Why are divorced singles quick to marry again?

TOPIC – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. What is science? 2. What is technology? 3. What is the difference between

science and technology? 4. What are the most useful technological inventions in the world? 5. Is there any difference between scientific and technological inventions? 6. How did science change our world for the last 100 years? 7. How will science change our world in 100 years? 8. What are the most famous scientists of the last century? 9. What was the most serious invention of the 20th century? 10. How have technological advances affected our lives? 11. How will technological advances affect our lives in the future? 12. Do you believe that it is possible to invent a time machine? 13. If it were possible to invent a time machine, would you travel in time? 14. What are advantages of the Internet? 15. What are disadvantages of the Internet? 16. What do you know about agricultural scientists? What is the main point of their job? What do you think their working lives involve on a day-to-day basis? 17. Do you agree that negative stereotypes of scientists may put young people off entering the field of science? 18. What do you think are the most important scientific discoveries of recent times? Why? 19. How many examples of scientific development that we take for granted in our daily lives can you think of? 20. Do you believe that science is deeply interwoven with society?

21. Do you believe that science changes along with society? 22. Have the Internet and other technological advances changed how scientific information is distributed? 23. Have the Internet and other technological advances changed the process of scrutiny within science? 24. Do you believe that science is a worldwide endeavor and is open to anyone? 25. Do you believe that science benefits from the diversity of its participants? 26. Is creativity critical to science? 27. Is creative thinking one of the most important skills many scientists have? 28. Would scientific progress be rare if scientists were all the same? 29. Is it true that people from all over the world make up the scientific community? 30. Does the scientific community provide the cumulative knowledge base on which science is built? 31. Does the exchange of ideas and evidence within the scientific community provide inspiration to researches? 32. Are scientists motivated by the potential applications of their research? 33. Can it happen that a scientist may refuse to participate in certain sorts of research because it conflicts with his or her beliefs or values? 34. Could you support a foundation that promotes research on the incurable illness, if you wanted science to find a cure for it? 35. How does science influence society? 36. How does society influence science? 37. What scientific discoveries have already changed our world? 38. What scientific discoveries will be able to change our world in the future?

TOPIC – WORK The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. Are there certain jobs that are suitable only for men? 2. Are there certain jobs that suitable only for women? 3. Is it common in your country to leave stressful jobs in the city and to move to the country? 4. What is your dream job? 5. What is a well-paid job? 6. What motivates people to work hard? 7. What is the retirement age in your country? 8. What is the best job in the world? 9. What is the worst job in the world? 10. What are good working conditions? 11. Is charisma the most important quality to possess if you want to be successful in your career? 12. Do many people work from home in your country? Is it a good idea to work from home? 13. Would you like to work from home? What would be the advantages for you? 14. What do you think are the disadvantages of homeworking from the employer‘s point of view? 15. What is the difference between the qualities of a good employee and a good employer? 16. Do you have a career plan? Where do you want to be in 5 years‘ time? 17. What should you do to get ahead in your career? 18. What qualities are the most important for a successful career?

19. Do you prefer to be a team captain or a team member? 20. Would you like to work alone or in a team? 21. Why do not many people like their bosses? 22. Is it more important to earn a lot of money or to enjoy your job? 23. What is the most popular job in your country? Is it well-paid either? 24. Why aren‘t teachers well-paid in your country? 25. If you had your own business, what would it be? 26. How many hours a week do you want to work? How many hours a day do you want to work? What hours do you want to work? 27. Would you mind working at weekends? 28. How much money do you want to earn? 29. Do you want to go on business trips? 30. How often do you want to go on business trips? 31. Which is more important to you: a job you enjoy, a high salary or friendly colleagues? 32. Is it a good idea to meet your colleagues after work? 33. Do you want to reach the top in your career? 34. Would you like to start your own business? If yes, what sort of business would you like to start? 35. Would you like to work with the same people or with many different people? What kind of people would you like to work with? 36. Why do people change jobs? 37. What sort of bosses would you like to have? 38. Can you work under pressure? How do you handle stress and pressure? 39. What are your pet peeves? 40. What do people most often criticize about you? 41. If the people who know you were asked why you should be hired, what would they say?

TOPIC – POLITICS The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. What type of political system is there in your country? 2. What are the main political parties in your country? 3. Which political party is in power in your country now? Who is the leader of this political party? 4. What is the best political system in the world? 5. Is Democracy the best political system in the world? 6. What are advantages and disadvantages of Democracy? 7. Is Republic the best political system in the world? 8. What are advantages and disadvantages of Republic? 9. Is Monarchy the best political system in the world? 10. What are advantages and disadvantages of Monarchy? 11. Is Communism the best political system in the world? 12. What are advantages and disadvantages of Communism? 13. Is Dictatorship the best political system in the world? 14. What are advantages and disadvantages of Dictatorship? 15. At what age do people start voting in your country? 16. Do you believe that all countries have the right to possess nuclear weapons? 17. Are there many refugees living in your country? 18. What are the qualities of a good politician? 19. What are the qualities of a good president? 20. How often do politicians usually fulfil their election pledges? 21. Can people change their political views? Why do people change their political views? 22. Should there be more women in politics?

TOPIC – SHOPPING The questions for discussion are listed below. Express your point of view: 1. Do you like going shopping? 2. How often do you go shopping? 3. Are you a compulsive shopper? or Are you

a shopaholic?

4. Have you ever lied about things you have bought? 5. Have you ever lied about money you have spent? 6. Have you ever felt lost without a credit card? 7. Have you ever felt confused after shopping or spending money? 8. Can you go shopping if you feel disappointed? 9. Can you go shopping if you feel happy? 10. Why do women like going shopping more than men? 11. What do you think about shopping online? 12. Have you ever had online shopping? 13. How often do you go shopping for food? 14. How often do you go shopping for clothes? 15. Is there any difference between going shopping for food or going shopping for clothes? 16. What is the best time for going shopping in your country? Why? 17. What is the worst time for going shopping in your country? Why? 18. What do you think about different sales? 19. Is it a good idea to make a shopping list? Why? 20. Do you usually make a shopping list? 21. What do you think about window-shopping? 22. What is the purpose of window-shopping? 23. Is window-shopping available to anyone? 24. What is the most expensive thing you have ever bought? 45

25. What is the most useful thing you have ever bought? 26. What department store do you like best? Why? 27. What supermarket do you like best? Why? 28. Where do you usually buy food? 29. Who do you usually go shopping with? Why? 30. Who do you like going shopping with? 31. Who do you hate going shopping with? 32. Why do people buy things which are advertised on TV? 33. Do you often buy things which are advertised on TV? 34. Which is more convenient: to pay cash or by credit card in your country? 35. Do people often pay by credit cards when they go shopping in your country? 36. Do people often pay cash when they go shopping in your country? 37. Do you prefer to pay cash or by credit card? Explain your answer. 38. What was the last thing you bought for your mother? 39. What was the last thing your parents bought for you? 40. Do you often buy small gifts for your friends? 41. Do your friends often buy small gifts for you? 42. Why do people shop online? 43. Do you often shop online? 44. What do people usually shop online? If so, why? 45. What are the advantages of online shopping? 46. What are the disadvantages of online shopping? 47. What are the dangers of shopping online in your country? 48. What is the most important thing you bought online? 49. What is the most expensive thing you bought online? 50. What do you think about delivery service in your country? 51. What websites do you use for online shopping? 52. Why do people spend much money on clothes?

SECTION B

CONTENT PART 1. STORIES FOR READING: 50 STORY 1. THE TIME-SWEEPERS 50 STORY 2. THE WICKER HUSBAND 57 STORY 3. VUSI MAKUSI 75 STORY 4. VYSHYVANKA – THE PRIDE OF UKRAINIAN 87 ATTIRE STORY 5. UKRAINIAN REST AND RELAXATION 92 STORY 6. GREEN VACATION IN UKRAINE 99 STORY 7. THE RADOMYSHL’ CASTLE 106 STORY 8. A ONE-DAY EXCURSION AROUND KYIV 113 STORY 9. MASLYANA 121 STORY 10. EASTER 126 STORY 11. FEASTING ON FOOD FESTS 133 STORY 12. TRADITIONAL UKRAINIAN CUISINE 141 STORY 13. KYIV DELIGHTS 148 STORY 14. FEAST AND FEST WITH FIRE WATER 154 STORY 15. HONEYMOONING IN MIDDLE EARTH: LEAVING 162 CURRENT EVENTS BEHIND TO EXPLORE NEW ZEALAND PART 2. CHECK YOURSELF: 167 VOCABULARY TOPIC – DESCRIBING PEOPLE’S 167 APPEARANCE AND CHARACTER: TOPIC 1. PHYSICAL APPEARANCE 167 TOPIC 2. PERSONALITY 174 VOCABULARY TOPIC – FAMILY AND FAMILY LIFE 182 VOCABULARY TOPIC – HOUSES AND HOMES 189 VOCABULARY TOPIC – AROUND THE HOME: 196 ТOPIC 1. IN THE KITCHEN 196 ТOPIC 2. IN THE BATHROOM 207

ТOPIC 3. IN THE BEDROOM 214 VOCABULARY TOPIC – TOWN AND CITY 225 VOCABULARY TOPIC – CLOTHES AND ACСESSORIES: 240 ТOPIC 1. CLOTHES AND ACCESSORIES 240 ТOPIC 2. SHOES 251 VOCABULARY TOPIC – FOOD 258 VOCABULARY TOPIC – SHOPPING 272 VOCABULARY TOPIC – TRAVELLING 280 VOCABULARY TOPIC – SEASONS AND WEATHER 292 VOCABULARY TOPIC – NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT 304 VOCABULARY TOPIC – EDUCATION 312 VOCABULARY TOPIC – WORK 320 VOCABULARY TOPIC – HEALTH AND MEDICINE 328 VOCABULARY TOPIC – THE MEDIA 339 VOCABULARY TOPIC – COMPUTERS AND THE INTERNET 351 VOCABULARY TOPIC – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 359 VOCABULARY TOPIC – POLITICS AND BUREAUCRACY 367 VOCABULARY TOPIC – CRIME AND PUNISHMENT 375 VOCABULARY TOPIC – MONEY 382

PART 1. STORIES FOR READING

Story 1

THE TIME-SWEEPERS (by Ursula Wills-Jones)

Task 1. Before you read the story learn the following words and word- combinations which you can find in the text: bluish having a tinge of blue shabby ill-kept menial a person doing menial work residue something that remains after a part is taken, separated, or designated or after the completion of a process broom a bundle of firm stiff twigs or fibers bound together on a long handle especially for sweeping neighbourhood neighborly relationship

Task 2. Read the following story for complete comprehension: You may not be familiar with the time-sweepers. The time-sweepers are the people who sweep up all the time that is lost and wasted. You cannot see them, though if you are in the railway station and think you see something out of the corner of your eye, that will probably be a time-sweeper, cleaning up around the bench you are sitting on. If you were to see them, you would find a small, bluish person with an intent expression, clutching a broom and a mop. The men wear overalls, the women old-fashioned tweed skirts and scarves on their head. The time-sweepers are present wherever time is being lost or wasted. There are always several in train stations, and at least one in every doctors 50 surgery. The man who has waited so long to propose to his girlfriend that her hair has gone grey, probably has his own personal time-sweeper following him around. The woman who has spent thirty-five loathed years in an estate agent, dreaming of opening a florist‘s, causes the neighbourhood time-sweeper to sigh, and fetch a bigger dustpan. You should not feel sorry for the time-sweepers, though their work is menial: they are never sick, do not worry that they are in the wrong career, and have excellent working conditions, though what they do for leisure is unknown. They enjoy bank holidays off, which is why, on these days, there seems so much more time than usual. At Christmas and New Year, the time-sweepers have a week‘s holiday. When they return to work in January, they face a vast backlog of time which has been lost, wasted and thrown away over the holidays. It takes them around three weeks to resume normal service, which is why January always seems to last longer than other months. The time-sweepers have been around forever, though modern life has created wasted time in such large concentrations that in some places the time- sweepers have been forced to industrialise their operations, buying a number of specialised compressing lorries similar to those used by ordinary bin-men. They use these for the largest collections, at prisons and shopping malls, two venues where the tide of wasted time threatens to swamp even the most dedicated operatives. Were you to ask a time-sweeper, they would tell you one surprising thing: time enjoyed is never time wasted. Cleaning up in a large office full of staggering tedium, the time-sweeper will pass straight by the desk of the woman who is reading a holiday catalogue under the desk, poring over photos of tropical beaches. They will pass by the next desk, where a man is enjoyably wondering what his mother-in-law looks like naked, and stop by the desk of the young man who is counting every minute, and loathing the hours.

You may wonder what happens to the wasted time after it has all been cleaned up. Never fear, the time-sweepers are ardent recyclers. It is collected, packed into large containers, moved to Liverpool docks, loaded onto a ship, and taken to India. There, in a dusty industrial estate somewhere near Bombay, it is cleaned, sorted, and graded. The most toxic and poisoned time – the residues of failed peace negotiations, wrongful imprisonments and truly poisonous marriages, is skimmed off and buried in a tank underneath a disused army base. There, it will take two or three centuries to decay, and become harmless again. The rest of the time – made up of stuff such as dull meetings, missed appointments, delayed buses and bad nights at the theatre, is cleaned and put back onto a ship, where it is taken to the Guangzhou industrial export processing zone. Here it is compressed and stored, awaiting redistribution. Around twenty percent goes direct to the factories of the export processing zone, which has the world‘s highest productivity rate. A quarter is bought in hard dollars by the Chinese government. Ten percent of the most concentrated stuff is sold to a cryogenics laboratory in California. Another twenty or so percent is discreetly sold to a variety of rich private clients, mostly old, rich men who have married beautiful young women. However, the time-sweepers are not in it for profit. The money from these deals pays for their operations, including dusters, bin-bags, overalls and shipping. The rest is distributed to good causes. No-one who gets any extra time has to fill in any forms, or ask for a grant. They are all quite unaware that they are in receipt of assistance. One of these beneficiaries is a shabby and overtired scientist in a crumbling public laboratory outside Novosibirsk, who will be the man to find the vaccine for malaria. Another is a prostitute in a Nairobi slum who has fostered seventeen children, and who, despite twenty years in the business, never falls ill. A third is the Indian taxi-driver in a cramped flat in Toronto, who, in between sending money home to a sick wife and children, is writing what will later be acknowledged as the greatest novel of the century.

Not all the recipients of the time-sweepers‘ largesse are people. About forty miles outside Timbuktu, a medieval mosque, buried in sand, receives a delivery every decade or so. Somewhere below the floor in the Aegean sea, a Trojan galley is miraculously preserved in mud. Similarly, the time-sweepers gift a little extra time to a temple in Mexico, and preserve a haul of dark-age treasure in a Galway bog. A certain amount of charitable time is kept back for emergency situations, both small and large. It is parachuted in times of desperation, and has facilitated peace deals, changed battles, and allowed numerous fathers to make it to the delivery room in time. The time-sweepers are, by their very nature, a tidy and orderly sort of people. They wish that humans would think more about throwing away this valuable commodity, but don't expect it'll happen any time soon. There isn‘t a moral to this story. It‘s just that if you are planning on throwing away your time, please remember – somebody has to pick it up.

Task 3. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Choose any five of them and make up sentences. a) a valuable commodity ……………………………………………………; b) a delivery room …………………………………………………………..; c) ardent recyclers …………………………………………………………..; d) charitable time ……………………………………………………………; e) emergency situations ……………………………………………………..; f) a cramped flat ……………………………………………………………..; g) dark-age treasure ………………………………………………………….; h) a dusty industrial estate …………………………………………………..; i) an intent expression ……………………………………………………….; j) a medieval mosque ………………………………………………………..; k) wrongful imprisonments ………………………………………………….; l) a crumbling public laboratory …………………………………………….; 53 m) an export processing zone ………………………………………………...; n) old-fashioned tweed skirts ………………………………………………..; o) industrial export processing zone …………………………………………; p) a cryogenics laboratory …………………………………………………...; q) to be full of staggering tedium ……………………………………………; r) the most dedicated operatives …………………………………………….; s) a productivity rate ……………………………………………………….. .

Task 4. Fill in the correct prepositions, then choose any three and make sentences: a) to find the vaccine ……. malaria; b) to be familiar …… the time-sweepers; c) to ask ….. a grant; d) to fill ….. a form; e) to be a moral ….. a story; f) to be packed into large containers; g) to be sold to a variety of rich private clients

……………………….….. ………………………

……………………..………. ……………………………

……………..…………….. ..…………………….

…………………………… ..…….……………………..

………………………. ……………………………….

………………………..….. ………………………….

..………………………….. ………………………………

Task 6. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text. private productivity redistribution processing appointments cryogenics men The rest of the time – made up of stuff such as dull meetings, missed a) …, delayed buses and bad nights at the theatre, is cleaned and put back onto a ship, where it is taken to the Guangzhou industrial export processing zone. Here it is compressed and stored, awaiting b) … . Around twenty percent goes direct to the factories of the export c) … zone, which has the world‘s highest d) … rate. A quarter is bought in hard dollars by the Chinese government. Ten percent of the most concentrated stuff is sold to a e) … laboratory in California. Another twenty or so percent is discreetly sold to a variety of rich f) … clients, mostly old, rich g) … who have married beautiful young women.

Task 7. Write a summary of the text using the following key words: a valuable commodity; a delivery room; ardent recyclers; charitable time; emergency situations; a cramped flat; dark-age treasure; a dusty industrial estate; an intent expression; a medieval mosque; wrongful imprisonments; a crumbling public laboratory; an export processing zone; old-fashioned tweed skirts; industrial export processing zone; a cryogenics laboratory; to be full of staggering tedium; the most dedicated

operatives; a productivity rate.

Task 8. Complete the sentences using the information from the text above. 1. The time-sweepers are present … . 2. Not all the recipients … . 3. They are all quite unaware that … . 4. At Christmas and New Year, … . 5. There are always several in train stations, … . 6. You may wonder what happens to the wasted time … . 7. No-one who gets any extra time … . 8. Ten percent of the most concentrated stuff … . 9. Somewhere below the floor in the Aegean sea, … . 10. It takes them around three weeks to resume normal service, … .

Story 2

THE WICKER HUSBAND (by Ursula Wills-Jones)

Task 1. Before you read the story learn the following words and word- combinations which you can find in the text: dumpy being short and thick in build to gut to extract all the essential passages or portions from ramshackle appearing ready to collapse prance to walk or move in a spirited manner brine the salty water of the ocean turned-out good-looking chisel a metal tool with a sharpened edge at one end used to chip, carve, or cut into a solid material (such as wood, stone, or metal) thatch a plant material (such as straw) used as a sheltering cover especially of a house askew at an angle shortcoming the quality or state of being flawed or lacking abomination something regarded with disgust or hatred to recoil to shrink back physically or emotionally hedgerow a row of shrubs or trees enclosing or separating fields on cue at the exact moment one would expect shards piece or fragment of a brittle substance bedraggled soiled and stained by or as if by trailing in mud untended not managed, minded, or watched over

57 pliable supple enough to bend freely or repeatedly without breaking shears a cutting implement similar or identical to a pair of scissors but typically larger

Task 2. Read the following story and answer the questions []: Once upon a time, there was an ugly girl. She was short and dumpy, had one leg a bit shorter than the other, and her eyebrows met in the middle. The ugly girl gutted fish for a living, so her hands smelt funny and her dress was covered in scales. She had no mother or brother, no father, sister, or any friends. She lived in a ramshackle house on the outskirts of the village, and she never complained. One by one, the village girls married the local lads, and up the path to the church they‘d prance, smiling all the way. At the weddings, the ugly girl always stood at the back of the church, smelling slightly of brine. The village women gossiped about the ugly girl. They wondered what she did with the money she earnt. The ugly girl never bought a new frock, never made repairs to the house, and never drank in the village tavern. Now, it so happened that outside the village, in a great damp swamp, lived an old basket-maker who was famed for the quality of his work. One day the old basket-maker heard a knock on his door. When he opened it, the ugly girl stood there. In her hand, she held six gold coins. ―I want you to make me a husband,‖ she said. ―Come back in a month,‖ he replied. Well, the old basket-maker was greatly moved that the ugly girl had entrusted him with such an important task. He resolved to make her the best husband he could. He made the wicker husband broad of shoulder and long of leg, and all the other things women like. He made him strong of arm and elegant

58 of neck, and his brows were wide and well-spaced. His hair was a fine dark brown, his eyes a greenish hazel. When the day came, the ugly girl knocked on the basket-maker‘s door. ―He says today is too soon. He will be in the church tomorrow, at ten,‖ said the basket-maker. The ugly girl went away, and spent the day scraping scales from her dress. Later that night, there was a knock on the door of the village tailor. When the tailor opened it, the wicker husband stood outside. ―Lend me a suit,‖ he said. ―I am getting married in the morning, and I cannot go to church naked.‖ ―Aaaaaaargh!‖ yelled the tailor, and ran out the back door. The tailor‘s wife came out, wiping her hands. ―What‘s going on?‖ she said. ―Lend me a suit,‖ said the wicker husband. ―I am getting married tomorrow, and I cannot go to my wedding naked.‖ The tailor‘s wife gave him a suit, and slammed the door in his face. Next, there was a knock on the door of the village shoe-maker. When the shoe-maker opened it, the wicker husband stood there. ―Lend me some shoes,‖ he said. ―I am getting married in the morning, and I cannot go to church barefoot.‖ ―Aaaaaaargh!‖ yelled the shoe-maker, and he ran out the back door. The shoe-maker‘s wife came out, her hands trembling. ―What do you want?‖ she said. ―Lend me some shoes,‖ said the wicker husband. ―I am getting married in the morning, and I cannot go to my wedding barefoot.‖ The shoe-maker‘s wife gave him a pair of shoes, and slammed the door in his face. Next, the wicker husband went to the village inn. ―Give me a drink,‖ said the wicker husband. ―I am getting married tomorrow, and I wish to celebrate.‖

―Aaaaaaargh!‖ yelled the inn-keeper and all his customers, and out they ran. The poor wicker husband went behind the bar, and poured himself a drink. When the ugly girl got to church in the morning, she was mighty pleased to find her husband so handsome, and so well turned-out. When the couple had enjoyed their first night of marriage, the wicker husband said to his wife: ―This bed is broken. Bring me a chisel: I will fix it.‖ So like a good husband, he began to fix the bed. The ugly girl went out to gut fish. When she came back at the end of the day, the wicker husband looked at her, and said: ―I was made to be with you.‖ When the couple had enjoyed their second night of marriage, the wicker husband said: ―This roof is leaky. Bring me a ladder: I will fix it.‖ So, like a good husband, he climbed up and began to fix the thatch. The ugly girl went out to gut fish. When she returned in the evening, the wicker husband looked at his wife, and said: ―Without you, I should never have seen the sun on the water, or the clouds in the sky.‖ When the couple had enjoyed their third night of marriage, the ugly girl got ready to out. ―The chimney needs cleaning,‖ she said, hopefully, ―And the fire could be laid...‖ But at this, the wicker husband – she was just beginning to learn his expressions – looked completely terrified. From this, the ugly girl came to understand that there are some things you cannot ask a man to do, even if he is very kind. Over the weeks, the villagers began to notice a change in the ugly girl. If one of her legs was still shorter than the other, her hips moved with a swing that didn‘t please them. If she still smelt funny, she sang while she gutted the fish. She bought a new frock and wore flowers in her hair. Even her eyebrows no longer met in the middle: the wicker husband had pulled them out with his strong, withied fingers. When the villagers passed the ugly girl‘s house, they saw it had been painted anew, the windows sparkled, and the door no longer hung askew. You might think that all these changes pleased the villagers, but oh

60 no. Instead, wives pointed out to husbands that their doors needed fixing, and why didn‘t they offer? The men retorted that maybe if their wives made an effort with new frocks and flowers in their hair, then maybe they‘d feel like fixing the house, and everybody grumbled and cursed each other, but secretly, in their hearts, they blamed the ugly girl and her husband. As to the ugly girl, she didn‘t notice all the jealousy. She was too busy growing accustomed to married life, and was finding that the advantages of a wicker husband outweighed his few shortcomings. The wicker husband didn‘t eat, and never complained that his dinner was late. He only drank water, the muddier the better. She was a little sad that she could not cook him dinner like an ordinary man, and watch him while he ate. In the cold nights, she hoped they would sit together close to the fire, but he preferred the darkness, far from the flames. The ugly girl got in the habit of calling across the room all the things she had to say to him. As winter turned to spring, and rain pelted down, the wicker husband became a little mouldy, and the ugly girl had to scrub him down with a brush and a bottle of vinegar. Spring turned to summer, and June was very dry. The wicker husband complained of stiffness in his joints, and spent the hottest hour of the day lying in the stream. The ugly girl took her fish-gutting, and sat on the bank, keeping him company. Eventually the villagers were too ridden with curiosity to stand it any longer. There was a wedding in the village: the ugly girl and her husband were invited. At the wedding, there was music and dancing, and food and wine. As the musicians struck up, the wicker husband and the ugly girl went to dance. The villagers could not help staring: the wicker husband moved so fine. He lifted his dumpy wife like she was nought but a feather, and swung her round and round. He swayed and shimmered; he was elegant, he was graceful. As for the ugly girl: she was in heaven. The women began to whisper behind their hands. Now, the blacksmith‘s wife was boldest, and she resolved to ask the wicker husband to dance. When

61 the music paused she went towards the couple. The ugly girl was sitting in the wicker husband‘s lap, so he creaked a little. The blacksmith‘s wife was about to tap the wicker husband on the shoulder, but his arms were wrapped round the ugly girl. ―You are the only reason that I live and breathe,‖ the wicker husband said to his wife. The blacksmith‘s wife heard what he said, and went off, sulking. The next day there were many frayed tempers in the village. ―You‘ve got two left feet!‖ shouted the shoe-maker‘s wife at her husband. ―You never tell me anything nice!' yelled the blacksmith‘s wife. ―All you do is look at other women!‖ shouted the baker‘s wife, though how she knew was a mystery, as she‘d done nothing but stare at the wicker husband all night. The husbands fled their homes and congregated in the tavern. ―T‘aint right,‖ they muttered, ―T‘isn‘t natural.‖ ―E‘s showing us up.‖ ―Painting doors.‖ ―Fixing thatch.‖ ―Murmuring sweet nothings.‖ ―Dancing!‖ muttered the blacksmith, and they all spat. ―He‘s not really a man,‘ muttered the baker. ―An abomination!‖ ―He don‘t eat.‖ ―He don‘t grumble.‖ ―He don‘t even fart,‖ added the tailor, gloomily. The men shook their heads, and agreed that it couldn‘t go on. Meanwhile the women congregated in each other‘s kitchens. ―It‘s not right,‖ they muttered. ―Why does she deserve him?‖ ―It‘s an enchantment,‖ they whispered. ―She bewitched him.‖ ―She‘ll be onto our husbands next, I expect,‖ said the baker‘s wife. ―We should be careful.‖

―She needs to be brought down a peg or two.‖ ―Fancies that she‘s better than the rest of us, I reckon.‖ ―Flowers in her hair!!‖ ―Did you see her dancing?‖ And they all agreed that it couldn‘t go on. One day the wicker husband was on his way back from checking the fish- traps, when he was accosted by the baker. ―Hello,‖ said the baker. The wicker husband was a little surprised: the baker never bothered to speak to him. ‖You made an impression the other night.‖ ―I did?‖ said the wicker husband. ―Oh yes,‖ continued the baker. ―The women are all aflutter. Don‘t you ever think – well...‖ ―What?‖ said the wicker husband, completely confused. ―Man like you,‖ said the baker. ―Could do well for himself. A lot of opportunities...‖ He leaned forward, so the wicker husband recoiled. The baker‘s breath smelt of dough, which he found unpleasant. ―Butcher‘s wife,‖ added the baker meaningfully. ―Very taken. I know for a fact that he‘s not at home. Gone to visit his brother in the city. Why don‘t you go round?‖ ―I can‘t,‖ said the wicker husband. ―My wife‘s waiting for me at home.‖ And he strode off, up the lane. The baker went home, annoyed. Now the wicker husband, who was too trusting, thought less of this than he should, and did not warn his wife that trouble was brewing. About a week later, the ugly girl was picking berries in the hedgerow, when the tailor‘s wife sidled up. Her own basket was empty, which made the ugly girl suspicious. ―My dear!‖ cried the tailor‘s wife, fluttering her hands. ―What d‘you want?‖ said the ugly girl.

The tailor‘s wife wiped away a fake tear, and looked in both directions. ―My dear,‖ she whispered. ―I‘m only here to warn you. Your husband – he‘s been seen with other women.‖ ―What other women?‖ said the ugly girl. The tailor‘s wife fluttered her hands. This wasn‘t going as she intended. ―My dear, you can‘t trust men. They‘re all the same. And you can‘t expect – a man like him, and a woman like you – frankly –‖ The ugly girl was so angry that she hit the tailor‘s wife with her basket, and ran off, up the lane. The ugly girl went home, and – knowing more of cruelty than her husband did – thought on this too much and too long. But she did not want to upset her husband, so she said nothing. The tailor‘s wife came home fuming, with scratches all over her face. That night, the wives and husbands of the village all agreed – for once – that something drastic had to be done. A few days later the old basket-maker heard a knocking at his door. When he opened it, the villagers stood outside. Right on cue, the tailor‘s wife began to weep, pitifully. ―What‘s the matter?‖ said the old basket-maker. ―She‘s childless,‖ said the baker‘s wife, sniffing. ―Not a son,‖ said the tailor, sadly. ―Or a daughter.‖ ―No-one to comfort them in their old age,‖ added the butcher. ―It‘s breaking their hearts,‖ went on the baker. ―So we‘ve come to ask –‖ ―If you‘ll make us a baby. Out of wicker.‖ And they held out a bag of gold. ―Very well,‖ said the old basket-maker. ―Come back in a month.‖ Well, one dusky day in autumn, the ugly girl was sitting by the fire, when there came a knock at the door. The wicker husband opened it. Outside, stood

64 the villagers. The tailor‘s wife bore a bundle in her arms, and the bundle began to whimper. ―What‘s that?‖ said the ugly girl. ―This is all your fault,‖ hissed the butcher, pointing at the wicker husband. ―Look what you‘ve done!‖ shouted the baker. ―It‘s an abomination,‖ sneered the inn-keeper. ―Not even human!‖ The tailor pulled away the blanket. The ugly girl saw that the baby was made of wicker. It had the same shaped nose, the same green eyes that her husband did. ―Tell me it‘s not true!‖ she cried. But the wicker husband said nothing. He just stared at the baby. He had never seen one of his own kind before, and now – his heart filled up with tenderness. When the ugly girl saw this on his face, a great cloud of bitterness came upon her. She sank to the floor, moaning. ―Filthy, foul, creature!‖ cried the tailor. ―I should burn it!‖ He seized the baby, and made to fling it into the blaze. At this, the wicker husband let out a yell. Forward he leapt. The ugly girl let out a terrible cry. She took the lamp, and flung it straight at her husband. The lamp burst in shards of glass. Oil went everywhere. Flames began to lick at the wicker husband‘s chest, up his neck, into his face. He tried to beat at the flames, but his fingers grew oily, and burst into fire. Out he ran, shrieking, and plunged into the river. ―Well, that worked well,‖ said the butcher, in a satisfied manner. The villagers did not spare a second glance for the ugly girl, but went home again to their dinners. On the way, the tailor‘s wife threw the wicker baby in the ditch. She stamped on its face. ―Ugh,‖ she said. ―Horrible thing.‖ The next day the ugly girl wandered the highways, weeping, her face smeared in ashes.

―Have you seen my husband?‖ she asked passing travellers, but they saw madness in her eyes, and spurred their horses on. Dusk fell. Stumbling home, scarce knowing where she was, the ugly girl heard a sound in the ditch. Kneeling, she found the wicker baby. It wailed and thrashed, and held up its hands. The ugly girl saw in its face her husband‘s eyes, and her husband‘s nose. She coddled it to her chest and took it home. Now, the old basket maker knew nothing of all this. One day, the old man took it into his head to see how his creations were faring. He walked into town, and knocked on the tailor‘s door. The wife answered. ―How is the baby?‖ he said. ―Oh that,‖ she said. ―It died.‖ And she shut the door in his face. The old basket-maker walked on, till he came to the ugly girl‘s place. The door was closed, the garden untended, and dirt smeared the windows. The old basket- maker knocked on the door. No-one answered, though he waited a very long time. The old-basket maker went home, disheartened. He was walking the long dark road into the swamp, when he heard something in the rushes. At first he was afraid: he wrapped his scarf closer round his face. But the thing seemed to follow him. From time to time, it groaned. ―Who‘s there?‖ called the old man. Out onto the roadway staggered the most broken and bedraggled, the most pathetic and pitiful thing. The old basket-maker stared at what was left of the wicker husband: his hands consumed by fire, his face equally gone. Dark pits of scorched wood marred his chest. Where he had burnt, he had started to rot. ―What have they done to my children?‖ cried the old basket-maker. The wicker husband said nothing: he had lost his tongue.

The old basket-maker took the wicker husband home. As daylight came, the old basket-maker sat down to repair him. But as he worked, his heart grew hot with anger. ―I made you, but I failed you,‖ he said. ―I will not send you there again.‖ Eventually, the wicker husband looked as good as new, though the smell of burning still clung. But as the days passed, a damp black mould began to grow on him. The old basket-maker pulled out the rotting withies and replaced them. But it seemed useless: the wicker husband rotted from the inside, outwards. At last, the old basket-maker saw there was nothing else to be done. He took up his travelling cloak, set out at night, and passed through the village. He came to the ugly girl‘s house. In the garden, wreathed in filth, stood the ugly girl, cuddling a child. She was singing the saddest lullaby he had ever heard. The old basket-maker saw that the child was the one he‘d made, and his heart softened a little. He stepped out of the shadows. ―Why do you keep the baby,‖ he said, ―when you cast your husband from home?‖ The ugly girl cried out, to hear someone speak to her. ―It is all I have left of my husband,‖ she said at last. ―Though it is proof he betrayed me, I could not leave it in the ditch to die.‖ ―You are a fool,‖ he said. ―It was I that made the child. Your husband is innocent.‖ At this, the ugly girl let out a cry, and ran towards the river. But old basket-maker caught her arm. ―Wait – I have something to show you,‖ he said. The ugly girl walked behind him, through the swamp where the water sucked and burbled, carrying the baby. As the sun rose, she saw that its features were only those of the old basket-maker, who, like any maker, had passed down his face to his creations.

When they came to the dwelling, the ugly girl opened the door, and saw her husband, sitting in darkness. ―It cannot be you, she said. ―You are dead. I know: I killed you myself.‖ ―I was made for you alone,‖ said the wicker husband, ―But you threw me away.‖ The ugly girl let out a cry so loud, birds surfaced from the marches for miles around, and threw herself at her husband‘s feet. A few days later, the villagers were surprised to see the old basket-maker standing outside the church. ―I have something to say,‖ he said. ―Soon I will retire. But first, I am making my masterwork – a woman made of wicker. If you want her, you can have her. But you must bring me a gift for my retirement. Whoever brings me the best gift can have the wicker woman.‖ Then he turned round and went back to the swamp. Behind him, the villagers began to whisper. Hadn‘t the wicker husband been tall and graceful? Hadn‘t he been a hard worker? Hadn‘t he been handsome, and eager to please his wife? Next day, the entire village denied any interest in the wicker lady, but secretly began to plan. Men eyed up prize cows; women sneaked open jewellery boxes. ―That wicker husband worked like a slave, and never even ate,‖ said the shoe-maker‘s wife to her husband. ―Get me the wicker woman as a servant, I‘ll live like a lady, never lift a finger.‖ ―That wicker husband never quarrelled with anyone, never even raised his voice. Not like you, you old fishwife,‖ the inn-keeper said to his wife. ―That wicker husband never tired, and never had a headache,‖ said the butcher to the baker. ―Imagine...!‖ ―Lend me a shilling, cousin,‖ said the shoe-maker‘s wife. ―I need a new petticoat.‖

―I can‘t,‖ lied the blacksmith‘s wife. ―I spent it on medicine. The child was very sick.‖ ―I need that back-rent you owe me,‖ said the butcher, who owned the tailor‘s house. ―Been a very bad season in the tailoring trade,‖ muttered the tailor. ―You‘ll get it soon.‖ The butcher went into town, hired a lawyer, and got the tailor evicted from his house. The tailor and his wife had to go and live in the shoe-maker‘s shed. ―But what are you going to do with the empty house?‖ asked the butcher‘s wife. ―Nothing,‖ said the butcher, who thought the place would do admirably to keep a mistress. The butcher‘s wife and the tailor‘s wife had a fight in the market, and went home with black eyes. In the tavern, no-one spoke, but only eyed each other, suspiciously. The lawyer was still in town. Rumour had it that the tailor‘s wife was suing for divorce: the inn-keeper‘s wife had her husband arrested after she found the stairs had been greased. In short, the fields went uncut, the cows went unmilked, ovens uncleaned: the village was obsessed. When the day came, the old basket-maker came to town, and sat on the churchyard wall. The villagers brought their gifts. First the tailor, who‘d made a luxurious coat. Next the miller, bringing twelve sacks of grain. The baker made the most extravagant cake; the carpenter brought a table and chairs, the carter a good strong horse. The blacksmith‘s wife staggered up with a cheese the size of a millwheel. Her cousin, the tailor‘s wife, arrived with a bag of gold. ―Where d‘you get that, wife?‖ said her husband, amazed. ―Never you mind,‖ she snapped. The inn-keeper‘s wife wasn‘t there: she‘d slipped while climbing the stairs.

Last to come was the butcher. He‘d really outdone the others: two oxen, four cows, and a dozen sheep. The old-basket maker looked around him. ―Well,‖ he said. ―I think the prize goes to... the butcher. I‘ll just take these and be back, with the wicker lady.‖ The butcher was so pleased, spittle ran from his mouth. ―Can I have my grain back?‖ said the miller. ―No no,‖ said the old man. ―That wasn‘t the bargain.‖ And he began to load all the goods onto the horse. The villagers would have fallen on each other, fighting, but they were so desperate to see the wicker lady, they just stood there, to wait. It was dusk by the time the basket-maker returned. The wicker woman was seated on the horse, shrouded in a cloak, veiled like a bride. From under the cloak, white flowers fell. As she passed the villagers, a most marvellous smell drifted down. The butcher stood outside the tailor‘s old house. He‘d locked his wife in the coal cellar in preparation. The old basket-maker held out a hand, and helped the lady dismount. The butcher smelt her fragrance. From under the veil, he thought he saw her give him a saucy glance. He was so excited, he hopped from foot to foot. The wicker lady lifted her veil: she took off her cloak. The butcher stared at her. The wicker lady was short of stature and twisted of limb, her face was dark and rough. But worse than that – from head to foot, she was covered in thorns. ―What have you done?‖ shrieked the butcher. ―Ah,‖ said the old basket-maker. ―The wicker husband was made of willow. Willow is the kindest of trees: tall, elegant, pliable, of much assistance in easing pain. But I saw that you did not like him. Therefore I made you the

70 wicker lady from blackthorn. Blackthorn is cold, hard, and thorny – It will not be killed, either by fire or frost.‖ The villagers would have fallen on the old basket-maker there and then, had not the wicker lady stepped forward. She seized hold of the butcher and reached up to kiss him. The butcher let out a howl. When he pulled his lips away, they were shredded and tattered: blood ran down his chin. Then, with a bang, the butcher‘s wife broke out of the coal cellar, and ran down the road. Seeing the wicker lady kissing her husband, she screamed, and fell on her. The two of them rolled in the gutter, howling and scratching. Just then, the lawyer piped up. ―Didn‘t you check the details first?‖ he said. ―It‘s very important. You should always check the small print.‖ The men of the village took their butcher‘s knives and pitchforks and tailoring shears, and chased the lawyer out of town. When they‘d run out of breath, they stopped. ―That old fraud the basket-maker,‖ said the baker. ―He tricked us.‖ So they turned round and began to go back in the other direction, on the road into the swamp. In the darkness they stumbled and squelched, lost their way and nearly drowned. It was light by the time they came to the old basket- maker‘s dwelling, but the old basket-maker, the wicker husband, the ugly girl and the baby, as well as all the villagers‘ goods, had already upped, and gone.

Task 3. Answer the following questions using information from the text: 1. What did the ugly girl do for a living? 2. Was her house new and beautiful? 3. Why did the ugly girl decide to get married? 4. Where did the ugly girl find a husband? 5. Why didn’t villagers like the ugly girl and her husband?

Task 4. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Choose any five of them and make up sentences. a) a coal cellar …………………………………………………………………… b) a pitiful thing ………………………………………………………………….. c) jewellery boxes ……………………………………………………………….. d) shards of glass ………………………………………………………………… e) a village tavern………………………………………………………………… f) a damp swamp ………………………………………………………………… g) a married life ………………………………………………………………….. h) an ordinary man ……………………………………………………………….. i) completely confused …………………………………………………………... k) a great cloud of bitterness …………………………………………………….. l) tailoring shears ………………………………………………………………… m) to be shredded and tattered …………………………………………………… n) untended garden ……………………………………………………………….

Task 5. Match the word in column A with its definition in column B. A B 1) blackthorn a) excessively elaborate 2) wedding b) a swift movement of the eyes 3) thorny c) a marriage ceremony usually with its accompanying festivities 4) extravagant d) a European spiny plum (Prunus spinosa) with hard wood and small white flowers 5) frock e) any of various cutting tools or machines operating by the action of opposed cutting edges of metal 6) glance f) full of thorns

7) shears g) a woman‘s dress

Task 6. Fill in the correct prepositions, then choose any three and make sentences: a) to be filled ……. with tenderness; b) ……… the outskirts of the village; c) ……… the wedding; d) to hear a knock ……….. the door; e) to slam the door ……. smb‘s face; f) to come back ……… the end of the day; g) clouds ……. the sky; h) to be accustomed ………. married life; i) to be ………. heaven; j) to hop … foot to foot

Task 7. Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them. Can you write down the following words?

………………………………………. ……………………………………….

………………………………………… ………………………………………….

……………………….. ……………………………………………….

……………………………………… ………………………………………

……………………………………. …………………………………….

…………………………………………… ………………………………

……………………………………….. …………………………………………

Task 8. Write a summary of the text using the following key words: a coal cellar; a pitiful thing; jewellery boxes; shards of glass; a village tavern; a damp swamp; a married life; an ordinary man; completely confused; a great cloud of bitterness; tailoring shears; to be shredded and tattered; untended garden.

Task 9. Complete the following sentences using information from the text above: 1. She seized hold of the butcher … . 2. In the darkness they stumbled and squelched, … . 3. The old basket-maker held out a hand, … . 4. Men eyed up prize cows; … . 5. It was dusk by the time … . 6. The lamp burst … . 7. Seeing the wicker lady kissing her husband, … . 8. The tailor and his wife had to go … . 9. She seized hold of the butcher and … . 10. In short, the fields went uncut, the cows went unmilked, … .

Story 3

VUSI MAKUSI (by Ursula Wills-Jones)

Task 1. Before you read the story learn the following words and word- combinations which you can find in the text: terminal extremely or hopelessly severe clank to make a clank or series of clanks shudder to tremble convulsively beneficence the quality or state of doing or producing good munificence characterized by great liberality or generosity benign showing kindness and gentleness mirth gladness or gaiety as shown by or accompanied with laughter desist to cease to proceed or act to josh to engage in banter callously feeling or showing no sympathy for others oblivious lacking remembrance, memory, or mindful attention conceal to place out of sight downcast low in spirit

Task 2. Read the following story for complete comprehension: Vusi Makusi was a terminal optimist. He was an optimist even though he lived in one of the poorest places in the world, even though he only owned one suit, and his trousers didn‘t reach his ankles.

When he had finished his education, Vusi Makusi decided the civil service would be a good career. The man in charge took one look at Vusi, and saw immediately that he would never amount to anything. ―You know, I think I have just the post for an ambitious young man,‖ he said. Vusi spent a long time on a bus. The bus shuddered and shook and clanked, passing deeper and deeper into the jungle. Eventually it came to a halt in a swampy hollow, entirely surrounded by forest. ―But where is the village?‖ asked Vusi. The bus driver pointed. ―What day does the bus return?‖ ―Saturday,‖ said the bus driver, grumpily. Vusi had spent the last twenty hours telling everyone on the bus about his new job, and the driver was sick of him. Vusi tramped through the hills to the village. He knocked on the door of the chief‘s hut, and sat down to wait. The whole village came to stare at him. When at last the chief appeared, Vusi stood up. ―Good Sir,‖ he said. ―I am the new government officer for this area. I have come to bring peace, prosperity, unity, development, and education to the people. I have come to show the beneficence and munificence of our great and benign government. Whatever the village needs, whether it be roads, schools, seeds, water, tractors, teachers or doctors, the government is willing to provide. All I must do is make a list, and it will certainly arrive.‖ The chief stared at Vusi, then began to laugh. He laughed ah-ha, ah-ha, ahhhhhhhh-hahahahahah. The people rolled around, slapping each other in mirth. ―Young man,‖ said the chief, at last. ―It is some time since we have had a visiting comedian.‖ ―But Sir,‖ said Vusi. ―I am quite serious.‖

The chief laughed some more, ahahahahah! ―Good Sir, please desist! Cannot you see that my respected mother, 83 years old, is in pain from your joshing? Do you want an old lady to break her ribs?‖ he cried. That night there was a special dinner for Vusi. It was only the next day, when Vusi began touring the village with a clipboard, that they became worried. ―He is a lunatic, and they have cast him out from the city,‖ said the priest. ―He is a spy, and is making that list so they can steal everything,‖ said the chief‘s wife. ―I think he has hit his head, and that is why he strange,‖ said the blacksmith. When twenty-eight days had passed, Vusi visited the chief. He explained that he had worked four weeks in a row, was due eight days leave, and that he intended to visit his elderly mother. He also asked to borrow the chief‘s umbrella, and offered to buy him a new one, just as soon as he got to the city, where he could draw his shiny new government salary from his shiny new bank account. The chief, shaking his head, agreed to lend him the umbrella. Vusi went to the chief‘s wife and asked to borrow a blanket. Then he went next to the village blacksmith and asked for a knife, since it was a long walk to the bus stop, and the path was overgrown. Then he walked off, carrying his battered suitcase. ―Surely somebody should tell him, there is no bus,‖ said the chief. They waited and waited. Eventually the blacksmith went down the valley and found Vusi waiting by the dirt track. ―He says the bus will surely come soon,‖ explained the blacksmith, ―And he does not want to miss it.‖ When two days had passed, the chief himself descended and tried to talk sense to Vusi. He returned, shaking his head. The priest tried, with no more success.

―He is immune to reason,‖ said the chief's wife. ―Therefore we must appeal to the heart, or the eyes. Send the potter‘s daughter, she is the prettiest girl in the village.‖ The potter‘s daughter returned, shrugging hopelessly. ―Send the priest‘s niece,‖ suggested the blacksmith. ―She is not perhaps quite the prettiest, but the smartest and sharpest of the women, and clever with words.‖ The villagers worked their way through all the young women, till there was only one left. ―Well, she might as well try,‖ said the chief, yawning. Then he went inside, for a nap. The girl stormed off down the path. She was so angry to be considered the plainest and stupidest girl in the village that when she saw Vusi, she threw a mango stone at him. ―Idiot! Lunatic!‖ she shouted. ―Do what you want and see if I care! Do you think anyone will even notice if you sit there till you turn to stone!‖ Then, because she was so upset, she burst into tears. Vusi stared at the girl. He fell to his knees. ―Dear lady,‖ he said, ―You must forgive me! This excess of emotion can only have been brought on by the burden of concealing your true feelings. If I seemed oblivious to your affections it is only that you had not declared them. Why, if I had known that you loved me, I should never have behaved so callously. What good news! When the bus arrives, and I go and see my mother, I shall tell her I have met my future wife. Praise the lord! Until then, perhaps you will be so kind as to pass a little while with me, waiting.‖ Since all this was a good deal more pleasant than being told she was plain and stupid, the girl consented to wait. Vusi began to tell her about the future, and how wonderful everything would be. He told her about the tractors and clinics and schools and water pumps and fat cows and plump chickens and huge

78 vegetables and smiling people and tin roofs and television and clean toilets and post offices and telephones and paved roads and airplanes and skyscrapers and regular, timely buses to all rural destinations. In the morning it began to rain. Vusi put up the chief‖s umbrella. It rained and rained. A small red monkey appeared and sat on the far side of the track. It looked sad and bedraggled. ―Look, the monkey is waiting to get on the bus!‖ said Vusi. ―But Vusi, he does not have a bag, or a suitcase,‖ said the girl. ―You are right,‖ agreed Vusi, ―Therefore it is expecting relatives to arrive on the bus, and is waiting to greet them.‖ After a while the monkey began to shiver. ―Vusi,‖ said the girl, ―Either let the monkey come under the umbrella, or chase it away. I cannot stand looking at its sad face any longer.‖ ―Why, of course it must come under the umbrella,‖ said Vusi. ―After all the monkey too is a citizen of our great and glorious nation.‖ The monkey, Vusi, and the girl sat under the umbrella. It went on raining. A great pool built up in the hollow. ―Surely,‖ said the girl, who was coming to understand how Vusi thought, ―The people of our great nation should not have to wait for buses in the rain. Since you are the government officer, you could cut branches and make a shelter while we are waiting. This would be a service for all the people.‖ ―I see you are not just a pretty face,‖ said Vusi, nodding. ―Only, if the bus comes while I am cutting branches, you must shout and call me, for I do not want to disappoint my elderly mother.‖ So Vusi took the knife and cut branches, and made a shelter. Vusi and the girl waited in the shelter. The monkey sat in the roof. Another day passed, and another and another. The rain ceased, briefly. The chief of the village came down the track. He shook his head, and went home. The pool

79 in the river continued to widen, and Vusi caught a fish for dinner. Nothing passed on the road, nothing whatsoever. Vusi and the girl waited in the shelter. They waited so long, the girl had a baby. ―How happy my mother will be when she sees the child!‖ cried Vusi. ―Surely, my husband‖ said the girl, ―People will be waiting for buses here with children. I think they must have a place to lie down, and sleep quietly.‖ Vusi took the knife and cut more branches, and made a second room. Outside the door, the mango stone sprouted, and grew leaves. A second monkey moved in with the first one. The monkeys too had a baby. It rained and it rained. The river rose and fell. ―Vusi,‖ said the girl. ―One day this will be a busy bus terminal. There will be many passengers, and whoever can provide food and drink will have a profitable business. I think I had better prepare, and plant corn for porridge, and maize to make beer. Then you will not only be government officer, but I will be a businesswoman.‖ So she turned up the soil by the riverbank, and planted a garden. Then she went in the hut, and had another baby. ―I do believe I must have misheard that gentleman,‖ said Vusi, one day. ―Surely it cannot have been Saturday that the bus arrives, it must have been January. Only there has been none for three years now. They will arrive all at once, three of them. That is a famous habit of buses.‖ ―Vusi,‖ said the girl, ―If there are three bus loads of people, I do not have enough food. Besides, a good restaurant has a variety of dishes. Go into the jungle, and catch a pair of those birds we have seen, and I can keep them. That way, we will have enough for everyone.‖ ―It is a good idea,‖ said Vusi. ―Only if the buses arrive and I am in the jungle, you must ask them to wait.‖

The girl stayed by the roadside, waiting. Nothing passed. Not even the villagers came any more. After five days Vusi returned, clutching two startled guinea fowl. ―I have not missed the bus?‖ he asked anxiously. His wife reassured him. ―It is the weather,‖ said Vusi. ―It has been very strange recently, and I think the bus will not come this year. Nonetheless, since they are so unpredictable, it would be a shame to leave this spot. Especially since we have made so many preparations, with the hotel and the restaurant.‖ That year passed. ―Vusi,‖ said the girl, ―You must build a fence to keep the guinea fowl in. It will not do if they are run over by the buses.‖ Another year passed. ―Vusi,‖ said the girl, ―The fish do not stay in the dry season. What if the bus comes when there are no fish? How will I feed the passengers? You must build a dam in the river.‖ Another year passed. The girl had another baby. ―Certainly this service is very unacceptable,‖ said Vusi one day. ―When the bus does come to take us to the city, I will write a letter to the minister of transport. The only good point, my wife, is that every week, my salary is building up in my government-run bank account.‖ Another year passed. The bus did not come. The mango tree began producing very good mangoes. They waited so long, Vusi began to worry about who his eldest son would marry. Then, one day a strange noise began in the jungle. It seemed to echo around. ―The bus! The bus!‖ cried Vusi‘s children, for they had heard from their father of this strange monster. Over the edge of the hill came a white helicopter with the letters U.N. painted on the side. It put down in the roadway, and four nervous-looking

81 soldiers in blue berets climbed out. Then a couple of scientists in white coats, clutching clipboards, their faces covered with hygienic masks. Finally came a politician in a suit, holding a handkerchief to his nose, and a general, clutching a tin hat. They stared at Vusi. They stared at his wife, and at his seven children. ―I see,‖ said Vusi. ―They are upgrading the service, and now there are helicopters instead. That is why we have been waiting so long!‖ “What are you doing here?‖ said the politician. ―Why, we are waiting for the bus,‖ said Vusi, quite calmly. ―But how did you survive the civil war?‖ asked the general. ―Civil war?‖ said Vusi, looking puzzled. ―Yes, the civil war that wiped out half the population,‖ said the politician. ―Certainly we have not seen any soldiers,‖ said Vusi, shaking his head. ―But even if you escaped the civil war, how did you survive the famine that killed half the survivors?‖ asked the general. ―Famine?‖ said Vusi‘s wife. She looked around at the mango trees, the millet bushes, the coops with fat guinea fowl. ―Ok, even if you escaped the war and the famine, how did you survive the virus?‖ asked one of the scientists. ―Virus?‖ said Vusi. ―What virus?‖ ―The deadly virus which wiped out all the survivors of the war and the famine,‖ said the second scientist. ―You know, the incurably fatal one to which no human or ape was immune, except for the extremely rare and almost extinct lesser red-haired lemur?‖ A small monkey climbed onto Vusi‘s shoulder and began to nibble his ear in a familiar manner. Vusi brushed it off, distractedly. ―It is strange you say this,‖ he said, thoughtfully. ―I cannot remember any of us being sick.‖ ―Vusi,‖ said his wife, tugging at his elbow. ―Invite them to dinner. They can be our first customers!‖

―Certainly,‖ said Vusi, nodding. ―Fish or guinea fowl?‖ But the politicians and the scientists and the soldiers looked quite terrified, and cringed back towards their helicopter. ―We have to go,‖ said the General. ―Certainly we must get you out of here,‖ said the politician, forcefully. ―You will get all kinds of things. Aid, assistance, help, clean clothes, a house, electricity, a proper toilet, everything. You will be famous, and newspapers will interview you.‖ ―Why, thank you,‖ said Vusi, politely. ―But we cannot leave, we are waiting for the bus. However there is one favour you can do for me. Do you have paper and pen?‖ Vusi sat down and penned a short note to the transport minister complaining about the unreliability of rural buses. Then he put it in the politician‘s hand. After the helicopter had gone, Vusi seemed a little downcast. ―Famine, war, diseases, surely it cannot be true of our beautiful country?‖ he said. ―Perhaps they are lying,‖ suggested his wife. ―Let us walk to the top of the hill and see what is really happening.‖ Vusi and his wife walked up the old road that no-one had used for years. It was covered in boulders, cracked and broken. Rivers had torn it apart. At last, they came to the top of the hill. Vanishing into the distance was a wasteland of flattened trees, burnt tanks, ruined villages and abandoned fields. Vusi and his wife walked home, hand in hand. Vusi was rather quiet. His wife went to get dinner. Vusi sat down, his wife and children around him. He looked very thoughtful. At last he spoke. ―My wife,‖ he said, ―I know that sometimes there are those who have considered me a fool. Yet I cannot but think, that as I said, everything I have done has turned out for the best.‖

And then he applied himself, with some appetite, to a large plate of guinea fowl.

Task 3. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Choose any five of them and make up sentences. a) battered suitcase………………………………………………………………. b) rural destinations………………………………………………………………. с) paved roads ……………………………………………………………………. d) abandoned fields ………………………………………………………………. e) civil war ……………………………………………………………………….. f) deadly virus …………………………………………………………………… g) extremely rare …………………………………………………………………. h)transport minister ……………………………………………………………… i) hygienic masks ……………………………………………………………….. j) water pumps …………………………………………………………………… k) ruined villages ………………………………………………………………… l) profitable business ……………………………………………………………. m) guinea fowl …..………………………………………………………………. n) millet bushes ………………………………………………………………….. o) government officer……………………………………………………………. p) glorious nation ………………………………………………………………...

Task 4. Fill in the correct prepositions, then choose any three and make sentences: a) to be clever … words; b) to be immune … reason; c) to vanish … the distance; d) to turn … for the best; e) to complain …. smth; f) to be one of the poorest places … the world; g) to be covered … smth; h) to invite smb …. dinner

Task 5. Match the word in column A with its definition in column B. A B 1) clipboard a) an extreme scarcity of food 2) optimist b) yielding advantageous returns or results 3) profitable c) a person who is inclined to be hopeful and to expect good outcomes 4) guinea fowl d) a small writing board with a clip at the top for holding papers 5) downcast e) causing death 6) famine f) an African bird (Numida meleagris) related to the pheasants, raised for food in many parts of the world, and marked by a bare neck and head 7) fatal g) low in spirit

Task 6. Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them. Can you write down the following words?

……………………………………… …………………………………..

……………………………………… ………….……………………………

………………………………………… ……………….……………………………..

………………………………. ……………………………………….

………………………………………. …………………………………………..

……………………………………… ………………………………………

…………………………………………… ………………………

Task 7. Write a summary of the text using the following key words: battered suitcase; rural destinations; paved roads; abandoned fields; civil war; deadly virus; extremely rare; transport minister; hygienic masks; water pumps; ruined villages; profitable business; guinea fowl; millet bushes; government officer; glorious nation.

Task 8. Complete the following sentences using the information from the text above. 1. Vusi and his wife walked up … . 2. She looked around at the mango trees, … . 3. Vusi began to worry about … . 4. The deadly virus which wiped out … . 5. Especially since we have made so many preparations, … . 6. A second monkey moved in … . 7. A small monkey climbed onto Vusi‘s shoulder and … . 8. The mango tree began … . 9. The people of our great nation should not have … . 10. The chief of the village … .

Story 4

VYSHYVANKA – THE PRIDE OF UKRAINIAN ATTIRE

Task 1. Learn the following words which you can find in the text: traditional being part of the traditions of a country or group of people; to embroider to decorate cloth by sewing a pattern, picture, or words on it with coloured threads; heritage the traditional beliefs, values, customs etc of a family, country, or society; manifestation a very clear sign that a particular situation or feeling exists; milieu the things and people that surround you and influence the way you live and think; to don to put on a hat, coat etc; nationalist someone who is involved in trying to gain or keep political independence for their country and people; brethren used to address or talk about the members of an organization or group, especially a religious group; embroidery a pattern sewn onto cloth, or cloth with patterns sewn onto it; artisan someone who does skilled work, making things with their hands; tedious something that is tedious continues for a long time and is not interesting

Task 2. Read the following text for complete comprehension [8]. Vyshyvanka, an embroidered shirt, has always been something more than just a traditional element of wardrobe in Ukraine. A newborn was folded in the parents‘ embroidered shirts, Ukrainians got married dressed in a vyshyvanka

87 and celebrated holidays, birthdays and anniversaries wearing embroidered shirts. Another tradition was to dress the deceased in a vyshyvanka for their burial. In difficult times, the vyshyvanka has remained a sacred symbol of Ukrainian heritage and over the years has taken on a new meaning and value. In the Soviet times, a vyshyvanka became a certain challenge to the system as a manifestation of one‘s civil position and national identity. Moreover, it formed a clear milieu of people united by a common mentality, culture and the fight for independence. In the Soviet times Ukrainians were not afraid of donning a national embroidered shirt. For this they were labeled with the then offensive label of ―nationalist‖ and persecuted, fired from their job and students were not admitted to college or dismissed. Despite this, a vyshyvanka always served as a guiding light for true Ukrainians to find their brethren in rough times. An embroidered shirt was always mandatory for a Ukrainian who was not shy to be labeled as unfashionable and not very trendy. Nowadays one can find vyshyvankas of different quantity and complexity of the embroidery. The work on some of them can take up to six months. A vyshyvanka with openwork embroidery done white on white is highly valued. The most widespread shirts are those that have embroidery on a sewed-on piece. Their pattern is embroidered on a canvas (a special fabric for embroidery), which is then attached to an ordinary cotton shirt. They are quicker and easier to produce. Embroidering shirts on flax is quite labor intensive. Because flax threads interlace unevenly, artisans have to count every stitch. But thanks to such tedious work a vyshyvanka is more aesthetic and authentic. Shirts embroidered on a homespun cloth are the most beautiful. The fabric is spun on white reel threads, which guarantees symmetrical interweaving.

Task 3. Answer the following questions using information from the text: 1. What has Vyshyvanka, an embroidered shirt, always been for Ukrainians?

2. Who was folded in the parents’ embroidered shirts? 3. What did vyshyvanka become in the Soviet times? 4. Were Ukrainians afraid of donning a national embroidered shirt in the Soviet times? 5. What vyshyvankas can one find nowadays? 6. What vyshyvanka is the most beautiful?

Task 4. Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them. Can you write down the following words?

………...... …………………………….

……………………………. ………………………………..

……………………. ………...……………………

………………………….. ………………………..

……………………………. …………………………….

…………………………. ………………………..

……………………………… ……………………

Task 5. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Choose any five of them and make up sentences. a) tedious work …………………………………………………………………..; b) symmetrical interweaving …………………………………………………….; c) aesthetic and authentic ………………………………………………………..; d) fashionable and trendy ………………………………………………………..; e) traditional element …………………………………………………………….; f) rough times ……………………………………………………………………; 89 g) embroidered shirt ……………………………………………………………..; h) civil position …………………………………………………………………..; i) national identity ……………………………………………………………….; j) common mentality …………………………………………………………….; k) guiding light …………………………………………………………………..; l) clear milieu …………………………………………………………………….; m) homespun cloth ………………………………………………………………; n) flax threads …………………………………………………………………….

Task 6. Say if the statement is true or false. Put a tick next to the correct answer. 1. The vyshyvanka is a sacred symbol of Ukrainian heritage. True_____ False _____ 2. Nowadays it is very hard to find vyshyvankas of different quantity and complexity of the embroidery. True_____ False _____ 3. In the Soviet times, a vyshyvanka formed a clear milieu of people united by a common mentality, culture and the fight for independence. True_____ False _____ 4. An embroidered shirt was always mandatory for a Ukrainian who was shy to be labeled as unfashionable and not very trendy. True_____ False _____ 5. A vyshyvanka with openwork embroidery done black on black is highly valued. True_____ False _____ 6. Embroidering shirts on flax is quite labor intensive. True_____ False _____

Task 7. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text. brethren milieu donning ―nationalist‖ manifestation heritage In difficult times, the vyshyvanka has remained a sacred symbol of Ukrainian … and over the years has taken on a new meaning and value. In the Soviet times, a vyshyvanka became a certain challenge to the system as a … of one‘s civil position and national identity. Moreover, it formed a clear … of people united by a common mentality, culture and the fight for independence. In the Soviet times Ukrainians were not afraid of … a national embroidered shirt. For this they were labeled with the then offensive label of … and persecuted, fired from their job and students were not admitted to college or dismissed. Despite this, a vyshyvanka always served as a guiding light for true Ukrainians to find their … in rough times. An embroidered shirt was always mandatory for a Ukrainian who was not shy to be labeled as unfashionable and not very trendy.

Task 8. Write a summary of the text using the following key words: symmetrical interweaving; aesthetic and authentic; fashionable and trendy; traditional element; rough times; embroidered shirt; civil position; national identity; common mentality; guiding light; clear milieu; homespun cloth; flax threads

Story 5

UKRAINIAN REST AND RELAXATION

Task 1. Learn the following words which you can find in the text: pastime something that you do because you think it is enjoyable or

interesting; excursion a short journey arranged so that a group of people can visit a

place, especially while they are on holiday; relaxation a way of resting and enjoying yourself; overwhelming having such a great effect on you that you feel confused and

do not know how to react; camaraderie a feeling of friendship that a group of people have, especially

when they work together; average the average amount is the amount you get when you add

together several quantities and divide this by the total number

of quantities; entertainment things such as films, television, performances etc that are

intended to amuse or interest people; infrastructure the basic systems and structures that a country or organization

needs in order to work properly, for example roads, railways,

banks etc;

92 purchasing the amount of money that a person or group has available to power spend; cash-strapped not having enough money; connoisseur someone who knows a lot about something such as art, food,

or music

Task 2. Read the following text for complete comprehension. Every second Ukrainian complains of the lack of diversity of cultural pastime in their lives, yet chooses to do nothing to change the situation. Over the last 20 years the cultural sphere in Ukraine has undergone considerable changes. In the early 1990s average Ukrainians were more cultured. They went to movies twice a week or more frequently, went on excursions and spent their weekends reading books or communicating with friends. Nowadays, Ukrainians mostly spend their time as couch potatoes watching TV at home. Present-day relaxation of Ukrainians based on the results of the Cultural Practices and Cultural Policy analytical report compiled by the Sofia Center Couch moods is described in this unit. As it was mentioned, most Ukrainians spend their free time passively and at home. Only 1/3 of Ukrainians go out. The rest prefer watching TV (86% of the respondents), having guests (45.6%) or doing absolutely nothing (33%). On weekdays over 40% of Ukrainians watch TV for more than 3 hours a day. On weekends this number increases to 2/3 of the entire population. Ukraine is one of the leading countries in Eastern Europe in terms of the number of TV- maniacs. Evening news takes first place (for the majority of Ukrainians television is the main source of information). News is followed by entertainment shows, various TV series and foreign feature films. Only 13–24% of Ukrainians

93 watch educational programs on the Discovery channel. As for shows about culture, arts or religion, they are interesting for only 5% of the respondents. Computers also should be mentioned. More than 10 million Ukrainians spend their time in front of PCs and laptops on a regular basis. The overwhelming majority cannot live without social networks giving preference to chatting on-line with friends over going out to some cultural events and meeting people in person. Reading is another popular pastime among Ukrainians. People mostly read newspapers and magazines – more than 45% of population read them at least once a week. However, Ukrainians do not like reading books: less than 1/5 of the population read them on a regular basis and most of them are urban residents. To tell the truth, Ukrainians prefer commercial literature and are not interested in world classic works, let alone mentioning Ukrainian classic works. Even though Ukrainians are stay-at-homes, they like visiting friends almost to the same extent as having guests over to their place. This is not surprising as guests are always associated with holidays and festivities and Ukrainians love their holidays for the camaraderie and merriment accompanied by food, drink and song and dance. The only problem is that such celebrations have little to do with culture, because during such visits people do the same things they do at home – watch TV on sofas and talk about nothing meaningful. While the situation with home and semi-home relaxation is quite clear, it is quite difficult to figure out what the situation is with public outings. Only 22% of Ukrainians manage to go to the movies a few times a year. 14% of the population goes to concerts and shows. If to take a look at the cultural aspect, the picture is even gloomier as more than 60% of Ukrainians have never once been to an opera or ballet in their lives. Only every second Ukrainian has listened to live classic or jazz music. 1/3 of the population has never been to an art exhibition and have never seen theater performances or even folk music and dance concerts. However, it is nice to know that today the younger generation,

94 not just the older people, is beginning to show interest in the arts as well. This means there still is hope of turning the average Ukrainian into a culturally aware citizen. For now Ukrainians choose alternative variants – religion and entertainment. More than half of Ukraine‘s population goes to church and more than 1/3 – to restaurants and nightclubs. Only 18.4% of the people take care of their health by going to workout gyms and swimming pools. There are a few reasons why arts and culture are distant from Ukrainians. The first is money. Well-to-do people think up some interesting ways of spending their leisure time more often. The second reason is infrastructure. In rural regions the cultural infrastructure is almost non-existent. There are almost no clubs or cinemas that in the past functioned in practically every residential district of cities throughout the country. Another factor is the level of education. The more educated you are the more interest you take in something beautiful. We should also mention free time. Respondents under 40, who the highest purchasing power in society and are active in business, complain about the lack of spare time. Moreover, museums, galleries and other similar institutions must also be updated and keep up with the latest trends. Alas, many such institutions are too cash-strapped to offer high-quality cultural products for which connoisseurs are ready, willing and, most importantly, able to pay.

Task 3. Answer the following questions using information from the text: 1. What did average Ukrainians do during their weekends in the early 1990s? 2. What way do most Ukrainians spend their free time nowadays? 3. How many Ukrainians spend their time in front of PCs and laptops on a regular basis? 4. Do Ukrainians like reading books? 5. What literature do Ukrainians prefer?

6. Are Ukrainians stay-at-homes or they like visiting friends? 7. What do Ukrainians love their holidays for? 8. What are the reasons why arts and culture are distant from Ukrainians?

…………………………… ……………………......

……………………… ………………......

………………………….. ………......

……………………………….. ………......

Task 5. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Then, choose any five of them and make up sentences. a) diversity of cultural pastime …………………………………………………..; b) entire population ……………………………………………………………...; c) cultural infrastructure …………………………………………………………; d) social networks ……………………………………………………………….; e) residential district …………………………………………………………….; f) average Ukrainian …………………………………………………………….; g) alternative variants ……………………………………………………………; h) purchasing power ……………………………………………………………..;

96 i) rural regions …………………………………………………………………..; j) art exhibition ………………………………………………………………….; k) educational programs …..…………………………………………………….; l) cultural events ………………………………………………………………..; m) public outings …………………………………………………………………

Task 6. Fill in the word(s) from the list below: younger art residential couch latest theater purchasing spare cultural educational a) ……………………… potatoes f) ……………… trends b) ……………………… power g) ……………… programs c) ………………………….. time h) …………….. generation d) ………………………….. district j) ……………… exhibition e) …………………………… events k) ………………. рerformances

Task 7. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text. education infrastructure connoisseurs cash-strapped purchasing power leisure culture residential There are a few reasons why arts and … are distant from Ukrainians. The first is money. Well-to-do people think up some interesting ways of spending their … time more often. The second reason is infrastructure. In rural regions the cultural … is almost non-existent. There are almost no clubs or cinemas that in the past functioned in practically every … district of cities throughout the country. Another factor is the level of …. The more educated you are the more interest you take in something beautiful. We should also mention free time. Respondents under 40, who the highest …

in society and are active in business, complain about the lack of spare time. Moreover, museums, galleries and other similar institutions must also be updated and keep up with the latest trends. Alas, many such institutions are too … to offer high-quality cultural products for which … are ready, willing and, most importantly, able to pay.

Task 8. Write a summary of the text using the following key words: diversity of cultural pastime; entire population; cultural infrastructure; social networks; residential district; average Ukrainian; alternative variants; purchasing power; rural regions; art exhibition; educational programs; cultural events; public outings.

Story 6

GREEN VACATION IN UKRAINE

Task 1. Learn the following words which you can find in the text: rustic simple, old-fashioned, and not spoiled by modern developments, in a way that is typical of the countryside; plethora a very large number of something, usually more than you need; rafting the activity of travelling on a raft, especially as a sport vehicle a machine with an engine that is used to take people or things from one place to another, such as a car, bus, or truck; civilization a society that is well organized and developed, used especially about a particular society in a particular place or at a particular time; benevolent kind and generous; gourmets producing or relating to very good food and drink

Task 2. Read the following text for complete comprehension. Do you want to change your surroundings and forget about the everyday hustle and bustle of the concrete jungle? Peace and quiet in a rustic natural environment is easily found in Ukrainian villages, where the owners of private estates offer a hearty reception and a plethora of entertainment opportunities. So, where can one find such «green» tourism in an environmentally clean place in Ukraine and how many greenbacks will it cost? Just a few years ago, not many in Ukraine knew about such a form of recreation as green tourism. To tell the truth, this can be just as enjoyable as a trip abroad. After all, where else can you eat apples picked right from the tree,

99 drink fresh milk from a cow, taste freshly tapped honey and pick berries and mushrooms? But this is not all that village residents can offer a green tourist. The owners of a number of homes located in the Carpathian Mountains are quite inventive in attracting tourists. They can offer you rafting on the Cheremosh and Dniester rivers, climbing Mount Hoverla and other mountains, horseback riding and mountain hiking, collecting berries and mushrooms with a guide, fishing trout in rapidly flowing rivers, riding on mountain bikes and quads, trips through the mountains in all-terrain vehicles and many other forms of outdoor adventures. You can also check out Lake Synevir, waterfalls, Yaremcha, Vorokhta, the Yablunets Pass, Kolomiya, Uzhgorod, the Mukacheve Castle, Chernivtsi and other famous sights in Western Ukraine. Sometimes tourists prefer to stay in small country estates choosing a place where there are restaurants with national cuisine and places of entertainment nearby. One can find such private houses in the Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv and Zakarpattia oblasts. The tourism infrastructure near the ski resorts Bukovel, Drahobrat and Slavsko is highly developed with expensive hotels that are almost never empty. Those who want to go high up in the mountains should consider the surrounding area of Rakhiv and Drahobrat, where there are houses there at altitude of 1,300-1,500 meters above sea level. One can also look for places that are more remote from civilization, for example the village of Sheshory, which is known for its waterfalls, or the neighboring Kosmach – the heart of the Hutsul people. A cozy place can be found in the Bukovyna Carpathians in the picturesque villages Pidzakharychi and Vyzhenka. Usually, besides accommodation and excursions, the host will offer three meals a day consisting of purely traditional and genuine Western Ukrainian cuisine. In autumn Lake Svityaz, which along with dozens of other lakes is a part of the Shatskiy National Nature Reserve Park, becomes a real Mecca for green tourists travelling around Ukraine. There are many cozy cottages on the picturesque banks of the lakes in the natural reserve. These beautiful nice houses

100 are built with pine beams situated 100-300 meters from the lakeshore. Water in the local lakes is C its high silver content. So, if you have no fear about catching a cold, go for a dip. During hikes through the local forest doctors recommend breathing deeply as the air is clean and good for your health. Those who active can rent a quad, boat or catamaran, reserve a cruise on a yacht, go horseback riding, diving, fishing or go on a walking, kayaking, auto or bicycle excursion. Gourmets are highly recommended to try out the local delicacy – smoked, fried or baked eel. The minimum term for the rental of a cottage is three days. The best attributes of renting private houses in the central and northern regions of Ukraine are authentic village traditions and national cuisine. Some homeowners rebuild old houses, equip them with special ovens and build hay lofts especially for tourists. However, there you can also find modern, comfortable houses amidst the natural surroundings. Different forms of entertainment are offered so tourists don‘t get bored. For example, the benevolent hosts will organize horseback riding, excursions, traditional folk painting master classes and fishing. To learn what real village life is about go to the Cherkasy Oblast – the homeland of poet Taras Shevchenko, in the village Morentsy. In the Poltava Oblast, tourists are welcomed in Oposhnya – the home of Ukrainian potters – in the villages Berezova Rudak, Dykanka and Sorochyntsi. The Chernihiv Oblast invites tourists to enjoy the beauties of the romantic Desna River, take a long hike walk through the Trostyanets Natural Park. The Vinnytsya Oblast attracts tourists with its rocky banks and rapids of the Pivdenniy Buh River. Not far from Kyiv, it is also possible to rent a house near the Kyiv Sea and go on splendid fishing trip. The predatory fish there are particularly hungry at this time of the year and takes about any bait. Nature in Ukrainian rural areas can put you in a good mood and give the strength to last until the next vacation.

101

Task 3. Answer the following questions using information from the text: 1. Who offers you rafting on the Cheremosh and Dniester rivers, climbing Mount Hoverla and other mountains? 2. What is the tourism infrastructure near the ski resorts Bukovel, Drahobrat and Slavsko? 3. What place becomes a real Mecca for green tourists travelling around Ukraine? 4. What water is known for its high silver content? 5. What oblast attracts tourists with its rocky banks and rapids of the Pivdenniy Buh River? 6. What are the best attributes of renting private houses in the central and northern regions of Ukraine? 7. What can put you in a good mood and give the strength to last until the next vacation?

Task 4. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Then, choose any five of them and make up sentences: a) green tourism …………………………………………………………………; b) horseback riding ………………………………………………………………; c) to take a long hike walk ………………………………………………………; d) authentic village traditions ……………………………………………………; e) national cuisine ………………………………………………………………..; f) traditional folk painting master classes ……………………………………….; g) to try out the local delicacy …………………………………………………...; h) tourism infrastructure …………………………………………………………; i) expensive hotels ……………………………………………………………….;

102 j) picturesque banks of the lakes in the natural reserve ………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………; k) to be quite inventive in attracting tourists …………………………………….

………………………………. …………………………….

…………………………. ……………………….

………………………… …………………………

…………………………… ……………………………….

…………………………… ……………………………..

Task 6. Fill in the word(s) from the list below. Use each word only once: national village tourism entertainment rustic concrete hearty silver rocky village a) …………………………. jungle f) ………………….. opportunities b) …………………... environment g) ………………………. residents c) ……………………… reception h) ………………………… cuisine d) ………………….. infrastructure i) ………………………… content e) ……………………… traditions j) ………………………….. banks

Task 7. Fill in the correct preposition, then choose any five phrases and make sentences: at on in on in to with for a) …… tell the truth; e) ……… a rustic natural

103

b) …… a good mood; environment;

c) …… the picturesque banks; f) a cruise …….. a yacht;

d) to be known …… smth; g) to equip smth …… smth;

h) ….. this time of the year

Task 8. Fill in the gaps with the words form the text. сuisine civilization vehicles altitude surrounding rafting picturesque infrastructure horseback The owners of a number of homes located in the Carpathian Mountains are quite inventive in attracting tourists. They can offer you … on the Cheremosh and Dniester rivers, climbing Mount Hoverla and other mountains, a) … riding and mountain hiking, collecting berries and mushrooms with a guide, fishing trout in rapidly flowing rivers, riding on mountain bikes and quads, trips through the mountains in all-terrain b) … and many other forms of outdoor adventures. You can also check out Lake Synevir, waterfalls, Yaremcha, Vorokhta, the Yablunets Pass, Kolomiya, Uzhgorod, the Mukacheve Castle, Chernivtsi and other famous sights in Western Ukraine. Sometimes tourists prefer to stay in small country estates choosing a place where there are restaurants with national c) … and places of entertainment nearby. One can find such private houses in the Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv and Zakarpattia oblasts. The tourism d) … near the ski resorts Bukovel, Drahobrat and Slavsko is highly developed with expensive hotels that are almost never empty. Those who want to go high up in the mountains should consider the e) … area of Rakhiv and Drahobrat, where there are houses there at f) … of 1,300- 1,500 meters above sea level. One can also look for places that are more remote from g) …, for example the village of Sheshory, which is known for its waterfalls, or the neighboring Kosmach – the heart of the Hutsul people. A cozy place can be found in the Bukovyna Carpathians in the h) … villages

104

Pidzakharychi and Vyzhenka. Usually, besides accommodation and excursions, the host will offer three meals a day consisting of purely traditional and genuine Western Ukrainian cuisine.

Task 9. Write a summary of the text using the following key words: green tourism; horseback riding; to take a long hike walk; authentic village traditions; national cuisine; traditional folk painting master classes; to try out the local delicacy; tourism infrastructure; expensive hotels; picturesque banks of the lakes in the natural reserve; to be quite inventive in attracting tourists.

105

Story 7

THE RADOMYSHL’ CASTLE

Task 1. Learn the following words which you can find in the text: exhibit something, for example a painting, that is put in a public place so that people can go to see it; mill a building containing a large machine for crushing grain into flour; artwork paintings and other objects produced by artists; artificial not real or not made of natural things but made to be like something that is real or natural; feature a part of something that you notice because it seems important, interesting, or typical; figurine a small model of a person or animal used as a decoration; significance the importance of an event, action etc, especially because of the effects or influence it will have in the future; militant a militant organization or person is willing to use strong or violent action in order to achieve political or social change; machinery machines, especially large ones; archive a place where a large number of historical records are stored, or the records that are stored

Task 2. Read the following text for complete comprehension. The Radomyshl‘ castle is the world‘s only museum of Ukrainian domestic icon which represents more than 5 thousand unique original exhibits from the private collection of Ukrainian doctor and romance singer Olha Bohomolets.

106

In 2011, historical and cultural complex ―The Radomysl Castle‖ built in the place of then old paper mill was opened. It now has become the top tourist destination between Kyiv and Zhytomyr.

The Radomyshl‘ castle is set in a park with ponds, small islands joined by bridges and sculptured artworks.

Artificial waterfalls add to the good atmosphere and visitors are likely to see small animals such as beavers and squirrels as they stroll along the pathways.

The main feature of the Radomyshl‘ castle is the Museum of Family Icons which is called ―Dusha Ukrayiny‖ (―The soul of Ukraine‖). The icons on display were acquired over many years from various family collections all over Ukraine, some of which date back to the 17th century. Along with the icons, the museum has exhibits of ancient figurines, decorations, toys and a range of other artifacts deemed to be of cultural significance.

107

The variety of unique icons is astonishing, with no two being the same.

Some were restored as close to their original form as possible, whereas others remain as they were when acquired, particularly if their blemishes came about as a result of historical events, such as those which were damaged by Soviet-era militant atheists.

Together with the Radomyshl‘ castle complex the 400-year old mill was restored from ruins. The paper mill which is now an integral part of the castle exhibition was founded in 1612 to meet the needs of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra. In order to rebuild the machinery and technology of the papermaking process, old sketches and drawings found in scientific archives connected to the old paper mill were used. Though the mill fell into ruin just 80 years after its founding, it had made enough paper to supply the Lavra for another 100 year. Nowadays all the visitors of Radomyshl‘ castle are offered to take part in the papermaking process which is indeed stunning.

Task 3. Answer the following questions using information from the text: 1. What is the Radomyshl’ castle famous for? 2. How many Ukrainian domestic icons are represented in the Radomyshl’ castle? 3. When was historical and cultural complex “The

108

Radomysl Castle” built in the place of then old paper mill opened? 4. What is the main feature of the Radomyshl’ castle? 5. How is the Museum of Family Icons called? 6. What exhibits does the museum have along with the icons? 7. What was restored from ruins together with the Radomyshl’ castle complex? 8. When was the paper mill which is now an integral part of the castle exhibition founded? 9. Why was the paper mill founded? 10. What are all the visitors of Radomyshl’ castle offered nowadays?

………………………………. ………………………….

……………………………… …………………………….

…………………………. ………………………….

………………………… ……………………….

………………………. …………………………

…………………………….. ……………………………

Task 5. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Choose any five of them and make up sentences:

109 a) machinery and technology ……………………………………………………; b) a papermaking process ………………………………………………………..; c) an old paper mill ………………………………………………………………; d) historical events ……………………………………………………………….; e) family collections ……………………………………………………………..; f) a domestic icon ………………………………………………………………..; g) a private collection ……………………………………………………………; i) cultural significance …………………………………………………………..; k) a historical and cultural complex ...... ; m) scientific archives …………………………………………………………….; n) ancient decorations ……………………………………………………………; o) unique exhibits ………………………………………………………………..; p) an integral part ………………………………………………………………..; q) artificial waterfalls …………………………………………………………….

Task 6. Fill in the word(s) from the list below. Use each word only once: sculptured cultural scientific tourist original papermaking historical militant artificial domestic a) ………………………… atheists f) ……………………. waterfalls b) ………………………… process g) ……………………. icon c) ……………………….. archives i) …………………….. exhibits d) ………………………… events j) …………………….. significance e) ……………………….. artworks k) …………………….. destination

Task 7. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text: events militant complex paper exhibition mill papermaking icons original The variety of unique a) … is astonishing, with no two being the same. Some were restored as close to their b) … form

110

as possible, whereas others remain as they were when acquired, particularly if their blemishes came about as a result of historical c) …, such as those which were damaged by Soviet- era d) … atheists. Together with the Radomyshl‘ castle e) … the 400-year old mill was restored from ruins. The paper mill which is now an integral part of the castle f) … was founded in 1612 to meet the needs of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra. In order to rebuild the machinery and technology of the g) … process, old sketches and drawings found in scientific archives connected to the old paper h) … were used. Though the mill fell into ruin just 80 years after its founding, it had made enough i) … to supply the Lavra for another 100 year.

Task 8. Fill in the correst preposition, then choose any five phrases and make sentences: of in of in on in to of a) to be founded …...; f) to take part ….. the papermaking b) as a result ….. historical events; process; c) the icons ….. display; g) to be set ….. a park; d) exhibits ….. ancient figurines h) to be ….. cultural significance e) to date back ….. the 17th century;

Task 9. Complete the following sentences from the text above. Then translate them from English into Ukrainian. 1. Together with the Radomyshl‘ castle complex … .

111

…………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 2. The icons on display were acquired over many years … . …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 3. The Radomyshl‘ castle is set in a park … . …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 4. It now has become the top tourist destination … . …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 5. The main feature of the Radomyshl‘ castle is … . …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………

112

Story 8

A ONE-DAY EXCURSION AROUND KYIV

Task 1. Learn the following words which you can find in the text: descent a path or road that goes down a slope; thoroughfare the main road through a place such as a city or village; spiritual relating to your spirit rather than to your body or mind; statue an image of a person or animal that is made in solid material such as stone or metal and is usually large; outpost a group of buildings in a place far from cities or towns, usually established as a military camp or a place for trade; architecture the style and design of a building or buildings; ensemble a set of things that go together to form a whole; relic an old object or custom that reminds people of the past or that has lived on from a past time; carillon a set of bells in a tower that are controlled from a piano keyboard, or a tune played on these bells; monolithic a monolithic building is very large, solid, and impressive; vendor someone who sells things, especially on the street; cobblestone a small round stone set in the ground, especially in the past, to make a hard surface for a road; breathtaking very impressive, exciting, or surprising; gazebo a small building with open sides in a garden, where you can sit and look at the view; vista a view of a large area of beautiful scenery; rebellious fighting against the government of your own country; monastic relating to monks or life in a monastery

113

Task 2. Read the following text for complete comprehension. If you‘ve only got one day in Kyiv, you‘ll have to see all the points of interest in the Ukrainian capital Kyiv quickly. But that means you have to walk fast and not get too fascinated in the petty details of every site. Kyiv‘s main drag is Khreshchatyk. It divides the city into certain ―tourist banks‖. On the one side there are the Golden Gates, St. Michael‘s and St. Sofia cathedrals, St. Andrew‘s Church on St. Andrew‘s Descent, the funicular and a lot of other places of interest. On the other side of Kyiv‘s main thoroughfare there are the Mariyinskiy and Khreshchatiy parks, the WWII Memorial Complex and the main spiritual attraction of Kyiv – the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra. One way or another, you have to travel around the city on foot to check out all these wonderful historic sites. It is best to start from the Maidan Nezalezhnosti subway station underneath Independence Square, where all holidays are celebrated and all revolutions usually take place. It is a very beautiful place in winter and summer, during the day and at night. This is a multi-dimensional space on three levels: the square itself, the underground passage under Khreshchatyk with two huge underground malls on different sides of the street and an observation deck at the Ukraina Hotel on the roof of the Globus shopping mall, which opens up a beautiful panoramic view of the entire square. As you walk along Khreshchatyk you run into Prorizna St. There you hang a right and go up along it. On your way, check out the monument to a character named Panikovskiy in The Golden Calf, the famous novel by Ilf and Petrov. Panikovskiy posed as a blind to pickpocket the dupes helping him to cross Khreshchatyk. There is a classic myth among Kyiv residents that if you rub the left shoe of Panikovskiy‘s statue, you will have great financial success. The Golden Gates are situated on the crossing of Prorizna and Volodymyrska streets. This was one of Kyiv‘s historic outposts at the entry to the city. There were only two walls left from it. Later, Kyiv architects decided to restore the

114 outer appearance of the gates. Naturally, there were no designs or sketches left after a thousand years, which is why today this monument of ancient architecture is more a figment of one‘s imagination, then a realistic reconstruction. Nonetheless, at least you will get some idea of what the Golden Gates looked like in the distant past. Literally several blocks from here there is one of the most beautiful squares in Kyiv – Sofiyivska Square with the ensemble of the famous St. Sofia Cathedral with its bell-tower that is visible from just about anywhere in the city. The first thing to see is the bell tower. Then it is highly recommended to take a tour of the territory and then enter the cathedral to see all of its interesting relics. Mykhailivska Square, which is exactly opposite the St. Sofia Cathedral, is an impressive site and a great place to take pictures. There you can see monuments to Princess Olha, Apostle Andrew, the saints Cyril and Methodius and the victims of the Great Famine of 1932-1933. The monument to Olha is a figure of a mother with an unborn child inside her belly. Every hour the square can hear the ringing of the unique Mykhailivskiy carillon, a mechanical bell unit operating in the Mykhailivska bell tower. From Mykhailivska Square you can walk to St. Andrew‘s Church along Desyatynna St. and check out the monolithic structure of Ukraine‘s Foreign Ministry. Built according to the design of architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli in 1754, St. Andrew‘s Church was turned into a concert hall, where today one can enjoy the beautiful sounds of classical music on weekends. At the foot of the church, Kyiv‘s Montmartre – St. Andrew‘s Descent begins. There you can buy all kinds of Ukrainian pieces of art and other souvenirs from local artists and artisans. The largest number of vendors comes out onto the cobblestone street of the descent on Kyiv Day, the last weekend of May. This weekend is truly one of the greatest events in the life of Kyiv. By the way, the prices of such works are much lower at the bottom of the descent than at the top.

115

On your way down you can take a photo in front of the monument to the writer Mikhail Bulgakov. Then walking along Sahaidachnoho St. you can reach Poshtova Square and see an old building that was a station for mail coaches after which the square was named. Also, there is the River Boat Station (Richkoviy Vokzal), which is the main port of Kyiv from where many excursion boats travel in the warm months of the year. There you can take a ride on the Kyiv Funicular, a unique cog-wheel train that connects the lower and upper parts of the city. When getting off the car at the upper station, take your time to look around to get a breathtaking panorama of the Ukrainian capital from a small wrought-iron observation deck. Then you can walk through Volodymyrskiy Park to Tryokhsvyatytelska St. On the lower terrace of Volodymyr‘s Hill you can find a monument to Prince Volodymyr the Great, who christened Kyiv Rus in the Dnipro River over 1,000 years ago in 988. On the upper terrace, you can find a gazebo and the best observation deck, which opens up fantastic views of the Left Bank and further beyond the horizon. Great vistas of European Square is like a bridge between the two banks of the Dnipro. The main architectural sites of the square are the Dnipro Hotel and the former Lenin Museum – today, the Ukrainian House. There is also the UNIAN news agency, which hosts press conferences with famous politicians, and National Philharmonic of Ukraine in a classic old building. From there you continue on to the Druzhby Narodiv Arch (Arch of Friendship of Nations). It is like a colorless rainbow made of aluminum. From there you have a great view of the Dnipro River and Trukhaniv Island, the favorite recreation beach of Kyiv youth and young urban professionals, who have no time to relax outside the city. To the right of the arch, there are stairs that lead to one of city‘s main points of interest – the Chortiv Bridge. For many years, this bridge connecting the Mariyinskiy and Khreshchatiy parks has served as a sacred place for lovebirds. People come here to make their vows and seal them with a padlock attaching it to the bridge. However, this bridge is also cursed with bad luck. Those who lost their faith in

116 love jump down to their death. What else do the parks offer? There are beautiful old trees, observation decks that open up incredible vistas, the Dynamo Stadium, the amphitheater, sculptures and monuments, the Mariyinskiy Palace and the building of the Verkhovna Rada. One can easily spend several hours walking around this territory. On Arsenalna Square, where you can see commandant‘s office, a cannon on a pedestal as a monument to rebellious workers of the Arsenal Plant and the key site of revolutionary Kyiv – a corner of the plant‘s building with numerous traces of bullets in its walls. A wide alley leads to the memorial along which you can pass by artillery weapons used in the war. The main site here is the massive monument of the Motherland, which some jokingly named Kyiv‘s Iron Maiden, though it is actually made of titanium. The museum is located at the foundation of the monument. There is also a huge candle in Park Slavy as a memorial to the victims of the Great Famine. There are two sad angels on the alley in front of the memorial. In the middle of the circle decorated with millstones there is a monument to a hungry young girl holding three ears of wheat in her hand. Visitors place candies and bread at the monument‘s pedestal. We finally come to the biggest site in Kyiv that took all day to get to – the famous Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, which is the oldest monument of Christianity and Kyivan Rus. In the Soviet times, the Lavra was turned into a museum reserve. Today, its religious life has been restored: there are fully functional churches and cathedrals here, as well as a men‘s monastery. There are also museums located in the cells of monastic elders and in the Dormition Cathedral.

Task 3. Answer the following questions using information from the text: 1. What is Kyiv’s main drag? 2. What parts does Khreshchatyk divide Kyiv into? 3. What can you find on the lower terrace of Volodymyr’s Hill?

117

4. What is the main spiritual attraction of Kyiv? 5. What is a classic myth among Kyiv residents connected with a literary character named Panikovskiy? 6. Where are the Golden Gates situated? 7. Where can you see monuments to Princess Olha, Apostle Andrew, the saints Cyril and Methodius and the victims of the Great Famine of 1932-1933? 8. Where you can buy all kinds of Ukrainian pieces of art and other souvenirs from local artists and artisans? 9. What can you see on Arsenalna Square? 10. What is located at the foundation of the Motherland?

Task 4. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Then, choose any five of them in order to make up sentences. a) monastic elders ………………………………………………………………..; b) artillery weapons ……………………………………………………………...; c) distant past …………………………………………………………………….; d) realistic reconstruction ………………………………………………………..; e) beyond the horizon ……………………………………………………………; f) a unique cog-wheel train ………………………………………………………; g) a monument‘s pedestal ………………………………………………………..; h) ears of wheat ………………………………………………………………….; i) main architectural sites ………………………………………………………..; j) excursion boats ………………………………………………………………..; k) a favorite recreation beach ……………………………………………………; l) young urban professionals …………………………………………………….; m) historic outposts ……………………………………………………………..;

118 n) multi-dimensional space ……………………………………………………..; o) financial success ……………………………………………………………..; p) at the monument‘s pedestal ………………………………………………….;

Task 5. Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them. Can you write down the following words? ………………………….. ………………………... ……………………………….. ………………………...... ……………………… ………………………...... ………………………… ………………………..... …………………………. ………………………......

Task 6. Fill in the word(s) from the list below. Use each word only once: realistic observation spiritual museum concert panoramic sacred unique breathtaking incredible a) …………………. attraction f) …………………………….. carillon b) ………………………… reserve g) ………………………………. place c) ……………………………. view h) ………………………………. hall d) ……………………………. deck i) ………………………………. vistas e)…………………... reconstruction k) ………………………….. panorama

Task 7. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text. souvenirs monolithic vendors descent site victims cobblestone carillon classical tower Mykhailivska Square, which is exactly opposite the St. Sofia Cathedral, is an impressive a) … and a great place to take pictures. There you can see monuments to Princess Olha, Apostle Andrew, the saints Cyril and Methodius and the b) … o

119

the Great Famine of 1932-1933. The monument to Olha is a figure of a mother with an unborn child inside her belly. Every hour the square can hear the ringing of the unique Mykhailivskiy c) …, a mechanical bell unit operating in the Mykhailivska bell d) … . From Mykhailivska Square you can walk to St. Andrew‘s Church along Desyatynna St. and check out the e) … structure of Ukraine‘s Foreign Ministry. Built according to the design of architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli in 1754, St. Andrew‘s Church was turned into a concert hall, where today one can enjoy the beautiful sounds of f) … music on weekends. At the foot of the church, Kyiv‘s Montmartre – St. Andrew‘s Descent begins. There you can buy all kinds of Ukrainian pieces of art and other g) … from local artists and artisans. The largest number of h) … comes out onto the i) … street of the descent on Kyiv Day, the last weekend of May. This weekend is truly one of the greatest events in the life of Kyiv. By the way, the prices of such works are much lower at the bottom of the j) … than at the top.

Task 8. Fill in the correst preposition, then choose any five phrases and make sentences: of at of in on into at of to in 1) a colorless rainbow made ……. 6) …… front of the monument; aluminum; 7) ……. the middle of the circle; 2) …… the right of the arch; 8) ….. the entry to the city; 3) to travel around the city ….. foot; 9) a great view …… the Dnipro River; 4) a beautiful panoramic view ……. 10) the Lavra was turned …… a the entire square; museum reserve 5) during the day and …….. night;

120

Story 9

MASLYANA

Task 1. Learn the following words which you can find in the text: paganism someone who believes in a pagan religion; descend to move from a higher level to a lower one; pancake a thin flat round cake made from flour, milk, and eggs, that has been cooked in a flat pan and is eaten hot; equinox one of the two times in a year when night and day are of equal length; hibernation if an animal hibernates, it sleeps for the whole winter; dummy model that is the shape and size of a person, especially used in order to show clothes in a shop or when you are making clothes; consumption the act of eating or drinking; cult a fashionable belief, idea, or attitude that influences people‘s lives; omnipresent present everywhere at all times

Task 2. Read the following text for complete comprehension. Maslyana is an amazing symbiosis of Orthodox religion and paganism. Ancestors-pagans believed that during this period the souls of the dead who must help the living in every possible way descend from heaven. That is why it was a tradition to put the first pancake on the window sill so the souls of ancestors are not offended. For the Orthodox, Pancake Week is a celebration of spring and the last week before Lent. 121

Before Christianity was introduced in Kyivan Rus, Maslyana was celebrated over seven days preceding the day of the vernal equinox and seven days after. The Christian church left the major celebration of spring, but moved the dearly beloved holiday of saying goodbye to winter and reduced the celebration time to a week in order that it did not coincide with Lent. All traditions of Maslyana are directed at driving away winter and waking nature from its hibernation. That is why over many centuries people have organized pompous celebrations. Maslyana is celebrated with merry songs on snow hills. A hay dummy dressed in women‘s clothes is a symbol of Maslyana that is placed on a big snow hill. Round dances are danced around this hill and on the last day of Maslyana it is taken down and buried or burned together with the pancake, which was placed in the dummy‘s hand. Today, instead of a week-long celebration, Maslyana is celebrated only on Saturday and Sunday. Ukrainians still love to eat and drink well, which is why mass celebrations are organized in historical museums under the open sky, in parks and on squares. Pancakes are the main dish on Maslyana. They are baked every day starting from Monday, but more from Thursday to Sunday. This period is referred to as Wide Maslyana. The pancakes are served with sour cream, eggs, mushrooms, fish, caviar and other tasty fillings and are accompanied by other dishes. Many customs of this old and merry holiday have long been forgotten and these days are not observed. However, of the numerous rules and recommendations, there are basic ones that should be observed. First of all, during Maslyana it is prohibited to eat meat and Sunday on the eve of Maslyana week is the last day when you can eat meat. Consumption of dairy products and fish is allowed during Pancake Week. Secondly, the food during Maslyana has become a true cult. People used to say that during this time you have to eat as often as a dog wags its tail or as often as a crow croaks. Unlike many other holidays, people not only eat at home during Pancake Week, but often have family celebrations, visit friends or have friends over. The third ―law‖ of

122

Maslyana is irrepressible joy. You have to eat, drink, sing and dance in order to not fall into depression. Every day during Pancake Week has its own name: Monday – meeting, Tuesday – start of merriment, Wednesday – delicacy, Wide Thursday, Friday – evening at mother-in-law‘s, Saturday – evening at sister-in- law‘s and Sunday – farewell to Maslyana and Shrove Sunday. On the last day of Maslyana, people ask each other for forgiveness and remembered parents who passed away. Pancake Week ends with a quiet evening: everybody relaxes and gets serious before the start of Lent, which lasts the following seven weeks. In the past Maslyana was also called the Kolodiya holiday and Ukrainian dumplings filled with cottage cheese served as the main dish for Maslyana in the Cossack‘s Ukraine matching against the omnipresent pancakes. In the villages all unmarried girls and boys were given a ―kolodka‖ (a wooden stick with ribbons) to be tied to the left hand. It was an old tradition that made it clear who was single and who was married. Earlier, young people met with each other and danced to folk music. Only then the ―kolodka‖ could be taken off. One more popular dish – Cossack ―teterya‖ was cooked – wheat cereal with buckwheat dough. The National Museum of Architecture and Everyday Life of Ukraine Pyrohovo usually invites guests to an amazing and spectacular folk festival. During the weekend, the straw dummy symbolizing winter and dark forces is burned there. There is also sledding, snowball fighting and a power competition. The main events here usually take place on the main field: there is a lot of space for competition and is a pond as a skating rink and hills nearby for sledding. If you are lucky with the weather, the celebration of Maslyana in Pyrohovo will bring you joy and true Ukrainian sensations.

Task 3. Answer the following questions using information from the text: 1. What is Maslyana? 2. What is Pancake Week for the Orthodox?

123

3. When was Maslyana celebrated before Christianity was introduced in Kyivan Rus? 4. What are all traditions of Maslyana directed at? 5. What is a symbol of Maslyana? 6. What period is referred to as Wide Maslyana? 7. What is the main dish on Maslyana? 8. What are pancakes served with? 9. What basic rules and recommendations should be observed during Maslyana? 10. What do people ask each other for on the last day of Maslyana? 11. What is Cossack “teterya”?

……………………………. ………………………..

…………………………. ……………………….

…………………………. …………………………..

…………………………. ………………………….

…………………………. …………………………..

Task 5. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Then, choose any five of them in order to make up sentences: a) a spectacular folk festival …………………………………………………….; 124 b) snowball fighting ……………………………………………………………..; c) a straw dummy ………………………………………………………………..; d) mass celebrations ……………………………………………………………..; e) a week-long celebration ………………………………………………………; f) an amazing symbiosis of religion and paganism ……………………………………………………………………………………; g) numerous rules and recommendations ……………………………………………………………………………………; h) wheat cereal with buckwheat dough …………………………………………………………………………………….

Task 6. Fill in the word(s) from the list below. Use each word only once: hay dark celebration pancake irrepressible snowball buckwheat mass pompous dairy a) ………………………. products f) ……………………………. joy b) ……………………….. fighting g) ………………….. celebrations c) ……………………….. dummy h) ………………….. celebrations d) …………………………. week i) ………………………….. time e) ………………………… forces j) ………………………… dough

125

Story 10

EASTER

Task 1. Learn the following words which you can find in the text: secular not connected with or controlled by a church or other religious authority; slavery the system of having slaves; purification the process of making someone pure by removing evil from their soul; gluttony the bad habit of eating and drinking too much; recrimination when you blame or criticize someone for something that has happened; parish priest the main Christian priest in a particular area; miraculous a miraculous action or event is believed to be caused by God, and is impossible according to the ordinary laws of nature; crockery cups, dishes, plates etc; spread a large meal for several guests on a special occasion; gastrointestinal of or relating to the stomach and intestines; yeast a type of fungus used for producing alcohol in beer and wine, and for making bread rise; yolk the yellow part in the centre of an egg

Task 2. Read the following text for complete comprehension. In Ukraine Easter is exclusively a religious holiday, not some state- approved time off from work. The reason for this is historical, since this most solemn of Christian celebrations was banned during Soviet times, with early May anointed as the official secular spring holiday season, and the competition between Orthodox and Greek-Christian sects, which usually find Easter Sunday

126 on different days. Nonetheless, Easter has deep roots in Ukraine with the traditions to match. Christ has risen! He is risen indeed! This is the traditional Ukrainian Easter greeting and response, originating from Greek customs. Indeed, in the Ukrainian and Russian languages Easter is called Paskha, also from the Greek, although this word derives from the Jewish holiday of Passover, or Pesakh, commemorating the story of the Exodus when the ancient Israelites freed themselves from slavery in Egypt. Greek missionaries brought the Christian ritual of Easter from the Byzantine Empire to Kyivan Rus. The week before Easter Sunday is called the Holy Week, and it is the final days that are especially important: Maundy, or Holy Thursday, is the day of spiritual purification, Good Friday is another reminder of the Passion of Christ, Holy Saturday is a day of grief and sorrow and, finally, Easter Sunday is the day of happiness and victory over death. The eve of Easter is a special time, devoted to prayers and thoughts about the events that transpired thousands of years ago. During Lent, which lasts for 48 days, gluttony is frowned upon, alcoholic beverages should not be consumed, laughing out loud will draw angry stares, and quarreling or acting provocatively will be met with stern recriminations. People begin celebrating Easter with a sacred procession on Saturday, led by the parish priests, who encircle the church or chapel, with the faithful in attendance, and then return to the main entrance, where they announce the Resurrection of Christ. Then they enter the church, where a holy mass is held throughout the entire night until morning. Napping is forbidden! This sort of dedication is not common in Ukraine; instead most people attend the early Sunday morning service. However, this is devotion with a twist. The family place specially baked cakes, krashanky (hard-boiled colored eggs), homemade sausages, butter and salt, and wine or vodka in a woven basket, cover the basket with an embroidered towel, and go to church to have it blessed by the priest. This is the busiest time for any parish church. Those who

127 cannot get inside to attend mass must stand in line outside holding their baskets. Traditionally, people buy candles, stick them in the Easter cake, and wait for the priest to come out of the church and bless their baskets with holy water, crying ―Christ has risen!‖ as the priest passes. After that, the parishioners exchanges Easter eggs as a symbol of the miraculous Resurrection. Legend has it that after Mary Magdalene presented the Roman Emperor Tiberius with an egg symbolizing the Resurrection of Christ, the emperor doubted her, saying that, as an egg cannot change color from white to red, nor can the dead be resurrected. At that very moment, the egg she presented to him turned red. Even though people dye eggs with various colors, red is believed to be the most traditional, as it represents the color of life and victory. After the Easter Sunday church service the family goes home for dinner. Easter dinner must be particularly rich and delicious. People use festive tablecloths and their best crockery. The family begins by eating the food that was in the basket and blessed by the priest. Then they enjoy a number of other dishes prepared for the festive spread. The tradition of cracking Easter eggs is symbolic and the favorite form of entertainment for children. On the festive table, children play demolition derby, and tradition has it that the eggs that remain whole will bring luck and happiness to their bearers all year round. Even though Easter is a family holiday, people often spend it with friends or even business partners. One can celebrate Easter at a reception, which has become a tradition for the new world man living life in the fast lane. Egg snacks, mini-omelets, salads, canapes with ham and homemade sausages are part and parcel of the Easter Sunday spread. Big cakes can be substituted with cupcakes or muffins. Many Ukrainians like travelling to their cottages to enjoy the Easter Sunday meal. The spread often consists of traditional painted eggs and Easter cakes, as well as ham, sausages or marinated meat to make shashlyky on a barbecue, or mangal. Egg salad is one of the most popular dishes on Easter

128

Sunday. It is made of diced hard-boiled eggs, vegetables and pickles and seasoned with mayonnaise. It should be noted that after observing the fasting period switching over to a regular diet will cause the gastrointestinal system, which has been accustomed to vegetables over the six weeks of fasting, to suffer. Excessive volumes of fatty food may cause acute pancreatitis or cholecystitis and large amounts of meat could cause gastritis and ulcers. For this reason, the main rule for switching back to your regular diet is over the course of 2-3 weeks eating food that will help the body smoothly readjust to its regular level of metabolism. Baking Easter cakes is a secret process. Every Ukrainian woman has her own recipe and secrets. Like most foods, home-made Easter cakes are the best. A number of Ukrainian baked goods and confectionary companies specialize in a wide assortment of Easter cakes, but like any industrial good, tastes are standardized and many of the ingredients are artificial or chemical. REMEMBER THE FOLLOWING BAKING TIPS: - use only fresh top quality baking ingredients; - the yeast must have a pleasant smell and the flour must be dry and sieved; - melt the butter before adding it to the main ingredients; - egg yolks must be thoroughly separated from egg whites and sifted before whipping; - to make sure that your cake is properly baked, poke it with a toothpick. If the toothpick is left dry, then the cake is ready. Here are a few secrets to prevent cakes from shrinking. First, do not slam the oven door, as dough is sensitive to noise. Second, leave the cakes to cool in the oven for a few minutes before removing them. Third, to prevent a large cake from shrinking, wrap it in a towel laid on a stiff pillow or mattress. Carefully roll it for a while to make it harder while it cools. The addition of spices during the baking process is common, including cinnamon, saffron, and nutmeg, as

129 well as lemon or rose oil and zest. Add a few drops of lemon juice to the egg whites for glazing – this makes it easier to whip them with icing sugar.

Task 3. Answer the following questions using information from the text: 1. What is the traditional Ukrainian Easter greeting? 2. What is the traditional Ukrainian Easter response? 3. What is the origin of the word Paskha? 4. Who brought the Christian ritual of Easter from the Byzantine Empire to Kyivan Rus? 5. What is the eve of Easter devoted to? 6. How long does lent lasts? 7. Why is an Easter egg considered to be a symbol of the miraculous Resurrection? 8. What does an average Ukrainian family usually do after the Easter Sunday church service? 9. What is demolition derby? 10. What does Easter Sunday spread usually consist of?

………………………… ………………………….

………………………….. …………………………...

………………….. …………………………

……………………….. ……………………………..

130

Task 5. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Then, choose any five of them in order to make up sentences: a) a parish church ………………………………………………………………..; b) a sacred procession ……………………………………………………………; c) a baking process ………………………………………………………………; d) spiritual purification …………………………………………………………..; e) a wide assortment ……………………………………………………………..; f) various colors ………………………………………………………………….; g) confectionary companies ……………………………………………………..; h) Easter Sunday spread …………………………………………………………; i) an embroidered towel ………………………………………………………….; j) a pleasant smell ………………………………………………………………..; k) fresh top quality baking ingredients …………………………………………..; l) a woven basket ………………………………………………………………...; m) morning service ………………………………………………………………; n) main ingredients ………………………………………………………………; o) a pleasant smell ………………………………………………………………..

Task 6. Fill in the word(s) from the list below. Use each word only once: baking religious alcoholic festive baking homemade confectionary spiritual holiday embroidered parish gastrointestinal a) ……………………. purification g) ………………………… holiday b) ……………………. companies h) ………………………… season c) …………………….. beverages i) ………………………. sausages d) ……………………….….. table j) ………………………….. towel e) …………………………. system k) …………………………. church f) ………………………… process l) …………………….. ingredients

131

Task 7. Fill in the correst preposition, then choose any five phrases and make sentences: of with in for in of with of from of a) a reason ..…; f) to be made ….. smth; b) to free ….. slavery; g) to be a symbol ..… smth; c) to be substituted ..…; h) to consist ..…; d) large amounts ..…; i) ..… the basket; e) to specialize ..…; j) to be seasoned ..…

132

Story 11

FEASTING ON FOOD FESTS

Task 1. Learn the following words which you can find in the text: culinary relating to cooking; attraction something interesting or enjoyable to see or do; gastronomic relating to the art of cooking good food or the pleasure of eating it; niche if you find your niche, you find a job or activity that is very suitable for you; festival an occasion when there are performances of many films, plays, pieces of music etc, usually happening in the same place every year; symbol a picture or shape that has a particular meaning or represents a particular organization or idea; popularize to make something well known and liked; brewery a place where beer is made, or a company that makes beer; husbandry farming; heady a heady smell, drink etc is pleasantly strong and seems to affect you strongly

Task 2. Read the following text for complete comprehension [11]. Ukrainians have finally realized that culinary festivals are not only trendy, but also profitable attractions for tourists. Western Ukraine, where local residents annually hold more than 50 culinary festivals, remains the hot seat of gastronomic tourism in Ukraine. Most of these festivals are held in the Lviv and Uzhhorod areas. Ukraine‘s central and

133 eastern regions have been trying to master this new niche over the last several years. Since 2010 the UNIAN Information Agency and tourism Internet project «Tut I Tam» (Here and There) have been publishing a rating of culinary festivals in Ukraine, which includes large-scale international gatherings and local rural festivals. Taking into account the diversity of gastronomic festivals the winners are chosen in several categories, such as Successful Start, the Largest Festival, the Tastiest Tradition, the Most Creative Festival and Gourmet Records. Predictably, the largest number of festivals is held at the peak of the tourist season – at the end of spring to the beginning of autumn. Let‘s consider some of them. Halushka Festival in Poltava Halushka, the legendary national specialty glorified by Mykola Gogol, is a piece of rich dough boiled in salted water. Proper crusting is the main secret in preparing halushky – before boiling they must be left to breathe for some time. There are a number of ways to eat halushky and every hostess has her own way to serve them. Halushky can be slightly fried in lard with pork rinds, dipped in sour cream, melted butter or melted lard, served with boiled rooster meat or in Poltava-style borshch. The festival is usually held on Soborna Square, where chefs from all over Ukraine compete in the Battle of Poltava Chefs to make the most delicious halushky. The program also includes culinary master classes, an arts and crafts corner, music, song and dance. Don‘t forget to take a picture with friends and family by the monument to the halushka – one of the symbols of Poltava raised and unveiled in 2006.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halu%C5%A1ky Lviv City Beer Festival The main objective of the festival is to popularize beer traditions. By the way, at the end of the 19th century there were 134 more than 40 beer houses and breweries in the city. The festival‘s program includes beer tastings along the city‘s main historic streets, such as Valova, Rynkova and Mytna. Ukrainian, Czech, German and Irish beer traditions are usually presented in different thematic zones accompanied by medieval music. Street theater companies from Ukraine, Poland and the Czech Republic participate in the festival. Checking out the Beer Museum is a must. This is the first such museum in Ukraine founded in 2005 to commemorate the 290th anniversary of one of Lviv‘s major breweries. Its exposition has more than 300 exhibits, among which there is a collection of beer barrels and bottles and 200- year-old brewing tools and accessories. A festival of mineral water A festival of mineral water is held not far from the village of Polyana. The festival is called Carpathian Springs Give the Power of Life or Aqua Vita. In total, there are more than 400 mineral water springs in the Zakarpattya Oblast most of which are located in the town of Svalyava. The first written references to the healing powers of Ukrainian aqua vita in Svalyava date back to 1463 in the letters of a Hungarian king. Its healing properties were tested by scientists and physicians from Austria, Hungary and the Czech Republic, who prescribed their patients to not only to drink Svalyava water, but also bathe in it. For this purpose special bath houses were built in Svalyava in the middle of the 19th century. The Milk River cheese festival The Milk River cheese festival is held in the village of Stuzhytsya in the Velykobereznyanskiy County. During the festival guests are offered to taste all types of cheeses: soft and hard, freshly- made and aged, cheeses made of cow, sheep and goat milk with garlic and herbs such as sweet basil, mint, melissa, garlic chives and lettuce. You should eat cheese with home-made moonshine infused with blackberries, nettle and nuts. Must-taste: local specialties – cheese cake and hychkoshy – a dish made of potatoes, cheese and pork rinds.

135

The Honey Spas festival The Honey Spas festival takes place in Kolomiya in the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. The Carpathian meadows are famous for honey that was exported to Europe 100 years ago. The festival is usually held on the square of the Kolomiya Museum of History. The list of events includes a ceremonial blessing of honey and bee husbandry products, photo exhibitions, art galleries, an exhibition and fair of handicraft works and live performances of choirs, dancers and music bands. Must-taste: heady, tasty and healing honey beverages, for which every family in Kolomiya has its own recipe.

Task 3. Answer the following questions using information from the text: 1. What is halushka? 2. Where is Halushka Festival usually held? 3. What is the main objective of Lviv City Beer Festival? 4. How many beer houses and breweries were there in Lviv at the end of the 19th century? 5. When and where was the first Beer museum in Ukraine founded? 6. How many mineral water springs are there in the Zakarpattya Oblast? 7. Where is the Milk River cheese festival held? 8. What types of cheeses are guests offered to taste during the festival? 9. What is the name of a dish made of potatoes, cheese and pork rinds? 10. Where does the Honey Spas festival usually take place?

136

Task 4. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Then, choose any five of them and make up sentences: a) bee husbandry products ……………………………………………………….; b) gastronomic tourism …………………………………………………………..; c) local specialties ……………………………………………………………….; d) culinary festivals ……………………………………………………………..; e) healing honey beverages ……………………………………………………..; f) medieval music ………………………………………………………………..; g) first written references ………………………………………………………..; h) gastronomic festivals ………………………………………………………….; i) a tourist season ………………………………………………………………...; j) handicraft works ……………………………………………………………….; k) nettle and nuts ………………………………………………………………...; l) historic streets …………………………………………………………………; m) healing powers ……………………………………………………………….; n) melted butter ………………………………………………………………….; o) scientists and physicians ……………………………………………………..; p) culinary master classes ……………………………………………………….;

Task 5. Fill in the word(s) from the list below. rich honey culinary thematic home-made culinary goat local handicraft gastronomic healing tourism a) …………………………. works g) ……………………….. festivals b) …………………….. beverages h) ………………………. festivals c) …………………….. moonshine i) ………………………….. zones d) ……………………….. powers j) ………………………. residents e) ………………………… dough k) gastronomic …………………… f) ……………………….. festivals l) …………………………… milk

137

…………………………... ……………………......

………………………….... ……………………......

……………………….... ………………......

……………………...... ………………......

Task 7. Put as many questions as it is possible to the following sentences. 1. The first written references to the healing powers of Ukrainian aqua vita in Svalyava date back to 1463. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 2. The Carpathian meadows are famous for honey. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 3. The first Beer Museum was founded in 2005 to commemorate the 290th anniversary of one of Lviv‘s major breweries. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 138

4. Ukrainian culinary festivals are profitable attractions for tourists. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 5. Halushka is a piece of rich dough boiled in salted water. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 6. During the Milk River cheese festival guests are offered to taste all types of cheeses. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 7. Many people take pictures with friends and family by the monument to the halushka. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 8. There were more than 40 beer houses and breweries in the city at the end of the 19th century. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 9. Every hostess has her own way to serve halushky.

139

…………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………. 10. Ukrainians annually hold more than 50 culinary festivals. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………

Task 8. Write a summary of the text using the following key words: bee husbandry products; gastronomic tourism; local specialties; culinary festivals; healing honey beverages; medieval music; first written references; gastronomic festivals; a tourist season; handicraft works; nettle and nuts; historic streets; healing powers; melted butter; scientists and physicians; culinary master classes

140

Story 12

TRADITIONAL UKRAINIAN CUISINE

Task 1. Learn the following words which you can find in the text: cuisine a particular style of cooking; delicious very pleasant to taste or smell; ingredient one of the foods that you use to make a particular food or dish; recipe a set of instructions for cooking a particular type of food; dumpling a round lump of flour and fat mixed with water, cooked in boiling liquid and served with meat; widespread existing or happening in many places or situations, or among many people; target something that you are trying to achieve, such as a total, an amount, or a time; nutritious food that is nutritious is full of the natural substances that your body needs to stay healthy or to grow properly; lifestyle the way a person or group of people live, including the place they live in, the things they own, the kind of job they do, and the activities they enjoy; unhealthy likely to make you ill; humankind people in general

Task 2. Read the following text for complete comprehension. Cuisine can tell more about a nation than a history textbook. The same is true with traditional Ukrainian cuisine, which has a rich variety of delicious dishes. Five dishes that must be tasted if you come to Ukraine include: borshch, varenyky, deruny, salo and mlyntsi.

141

Borshch Many historians believe that Ukrainian borshch is about 1,000 years old or even older. In ancient times it used to be made of pickled or fresh beets and cabbage, as well as borshchivnyk, or hog-weed, a herb that gave borshch its name. Modern borshch has evolved significantly, but it still includes red beet and cabbage. Carrot appeared in borshch in the early 12th century after the vegetable spread from Mediterranean. Potatoes, which came here from North America, became common in Ukrainian dishes in the 19th century, while tomatoes entered borshch recipes only in the 20th century. Contemporary Ukrainians, unfortunately, do not know what borshchivnyk looks like, as it is no longer a crucial ingredient. But they still have borshch for dinner. Borshch can also be found in other Slavic nations. But it is Ukraine that has dozens of recipes in different parts of the country and can be considered a leader in making the tasty, deep-red soup. Ukrainian borshch, either with meat or vegetarian, is believed to be the medicine for a stomach and digestion by representatives of both traditional and alternative medicine. Varenyky Varenyky are crescent-shaped dumplings stuffed with cottage cheese, stewed cabbage, mushrooms, meat, potato or sweet berries. This food was mentioned in historical documents in the 16th century and is similar to Italian ravioli and Russian or Chinese dumplings,

but differs by its ingredients and size. The name varenyk, in fact, simply means ―boiled thing‖, from the adjective varenyy. In certain regions of Ukraine they do not boil varenyky, but steam them instead. Varenyky are typically topped with fried salo bits (shkvarky) and onions and accompanied with smetana. Left-over varenyky may

142 be fried. Sweet, fruit-filled varenyky are served with sour cream and sugar. Raw varenyky (with the dough uncooked) can be stored frozen, then cooked in three minutes, which makes them a convenience food. Derynu Derynu are made from grated potatoes and sometimes filled with cottage cheese, stewed muhrooms or meat. It is a relatively new dish, given that potatoes only became widespread in Ukraine some 150 years ago. At first, derynu were

popular in the northern part of the country where soil is better for potatoes than for wheat. But nowadays it is likely to be on the table during a family dinner all over the country. Salo Salo is a popular target for numerous jokes about Ukrainians and their lifestyle. Most of those jokes originated from the Ukrainians themselves. Ukrainians, often poor farmers, had to give a large part of their meat to their landlords and

were left with lots of salo. The had to work hard physically on land and salo, a very nutritious product, gave them plenty of energy. Nowadays, Ukrainians do not consume a lot of salo. But minced salo can be still used as dressing for borshch while fried pieces of salo, called shkvarky, can be served on top of varenyky or deruny. Or salo can be eaten simply as a snack for horilka, Ukrainian for vodka. There is an interesting fact that you have to know: Despite widespread belief that salo is 100 percent fat and unhealthy food, scientists found that eating 30-50 grams of fresh salo every day helps reduce the level of cholesterol in blood.

143

Mlyntsi Mlyntsi (pancakes) are often associated with traditional Russian food, but in fact it is an international meal that goes back to when humankind invented a way to make flour.

Pancakes in Ukraine can be thin or thick, small or large, and have all kinds of fillings and dressings. One of the oldest recipes found is mlyntsi stuffed with cottage cheese and honey.

Task 3. Answer the following questions using information from the text: 1. How old is Ukrainian borshch? 2. What did Ukrainian borshch use to be made of in ancient times? 3. When did carrot appear in borshch? 4. What is the name of a herb that gave borshch its name? 5. What is believed to be the medicine for a stomach and digestion by representatives of both traditional and alternative medicine? 6. What are varenyky? 7. What does the name varenyk in fact mean? 8. When were varenyky mentioned in historical documents? 9. What dish is made from grated potatoes? 10. What is a popular target for numerous jokes about Ukrainians and their lifestyle?

144

……………………………. …………………….

………………………………. ………………………………

………………………… ……………………………..

……………….…………… …………………………………

………………………………… …………………………….

Task 5. Say if the statement is true or false. Put a tick next to the correct answer. 1. Contemporary Ukrainians do not know what borshchivnyk looks like. True_____ False _____ 2. Traditional Ukrainian cuisine has a rich variety of delicious dishes. True_____ False _____ 3. Sweet, fruit-filled varenyky are served with sour cream and sugar. True_____ False _____ 4. Potatoes became common in Ukrainian dishes in the 19th century. True_____ False _____ 5. Derynu are made from grated potatoes. True_____ False _____ 6. Derynu became widespread in Ukraine some 150 years ago. True_____ False _____ 7. Varenyky were first mentioned in historical documents in the 16th century. True_____ False _____ 8. Contemporary Ukrainians still have borshch for dinner. True_____ False _____ 145

Task 6. Fill in the word(s) from the list below. pickled borshchivnyk soup ingredient evolved medicine dishes recipes borshch tomatoes

Many historians believe that Ukrainian a) ………………………… is about 1,000 years old or even older. In ancient times it used to be made of b) ………………………… or fresh beets and cabbage, as well as borshchivnyk, or hog-weed, a herb that gave borshch its name. Modern borshch has c) …………………………. significantly, but it still includes red beet and cabbage. Carrot appeared in borshch in the early 12th century after the vegetable spread from Mediterranean. Potatoes, which came here from North America, became common in Ukrainian d) ……………….……… in the 19th century, while e) …………………….……. entered borshch recipes only in the 20th century. Contemporary Ukrainians, unfortunately, do not know what f) ……………..………… looks like, as it is no longer a crucial g) ………………….……… . But they still have borshch for dinner. Borshch can also be found in other Slavic nations. But it is Ukraine that has dozens of h) ……………………….……. in different parts of the country and can be considered a leader in making the tasty, deep-red i) ……………….……… Ukrainian borshch, either with meat or vegetarian, is believed to be the j) ……………………… for a stomach and digestion by representatives of both traditional and alternative medicine.

146

Task 7. Write a summary of the text using the following key words: an international meal; traditional Ukrainian cuisine; unhealthy food; cottage cheese; convenience food; traditional medicine; alternative medicine; a very nutritious product; a very nutritious product

147

Story 13

KYIV DELIGHTS

Task 1. Learn the following words which you can find in the text: cuisine a particular style of cooking; forerunner someone or something that existed before something similar that developed or came later; crouton a small square piece of crisp bread that is served with soup or on salad; recipe a set of instructions for cooking a particular type of food; culinary relating to cooking; wormwood a plant with a bitter taste; elite a group of people who have a lot of power and influence because they have money, knowledge, or special skills; bureaucratic involving a lot of complicated official rules and processes; perestroika a Russian word meaning ―rebuilding‖, used to describe the social, political, and economic changes that happened in the former USSR in the 1980s, just before the end of the Communist government; praline a sweet food made of nuts cooked in boiling sugar

Task 2. Read the following text for complete comprehension. Kyivans have always known a thing or two about delicious and nutritional cuisine. 100 years ago every district in Kyiv was famous for its culinary specialties. Let‘s consider the most famous of them. Chicken Kyiv At the beginning of the 20th century emigrants from Kyiv brought the recipe of their favorite chicken cutlet to New York, where local restaurateurs named it Chicken Kyiv, or Tsiplenok Po-Kievski. Chicken cutlets

148 on bones and stuffed chicken breasts are considered to be the forerunners of Chicken Kyiv. There are two main versions about the origin of these cutlets. According to the one of them, Chicken Kiev was served for the first time in the Continental Hotel on Horodetskoho St. in Kyiv. Only two proper Chicken Kyiv cutlets filled with hot butter can be made of one fleshy chicken. The classic way to serve Chicken Kyiv is on deep fried croutons. The traditional side dish is carrots in milk sauce, boiled canned peas, boiled rice and fried potatoes cut into pieces and rolled in starch. A special paper wrapping is put on the bone to separate the chicken from the croutons. The main secret of the proper way of eating Chicken Kyiv is puncturing cutlet touches with a knife near the bone so that the hot butter inside does not spatter. Then slightly tilt your fork and let the butter slowly flow out and slice the cutlet on the end opposite to the bone. Kyivsky Tort Kyivsky Tort has been the main sweet treat made in the Ukrainian capital, thanks to which the Kyiv-Moscow train used to be called «cake courier». The recipe of Kyiv Cake was created at the Karl Marx Confectionary in 1956. The original recipe included cashews, egg cream and candied fruit. Later cashews were substituted with hazel nuts and even peanuts – in cheaper versions. Egg cream was later replaced with butter cream and candied fruit were simply eliminated from the recipe. Nevertheless, Kyiv Cake remains a culinary brand name. People say today‘s Roshen Factory (formerly, the Karl Marx Confectionary) still makes the best Kyiv Cake and according to people‘s classification an original cake is dry, easy to slice, does have too many crumbs and does not stick to the teeth. Pepper horilka Horilka with pepper is another classic souvenir from Kyiv. Unlike Russian vodka, which is as clear as a tear, Ukrainian horilka is traditionally made with birch buds, herbs, garlic, wormwood, galangal roots and, of course, red hot peppers. Horilka with pepper was industrially distilled as far back as the start of the 20th century.

149

Kyiv Vechirniy chocolates Kyiv Vechirniy chocolates were created on the eve of the 1,500th anniversary of Kyiv and used to be the most hard-to-find. As they were not available for sale in stores, one could only buy them through connections with the business elite. A box of Kyiv Vechirniy was a sweet currency that opened doors for the average citizen to the bureaucratic system. There is a local Kyiv legend that some German or Swiss candy factory specializing in the production of high quality chocolates was bought especially to make Kyiv Vechirniy chocolates. After the perestroika period many factories could afford such equipment, meaning that Kyiv Vechirniy chocolates were no longer unique, though they still remained a classic. A box of Kyiv Vechirniy has a picture of downtown Kyiv at night on its cover. Inside you will find dome- shaped praline and hazel nuts covered with chocolate glazing.

Task 3. Answer the following questions using information from the text: 1. How many Chicken Kyiv cutlets filled with hot butter can be made of one fleshy chicken? 2. What is the classic way to serve Chicken Kyiv? 3. Why is a special paper wrapping put on the bone? 4. What is the main secret of the proper way of eating Chicken Kyiv? 5. Where and when was the recipe of Kyiv Cake created? 6. What did the original recipe include? 7. What is the difference between Russian vodka and Ukrainian horilka? 8. When was horilka with pepper industrially distilled for the first time? 9. When were Kyiv Vechirniy chocolates created? 10. What can you find inside a box of Kyiv Vechirniy?

150

……………………………… ………………………..

……………………………….. ……………………………..

…………………….. ……………………………….

…………………………. ……………………………...

………………………. ……………………………....

Task 5. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Then, choose any five of them in order to make up sentences: a) a perestroika period …………………………………………………………..; b) a bureaucratic system ………………………………………………………..; c) candied fruit ………………………………………………………………….; d) nutritional cuisine …………………………………………………………….; e) stuffed chicken breasts ………………………………………………………..; f) chocolate glazing ……………………………………………………………..; g) dome-shaped praline ………………………………………………………….; h) a traditional side dish ………………………………………………………...; j) local restaurateurs ……………………………………………………………..; k) high quality chocolates ………………………………………………………..; l) a chicken cutlet ………………………………………………………………..; m) to cut into pieces ……………………………………………………………..

151

Task 6. Fill in the word(s) from the list below: brand birch chicken candied side average galangal culinary chocolate bureaucratic nutritional candy business a) …………………………. cutlet g) ………………………. factory b) ………………………… glazing h) ………………………. roots c) ………………………… citizen i) ………………………. cuisine d) ………………………… system j) …………………….. specialties e) ………………………… fruit k) ………………………. name f) ………………………… dish l) ………………………. elite m) ………………………. buds

Task 7. Say if the statement is true or false: 1. A box of Kyiv Vechirniy opened doors for the average citizen to the bureaucratic system. True _____ False _____ 2. Inside a box of Kyiv Vechirniy one can find dome-shaped praline and walnuts covered with chocolate glazing. True _____ False _____ 3. Four Chicken Kyiv cutlets filled with hot butter can be made of one fleshy chicken. True _____ False _____ 4. Ukrainian horilka is traditionally made with pepper. True _____ False _____ 5. The recipe of Kyiv Cake was created at the Karl Marx Confectionary in 1970. True _____ False _____ 6. The original recipe of Kyiv Cake included hazel nuts, egg cream and candied fruit. True _____ False _____

152

7. Chicken Kiev was served for the first time in the Continental Hotel in New York. True _____ False _____

Task 8. Write a summary of the text using the following key words: a perestroika period; a bureaucratic system; candied fruit; nutritional cuisine; stuffed chicken breasts; chocolate glazing; dome-shaped praline; a traditional side dish; local restaurateurs; high quality chocolates; a chicken cutlet; to cut into pieces

153

Story 14

FEAST AND FEST WITH FIRE WATER

Task 1. Learn the following words which you can find in the text: hospitable friendly, welcoming, and generous to visitors; genuine a genuine feeling, desire etc is one that you really feel, not one you pretend to feel; neophyte someone who has just started to learn a particular skill, art, job etc; bravado behaviour that is deliberately intended to make other people believe you are brave and confident; concoction something, especially a drink or food, made by mixing different things, especially things that are not usually combined; libation a gift of wine to a god; felicitation an expression of good wishes; congratulation; mournful very sad; abundance a large quantity of something; down the hatch something you say before drinking an alcoholic drink quickly; hangover a pain in your head and a feeling of sickness that you get the day after you have drunk too much alcohol

Task 2. Read the following text for complete comprehension. If you have never enjoyed true Ukrainian feasts, rowdy parties, heard the toasts to people celebrating their birthdays or simply a family gathering, then you better get into the flow of things, especially horilka! On these occasions one can expect hospitable hosts, abundant treats and, certainly, many toasts to the chinking of shot glasses filled to the rim with genuine Ukrainian horilka. Given

154 the approaching New Year‘s and Orthodox Christmas holidays, it would be worth your while taking lessons in downing the shots and learning to say ―budmo‖, meaning ―Let us be‖. It is believed that Ukrainians started to brew horilka during the formation of the Zaporizhzhian Sich around the start of the 16th century. Those who wanted to be drafted to the free Cossacks had to go through an initiation by downing a large mug of horilka. The most important thing was that the neophyte gulping down the fire water could not twist his face in order to show his masculinity and bravado. As to the origin of the term ―horilka‖, there are different versions. According to one of them, it originated from terms widely spread in Europe in the 17-18th centuries such as ―burning wine‖, ―hot wine‖ or ―burnt wine‖. According to another version, horilka was used to name ―bitter wine‖ – alcohol distilled with bitter herbs. The fact is that in the first stage of distilling moonshine, the end product had an unpleasant fusel smell. In order to kill it, moonshine was infused on fragrant plants such as cinnamon, mint, anise and others. The famous Ukrainian horilka with pepper was infused on spicy legumes. The author and time of this creative concoction are not known, but it is for certain that the Cossacks of the Zaporizhzhian Sich consumed peppered horilka in large quantities. This may be one of the reasons that they very rarely got sick. Nonetheless, the quality of Ukrainian horilka was quite poor for a long time. For this reason, its export to other regions was suspended at some point in history and mainly was kept for domestic consumption by Ukrainians. Revival of the Ukrainian national liquor libation began in the 1990s when the demands on the market forced manufacturers to distill quality products, which made horilka famous all over the world. The fact that in many American bars ―Ukrainian with pepper‖ became the favorite basis for the famous cocktail Bloody Mary speaks for the aggressiveness of the Ukrainian campaign on the global market. It already contains pepper and other special additives, so in order

155 to make a cocktail you only have to add tomato juice. Taste and you will see and feel it yourself! Traditionally, the first toast in Ukraine is said on the occasion of a gathering, be it Christmas or New Year‘s. It is important to stress the occasion that gathers people around one table. The first toast can also be a felicitation for a person‘s birthday. The second toast is said to honor the parents of the birthday guy or girl. If the reason for the feast is some other event, then the toast is said in honor of the people who organized it. The third toast is always made by the men in honor of women and as a rule, they have to stand up and drink while standing. Then, it is a free program. Anybody can speak up and tell about anything. The most famous Ukrainian toast is ―Budmo!‖ This short word embodies everything there is about a true Ukrainian: wishing good health, happiness, prosperity, unity and well-being of the country and its nation. This toast can be said at a wedding or some mournful event. In any case, this toast truly unites people sitting at one table. Generally speaking, affectionate Ukrainians invented such an abundance of merry and joyful toasts that will touch everybody present. If the celebration were to go on for several days in a row, Ukrainians would remain just as enthusiastic and lively. Moreover, the heat of the moment in a friendly atmosphere of joy and camaraderie between hosts and guests only supplements the archives of national Ukrainian toasts. The most important thing is that nobody wants to repeat a toast that someone else already gave. So, as soon as one toast is said and the guests empty their glasses, the next person gets up and offers another toast. Ukrainian toasts that often sound rather mysterious can turn any event into a holiday of national folklore. How to consume alcohol correctly? There is a culture of consuming horilka in Ukraine. If there is plenty of alcohol on the table, the party will certainly be long and you have to be well prepared for it. The first thing to remember is that under no circumstance should you drink on an empty stomach. Shortly before the start, it is best to eat something fatty so that that the alcohol is

156 not absorbed by the stomach quickly. Otherwise, you can immediately get drunk. Also, do not forget that beverages with low alcohol content should not be mixed with strong beverages, for example mixing vodka and beer (which, by the way, many Ukrainians love to do). However, if you cannot avoid it, you are best off drinking low alcohol content beverages first and then strong ones. What else should one remember? Ukrainians used to say: ―Horilka without salo is like a Russian without a samovar‖. The fact is that the effect of horilka or any other strong alcoholic beverage can be neutralized by salo, pickles, potatoes, bread, roasted meat and many other dishes of Ukrainian cuisine. In short, eat well after every shot. If you suddenly felt that you overestimated your strength, nobody will bug you if you stop drinking. But, you can certainly continue to eat. Drinking coffee or tea with lemon helps. There is also an excellent cocktail that can put you back in shape. It is simple to make: pour a little vegetable oil into a shot glass and spread it; then add an egg yolk, several spoons of tomato juice, a little red and black pepper, a smattering of lemon juice and several drops of horilka. Mix well and ―down the hatch‖. Ukrainians say that horilka will be your friend if you learn how to drink it wisely. If not, you will definitely have a hangover in the morning. Of course, there are also recipes from a hangover. Add to a glass of cool water 20 drops of mint alcohol, mix well and drink. There is also a more interesting and original method: mix a shot of horilka with several spoons of sour cream and honey and add a piece of ice. Drink slowly. Yet another well-tested method is called ―brush‖: crush dill seeds into powder, mix with water and boil. You are advised to drink this concoction the morning after. Some people advise to ―freshen the nip‖ or ―bite the dog that bit you‖, meaning drink a bit of the same alcohol you drank the previous evening, but not more than one shot! Be that as it may, it is best not to resort to such experiments. The ancient Greeks advised that one should know where to stop. If you follow such wise advice of the sages, horilka will leave you unforgettable impressions and warm your soul. So, Budmo!

157

Task 3. Answer the following questions using information from the text: 1. When did Ukrainians start to brew horilka? 2. What did those who wanted to be drafted to the free Cossacks have to go through? 3. What is the origin of the term “horilka”? 4. Why did the Cossacks of the Zaporizhzhian Sich rarely get sick? 5. When did revival of the Ukrainian national liquor libation begin? 6. Is there a culture of consuming horilka in Ukraine? 7. What is the most famous Ukrainian toast? 8. What can the effect of horilka or any other strong alcoholic beverage be neutralized by? 9. What do you usually have in the morning if you don’t know how to drink horilka wisely? 10. Are there any recipes from a hangover? Give examples.

Task 4. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Then, choose any five of them and make up sentences: a) rowdy parties …………………………………………………………………; b) abundant treats ………………………………………………………………..; c) fragrant plants …………………………………………………………………; d) unforgettable impressions …………………………………………………….; e) a well-tested method …………………………………………………………..; f) a mournful event ………………………………………………………………; g) national folklore ………………………………………………………………; h) a strong alcoholic beverage …………………………………………………...; i) an empty stomach ……………………………………………………………..;

158 j) down the hatch ………………………………………………………………...; k) a creative concoction ………………………….……………………………...; l) Ukrainian cuisine ……………………………………………………………..; m) sour cream ……………………………………………………………………; n) joyful toasts …………………………………………………………………..; o) domestic consumption ……………………………………………………….; p) a global market ………………………………………………………………; q) friendly atmosphere …………………………………………………………..

……………………… …………………………..

…………………………. …………………………….

……………………… …………………………….

……………………….. ………………………….

……………………………... ……………………………

Task 6. Fill in the word(s) from the list below. Use each word only once: bitter mournful global abundant unforgettable quality friendly alcoholic special national a) ………………………. products f) …………………… impressions b) ………………………. market g) …………………….. beverage c) ………………………. additives h) …………………….. herbs d) ………………………. event i) …………………….. folklore

159 e) ……………………… j) …………………….. treats atmosphere

Task 7. Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences. hospitable fragrant hangover celebration beverages toast chinked genuine abundance concoction

1. After all you had to drink last night, I‘m surprised you don‘t have a ………………… . 2. Most of the people I met in Laos were very ………………….. and kind.

3. For years people thought the picture was a ………………………… Van Gogh, but in fact it‘s a fake. 4. He sipped the ……………………………………..cautiously. 5. They …………………………. their glasses and drank a toast to the couple. 6. An ……………………. of fruits and vegetables grow in Kenya‘s temperate climate. 7. The plant has ……………………… red and white flowers. 8. Non-alcoholic ………………………………. will be on sale in the foyer. 9. I‘d like to propose a ……………………………. to the bride and groom. 10. There is a two-day citywide ……………………….. each year at the end of June.

160

Task 8. Write a summary of the text using the following key words: rowdy parties; abundant treats; fragrant plants; unforgettable impressions; a well-tested method; a mournful event; national folklore; a strong alcoholic beverage; an empty stomach; down the hatch; a creative concoction; Ukrainian cuisine; sour cream; joyful toasts; domestic consumption; a global market; friendly atmosphere

161

Story 15

HONEYMOONING IN MIDDLE EARTH: LEAVING CURRENT EVENTS BEHIND TO EXPLORE NEW ZEALAND

Task 1. Learn the following words and word-combinations which you can find in the text: belated existing or appearing past the normal or proper time destination a place worthy of travel or an extended visit indigenous produced, growing, living, or occurring naturally in a particular region or environment geothermal of, relating to, or utilizing the heat of the earth‘s interior omnipresent present in all places at all times surpass to do more than or be superior to trekker a traveler who makes a long arduous journey (as hiking through mountainous country) winery an establishment for making wine

Task 2. Read the article and translate it into Ukrainian: Who: Susie Lee (the author) and her husband, Brook Tekie, both of Arlington, Va. Where, when, why: We went to New Zealand for three weeks in December and January for our belated honeymoon. New Zealand is a country both of us had always wanted to visit. We had a destination wedding in Mexico in 2015. In the months after, we were busy traveling for other weddings in California, Hawaii and Ukraine. We wanted to take a month off for our honeymoon (including a week in Tahiti and Bora Bora following the New Zealand trip) and could not set aside enough time to do so until more than a year after our wedding.

162

Highlights and high points: We loved Rotorua and the surrounding area. You quickly get over the omnipresent scent of sulfur. Watching a live Maori haka dance was really special, and we enjoyed stuffing ourselves with hangi cooking — the traditional Maori style — and learning more about the culture. The geothermal wonders at Wai-O-Tapu were spectacular, especially the erupting geysers, bubbling mud pools and multicolored bodies of water. We debated whether to stop by Hobbiton to see Bag End (Frodo Baggins‘s depicted home in the ―Lord of the Rings‖ movie franchise) and Samwise Gamgee‘s house, and ultimately were so glad we did. The Shire is really charming and beautifully maintained among the rolling hills in the countryside. Cultural connection or disconnect: We spent a beautiful afternoon in Hawkes Bay on bikes and visited a number of wineries‘ tastings. At one, we got into a conversation with a woman who was conducting the tasting. She was a young university student and told us that, compared with her parents‘ generation, there is a much more concerted effort among young people to incorporate the Maori language and history as part of mainstream teaching. It brought to mind the importance of preserving indigenous cultures and languages across the world. Biggest laugh or cry: We embarked on a half-day trek on the Abel Tasman Coastal Track, which boasts beautiful coastal views. A section of the trek has a shortcut during low tide. We thought we got there in time to cross safely, but as we started on that part, we met other trekkers coming from the other side who told us that the tide had started to come in and we would be waist-deep in water. We had to carry our backpacks over our heads as we crossed. When we finished, we were soaked and our hiking boots were filled with shells! How unexpected: New Zealand far surpassed our expectations. We have a lot of Kiwi friends, as well as friends who had visited the country, so we had heard over and over again how beautiful New Zealand is and how friendly its

163 people are. We were overwhelmed at how, when driving through the country, you constantly get the feeling you are in a postcard. We were also overwhelmed at the hospitality of our Airbnb hosts and hotel staff. Most of the hosts provided us with amazing homemade breakfasts and spent a lot of time chatting with us. The service we experienced everywhere was great, and the people we encountered were very helpful. Memento or memory: Being able to take three weeks off to see New Zealand fully — and consciously not following the news in Washington — were especially wonderful gifts. It gave us an opportunity to be with each other in a conscious way. As a couple, we have had the good fortune to do a lot of traveling together, and this was just another confirmation that we have to continue to take advantage of these opportunities even if piles of email and work await us when we return.

Task 3. Answer the following questions using information from the text: 1. Why did Susie Lee and Brook Tekie go to New Zealand? a) Susie Lee and Brook Tekie went to New Zealand to visit their friends. b) Susie Lee and Brook Tekie went to New Zealand to buy a house. c) Susie Lee and Brook Tekie went to New Zealand for their belated honeymoon. 2. What geothermal wonders at Wai-O-Tapu did they mention? a) They mentioned the erupting geysers, bubbling mud pools and multicolored bodies of water. b) They mentioned rolling hills, wineries and beautiful beaches. c) They mentioned green forests, beautiful meadows and deep lakes. 3. What did they do in Hawkes Bay? a) Susie Lee and Brook Tekie spent a lot of time chatting with their Kiwi friends in in Hawkes Bay.

164 b) Susie Lee and Brook Tekie spent a beautiful afternoon in Hawkes Bay on bikes and visited a number of wineries‘ tastings. c) In Hawkes Bay Susie Lee and Brook Tekie debated whether to stop by Hobbiton to see Bag End and Samwise Gamgee‘s house. 4. Why Did Susie Lee and Brook Tekie stop by Hobbiton? a) They stopped by Hobbiton to spend a beautiful afternoon on bikes. b) They stopped by Hobbiton to see Bag End and Samwise Gamgee‘s house. c) They stopped by Hobbiton to buy a holiday house. 5. Did Susie Lee and Brook Tekie like being in New Zealand? a) Yes, they did. b) No, they didn‘t.

Task 4. Fill in the correct word from the list below in order to make a word-combination mentioned in the text. Use the words only once. mainstream area homemade geothermal good rolling haka geysers indigenous omnipresent 1) ………………fortune; 2) ………………….. cultures and languages; 3) …………………..breakfasts; 4) surrounding ……………; 5) …………………..scent; 6) …………………. teaching; 7) ………………….dance; 8) …………………. hills; 9) erupting ……………….; 10) ………………….wonders

Task 5. Make up sentences using the following words: 1) indigenous told she of preserving the about cultures and us across importance languages world. 2) provide small homemade hotels with amazing tourists breakfasts.

165

3) fully Susie Lee take Brook Tekie were and able to four to off see weeks New Zealand. 4) visit New Zealand a wanted Susie Lee is and always Brook Tekie had country to.

Task 6. Fill in the correct word from the list below in order to make a word- combination you saw in the text. Use the words only once. haka omnipresent surrounding erupting rolling mainstream homemade wonders fortune indigenous 1) good ………………..; 2) ………….. cultures and languages;

3) …………..breakfasts; 4) …………………………….….area;

5) ………………. scent; 6) ………………………..… teaching;

7) ………………dance; 8) ……………………………… hills;

9) ………………geysers; 10) geothermal ……………………….

……………………………………………… …………………………………………… ……………………………… ……………………………………. ………………………………………. …………………………………………. ………………………………….. ………………………………………… ……………………………… …………………………………………….

166

PART 2. CHECK YOURSELF

VOCABULARY TOPIC – DESCRIBING PEOPLE’S APPEARANCE AND CHARACTER

TOPIC 1. PHYSICAL APPEARANCE CHECKING SPELLINGS Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary. 1 wrinckles ………….…….……………………………….. 2 appearence …………….………………………………… 3 atrractive …………………………..………………….… 4 complaxion …….…….………………………………….. 5 toye ……….…...………………………………………… 6 feeture ……..…….…..………………………………….. 7 eyeleshes …….………….….…………………………… 8 body peircing ……..………….………………………….. 9 moustashe ……..………………………………………… 10 obeese ………………………..………………………… 11 imppression ……..……………………………………… 12 atletic ………………………………...... 13 pegeant ….…..……..…………………………………… 14 unkampt ……….……………………………………….. 15 rousebud ……….……………………………………….. 16 bruese ………..…………………………………………. 17 eyebraws …..…….……………………………………… 18 pimpel …….…………………………………………….. 19 skkiny ……….………………………………………….. 20 haight …..………………………………………………..

167

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 …………………….………………………………... 2 ……………………………………………. 3 ………………………………………………………. 4 ………………….……………………………. 5 ……………………..…………………………… 6 …………………..………………………………….. 7 …………….…..…………………………………… 8 ………….……..………………………………… 9 ……….…………….…………………………….. 10 ……………….………………………………….. 11 …….…………….……………………………. 12 ……………………………………………………. 13 ……………..…….………………………….……. 14 …………………………..……………………….. 15 …………..………….………………………………. 16 …………………….……………………………. 17 ……………….……………………………….. 18 ………………..……….…………………………. 19 ……………………..………………………………. 20 …………..……..………………………………….

168

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: height freckles beauty skinny impressions fit hair mouth body appearance birthmark wrinkles 1. Calvin was not happy with his ……………….. , no matter how much he exercised. 2. My brother and I are nearly the same …………….. . 3. Her long wavy …………….. was tied back with a bow. 4. Her face was old and covered in ……………….. . 5. A little boy was fast asleep with his ……………… wide open. 6. Sarah had ……………….. and red hair. 7. The police identified the girl from a …………….. on her leg. 8. When it comes to job interviews, first ……………. are important. 9. Ted was really ………….. when he was a teenager. 10. We are often attracted to somebody first by their physical ………………. . 11. Millions of dollars are spent each year on ………………… products. 12. He was young, good-looking, and physically ……….. .

169

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way.

1. someone who is … is very beautiful so that everyone notices and admires her/him a) ugly b) attractive c) stunning d) elegant

2. hair that grows on a man’s upper lip a) beard b) moustache c) fringe d) eyebrows

3. lines on your face and skin that you get when you are old a) creases b) scars c) wrinkles d) freckles

4. a small raised red mark, especially on someone’s face, that appears suddenly and remains for a short time, often on young people a) freckle b) birthmark c) bruise d) pimple

5. how tall someone is a) high b) height c) complexion d) figure

6. the natural colour or appearance of the skin on your face a) high b) height c) complexion d) figure

7. if you manage to continue to live on your income or keep your business working when this is difficult because of financial problems you … a) you keep your nose above water b) you keep your head above water c) you keep your beard above water d) you keep your chin above water

170

8. one of the five movable parts at the end of your foot a) toe b) toy c) finger d) nail

9. the inside surface of your hand, in which you hold things a) hand b) arm c) palm d) wrist

10. If you start to do something with a lot of energy and determination … . a) you get your nails into something b) you get your teeth into something c) you get your arms into something d) you get your feet into something

11. small brown spots on someone’s skin, especially on their face, which the sun can cause to increase in number and become darker a) freckle b) birthmark c) bruise d) pimple

12. a part of someone’s face, such as their eyes, nose etc a) virtue b) feature c) trait d) quality

13. a small hard raised part on someone’s skin a) birthmark b) bruise c) wart d) mole

14. two soft parts around your mouth where your skin is redder or darker a) mouth b) lips c) jaws d) teeth

15. if someone has … , they say too much or tell another person’s secrets a) a big nose b) full lips c) a big mouth d) even teeth

171

16. If you get your first opportunity to work in a particular organization or industry you … . a) get your foot in the door b) get your face in the door c) get your hand in the door d) get your nose in the door

17. someone who is strong and healthy, especially because they exercise regularly a) athletic b) slender c) fit d) unfit

18. making a hole in a part of the body in order to fix a ring or other piece of jewellery to the body a) ear piercing b) nose piercing c) body piercing d) tongue piercing

19. a large amount of thick untidy hair a) mop of hair b) lock of hair c) strand of hair d) frizzy hair

20. small hairs that grow along the edge of your eyelids a) eyebrows b) eyelashes c) moustache d) beard

21. a quality that people have that makes them very attractive to look at a) personality b) temper c) beauty d) temperament

22. a mouth that have a small round shape and are very red a) rosebud b) pinky c) heart-shaped d) reddish

23. very fat in a way that is unhealthy a) big b) plump c) overweight d) obese

172

24. the impression you get when you see someone or something for the first time a) good impression b) bad impression c) first impression d) lasting impression

25. very thin, especially in a way that is unattractive a) slim b) slender c) lean d) skinny

26. fat around the chin a) neck b) fat neck c) double chin d) fat chin

27. skin that looks slightly yellow and unhealthy a) yellowish b) sallow c) unpleasant d) unkempt

28. hair that has not been cut and kept neat a) yellowish b) sallow c) unpleasant d) unkempt

29. a public competition for young women in which their appearance, and sometimes other qualities, are compared and judged a) competition b) tournament c) pageant d) championship

30. the way someone walks a) gait b) gate c) tiptoe d) limp

173

TOPIC 2. PERSONALITY

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 spontaneus …..…………………………..……………… 2 carefull ……….…………………………………………. 3 outspouken ……………………………………………… 4 imature …..…….……………………………………….. 5 spaiteful …..…...………………………………………… 6 personelity …..…….…………………………………….. 7 responseble ……….……………………………………... 8 energettic .…..………….……………..…………………. 9 iresponsible……..…………………….…………………. 10 obsesive ……….…………………..…………………… 11 gulleble ………………………….……………………… 12 straightfoward ..………………….……...... 13 inteligent ….…………………………………………….. 14 predicteble ……………………………………………… 15 tracherous ……….……………….……………………... 16 insequre ………..……………………………………….. 17 individuallity ..…….……………………………………. 18 maticulous …….………………………………………... 19 Sagitarius …..….………………………………………... 20 spitefull ………..………………………………………...

174

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 ………….…..…………………………………….. 2 ……………………………………………… 3 ………..……………………………………… 4 …………..…….………………………………. 5 …………………..…………………………….. 6 ……..….…..……………………………………. 7 …….……..…………………………………….. 8 .………..………………………………….. 9 ……………………………………………………. 10 …….……………………………………. 11 ..………….………………………………. 12 …………..……………………………………….. 13 …………….………………………………….. 14 ………………..…………………………... 15 ……………….…………………………………. 16 ………….……….………………………………. 17 …………….….………………………………….. 18 …...……….…………………………….. 19 …………..…………………………………… 20 ……….……..……………………………………..

175

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: eloquent active polite intelligent ambitious temperaments good manners personality disorganized loyal behavior sensible

1. My father and I got along very well, having very similar ………………….. . 2. It‘s true he can be emotional at times but that‘s just part of his …………………….. . 3. Women have to be more …………….. than men if they want to get anywhere in the business world. 4. I‘m sorry I‘m so ……………… ‒ I just haven‘t had time to get everything ready. 5. It‘s not ……………….. to talk with your mouth full. 6. At least she had the …………….. to let us know she would be late. 7. That kind of …………… is not acceptable. 8. She has been a good and ………….. friend to me. 9. She may be over 70, but she‘s still very …………. ! 10. Be …………… ‒ you can‘t go out without a coat in this weather. 11. Mark was an …………… , ambitious young man, with a great future in front of him. 12. She was an ………………. speaker, able to move and inspire audiences.

176

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way.

1. The person who often becomes annoyed or unhappy, especially when there seems to be no good reason to is … . a) sensitive b) moody c) impatient d) angry

2. Someone who is … is very good at using their imagination to make things. a) energetic b) fun-loving c) creative d) careful

3. If you think or worry about something all the time, so that you do not think about other things enough you are ... . a) obsessive b) impatient c) angry d) abrupt

4. People who behave in a confident way are … .

a) adaptive b) approachable c) hard-working d) assertive

5. … people say exactly what you mean in an honest clear way. a) Direct b) Careful c) Practical d) Serious

6. If you are … you are not easily upset, annoyed, or worried.

a) moody b) easy-going c) outspoken d) happy

177

7. John is a … . He is very annoying and thinks he is always right. a) practical b) serious c) clever clogs d) abrupt

8. A … person likes having fun rather than doing serious or sensible things. a) frivolous b) no-nonsense c) immature d) impractical

9. If you are deliberately cruel and unfair because you want to harm someone who has harmed you, you are … . a) angry b) mean c) spiteful d) vindictive

10. A …… person is usually deliberately nasty to some people in order to hurt or upset them, especially because he is jealous of them or is angry with them. a) angry b) mean c) spiteful d) vindictive

11. When you show your true feelings openly you … . a) put on your heart on your sleeve b) wear your heart on your sleeve c) wear your sleeve on your heart d) put on your sleeve on your heart

12. Someone’s character, especially the way they behave towards other people is called … . a) trait b) personality c) celebrity d) appearance

13. Everybody knows that it is … to be late for the meeting and not even apologize. a) polite b) responsible c) disorganized d) impolite

178

14. People who behave in a way that is unusual and different from most people are … . a) funny b) eccentric c) hot-tempered d) impulsive

15. My brother is so … . He doesn’t have much experience of how complicated life is, so that he trusts people too much and believes that good things will always happen. a) gullible b) quiet c) naïve d) honest

16. I think Bob is …, he is always honest about his feelings or opinions and not hiding anything. a) straightforward b) secretive c) honest d) decisive

17. People who usually think too much about their own life and problems and not about important things are … . a) quiet b) small-minded c) shy d) secretive

18. Andrew is an … young boy. He is interested in a lot of different things and wants to find out more about them. a) annoying b) assertive c) inquisitive d) intelligent

19. If people easily become offended or annoyed you can call them … . a) quick-tempered b) touchy c) irritable d) annoying

179

20. A description of your character and the things that will happen to you, based on the position of the stars and planets at the time of your birth. a) star sign b) the zodiac c) horoscope d) destiny

21. This word is used to describe someone who is not liked by other people in a way that is unfair, because they do not understand him or her. a) predictable b) misunderstood c) boring d) drab

22. … people are concerned only with money and possessions rather than things of the mind such as art, religion, or moral beliefs. a) Greedy b) Mean c) Economical d) Materialistic

23. People dealing with problems in a sensible, practical way instead of strictly following a set of ideas are called … . a) sensible b) sensitive c) pragmatic d) insecure

24. … is a fault in someone’s character. a) Problem b) Strength c) Weakness d) Trait

25. People who openly show very strong feelings about something, especially love or anger are … . a) passionate b) open c) emotional d) hot-tempered

26. Someone who is … cannot be trusted because he/she is not loyal and secretly intend to harm you. a) dangerous b) risky c) harmful d) treacherous

180

27. If somebody is very careful about small details, and always making sure that everything is done correctly he/she is … . a) careful b) meticulous c) spontaneous d) fussy

28. A quality or feeling that seems to surround or come from a person or a place. a) aura b) personality c) individuality d) habit

29. The first sign of the zodiac, represented by a ram which some people believe affects the character and life of people born between March 21 and April 20 is … . a) Taurus b) Capricorn c) Aries d) Sagittarius

30. Behavior in which someone is not loyal to a person who trusts him/her, especially when this behavior helps that person’s enemies is called … . a) ambition b) determination c) loyalty d) treachery

181

VOCABULARY TOPIC – FAMILY AND FAMILY LIFE

1 weding …….…………………………………………….. 2 marriadge ..………………………………………………. 3 newliweds .………………………………………………. 4 divorse ……….………………………………………….. 5 todler ……....…..………………………………………… 6 infansy ……..…….……………………………………… 7 honeimoon ……...……………………………………….. 8 breadwiner ..………….………………………………….. 9 childrens ……..………………………………………….. 10 grendfather .……………………………………………. 11 marriage certificat .…………………………………….. 12 adolesence ..……….………………...... 13 husbend ………………………………………………… 14 prenaptial agreement …………………………………… 15 stepsun …………………………………………………. 16 wedding vaws ………..…….…………………………… 17 maritul status ……….…………………………………... 18 kindergarden ……………………………………………. 19 nucleaur family .………………………………………... 20 braidal shower …………………………………………..

182

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 …..…….………………………………………. 2 …………...……………………………………….. 3 .…..….……………………………………………. 4 ……….…….……………………………………… 5 ..….……..…………………………………….. 6 …..……………………………………………. 7 …..……………………………………………. 8 ……………..…………………………………….. 9 ..…..…………………………………………….. 10 ………...….……………………………………….. 11 .………….………………………………… 12 ….…..…………………………………………. 13 .…..….……………………………………. 14 …….…..………..…………………………….. 15 ……….…...……………………………………. 16 …………………...…………………………………. 17 ………..….……..……….………………………. 18 …………………………………………………… 19 ….………..………………………………………. 20 ………..…………………………………………

183

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: widow divorce bride surname family bridal honeymoon breadwinner widowed wedding marriage initials

1. The Maldives is a popular destination for …………….. couples. 2. Melissa ended up getting three blenders at her ………………. shower. 3. After the wedding the …………… and groom went straight to the airport for their flight to Fiji. 4. We had to bring our ………….. certificate to prove that we are married. 5. It‘s an ideal location for a ……………….. reception. 6. One in three marriages ends in …………………… . 7. Many people still expect the man to be the …………………. . 8. Mr Smith died yesterday, leaving a …………….. and three children. 9. Alice had come to Tucson to live with a recently ………………… aunt. 10. He died leaving no children to carry on the ……………… name. 11. There‘s no need to write out your full name. Just your …………….. will do. 12. Smith is the most common English ……………… .

184

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way. 1. a ring that you wear to show that you are married a) a diamond ring b) a wedding ring c) a marriage ring d) a signet ring

2. a legal document that is written before a man and a woman get married, in which they agree things such as how much money each will get if they divorce a) a wedding contract b) arranged marriage c) a prenuptial agreement d) marriage guidance

3. a male who has the same parents as you a) an uncle b) a cousin c) a brother d) a grandfather

4. a man at the time he gets married, or just after he is married a) the best man b) a groom c) a groomsman d) a husband

5. the name someone shares with all the members of their family a) a family name b) a pen name c) a maiden name d) a common name

6. an official document that proves that two people are married a) a marriage certificate b) a wedding certificate c) a marriage licence d) a wedding licence

7. a man and a woman who have recently married a) a couple b) newlyweds c) a nuclear family d) an extended family

185

8. a party for a woman and her female friends just before she gets married, when her friends give her gifts a) a hen party b) a honeymoon c) a reception d) a bridal shower

9. the legal ending of a marriage a) a divorce b) a separation c) an argument d) moving home

10. a son that your husband or wife has from a relationship before your marriage a) a stepson b) a son-in-law c) a half-son d) the only son

11. family unit that consists only of a husband, wife and children a) a couple b) newlyweds c) a nuclear family d) an extended family

12. a very young child who is just learning to walk a) a kid b) a toddler c) an infant d) a newborn

13. the chief man who helps the groom on his wedding day, and who stands with him during the ceremony a) the best man b) a groom c) a groomsman d) a husband

14. a brother who is the son of only one of your parents a) a brother-in-law b) a half-brother c) a blood brother d) an adopted brother

15. a party before the wedding for the groom a) a stag night b) a hen night c) wedding vows d) wedding party

186

16. a traditional wedding at which the bride wears a long white dress a) a shotgun wedding b) a white wedding c) a snow-white wedding d) a whiter-than-white wedding

17. the period of a child’s life before they can walk or talk a) childhood b) adolescence c) infancy d) adulthood

18. the promises you make during your wedding a) a stag night b) a hen night c) marriage vows d) wedding vows

19. the quality of remaining faithful to your spouse a) friendship b) loyalty c) sincerity d) openness

20. a dance performed by newlyweds a) the first dance b) a newlyweds dance c) a waltz d) a traditional dance

21. whether you are single or married - used on official forms a) divorced b) widowed c) marital status d) engaged

22. the holiday that people go on after they get married a) honeymoon b) honey vacation c) holiday destination d) reception

23. the chief married woman who helps the bride on the day of her wedding, and who stands with her during the ceremony a) a maid of honor b) a bride c) a bridegroom d) a matron of honor

187

24. to love someone very much, so that you think about them all the time and want to be with them all the time a) to fancy b) to fall in love c) to hate d) to dream

25. money, property etc that you receive from someone who has died a) heritage b) inheritance c) income d) dosh

26. a legal document that says who you want your money and property to be given to after you die a) a will b) an agreement c) a contract d) a certificate

27. A … is the person who earns the most money in their family. a) worker b) breadwinner c) employer d) spendthrift

28. places equipped for looking after very young children while their parents are at work a) day nurseries b) schools c) nursery nurses d) kindergartens

29. an official written document saying that two people are allowed to get married a) a marriage certificate b) a wedding certificate c) a marriage licence d) a wedding licence

30. a wedding that has to take place immediately because the woman is going to have a baby a) a shotgun wedding b) a white wedding c) a snow-white wedding d) a whiter-than-white wedding

188

VOCABULARY TOPIC – HOUSES AND HOMES

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 mantion ..……………..………………………………….. 2 windmil ……………..….………………………………... 3 challet ……..…………………………………………….. 4 residense ………………………………………………… 5 panthouse ……………….……………………………….. 6 teraced house …………………………………………… 7 skyscrapper ……………………………………………… 8 palase …….……………………………………………… 9 farmshouse ….…………………………………………… 10 mainor ……..…………………………………………… 11 chatoau .…….…………………………………………... 12 shalter ………….…………………...... 13 balckony ……………………………………………….. 14 buillding …….………………………………………….. 15 landlod …….……………………………………………. 16 skilight ………..………………………………………… 17 shenty ………….……………………………………….. 18 houzeboat ….…………………………………………… 19 mottel …………………………………………………... 20 baracks …………..……………………………………...

189

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 ……………………………………………….. 2 ………..…………………………………………… 3 ….………………………………………………… 4 ….…………………………………………… 5 ………….…………………………………………. 6 ………………………………………….. 7 …………………………………………………….. 8 …….………………………………………….. 9 ….…………………………………………….. 10 …..………………………………………….. 11 ……………………………………………… 12 ……………………………………………. 13 ………..……………………………………….. 14 ……………………………………………….. 15 …………………………………………………. 16 ………….…………………………………….. 17 ……….………………………………………... 18 …………………………………………………….. 19 …………………………………………………... 20 …..…………………………………………..

190

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: tenants neighborhood cottage huts front shelter dormitory landlord roof farm house hotel

1. You must check out of the …………….. by 10 a.m. 2. Her family lives in a charming ………………. deep in the Kent countryside. 3. I went over to Ann‘s ……………… after work. 4. Our ……………… has promised to fix the heating by Tuesday. 5. …………………….. are not allowed to keep pets. 6. Female students under twenty-one are required to live in a …………………… . 7. These homeless people are in need of food and …………………… . 8. He runs a big cattle …………….. in Lincolnshire. 9. There are also some wooden …………. and everything is fenced in to keep out the wolves and curious locals. 10. If we are going to live under the same ……………, we need to get along. 11. He got up immediately when the key turned in the …………. door. 12. They grew up in a quiet …………………… of Birmingham.

191

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way. 1. a very large strong building, built in the past as a safe place that could be easily defended against attack a) hotel b) mansion c) palace d) castle

2. a house made from blocks of hard snow or ice a) hovel b) igloo c) shanty d) windmill

3. plans or hopes that you have that are unlikely ever to become real a) castles in the air b) mansions in the air c) shanties in the air d) igloos in the air

4. a small, roughly built hut made from thin sheets of wood, tin, plastic etc that very poor people live in a) hovel b) igloo c) shanty d) windmill

5. someone who lives in a house, room etc and pays rent to the person who owns it a) landlord b) landlady c) tenant d) estate agent

6. a room under a house or other building, often used for storing things a) roof b) cellar c) study d) lounge

7. a window in the roof of a building a) skylight b) window box c) windowpane d) roof window

8. a space or room just below the roof of a house, often used for storing things a) hall b) balcony c) niche d) attic

192

9. a place where fruit trees are grown a) garden b) orchard c) grove d) farm

10. a barge designed and equipped for use as a dwelling or cruiser a) boathouse b) houseship c) houseboat d) shiphouse

11. a building for housing a number of persons, as at a school or university a) inn b) hotel c) dormitory d) campus

12. a residence, often with a terrace, on the top floor or floors of a building a) attic b) penthouse c) duplex d) townhouse

13. a private house in which accommodation and meals are provided for paying guests a) boarding house b) inn c) motel d) summer house

14. a large trailer, fitted with parts for connection to utilities, that can be installed on a relatively permanent site and that is used as a residence a) shelter b) mobile home c) mobile shelter d) country house

15. a rough building, often with bunk beds, used for sleeping quarters, as for ranch hands, migratory workers, or campers a) bunkhouse b) campsite c) camp bed d) barracks

16. a building or group of buildings used to house military personnel a) bunkhouse b) campsite c) camp bed d) barracks

193

17. a house in the US with a front made of reddish- brown stone, common in New York City a) redhouse b) brownhouse c) redstone d) brownstone

18. a house with a steep sloping roof, common in places with high mountains and snow such as Switzerland a) country house b) summer house c) chalet d) chateau

19. a trailer or dwelling place on wheels a) cabin b) caravan c) hut d) saltbox

20. a house that has two storeys in front and one storey at the back, with a gable roof that extends downwards over the rear a) cabin b) caravan c) hut d) saltbox

21. a castle or large country house in France a) condo b) chateau c) manor d) mansion

22. a small house, especially one built of wood in an area of forest or mountains a) cabin b) chalet c) farmhouse d) treehouse

23. a Native American tent; usually of conical shape a) tipi b) tepee c) igloo d) cabin

24. a house where people can rent a room to live in a) terraced house b) detached house c) semi-detached house d) rooming house

25. one of several houses that are joined together a) terraced house b) detached house c) semi-detached house d) rooming house

194

26. a large building divided into apartments, especially in the poorer areas of a city a) rooming house b) tenement c) block of flats d) house

27. a very tall modern city building a) shack b) skyscraper c) lean-to d) townhouse

28. a small building that has not been built very well a) shack b) skyscraper c) lean-to d) townhouse

29. a group of houses or apartments, usually built with government money, for poor families a) housing project b) household c) primary residence d) condo

30. the official home of a person of very high rank, especially a king or queen ‒ often used in names a) castle b) mansion c) palace d) residence

195

VOCABULARY TOPIC – AROUND THE HOME

TOPIC 1. IN THE KITCHEN

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 funel …….………………………………………………. 2 sausepan ………………………………………………… 3 frige ………..……………………………………………. 4 choping ..………………………………………………... 5 gridle ……………………………………………………. 6 minser …………………………………………………... 7 porcelan ………………………………………………… 8 crokery ……..…………………………………………… 9 geiser ……………………………………………………. 10 collander …….…………………………………………. 11 cokscrew …..……………………………………………. 12 caserole …….…………………...... 13 conteiner …..…………………………………………….. 14 tableclothe ………..…………………………………….. 15 nutcraker ..………………………………………………. 16 greater…………………………………………………... 17 soucer ….……………………………………………….. 18 papper ..…………………………………………………. 19 botle .……………………………………………………. 20 catlery …..……………………………………………….

196

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 ……………………………………………………. 2 …………………………………………….. 3 ..……………………………………………….. 4 ……….………………………………………….. 5 ……………………………………………………… 6 ………………….………………………………….. 7 ……………………………………………………… 8 …………………………...... 9 …………………………………………………… 10 ………….……………………………………….. 11 ………..……………………………………. 12 ………………………………………………… 13 ………………………………………………… 14 ………………..………………………………. 15 ………………………………………………….. 16 ……...……….……………………………… 17 …………..…………………………………………. 18 ……………………………………………………. 19 ……………..……………………………………... 20 ………………….…………………………………….

197

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: grate cupboard microwave ladle colander lid casserole crockery cutlery food processor 1. For sauce, defrost the berries in a …………………. over a bowl. 2. Put the mixture into a ……………………and blend until smooth. 3. Ensure that pearl-handled ……………………… which has been cleaned using chemicals, gets a thorough washing before going back to the dining room. 4. Cups, ………………………….., cutlery and glasses can all be washed in hot soapy water in the usual way. 5. Fry the chicken joints in the oil until golden brown in a large flameproof ………………………….. . 6. My mother always likes to …………………. some cheese over this salad before serving it. 7. A little boy sat at the table, watching his mother stir the contents of the large metal pot with a wooden …………………………. . 8. If I am hungry I‘ll heat it up in a ……………………… . 9. Alice, do you know where the …………….. for the garbage can is? 10. There is a lot of ……………. space in this kitchen.

198

QUIZZES

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way. 1. a large deep spoon with a long handle, used for lifting liquid food, especially soup, out of a container a) a cup b) a funnel c) a ladle d) a sieve

2. a thin tube with a wide top that you use for pouring liquid into a container with a narrow opening, such as a bottle a) a cup b) a funnel c) a ladle d) a sieve

3. a container with a lid, a handle, and a spout, used for boiling and pouring water a) a saucepan b) a kettle c) a bottle d) a cruet

4. a large piece of electrical kitchen equipment, used for keeping food and drinks cool a) a cooler b) a freezer c) a fridge d) a plastic container

5. a square piece of cloth or paper used for protecting your clothes and for cleaning your hands and lips during a meal a) a napkin b) a handkerchief c) a cloth d) wrapping paper

6. a machine that washes dishes a) a washing machine b) a dishwasher c) a sink d) a fridge

7. liquid soap used to wash dishes a) oil b) vinegar c) washing soda d) washing-up liquid

199

8. a type of oven that cooks food very quickly using very short electric waves instead of heat a) a microbrewery b) a microwave c) a cooker d) a food processor

9. a piece of electrical equipment used to prepare food by cutting and mixing it a) a microbrewery b) a microwave c) a cooker d) a food processor

10. a deep round metal container with a handle that is used for cooking a) a frying pan b) a saucepan c) a kettle d) a teapot

11. a container for making and serving tea, which has a handle and a spout a) a frying pan b) a saucepan c) a kettle d) a teapot

12. a tool you use for picking up and eating food, with a handle and three or four points a) a knife b) a spoon c) a fork d) chopsticks

13. container for putting waste in a) a box b) a bin c) a pot d) a packet

14. a small round container, usually with a handle, that you use to drink tea, coffee etc a) a cup b) a glass c) a bowl d) a jug

15. a container with a wide curved opening at the top and a handle, used especially at meals for pouring liquids a) a cup b) a glass c) a bowl d) a jug

200

16. a wide round container that is open at the top, used to hold liquids and food a) a cup b) a glass c) a bowl d) a jug

17. a large open container that you fill with water and use for washing dishes a) a bath b) a basin c) a sink d) a swimming pool

18. a large piece of electrical kitchen equipment in which food can be stored at very low temperatures for a long time a) a fridge b) a freezer c) a cooker d) a dishwasher

19. a flat and usually round dish that you eat from or serve food on a) a bowl b) a plate c) a chopping board d) a vase

20. a cover for the open part of a saucepan a) a saucer b) a lid c) a sieve d) a bowl

21. thick paper used for cleaning up small amounts of liquid, food a) wrapping paper b) kitchen paper c) kitchen roll d) a napkin

22. a wide pan shaped like a bowl, used in Chinese cooking a) a griddle b) a wok c) a frying pan d) a casserole

23. a round iron plate that is used for cooking flat cakes on top of a stove or over a fire a) a griddle b) a wok c) a frying pan d) a casserole

24. a piece of kitchen equipment used to crush peppercorns to make pepper a) a pepper pot b) a pepper mill c) pepper spray d) a pepper box

201

25. a container that you keep bread in so that it stays fresh a) a bread pot b) a bread mill c) a bread bin d) a bread box

26. a piece of clothing that covers the front part of your clothes and is tied around your waist, worn to keep your clothes clean, especially while cooking a) a gown b) a shawl c) a dress d) an apron

27. a machine that cuts meat into very small pieces by forcing it through small holes a) a drinks machine b) a mincer c) a grater d) an electric food mixer

28. a small kitchen tool made of curved pieces of wire, used for mixing air into eggs, cream etc a) a ladle b) a whisk c) a sieve d) a spoon

29. a round wire kitchen tool with a lot of small holes, used for separating solid food from liquid or small pieces of food from large piece a) a ladle b) a whisk c) a sieve d) a spoon

30. knives, forks, and spoons that you use for eating and serving food a) cutlery b) crockery c) pottery d) kitchenware

202

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 2. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way. 1. pots, pans, and other things used for cooking a) cutlery b) crockery c) pottery d) kitchenware

2. cups, dishes, plates etc a) cutlery b) crockery c) pottery d) kitchenware

3. a cloth used for covering a table a) a tablecloth b) tableclothes c) a napkin d) a cover

4. a tool made of twisted metal that you use to pull a cork out of a bottle a) a corker b) a bottle opener c) a screwdriver d) a corkscrew

5. a piece of equipment for controlling the flow of cold water from a pipe or container a) a hot tap b) a cold tap c) a hob d) a sink

6. a book that tells you how to prepare and cook food a) a notebook b) a copybook c) a kitchen book d) a cookery book

7. metal sheets that are as thin as paper, used for wrapping food a) kitchen foil b) kitchen roll c) kitchenware d) fuel

8. a flat piece of metal that you bake food on a) in tray b) out tray c) a baking tray d) a cooking tray

9. a contaner in which you serve bread a) a bread bowl b) a bread basket c) a bread plate d) a bread tray

203

10. a tool that you use to lift up small lumps of sugar. It has two bars joined at one end, that you press together to lift objects. a) sugar pliers b) sugar tongs c) sugar spoons d) sugar pincers

11. a large dish with a lid, used for serving soup or vegetables a) a tureen b) a soup bowl c) a saucepan d) a soup container

12. a small round plate that curves up at the edges that you put a cup on a) a plate b) a dish c) a bowl d) a saucer

13. a hard shiny white substance that is used for making expensive plates, cups a) clay b) porcelain c) china d) glass

14. a hard white substance produced by baking a type of clay at a high temperature a) clay b) porcelain c) china d) glass

15. a machine for weighing products a) kitchen sink b) kitchen stool c) kitchen light d) kitchen scales

16. a machine fixed to a wall over a sink and used for heating water a) a heater b) a heating machine c) a geyser d) an immersion heater

17. a machine that cuts meat into very small pieces by forcing it through small holes a) a meat slicer b) a meat grinder c) a mincer d) a meat fork

204

18. a large piece of equipment for cooking food on or in a) a cooker b) a cook c) an oven d) a microwave

19. a type of oven that cooks food very quickly using very short electric waves instead of heat a) a cooker b) a cook c) an oven d) a microwave

20. a glass container with a wide top and a lid, used for storing food such as jam or honey, or the amount it contains a) a jug b) a pot c) a pan d) a jar

21. a container used for measuring liquids in cooking a) a measuring cup b) a measuring jug c) a measuring jar d) a measurng glass

22. a large piece of wood or plastic that you cut meat or vegetables on when you are cooking a) a blackboard b) a wooden board c) a chopping board d) a kitchen board

23. a long tube-shaped piece of wood used for making pastry flat and thin before you cook it a) a rolling pin b) a rolling stick c) a rolling tube d) a rolling stone

24. a small tool like a knife, used for removing the skin of a potato a) a potato knife b) a potato peeler c) a potato slicer d) a potato grater

25. a small cloth that you use for drying cups, plates etc after you have washed them a) kitchen paper b) a kitchen towel c) a tablecloth d) a kitchen napkin

205

26. a metal or plastic bowl with a lot of small holes in the bottom and sides, used to separate liquid from food a) a sieve b) a kitchen dish c) a colander d) a mincer

27. a book that tells you how to prepare and cook food a) a cookbook b) recipes c) a kitchen book d) a recipe copybook

28. a kitchen tool with a wide flat blade, used for spreading, mixing, or lifting soft substances a) a knife b) a chopstick c) a spatula d) a rolling pin

29. a small container that holds a boiled egg while you eat it a) an egg-container b) an egg-mug c) an egg-glass d) an eggcup

30. a tool for opening a can of food a) a bottle opener b) a can opener c) a corkscrew d) a nutcracker

206

TOPIC 2. IN THE BATHROOM

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 parfume …….……………………...... 2 bandadge ………………………………………………... 3 toothbrash …..…………………………………………... 4 hairdrier …..………….…………………………………. 5 loundry .……………..………………………………….. 6 doornob ..…………..……………………………………. 7 tovel …………………………………………………….. 8 pluming …………………….…………………………… 9 shampoon ……………………………………………….. 10 dezodorant …………….…………...... 11 spondge ……………..………………………………….. 12 afteshave ……………………...... 13 napckin ….……………………………………………… 14 body locion..…………………………………………….. 15 body sprey ……………………………………………… 16 runing water ……..……………………………………... 17 miror ………..………………………………………….. 18 washing mashine ……………………………………….. 19 skales..………………………………………………….. 20 shover…………………………………………………...

207

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 ….….……..…………..………………………... 2 ……..………..………..……………………………. 3 …….……..……..………………………………. 4 ….…………..…………………………………. 5 ….……………………….……………………... 6 ……….………………..…………………………. 7 ….…..……….………..………………………….. 8 …….…………..……………………………….. 9 …………………………………………….. 10 …………………………………………….. 11 …………………………………………………. 12 ….………………………………………….. 13 ………………………………………………….. 14 ………………….……………………………... 15 ..………………………………………….. 16 ……………………….…………………….. 17 ………………………………………………... 18 …………………………………………………… 19 ……………………………………………………. 20 ……………………………………………

208

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: towel rail washing machine wash shampoo laundry hairdryer bathroom towel shower bathroom soap toothpaste

1. Avoid the protein drinks that come in ………………. bottles. 2. ―Can I use your …………………..?‖ – ―Sure, go ahead.‖ 3. Have you got a clean ………………. I could use? 4. If you have a small bathroom, why not consider a radiator with a built-in …………………….? 5. Let your hair dry naturally instead of using a ……………………….. 6. There was dirty ………………… all over the floor. 7. You‘ll have to wear these ‒ your other jeans are in the ……………….. . 8. He was shaved and smelled of aftershave, his hair combed back. 9. Why does the phone always ring when I‘m in the ……………….? 10. With a ……………………….there is very little work involved. 11. Wash it thoroughly with a bar of ……….. and water. 12. There is no …………………. in these tubes.

209

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way. 1. a type of liquid soap that you use to wash yourself in a shower a) shower soap b) shower liquid c) shower gel d) shower shampoo

2. a small brush that you use for cleaning your teeth a) toothpick b) toothbrush c) toothpaste d) tooth powder

3. a piece of special glass that you can look at and see yourself in a) rearview mirror b) wing mirror c) side-view mirror d) mirror

4. a piece of equipment that you stand under to wash your whole body a) shower b) bath c) sink d) water

5. a thick substance that you use to clean your teeth a) toothpick b) toothbrush c) toothpaste d) tooth powder

6. soap in the form of a powder used for washing clothes a) washing up liquid b) washing powder c) washing soda d) washing-up

7. a round container attached to the wall in a bathroom, where you wash your hands and face a) basin b) bath c) sink d) container

210

8. soft thin paper used for cleaning yourself after you have used the toilet a) napkins b) paper towel c) waste paper d) toilet paper

9. a liquid mixture that you put on your skin or hair to clean, soften, or protect it a) cream b) lotion c) ointment d) shower gel

10. a tool with a sharp blade, used to remove hair from your skin a) knife b) razor c) razor blade d) safety razor

11. a machine that blows out hot air for drying hair a) washer-dryer b) hairdryer c) tumble dryer d) spin-dryer

12. a flat piece of plastic, metal or wooden with a row of thin teeth on one side, used for making your hair tidy a) toothbrush b) comb c) brush d) hairbrush

13. a piece of cloth that you use for drying your skin a) bath towel b) dish towel c) paper towel d) hand towel

14. a liquid soap for washing your hair a) washing-up liquid b) shower gel c) shampoo d) washing powder

15. a piece of electrical equipment that you heat and use to put curls in your hair a) curling iron b) hair iron c) curling tongs d) hair tongs

211

16. a chemical substance that you put on the skin under your arms to stop you from smelling bad a) perfume b) deodorant c) cologne d) body spray

17. a large basket that you put dirty clothes in until you wash them a) laundry basket b) laundry list c) laundry container d) laundry

18. a machine for weighing people a) kitchen scales b) bathroom scales c) Richter-scale d) time scale

19. a piece of thick cloth or wool that covers part of a floor, used for warmth or as a decoration a) rug b) rag c) carpet d) cloth

20. a piece of a soft natural or artificial substance full of small holes, which can suck up liquid and is used for washing a) sponge b) sponge bag c) sponge cake d) bath towel

21. a round handle that you turn to open a door a) door handle b) doorknob c) door knocker d) door lock

22. a liquid with a nice smell that a man puts on his face after he has shaved a) perfume b) cologne c) aftershave d) deodorant

23. a bag in which you keep things such as soap, toothpaste etc when travelling a) toilet purse b) toilet bag c) toilet packet d) toilet box

24. a small round box for holding pills a) pill container b) pill bag c) pill box d) pill packet

212

25. a piece of thin material that is stuck on to the skin to cover a small wound a) bandage b) cotton ball c) plaster d) cover

26. a piece of hanging cloth that can be pulled across to cover a bathtub a) bath curtain b) shower curtain c) shower towel d) shower carpet

27. a flat square piece of baked clay or other material, used for covering walls, floors etc in the bathroom a) bathroom stone b) bathroom glass c) bathroom brick d) bathroom tile

28. a machine for washing clothes a) dish washer b) washing machine c) washbasin d) washing line

29. a bathroom or kitchen fixture for holding a bar of soap a) soap container b) soap box c) soap dish d) soap plate

30. the pipes that water flows through in a building a) plumbing b) running water c) plumber d) tap water

213

TOPIC 3. IN THE BEDROOM

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 hamock ..………………………………………………... 2 wadrobe …………………………………………………. 3 matress ..…………………………………………………. 4 pygamas ….……………………………………………... 5 blancket ………………………………………………….. 6 badtime ….………………………………………………. 7 curtan .…..……………………………………………….. 8 armchear…………………………………………………. 9 pilowcase .……………………………………………….. 10 heeting .………………………………………………… 11 dresing table ……………………………………………. 12 duvei …………………………...... 13 beding …………………………………………………... 14 nightey ………………………………………………….. 15 clothes hunger ………………………………………….. 16 arlam clock …………………………………………….. 17 custion ……………….…………………………………. 18 chest of drowers ………………………………………... 19 clozet …………………………………………………… 20 badside cabinet ………………………………………….

214

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 ……………………………………………………... 2 ……………………………………………….. 3 ..…………………………………………………. 4 …………………………………………………. 5 …….…………………………………………… 6 …………….……………………………………. 7 …………..………………………………….. 8 ………………………………………………….. 9 ….………………………………………………... 10 ……………………………………………….. 11 ………………………………………………… 12 ………………………………………………. 13 ………..…….…………………………………….. 14 ………….……………………………………… 15 …………………………………………….. 16 ……………………………………………….. 17 …………………………………………………… 18 ………………………………………………………. 19 ………………………………………………... 20 ……………………………………………………

215

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: bedside pillow duvet bedtime nap wardrobe pyjamas bed and breakfast hanger curtains slippers mattress

1. Lightweight and fluffy, this ……………… is ideal for summer use. 2. Can you hang these trousers in the ………………………., please? 3. She was wearing a dressing gown and …………………….. 4. I‘ll be asleep as soon as my head hits the ……….. . 5. Sheila drew the …………………….. and switched the light on. 6. This medicine should be taken at …………………… and first thing in the morning. 7. Try to take a ………………. in the afternoons if you‘re feeling tired. 8. We sat on the …………….. because that was all the furniture I had. 9. She took off her sweater and hung it on a …………………. 10. Tom took off his …………………… and put on his new shoes again, and they went out. 11. We found a cheap ………………………….. near the coast. 12. The clock on her ……………………. table said half past four.

216

QUIZZES VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way.

1. a cloth bag filled with soft material that you put your head on when you are sleeping a) cushion b) pillow c) pillar d) scatter cushion

2. a piece of furniture that you sleep on a) sofa b) bunk c) bed d) hammock

3. a piece of furniture with drawers, used for storing clothes a) chest of drawers b) box of drawers c) container of drawers d) shelf of drawers

4. a comfortable chair with sides that you can rest your arms on a) chair b) stool c) sofa d) armchair

5. a piece of furniture like a table with a mirror on top, sometimes with drawers, that you use when you are doing your hair, putting on make-up etc a) coffee table b) changing table c) dressing table d) occasional table

6. a piece of furniture like a large cupboard that you hang clothes in a) bedroom cupboard b) bedside cabinet c) chest of drawers d) wardrobe

7. a clock that makes a noise at a particular time to wake you up a) signal clock b) alarm clock c) swatch d) alarm watch

217

8. a curved piece of metal, plastic, or wood with a hook on it that you use for hanging clothes a) clothes hanger b) wardrobe hanger c) hanger-on d) clothes hook

9. a space or an area of glass in the wall of a building that lets in light a) glass door b) glass wall c) window d) balcony

10. a soft pair of trousers and a top that you wear in bed a) suit b) costume c) bedside suit d) pyjamas

11. light soft shoes that you wear at home a) sleepers b) slippers c) flippers d) clippers

12. a large piece of thin cloth that you put on a bed to lie on or lie under a) sheet b) mattress c) blanket d) duvet

13. the soft part of a bed that you lie on a) sheet b) mattress c) blanket d) duvet

14. a thing that keeps a door, drawer etc fastened and is usually opened with a key or by moving a small metal bar a) key b) door c) lock d) buckle

15. a place in a wall where you can connect electrical equipment to the supply of electricity a) sock b) stocking c) socket d) plug

16. a covering, especially one made of cloth, that can be rolled up and down to cover a window inside a building a) curtain b) blind c) cover d) cloth 218

17. a cloth cover for a pillow a) pillowcloth b) pillowbag c) pillowcover d) pillowcase

18. a cupboard in which sheets, towels etc are kept a) linen wardrobe b) linen case c) linen cabinet d) linen cupboard

19. sheets, covers etc that you put on a bed a) linen b) bedding c) beding d) beds

20. a pair of doors made mostly of glass, usually opening onto a garden or balcony a) English windows b) French windows c) Spanish windows d) Italian windows

21. a system for making a room or building warm a) heating b) house warming c) building heating d) room warming

22. a piece of furniture with doors and shelves or drawers, used for storing or showing things a) closet b) cupboard c) cabinet d) wardrobe

23. part of a piece of furniture, such as a desk, that you pull out and push in and use to keep things a) shelf b) draw c) drawer d) desk

24. a small cushion that you put on sofas and chairs for decoration a) cushion b) pillow c) pillar d) scatter cushion

25. the time when you usually go to bed a) bedperiod b) bedtime c) be in bed d) go to bed

219

26. a short sleep, especially during the day a) an afternoon sleep b) an afternoon time c) an afternoon nap d) extra time

27. shapes, lines etc painted or drawn on a surface, showing what someone or something looks like a) picture b) portrait c) postcard d) placard

28. a piece of clothing like a long loose coat that you wear inside the house, usually over night clothes a) evening gown b) dressing gown c) pyjamas d) nightie

29. an alcoholic drink that you have at the end of the evening, just before you go to bed a) nightcup b) nightglass c) nightcap d) nighthat

30. a piece of clothing, like a thin dress, that a woman wears in bed a) evening gown b) dressing gown c) pyjamas d) nightie

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 2. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way. 1. an attractive cover for a bed that goes on top of all the other covers a) blanket b) bedspread c) duvet d) cover

2. a bed made for two people to sleep in a) sofa b) single bed c) double bed d) bunk bed

220

3. a piece of equipment that starts or stops the light when you push it a) light switch b) light bulb c) switch on d) switch off

4. a system that makes the air in a room or building cooler and drier a) air conditioning b) air conditioner c) air freshener d) air filter

5. one of two beds that are attached together, one on top of the other a) sofa b) single bed c) double bed d) bunk bed

6. a painted picture that you put on a wall for people to see a) drawing b) painting c) sketch d) poster

7. long heavy curtains a) tapestry b) decorations c) drapes d) blinds

8. a brush you use on your hair to make it smooth a) comb b) hairbrush c) shaving brush d) scrubbing brush

9. a large round frame for holding lights that hangs from the ceiling and is decorated with small pieces of glass a) lamp b) light bulb c) chandelier d) illumination

10. paper that you stick onto the walls of a room in order to decorate it a) newspaper b) wrapping paper c) wallpaper d) crepe paper 221

11. a luxurious situation or an easy life a) a bed of tulips b) a bed of roses c) a bed of daisies d) a bed of camomiles

12. to be in a bad mood on a particular day a) get up on the wrong side of bed b) get up on the left side of bed c) get up on the right side of bed d) get up on the wrong side of the double bed

13. what you say to someone who is suffering from something bad they have done a) You‘ve made your bed, and you‘ll have to sleep in it. b) You‘ve made your bed, and you‘ll have to dream in it. c) You‘ve made your bed, and you‘ll have to lie in it. d) You‘ve made your bed, and you‘ll have to nod in it.

14. a situation that is difficult or unpleasant a) a bed of knives b) a bed of pins c) a bed of razors d) a bed of nails

15. a box, usually ornamental, in which jewels are kept a) jewel box b) jewel container c) jewel carton d) jewel jar

16. an embarrassing secret a) a skeleton under the bed b) a skeleton in the closet c) a skeleton behind the curtains d) a skeleton under the blanket

17. someone who does or says something that stops other people from enjoying themselves a) dirty blanket b) dirty duvet c) wet blanket d) wet duvet

222

18. to be very pale, usually because you are frightened or ill a) be as soft as a pillow b) be as white as a sheet c) be as light as a sheet d) be as warm as a blanket

19. a small table beside a bed a) nightstand b) bedside table c) bedside closet d) night table

20. to suddenly take away something that someone was depending on to achieve what they wanted a) pull the carpet from under sb‘s feet b) pull the rug from under sb‘s feet c) pull the mat from under sb‘s feet d) pull the blanket from under sb‘s feet

21. a small device used to carry face powder a) powder container b) powder purse c) powder box d) powder bag

22. a piece of furniture for one person to sit on, which has a back, a seat, and four legs a) stool b) chair c) armchair d) sofa

23. a living thing that has leaves and roots and grows in a pot a) flower b) cactus c) plant d) animal

24. a long flat narrow board attached to a wall or in a frame or cupboard, used for putting things on a) drawer b) cabinet c) shelf d) board

223

25. If you tidy the covers after you have slept in your bed you … . a) make your bed b) do your bed c) take your bed d) get into bed

26. one of a pair of single beds in a room for two people a) double bed b) spare bed c) twin bed d) double sofa

27. a bed for visitors to your home a) spare bed b) single bed c) twin bed d) bunk bed

28. a cupboard in which sheets, pilowcases and towels are kept a) bed linen b) linen cupboard c) linen wardrobe d) linen cabinet

29. the sheets and pillowcases for a bed a) bed linen b) linen cupboard c) linen wardrobe d) linen cabinet

30. to talk to other people about personal things that you should keep private a) wash one‘s dirty pillowcases in public b) wash one‘s dirty linen in public c) wash one‘s dirty sheets in public d) wash one‘s dirty blankets in public

224

VOCABULARY TOPIC – TOWN AND CITY

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 exibition …………………………………………………. 2 comuter ………………………………………………….. 3 conservatoiry ……………………………………………. 4 skysraper ………………………………………………… 5 rezident ………………………………………………….. 6 grafiti …………………………………………………… 7 munisipal ……………………………………………….. 8 bungalo …………………………………………………. 9 pedestrain ……………………………………………….. 10 djunction ……………………………………………….. 11 vehikle ………………………………………………….. 12 univercity ……………………...... 13 brige…………………………………………………….. 14 multietnic ………………………………………………. 15 restarant ………………………………………………… 16 sinema ………………………………………………….. 17 depraived ……………………………………………….. 18 garbadge ………………………………………………... 19 trafic ……………………………………………………. 20 direlict …………………………………………………..

225

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 ………………………………………………….. 2 ………………………………………………… 3 …………………………………………………… 4 ……………………………………………… 5 ……………………………………………… 6 …………………………………………………. 7 ………………………………………………….. 8 ……………………………………………….. 9 ………………………………………………….. 10 ………………………………………………….. 11 ……………………………………………. 12 ………………………………………………….. 13 ……………………………………………….. 14 …………………………………………... 15 ……………………………………………….. 16 ……………………………………………. 17 ……………………………………………….. 18 ……………………..……………………… 19 …………………………………………………. 20 ……………………………………………………

226

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: suburbs run-down outskirts municipal rural urban sprawl unemployment cosmopolitan residents derelict

1. Closure of the sardine factory means 120 workers are facing ………………………….. . 2. The area includes ……………….. factories and some of the poorest housing in the country. 3. Local ………………….. are protesting against the new road. 4. More and more people are moving to the ……………………… every year. 5. There continues to be a shortage of jobs for young people in many ………………………. areas. 6. The ………………………… park is not far from the town centre. 7. The natural habitats of Ukraine‘s wildlife have been ravaged by …………………………… and pollution. 8. There are plans to build a new shopping mall on the ……………………… of town. 9. London feels more ………………….. than any other European capital. 10. Bob made a fortune buying ……………….. houses and fixing them up to sell.

227

QUIZZES

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way.

1. If a house or piece of land is … , it is in very bad condition because it has been empty and not used for a very long time. a) run-down b) sprawling c) derelict d) no-go

2. a story about an unusual event which happened recently that a lot of people believe although it is probably not true a) small talk b) urban myth c) Arthurian legend d) anecdote

3. a … area of a town is one in which the buildings and roads are all in bad condition, especially because the people who live there do not have enough money to look after them properly a) run-down b) sprawling c) derelict d) no-go

4. If a place is full of activity or energy in a way that is exciting and attractive it is … . a) congested b) sprawling c) vibrant d) appalling

5. a building or an area with a roof over it that protects you from the weather or from danger a) shadow b) shelter c) shed d) gazebo

6. the spread of city buildings and houses into an area that used to be countryside, or the area in which this has happened a) out-of-town b) outskirts c) surburb d) urban sprawl

228

7. an area that people should not go to because it is very dangerous a) nowhere to go area b) don‘t go there area c) derelict area d) no-go area

8. entertainment in the evening a) nightlight b) nightlife c) nightfall d) nightmare

9. the hard area or road between your house and the street a) parkway b) roundabout c) driveway d) alleyway

10. someone who lives in a particular area of a town, a particular street or building etc a) local b) resident c) tenant d) settler

11. the person who has been elected to lead the government of a town or city a) president b) chairman c) governor d) mayor

12. a large tall machine used by builders for lifting heavy things a) crane b) crow c) cock d) dove

13. the process of making air dangerously dirty and not suitable for people to use, or the state of being dangerously dirty a) car fumes b) smog c) air pollution d) mist

14. rude, humorous, or political writing and pictures on the walls of buildings a) inscription b) fine art c) culture d) graffiti

15. a period or process in which business activity, production etc is reduced and conditions become worse a) economic drawback b) economic downturn c) economic downside d) economic upside

229

16. a situation in which an area of land becomes covered with water, for example because of heavy rain a) earthquake b) storm c) flooding d) explosion

17. the number of people in a particular country or area who cannot get a job a) employment b) unemployment c) deprived d) underprivileged

18. people who are very poor and who are not able to find good jobs or get a good education a) employment b) unemployment c) deprived d) underprivileged

19. part of town where only people live; with no factories or offices a) downtown b) industrial area c) suburb d) residential area

20. area in which people live, which is far away from the city center a) downtown b) industrial area c) suburb d) residential area

21. waste that a house produces and which is transported away in pipes under the ground a) sewage system b) landfill c) waste disposal d) garbage can

22. a term which is used to define the city itself and the surrounding suburbs or other urban areas a) rural area b) local area c) residential area d) metropolitan area

230

23. a term which is used to describe large cities that are so close to each other that they start to grow together a) megacity b) megatown c) megalopolis d) metropolis

24. all the people that live in a place a) population b) community c) the nation d) citizens

25. a large number of houses that have been built together in a planned way a) housing b) housing estate c) social housing d) public housing

26. a very large city that is the most important city in a country or area a) megacity b) megatown c) megalopolis d) metropolis

27. relating or belonging to a very large city a) urban b) municipal c) metropolitan d) civic

28. If a city is full of people from different countries it is … . a) cosmopolitan b) multiethnic c) vibrant d) buzzing

29. people or organizations who control the city and govern it a) police force b) government c) city authorities d) administration

30. a place where waste is buried under the ground a) sewage system b) landfill c) waste disposal d) garbage can

231

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 2. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way.

1. a large open area with grass and trees, especially in a town, where people can walk, play games etc a) a square b) a street c) a park d) a field

2. buses, trains etc that are available for everyone to use a) traffic b) public transport c) a vehicle d) a parking garage

3. a place where you can buy and eat a meal a) a restaurant b) a shop c) home d) a market

4. a set of red, yellow, and green lights that control traffic a) a traffic jam b) traffic lights c) hazard lights d) fairy lights

5. a building where important cultural, historical, or scientific objects are kept and shown to the public a) a gallery b) a museum c) a theatre d) a cinema

6. a public road in a city or town that has houses, shops etc on one or both sides a) a street b) a motorway c) a path d) a speedway

7. a structure built over a river, road etc that allows people or vehicles to cross from one side to the other a) a street b) a motorway c) a path d) a bridge

232

8. a large area where there are a lot of shops, usually a covered area where cars are not allowed a) a shopping mall b) a department store c) a restaurant d) an outlet mall

9. a large area of shops where clothes are sold for less than the usual price, often because they are no longer fashionable or are slightly damaged a) a shopping mall b) a department store c) a restaurant d) an outlet mall

10. an area where people live which is away from the centre of a town or city a) outskirts b) a suburb c) a slum d) a district

11. the parts of a town or city that are furthest from the centre a) outskirts b) a suburb c) a slum d) a district

12. a building for public events, especially sports and large rock music concerts, consisting of a playing field surrounded by rows of seats a) a playground b) a stadium c) a theatre d) a cinema

13. a large building divided into separate parts where people live a) a detached house b) a semi-detached house c) a block of flats d) a cottage

14. a small house in the country a) a detached house b) a semi-detached house c) a block of flats d) a cottage

15. a structure that you can stand on, that is attached to the outside wall of a building, above ground level a) a window b) a balcony c) a porch d) a doorstep

233

16. the main entrance door to a house, at the front a) a front door b) a back door c) an entrance d) an entry

17. an apartment with one main room and no separate bedroom a) a bungalow b) a studio c) a flat d) a hotel

18. a building where people pay to stay and eat meals a) bungalow b) a studio c) a flat d) a hotel

19. a place where bread and cakes are baked, or a shop where they are sold a) a shop b) a cafe c) a bakery d) a supermarket

20. a very large shop that sells food, drinks, and things that people need regularly in their homes a) a shop b) a cafe c) a bakery d) a supermarket

21. a large building where sick or injured people receive medical treatment a) a hospital b) a hotel c) a clinic d) casualty

22. the part of a hospital that people are taken to when they are hurt in an accident or suddenly become ill a) a hospital b) a hotel c) a clinic d) casualty

23. a specially marked place for people to walk across the road a) a road b) a junction c) a pedestrian crossing d) a pedestrian precinct

24. someone whose job is to check that people have not parked their cars illegally a) a policeman b) a traffic warden c) a traffic jam d) a policewoman

234

25. a very tall modern city building a) a block of flats b) a skyscraper c) a museum d) a city hall

26. the main shopping or business area in a city a) a mall b) a area c) a city centre d) a residential area

27. a machine at the side of a road which you have to put money into if you park your car next to it a) a parking lot b) a parking meter c) a parking ticket d) a parking light

28. a place where you can buy petrol and oil for motor vehicles a) a petrol station b) a shop c) a parking garage d) a fuel station

29. a large structure that is built to remind people of an important event or famous person a) a museum b) an exhibition c) a monument d) a gallery

30. a small area of fresh water that is smaller than a lake, that is either natural or artificially made a) a pond b) a pool c) a river d) a stream

235

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 3. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way. 1. a container in the street that you put empty bottles into, so that the glass can be used again a) a bottle bank b) a bottle box c) a bottle bin d) a bottle opener

2. the time when people travel to and from work a) business hours b) happy hour c) rush hour d) visiting hours

3. people who live in the country but travel into the city to work a) communicators b) commutors c) commuters d) villagers

4. an area with lots of banks and company offices a) a shopping centre b) a commercial centre c) a city centre d) a community centre

5. a place where you can borrow books a) an information centre b) a bookstore c) a library d) a canteen

6. a shop that sells books a) an information centre b) a bookstore c) a library d) a canteen

7. an object next to a road that gives information to drivers a) a road sign b) a warning sign c) a good sign d) a bad sign

8. entertainment in the evening a) cultural activities b) nightlife c) social event d) a chain of events

236

9. a place where you can buy stamps, send letters and packages a) a newsagent‘s b) a post office c) a tourist information office d) a town hall

10. a public building used for a town’s local government a) a newsagent‘s b) a post office c) a tourist information office d) a town hall

11. a machine in or outside a bank, supermarket, or other public building, from which you can obtain money with a special plastic card a) a bank b) a cash machine c) a cash box d) a cash desk

12. a car and driver that you pay to take you somewhere a) public transport b) a taxi c) car tax d) an estate car

13. a place at the side of a road, marked with a sign, where buses stop for passengers a) a bus station b) a bus stop c) a bus shelter d) a bus lane

14. a place where planes take off and land, with buildings for passengers to wait in a) a railway station b) an air force c) an airport d) a runway

15. a place where trains stop for passengers to get on and off a) a railway station b) an air force c) an airport d) a runway

237

16. a structure from which water is pushed up into the air, used for example as decoration in a garden or park a) a pond b) a lake c) a fountain d) a water fountain

17. a piece of equipment in a public place that produces a stream of water for you to drink from a) a pond b) a lake c) a fountain d) a water fountain

18. a school where people are trained in music or acting a) a conservatoire b) a university c) a secondary school d) an institute

19. a building where people can go to play many different types of indoor sports a) a gym b) a sports centre c) a sports room d) a stadium

20. a railway system under the ground a) a railway station b) the Underground c) under the surface d) a metro station

21. a type of park where you can have fun riding on big machines such as a roller coaster, and where the whole park is based on one subject such as water or space travel a) a zoo b) a theme park c) a public garden d) a fun run

22. a place, usually in a city, where animals of many kinds are kept so that people can go to look at them a) a zoo b) a theme park c) a public garden d) a fun run

23. a place where there is special equipment for washing cars a) a car wash b) a washing station c) a car park d) a gas station

238

24. the place where a trial is held, or the people there, especially the judge and the jury who examine the evidence and decide whether someone is guilty or not guilty a) a court b) a food court c) a grass court d) a trailer court

25. a raised circular area where three or more roads join together and which cars must drive around a) a car circle b) a roundabout c) a junction d) a traffic island

26. a raised area in the middle of a road where people can wait until it is safe to cross a) a car circle b) a roundabout c) a junction d) a traffic island

27. a structure that has been built and filled with water for people to swim in a) a pond b) a lake c) a swimming pool d) a fountain

28. a shop that sells fish a) a fishmonger‘s b) a fisherman‘s c) a fishery d) a supermarket

29. a building or place with a stage where plays and shows are performed a) a concert hall b) a cinema c) a theatre d) a night club

30. a piece of land where dead people are buried a) a tomb b) a cemetery c) a chapel d) a funeral

239

VOCABULARY TOPIC – CLOTHES AND ACCESSORIES

TOPIC 1. CLOTHES AND ACCESSORIES

CHECKING SPELLINGS Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary. 1 braselet …………………………………………………... 2 pendent ….………………………………………………. 3 flanel …………………………………………………….. 4 googles …………………..………………………………. 5 mocasins ..……………………………………………….. 6 ketchief ...………………………………………………... 7 hairdrier ....………………………………………………. 8 old-fashiond ……..……………………………………… 9 cardegan ………….……………………………………… 10 stilist …………………………………………………… 11 necklase ………………………………………………… 12 legings ………………………………...... 13 corderoy ..………………………………………………. 14 fashinable .……………………………………………… 15 headscaf .……………………………………………….. 16 acessory ………………………………………………… 17 colar ……..……………………………………………… 18 bukle…………………………………………………….. 19 shoolace ………………………………………………… 20 weding ring ……………………………………………..

240

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 ….…………………………………………………… 2 …………………………………………………….. 3 ………………………………………………….. 4 ………………………………………………….. 5 …..……………………………………………… 6 ….…………………………………………….. 7 ………………………………………………….. 8 ……..……………………………………………….. 9 …..…….…………………………………………….. 10 .……………….…………………………….. 11 ……..…………………...... 12 …………………………………………………. 13 …………………………………………………. 14 …….………………………………………… 15 ……………..……………………………….. 16 ………………….………………………………. 17 ……………………………………………….. 18 ….…………………………………………… 19 …………………………………………... 20 ………………………………………………...

241

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: high heels jewellery floral woolies loose-fitting buttons sleeves belt hood fashionable pendant shawl

1. Police are investigating a burglary in which a quantity of ……………….. was stolen. 2. From time to time, she fingered a ruby …………….. that hung from a chain around her neck. 3. With ………………… she stood at least an inch over me. 4. He lowered the ………………. , down, down, until they reached his wrists. 5. She had a variety of cardigans and other ………… . 6. Brendon unbuckled his leather ………………. . 7. Her ……………. was tightly wrapped round her head and shoulders. 8. She did up the ………………… of her new blouse. 9. A kung fu suit should be …………… , with buttons and a high collar. 10. This is the latest style of hat worn by …………………. women in Paris. 11. When I saw her she was wearing a pretty …………. dress. 12. Why don‘t you put your ………… up if you‘re cold?

242

QUIZZES VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way.

1. bands or chains that you wear around your wrist or arm as a decoration a) handcuffs b) electronic tagging c) bracelets d) cuff links

2. small pieces of jewellery that men can use to fasten their shirt cuffs a) handcuffs b) electronic tagging c) bracelets d) cuff links

3. a small bag that women carry in their hand, used especially on formal social occasions a) a handbag b) a clutch bag c) a purse d) a rucksack

4. something used for adding colour to your lips, in the shape of a small stick a) a lip gloss b) a lip stick c) a lip bam d) a lip salve

5. a band of leather, cloth etc that you wear around your waist to hold up your clothes or for decoration a) a belt b) a ribbon c) braces d) a vest

6. a piece of jewellery that you fasten to your clothes, usually worn by women a) a badge b) a brooch c) a buckle d) a button

7. a dark substance used to colour your eyelashes and make them look thicker a) blusher b) mascara c) make-up d) eye shadow

243

8. a jewel that hangs from a thin chain that you wear around your neck a) a stone b) jewellery c) a pendant d) a bead

9. a piece of cloth, in a square or triangular shape, that is worn around the shoulders or head, especially by women a) a shawl b) a kerchief c) a band d) a ribbon

10. a solid band of gold, silver etc that you wear loosely around your wrist as jewellery a) a chain b) a bangle c) a necklace d) a pendant

11. clothes that you wear to play sports or when you are relaxing a) sportswear b) shorts c) a suit d) a costume

12. dark glasses that you wear to protect your eyes when the sun is very bright a) glasses b) goggles c) sunglasses d) binoculars

13. a type of strong shoes that you wear for sport a) high heels b) pumps c) moccasins d) trainers

14. flat comfortable shoes made of soft leather a) high heels b) pumps c) moccasins d) trainers

15. woman’s plain shoes with no laces or buckles a) high heels b) pumps c) moccasins d) trainers

16. a type of strong cotton cloth used especially to make jeans a) cotton b) wool c) denim d) nylon

244

17. a piece of underwear without sleeves that you wear on the top half of your body a) a vest b) a coat c) a T-shirt d) a shirt

18. the part of a piece of clothing that covers all or part of your arm a) a cuff b) a sleeve c) a bracelet d) a glove

19. a piece of clothing that you wear on your hand in order to protect it or keep it warm a) a cuff b) a sleeve c) a bracelet d) a glove

20. a usually long-sleeved, collarless, oversize pullover made traditionally of heavy cotton jersey that has a fleeced backing a) a sweater b) a cardigan c) a V-neck d) a sweatshirt

21. a sweater similar to a short coat, fastened at the front with buttons or a zip a) a sweater b) a cardigan c) a V-neck d) a sweatshirt

22. the part of a shirt, coat etc that fits around your neck, and is usually folded over a) a colour b) a collar c) a shawl d) a pocket

23. a type of small bag in or on a coat, trousers etc that you can put money, keys etc in a) a colour b) a collar c) a shawl d) a pocket

24. two lines of small metal or plastic pieces that slide together to fasten a piece of clothing a) a button b) a zip c) hook and eye d) a buckle

25. small metal hook and ring used for fastening clothes a) a button b) a zip c) hook and eye d) a buckle 245

26. a flat piece of plastic or metal with a row of thin teeth on one side, used for making your hair tidy a) a brush b) a comb c) a tooth-brush d) a hair pin

27. the style in which someone’s hair is cut or shaped a) a hairdo b) a haircut c) a hairdresser d) a hairdryer

28. a piece of cloth that you wear around your neck, head, or shoulders, especially to keep warm a) a collar b) a scarf c) a shawl d) a tie

29. trousers made of denim a) pants b) shorts c) jeans d) leggings

30. a piece of clothing made of soft material that you wear on your foot inside your shoe a) a glove b) a mitten c) a sock d) a stocking

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 2. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way.

1. a thick strong cotton cloth with thin raised lines on it, used for making clothes a) wool b) velvet c) corduroy d) flannel

2. soft cloth, usually made of cotton or wool, used for making clothes a) wool b) velvet c) corduroy d) flannel

246

3. a small metal hook and ring used for fastening clothes a) button and eye b) hook and eye c) eye and hook d) eye and button

4. made of flowers or decorated with flowers or pictures of flowers a) flora b) floral c) flowering d) blossom

5. clothes which are big and do not fit tightly on your body a) tight b) baggy c) loose-fitting d) tight-fitting

6. a round cap with a tight band around the head and a soft loose top part a) hat b) cap c) beret d) helmet

7. a strong hard hat that soldiers, motorcycle riders, the police etc wear to protect their heads a) hat b) cap c) beret d) helmet

8. a thin piece of material that women wear to cover their faces at formal occasions or for religious reasons a) veil b) veal c) foil d) turban

9. a long piece of cloth that you wind tightly round your head, worn by men in parts of North Africa and Southern Asia and sometimes by women as a fashion a) veil b) veal c) foil d) turban

10. a part of a coat, jacket etc that you can pull up to cover your head a) top hat b) hood c) headscarf d) cap

247

11. a man’s tall black or grey hat, now worn only on formal occasions a) top hat b) hood c) headscarf d) cap

12. a square piece of cloth that women wear on their heads and tie under their chins a) top hat b) hood c) headscarf d) cap

13. a skirt that has a lot of flat narrow folds a) striped b) pleated c) checked d) floral

14. cloth that has a regular pattern of differently coloured squares a) striped b) pleated c) checked d) floral

15. soft leather with a slightly rough surface a) leather b) calfskin c) suede d) woolen

16. a fine cloth made with patterns of many very small holes a) lace b) velvet c) linen d) denim

17. a type of cloth that is similar to velvet but cheaper a) velvet b) velvetin c) velveteen d) velveting

18. material used for making things such as clothes a) textile b) cloth c) clothing d) clothes

`19. a type of sweater with a high, close-fitting collar that covers most of your neck a) poloneck b) V-neck c) turtleneck d) high-neck

20. influenced by the most fashionable styles and ideas a) old-fashioned b) trendy c) elegant d) modern

248

21. someone who always wears what is fashionable, even if it makes them look bad a) fashion fan b) fashion witness c) fashionista d) fashion victim

22. someone who is very interested in fashion and who likes the very newest styles a) fashion fan b) fashion witness c) fashionista d) fashion victim

23. something that you own or wear that is considered new or different, and that is intended to make other people notice you a) fashion show b) fashion statement c) fashion report d) fashion news

24. a long raised structure that models walk along in a fashion show a) catwalk b) podium c) aisle d) highland

25. a piece of women’s underwear like a thin skirt or dress that is worn under a skirt or dress a) evening dress b) skirt c) petticoat d) nightie

26. a metal object for fastening things together. The point of the pin fits into a cover so that it cannot hurt you. a) button b) safety pin c) hook and eye d) buckle

27. a large piece of heavy cloth on which coloured threads are woven to produce a picture, pattern a) clothing b) fabric c) tapestry d) thread

28. new and not yet used a) brand new b) fashionable c) modern d) stylish

249

29. someone whose job is to make plans or patterns for clothes a) tailor b) dresser c) designer d) stylist

30. something such as a bag, belt, or jewellery that you wear or carry because it is attractive a) accessory b) costume jewellery c) fashionable thing d) decoration

250

TOPIC 2. SHOES

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 slipers …………………………..………………………... 2 stileto heels ………………………………………………. 3 espadrilles ……………………………………………….. 4 mockasins ……………………………………………….. 5 loufers …………………………………………………… 6 sanduls…….………………………………….………….. 7 slingbackes…….………………………………………… 8 rolerblades ………………………………………………. 9 galloshes ..……….………………………………………. 10 footware ……..…………………………………………. 11 shooes ……..……………………………………………. 12 browgues .……….…………………...... 13 cloggs …………………………………………………. 14 lether shoes …………..…………………………………. 15 ridding boots ………..………………………………….. 16 ruber boots………………………………………………. 17 spaikes…………………..……………………………… 18 waiders …………………………………………………. 19 sneekers ……………..………………………………….. 20 jakkboots ………………………………………………..

251

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 ..…………………………………………………... 2 ……...…………………………………………………. 3 .……………………………………………………. 4 …….……………………………………………….. 5 ……..………………………………………………. 6 ….……………………….…………………………. 7 ……………………………………………………… 8 …………………………………………………… 9 …………………………………………………… 10 ………………………………………………… 11 ..…………………………………………….. 12 .………………………………………………… 13 ……………..…………………………………... 14 ………..…………………………………………… 15 ….……………………………………………….. 16 …..…………………………………………….. 17 …..…………………………………………… 18 ………………………………………………………… 19 ………………………………………………….. 20 …..………………………………………………..

252

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: flip-flops clogs shoehorn soles tie espadrilles shoes heels shoelace polish

1. I sat down and took off my leather …………… and socks. 2. David bent to tie his …………………….. . 3. Whenever she wore ……………. she was taller than the men she worked with. 4. The rain, still fresh on the grass, began to seep through the ……………… of his shoes. 5. He was wearing a faded blue shirt, an old pair of linen trousers and …………………… . 6. Edward‘s shoes are fashionable, but he needs to …………………… them a little bit. 7. There were wooden ………….. on her feet. 8. People who live in hot countries can wear ……………… all year round. 9. I cannot put on my new shoes without the aid of a ………………. . 10. Daddy, can you ……….. my left shoe?

253

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way. 1. light soft shoes that you wear at home a) toe shoes b) flip-flops c) sleepers d) slippers

2. open summer shoes, usually made of rubber, with a V-shaped band across the front to hold your feet a) toe shoes b) flip-flops c) sleepers d) slippers

3. a type of light soft shoe with a rubber sole which is used for sports a) snicker b) sneaker c) sandal d) golf shoe

4. a heelless shoe made entirely of soft leather, as deerskin, with the sole brought up and attached to a piece of U-shaped leather on top of the foot, worn by American Indians a) pumps b) slippers c) moccasins d) tennis shoes

5. woman’s shoes that have medium or high heels and no fastenings a) pumps b) slippers c) moccasins d) tennis shoes

6. woman’s shoes that have very high thin heels a) steel-toe boots b)stiletto heels c) high heels d) slides

7. a specific style of riding boots, historically worn by cowboys a) cowboys shoes b) cowboy boots c) cowboy slippers d) cowboy sneakers

8. boots which are waterproof and are most often made from rubber a) Wellington boots b) work boots c) steel-toe boots d) hiking boots

254

9. a thick strong leather shoe with a pattern in the leather a) brogues b) loafers c) ankle boots d) waders

10. high rubber boots that you wear for walking in deep water, usually when fishing a) brogues b) loafers c) ankle boots d) waders

11. a flat leather shoe that does not need to be fastened onto your foot a) brogues b) loafers c) ankle boots d) waders

12. leather shoes for girls which usually have a low heel and a single strap that fastens at the side a) sandals b) flip-flops c) Mary Janes d) open-toes shoes

13. backless, often foam rubber sandals held to the foot at the big toe by means of a thong a) sandals b) flip-flops c) Mary Janes d) zoris

14. flat sandals with thongs, usually made of straw or leather a) zoris b) clogs c) beach shoes d) straw sandals

15. leather shoes which fasten with shoelaces a) Cambridges b) Londons c) Oxfords d) Liverpools

16. white leather shoes which fasten with shoelaces and with a saddle of contrasting color, usually brown; a favorite fad of the 1940s and 1950s a) saddle shoes b) saddle boots c) leather saddle shoes d) leather saddle boots

255

17. a unisex style of sheepskin boots a) valenkis b) woolen boots c) Ugg boots d) mukluks

18. shoes made of wood with a leather top that covers the front of your foot but not your heel a) wooden shoes b) wooden boots c) clogs d) slingbacks

19. a thin piece of material, like string, that goes through holes in the front of your shoes and is used to fasten them a) belt b) ribbon c) tie d) shoelace

20. boots with a thick bottom, made of animal skin and used for walking in snow a) valenkis b) winter boots c) Ugg boots d) mukluks

21. special boots with a single row of wheels fixed under them, used for skating on hard surfaces a) rollerskates b) rollerblades c) ski boots d) skate shoes

22. rubber shoes worn over ordinary shoes when it rains or snows a) rainboots b) galoshes c) swim fins d) elevator shoes

23. woman’s shoes which cover the front part of the foot but have no material around the heel a) toe shoes b) mules c) sling-backs d) wingtip shoes

24. shoes which have no lacing, and are closed by a strap with a buckle a) monk shoes b) priest shoes c) clerk shoes d) church shoes

25. light shoes which are made of cloth and rope a) mules b) sling-backs c) espadrilles d) bowling shoes

256

26. light, heelless, leather shoes with steel spikes or rubber soles, worn for racing or running on a sports track a) sports boots b) track shoes c) sports shoes d) spikes

27. things that people wear on their feet, such as shoes or boots a) footboots b) footshoes c) footwear d) footware

28. boots worn by soldiers that cover their legs up to the knees a) jackboots b) steeveboots c) johnboots d) jerryboots

29. shoes having unusually thick soles and heels, designed to make a person appear taller than he or she actually is a) high boots b) high shoes c) elevator boots d) elevator shoes

30. moccasin-like shoes with rubber soles which provide a firm hold on the deck of a boat a) moccasins b) boat shoes c) swim fins d) galoshes

257

VOCABULARY TOPIC – FOOD

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 margarin …………………………………………………. 2 vanila …..………………………………………………... 3 coffe …………………………………………………….. 4 barbecu ………………………………………………….. 5 shelfish ………………………………………………….. 6 parsly .…………………………………………………… 7 zuccini …………………………………………………… 8 marmelade ………………………………………………. 9 galic ..………..……………………….………………….. 10 vanison …..…………………………………………….. 11 shoping list .…………………………………………….. 12 aubegine .….…………………...... 13 syrop ………..………………………………………….. 14 cabbage ….……………………………………………… 15 mayonaise ……………………………………………….. 16 seefood …………………………………………………. 17 mocaccino ……………………………………………… 18 silantro …...…………………………………………….. 19 goosebery ..…………………………………………….. 20 mackaroni ..……………………………………………..

258

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 …..………………………………………………… 2 ………………………………………………….. 3 …….…………………………………………. 4 ……………………………………………………….. 5 …………………………………………………… 6 ……….……………………………………………. 7 …….……………………………………………... 8 …………..……………………………………….. 9 ………..………………………………………….. 10 ……..………………………………………….. 11 …………………………………………………… 12 ……………………………………………….. 13 ….…………………………………………….. 14 …………..……………………………………… 15 …..…………………………………………….. 16 ……..……………………………………….. 17 ……..…………………………………………… 18 …………………………………………………… 19 …….……………………………………………. 20 ….…………………………………………...

259

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: fish and chips roast picnics spicy shepherd’s sandwich seafood dough vegetables bake ketchup crunchy breakfast barbecue

1. We had bacon and eggs for ……………………… . 2. In summer, we sometimes go on …………… together. 3. I‘ll get some burgers and ribs for the ……………. . 4. Children love ………………… breakfast cereals and they‘re full of vitamins too. 5. The tomato ………………. stained her fingers. 6. I asked him to bring me a …………… and a glass of wine. 7. Victoria Inn offers an assortment of hearty fare and ……………… dishes in a comfortable atmosphere. 8. ……………….. the chicken for three hours in a hot oven. 9. ……………… this cake at 190C for 20-25 minutes. 10. They took me to a restaurant that served …………….. pie. 11. Vitamin A is found in liver and green ………….. . 12. Get some …………………….. on your way home. 13. Cover with a cloth and leave in a warm place until ………….. doubles in size. 14. I added ginger and cumin to give the rice a …………… flavour.

260

QUIZZES VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way. 1. a plant like a small onion, used in cooking to give a strong taste a) onion b) pepper c) garlic d) nutmeg

2. the roots of this plant, used in coffee or instead of coffee a) cocoa beans b) vanilla c) chicory d) mint

3. a substance used to give a special taste to ice- cream, cakes etc, made from the beans of a tropical plant a) cocoa beans b) vanilla c) chicory d) mint

4. a large round pale yellow vegetable that grows under the ground, or the plant that produces it a) turnip b) ginger c) nutmeg d) vinegar

5. a root with a very strong hot taste, or the powder made from this root, that is used in cooking a) turnip b) ginger c) nutmeg d) vinegar

6. a large meal where a lot of people celebrate a special occasion a) feast b) banquet c) supper d) brunch

7. a formal dinner for many people on an important occasion a) feast b) banquet c) supper d) brunch

8. cold meal that you take to a park or the countryside to eat outside a) picnic b) midnight feast c) barbecue d) grill

261

9. a meal or party during which food is cooked on a metal frame over a fire and eaten outdoors a) picnic b) midnight feast c) barbecue d) grill

10. a meal eaten secretly at night by children a) picnic b) midnight feast c) barbecue d) grill

11. a large cooked breakfast consisting of bacon, eggs, toast etc a) bed and breakfast b) continental breakfast c) English breakfast d) brunch

12. the meat of a deer a) deer b) pork c) venison d) kipper

13. a small round cake made of sugar, eggs, and crushed almonds or coconut a) pies b) macaroni c) macaroons d) noodles

14. an alcoholic drink made from honey a) mead b) ale c) cider d) gin

15. a round lump of flour and fat mixed with water, cooked in boiling liquid and served with meat a) pies b) pancakes c) dumplings d) noodles

16. half a peach served with ice cream and raspberry juice a) fruit salad b) peach melba c) melba toast d) peach jelly

17. a small fairly flat sweet cake, often with fruit inside a) Danish pastry b) fudge c) toffee d) coffee

18. a sticky sweet brown substance that you can eat, made by boiling sugar, water, and butter together, or a piece of this substance a) Danish pastry b) fudge c) toffee d) coffee 262

19. a small round green fruit that grows on a bush and has a sour taste a) lemon b) lime c) gooseberry d) plum

20. to be with two people who are having a romantic relationship and who want to be alone together a) to play raspberry b) to play gooseberry c) to play strawberry d) to play plum

21. bread or cake that is no longer fresh or good to eat a) soft b) solid c) stale d) crunchy

22. a yellow sauce with a strong taste, eaten especially with meat a) chilly b) vinegar c) mustard d) custard

23. a herb with curly leaves, used in cooking or as decoration on food a) basil b) parsley c) dill d) cilantro

24. a type of powder or seed, taken from plants, that you put into food you are cooking to give it a special taste a) flour b) sugar c) space d) spice

25. an animal that lives in water, has a shell, and can be eaten as food, for example crabs, lobsters, and oysters a) seafood b) shellfish c) mussels d) molluscs

26. meat from birds such as chickens and ducks a) ham b) bacon c) mutton d) poultry

263

27. to dishonestly change official records and figures in order to steal money or give people false information a) to cook the books b) to cook the dishes c) to cook the food d) to cook something up

28. a long thin round vegetable with a dark green skin and a light green inside, usually eaten raw a) banana b) cucumber c) zucchini d) cabbage

29. a drink made of strong coffee, chocolate, and hot milk a) mochaccino b) latte c) espresso d) cuppuccino

30. a round iron plate that is used for cooking flat cakes on top of a stove or over a fire a) fryng pan b) saucepan c) wok d) griddle

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 2. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way. 1. a substance which provides your body with energy and is found in foods such as grain, rice, and potatoes, or a food that contains this substance a) salt b) starch c) baking soda d) flour

2. a powder that is made by crushing wheat or other grain and is used for making bread or cakes a) salt b) starch c) baking soda d) flour

264

3. small grains of crushed wheat, used especially in making sweet dishes a) porridge b) oatmeal c) semolina d) sago

4. a yellow powder used to give a special colour or taste to food, especially curry a) turmeric b) chilly c) sage d) thyme

5. a round soft red fruit eaten raw or cooked as a vegetable a) orange b) tangerine c) tomato d) plum

6. the meat of a young sheep a) lamb b) mutton c) meat d) poultry

7. cooked liquid food, often containing small pieces of meat, fish, or vegetables a) Irish stew b) soup c) gravy d) sauce

8. a sauce made from the juice that comes from meat as it cooks, mixed with flour and water a) Irish stew b) soup c) gravy d) sauce

9. a set of instructions for cooking a particular type of food a) receipt b) recipe c) shopping list d) check list

10. a thin flat round cake made from flour, milk, and eggs, that has been cooked in a flat pan and is eaten hot a) omelette b) bread c) roll d) pancake

11. a yellow sauce with a strong taste, eaten especially with meat a) curry b) salad dressing c) mayonnaise d) mustard

265

12. a sweet sticky liquid obtained from some kinds of maple tree which is eaten especially on pancakes a) maple jam b) maple syrup c) maple marmalade d) maple honey

13. a sweet sticky liquid made from fruit such as oranges, lemons or grapefruit, usually eaten at breakfast a) jam b) marmalade c) syrup d) honey

14. food that is not healthy, for example because it contains a lot of fat, sugar etc a) fast food b) tasty food c) junk food d) unhealthy food

15. a green vegetable that has short branch-like stems a) cabbage b) Brussels sprouts c) kohlrabi d) broccoli

16. a white Italian cheese that is often used on pizza a) feta cheese b) mozzarella c) cottage cheese d) Gouda cheese

17. a flat round piece of finely cut beef which is cooked and eaten in a bread bun a) sandwich b) burrito c) hamburger d) snack

18. a flat sea fish that is eaten a) salmon b) trout c) cod d) plaice

19. a sweet yellow sauce that is made with milk, sugar, eggs and flour a) mustard b) custard c) sour cream d) whipped cream

266

20. a sea creature with a long soft body and ten arms around its mouth a) crab b) lobster c) octopus d) squid

21. a sauce made from onions, tomatoes and chillies that you put on Spanish or Mexican food a) ketchup b) chilly c) salsa d) tabasco

22. a very spicy red sauce made from chilli peppers a) ketchup b) chilly c) salsa d) tabasco

23. a flat cake, marked with a pattern of deep squares a) pancake b) muffin c) cupcake d) waffle

24. a plant with broad leaves. It has thick red stems that can be cooked and eaten. a) dill b) parsley c) rhubarb d) beet

25. a food that consists of small white or brown grains that you boil in water until they become soft enough to eat a) sugar b) rice c) sago d) wheat

26. a German food made from cabbage that has been left in salt so that it tastes sour a) sour cabbage b) pickled cabbage c) German cabbage d) sauerkraut

27. a type of thin flat Mexican bread made from corn or wheat flour a) tortilla b) turtle c) tortoise d) pita

28. a large sweet cake, often filled and decorated with cream, fruit, chocolate etc a) fruit cake b) tart c) gateau d) Black Forest gateau

267

29. a cake made with chocolate, cherries, and cream a) fruit cake b) tart c) gateau d) Black Forest gateau

30. a dish made of small pieces of cooked meat, usually lamb, covered with cooked potato a) shepherd‘s pie b) Irish stew c) lamb casserole d) quiche Lorraine

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 3. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way.

1. a pie without a top, filled with a mixture of eggs, cheese, bacon, vegetables etc a) shepherd‘s pie b) Irish stew c) lamb casserole d) quiche Lorraine

2. a fruit with a thick green or dark purple skin that is green inside and has a large seed in the middle a) lemon b) avocado c) lime d) gooseberry

3. a vegetable with long pale green stems that you can eat cooked or uncooked a) cucumber b) salary c) celery d) parsley

4. a small round green fruit that grows on a bush and has a sour taste a) lemon b) avocado c) lime d) gooseberry

5. a small thin dry cake that is usually sweet and made for one person to eat a) cake b) pie c) pancake d) biscuit

268

6. a cooked sausage in a long piece of bread a) hot dog b) hamburger c) sandwich d) hot sausage

7. potatoes that are boiled and mashed, often with milk and butter a) boiled potatoes b) fried potatoes c) mashed potatoes d) jacket potatoes

8. a sweet-smelling brown substance used for giving a special taste to cakes and other sweet foods a) vanilla b) cinnamon c) brown sugar d) caramel

9. a small red sour fruit a) cranberry b) strawberry c) watermelon d) grape

10. a liquid mixture made from oil and vinegar, for putting on salads a) salad dress b) salad dressing c) salad cover d) salad mixture

11. a meal consisting of fish covered with batter and cooked in oil, served with long thin pieces of potato also cooked in oil a) fish curry b) chip and fish c) fish and chips d) fish and fried potato

12. a bird that looks like a large chicken and is often eaten at Christmas and at Thanksgiving a) hen b) duck c) turkey d) pigeon

269

13. a Spanish dish made with rice, pieces of meat, fish, and vegetables a) paella b) rice pudding c) rice salad d) rice and meat

14. a dish made from ice cream, fruit, sweet sauce, nuts etc a) Sunday b) sundae c) ice-cream soda d) ice-cream cone

15. a small vegetable whose red or white root is eaten raw and has a strong spicy taste a) tomato b) paper c) radish d) turnip

16. a solid yellow food made from milk or cream that you spread on bread or use in cooking a) cheese b) cottage cheese c) margarine d) butter

17. a thick liquid food that tastes slightly sour and is made from milk, or an amount of this food a) yoghurt b) cream c) milk shake d) cream tea

18. a large dark purple vegetable a) aubergine b) cucumber c) turnip d) courgette

19. a long thin round vegetable with a dark green skin and a light green inside, usually eaten raw a) aubergine b) cucumber c) turnip d) courgette

20. the upper part of a pig’s leg, or the meat from this that has been preserved with salt or smoke a) pork b) bacon c) sausage d) ham

21. salted or smoked meat from the back or sides of a pig, often served in narrow thin pieces a) pork b) bacon c) sausage d) ham

270

22. a drink made of beer mixed with lemonade a) brandy b) shandy c) sherry d) chianti

23. a pale or dark brown strong wine, originally from Spain a) brandy b) shandy c) sherry d) chianti

24. small amounts of food and drink that are provided at a meeting, sports event etc a) sandwiches b) refreshments c) snacks d) brunch

25. a type of Italian food made with flat pieces of pasta, meat, or vegetables, and cheese a) pasta with meat b) pizza c) lasagne d) ravioli

26. the meat from a cow a) pork b) veal c) beef d) poultry

27. a sweet juicy fruit that has a round base and is thinner near the top a) plum b) apple c) cherry d) pear

28. a herb with curly leaves, used in cooking or as decoration on food a) dill b) parsley c) cilantro d) basil

29. a strong-smelling and strong-tasting herb used in cooking a) dill b) parsley c) cilantro d) basil

30. a small sea animal, with a soft body that can be eaten and a black shell that is divided into two parts a) shrimp b) prown c) mussel d) mussle

271

VOCABULARY TOPIC – SHOPPING

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 butique ……….………………………………………….. 2 purchaise ………………………………………………… 3 shopkeaper ………………………………………………. 4 supemarket …….………………………………………… 5 fiting room ……...……………………………………….. 6 delivary ……..…….……………………………………... 7 shopping troley .….……………………………………… 8 tobaconist …..………….………………………………… 9 desaigner ..……..………………………………………… 10 clientel ………….……………………………………… 11 holesale ………….……………………………………… 12 compleint ……..……………………...... 13 castomer …..……………………………………………. 14 fashionabel ……………………………………………... 15 sales assisstant ..……………………………………….. 16 off lisence ……………………………………………… 17 retaile …………….……………………………………... 18 bargaine …………………………..…………………….. 19 vendour …….…………..……………………………….. 20 casheer ……….………………………………………….

272

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 …………………………...…………………….. 2 ………………………….……………………… 3 ..……..…………………………………………... 4 ……………….………………………………….. 5 ..…………..…………….……………………. 6 …………..……………………………………….. 7 …….……..………………………………………... 8 ……….……..…………………………………….. 9 …….…………………………………………….. 10 ……….….……………………………………….. 11 …………….………………………………… 12 ……………………………………………… 13 …….…….…………………………………… 14 ……..…………..…………………………….. 15 ………..…….……………………………………. 16 …………….………………………………... 17 …….…………………………………… 18 ……….……….……………………………… 19 ……………………………………….. 20 ………..…………………………………

273

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: vendors shopping go sale window purchasing do prices discount price

1. What‘s the ………………. of a pack of cigarettes nowadays? 2. The …………………. power of the local currency has halved. 3. Can you help me carry the ………………. , please? 4. We spent the morning …………… shopping at all the antique stores. 5. On Saturdays we usually …………… the shopping and clean the house. 6. Let‘s meet in town. We can have lunch and …………….. shopping. 7. The consumer is interested in high quality goods, not just low ……………………. . 8. There‘s a 30% …………………. on all electrical goods. 9. I need a new pair of shoes but I want to wait until they go on ……………… . 10. Outside the theatre, there was a row of flower ………………… .

274

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way.

1. a small shop that sells fashionable clothes or other objects a) a boutique b) a market c) a kiosk d) a stall

2. the amount of money you have to pay for something a) a price b) a fee c) a rate d) a fare

3. a list of things you need to buy when you go shopping a) a shop list b) a shopping list c) a purchase list d) a wish list

4. a very small shop on a street, that has an open window where you can buy newspapers, cigarettes, chocolate etc a) a boutique b) a market c) a kiosk d) a stall

5. someone whose job is to receive or pay out money in a shop a) a sales assistant b) a cashier c) a vendor d) a shopkeeper

6. a time when a shop sells things more cheaply than usual a) a sale b) a discount c) a special offer d) a purchase

275

7. very large shop that sells equipment and tools for repairing and decorating your home a) a supermarket b) a corner shop c) a DIY store d) a garden centre

8. the act of bringing goods or the things that are brought to a particular person or place a) a delivery b) an arrival c) a purchase d) a choice

9. an area in a shop where you can put on clothes to see how they look a) a fit room b) a dress room c) a suit room d) a fitting room

10. a group of thin and thick lines printed on products you buy in a shop, and which a computer can read. It contains information such as the price a) a bar code b) a PIN number c) a password d) a registration number

11. a large bag that you use to carry things which you have bought a) a shopping trolley b) a shopping cart c) a shopping bag d) a shopping packet

12. the main street in the middle of a town where most of the shops a) the high street b) the long road c) the back street d) the side street

13. a shop where you can buy alcoholic drinks, like beer and wine a) a tobacconist‘s b) a supermarket c) off licence d) a deli

276

14. a machine used in shops, restaurants etc for calculating the amount you have to pay, and for storing the money a) a cash register b) a cash machine c) a BTM d) a till

15. clothes made by fashionable companies a) a fashion house b) a designer label c) expensive clothes d) brand-new clothes

16. to go to one or more shops to buy things, often for enjoyment a) to do shopping b) to do the shopping c) to shop around d) to go to shop

17. the people who regularly use a particular shop, restaurant etc, or the services of a professional person a) consumers b) customers c) shoppers d) clientele

18. the part of a company or business that deals with questions, problems etc that customers have a) customer services b) customer offers c) customer offices d) a customer service

19. the business of selling goods in large quantities at low prices to other businesses, rather than to the general public a) retail b) wholesale c) discount d) sale

20. a type of product made by a particular company, that has a particular name or design a) a make b) a brand c) a model d) a type

277

21. a type of product made by a particular company, that has a particular name or design a) window-watching b) window-looking c) window-shopping d) window-choosing

22. a statement in which someone complains about something a) a complaint b) an outcry c) a protest d) an argument

23. the sale of goods in shops to customers, for their own use and not for selling to anyone else a) retail b) wholesale c) discount d) sale

24. a large metal basket on wheels that you push around when you are shopping in a supermarket a) a shopping trolley b) a shopping cart c) a shopping bag d) a shopping tray

25. something you buy cheaply or for less than its usual price a) a purchase b) a bargain c) a sale d) a discount

26. a reduction in the usual price of something a) a sale b) a discount c) a special offer d) a purchase

27. a large shop that sells a wide range of things, especially food, cleaning materials, and other things that people buy regularly a) a supermarket b) a corner shop c) a DIY store d) a garden centre

278

28. a table or a small shop with an open front, especially outdoors, where goods are sold a) a boutique b) a market c) a kiosk d) a stall

29. a small flat case, often made of leather, that you carry in your pocket, for holding paper money, bank cards etc a) a bag b) a suitcase c) a wallet d) a packet

30. someone who sells things to people in the street a) a sales assistant b) a cashier c) a vendor d) a shopkeeper

279

VOCABULARY TOPIC – TRAVELLING

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 backpaker …….………………………………………….. 2 depature ……….………………………………………… 3 sovenir …………………………………………………... 4 luggadge …….….……………………………………….. 5 ecotuorism ……...………..……………………………… 6 holliday .……..…….…………………………………….. 7 flight attandant …….…………………………………….. 8 accomodation .………….………………………………... 9 sceduled flight …………………………………………... 10 take-of ………..………………………………………… 11 recreasion .……………………………………………… 12 packadge holiday .………………………………………. 13 curency ……..…………………………………………... 14 hitchhaike………………………………………………. 15 jet-seter ….……….……………………………………... 16 voyadge ………..……………………………………….. 17 runaway ……..…….……………………………………. 18 railway carriadge ……………………………………….. 19 redeie flight…….……………………………………….. 20 sightseing ……………………………………………….

280

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 ………………………………………………….. 2 ….……………………………………………... 3 ……..……………………………………………... 4 …………….………………………………………. 5 ………………..……………………………. 6 ………..…………………………………………... 7 ………..………………………………………… 8 ..………..………………………………………… 9 …………………………………………………. 10 …….……………………………………………… 11 ……………….……………………………. 12 …………………………………………………. 13 …..….……………………………………….. 14 ..…………..………………………………… 15 .…..….……………………………………….. 16 ..……….…………………………………….. 17 ……….………………………………………... 18 .………….…………………………………... 19 ..……..…………………………………………. 20 ………..…………………………………………..

281

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: tour guide camp journey tourism voyage flights travel agent vacation book visas destination cruise 1. The country depends on ………….. for much of its income. 2. According to our ……………, Gibraltar is the largest fortress in the world. 3. Check with your ………….. for the best rates. 4. We had an awful …………… ‒ there was heavy snow and the car broke down. 5. In those days, the …………. to Australia was long and dangerous. 6. All …………. to Tokyo were delayed because of bad weather. 7. Phuket is an international tourist ……………. 430 miles south of Bangkok. 8. The seven-day …………… stops at Cabo San Lucas, Puerto Vallarta and other Mexican resorts. 9. A girls‘ basketball ………….. is being organized by the City Recreation Department. 10. To get tickets, you have to …………… in advance. 11. We‘re hoping to take a ………. at the end of July. 12. Please remember that some holidays require …….. , which may take several weeks to obtain.

282

QUIZZES VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way.

1. a rich and fashionable person who travels a lot a) a commuter b) a jet-setter c) a tourist d) a backpacker

2. someone who travels independently to a lot of different areas, carrying their clothes etc in a special bag on their back a) a commuter b) a jet-setter c) a tourist d) a backpacker

3. a company that arranges hotel rooms, plane tickets etc for people who want to travel a) a travel agency b) a travel agent c) a travelling salesman d) a travel bureau

4. a long and difficult journey, for example over mountains or through forests, especially when you are walking a) a trip b) a trek c) a voyage d) a crossing

5. a short journey in a boat or ship from one side of a lake, river, or sea to the other a) a trip b) a trek c) a voyage d) a crossing

6. a special cheque for a fixed amount that can be exchanged for the money of a foreign country a) foreign currency b) cash c) a traveller‘s cheque d) a receipt

283

7. the small bags that you carry with you when you are travelling on a plane a) hand luggage b) a tavel-bag c) a rucksack d) a suitcase

8. a long journey in a boat or ship a) a trip b) a trek c) a voyage d) a crossing

9. to travel by standing by the side of the road asking people in cars to stop and take you to the place you want to go a) to go on foot b) to hitchhike c) to jog d) to walk

10. a ticket, especially for a plane journey, that is stored in a computer and is not given to you in the form of paper a) electronic ticketing b) an E-ticket c) a season ticket d) a plane ticket

11. the place where you leave an airport building to get on a plane a) a fence b) a corridor c) a runway d) a gate

12. a place where you report your arrival at an airport a) a check-in desk b) a departures board c) an information centre d) a departure lounge

13. a place where a lot of people go for a holiday, especially one that has a lot of things specially provided for tourists such as hotels, swimming pools, organized activities etc a) a resort b) a tourist destination c) a holiday home d) a timeshare

284

14. a holiday home that you buy with other people, so that each person can spend a period of time there a) a resort b) a tourist destination c) a holiday home d) a timeshare

15. a place that a lot of tourists go to, but where hotels, food, gifts etc are more expensive than they should be, and that is often not as pleasant or interesting as tourists expect a) a tourist trap b) a holiday camp c) a tourist attraction d) a tourist destination

16. the business of organizing holidays to natural areas, especially areas that are far away such as the rain forest, where people can visit and learn about the area in a way that will not hurt the environment a) health tourism b) adventure tourism c) ecotourism d) spa tourism

17. a holiday in which you pay for travel, accommodation and food in advance a) a package holiday b) a holiday destination c) beach tourism d) a tourist destination

18. the place at an airport where people wait until their plane is ready to leave a) a check-in desk b) a departures board c) an information centre d) a departure lounge

19. a room in a hotel that contains two single beds a) a double room b) a single room c) a twin room d) a suite

285

20. the place where your passport is checked when you leave or enter a country a) the Immigration and Naturalization Service b) passport control c) a registry office d) a departure lounge

21. alcohol or cigarettes that you can bring into a country without having to pay tax on them a) duty-free b) souvenirs c) free alcoholic drinks d) a present

22. a place where trains stop for passengers to get on and off a) a railway b) a train stop c) a coach station d) a railway station

23. an object that you buy and keep to remind yourself of a special place you have visited a) duty-free b) a souvenir c) free alcoholic drinks d) a present

24. large flat rubber shoes that you wear to help you swim faster a) slippers b) flip-flops c) flippers d) fins

25. the place at an airport where you collect your cases and bags after a flight a) a left luggage office b) a luggage rack c) baggage reclaim d) hand luggage

26. a railway carriage with beds for passengers to sleep in a) a sleeping car b) a sleeping bag c) a body bag d) a sleeping compartment

286

27. a large warm bag that you sleep in, especially when camping a) a sleeping car b) a sleeping bag c) a body bag d) a sleeping compartment

28. relating to a holiday in which you stay in a place where you can cook your own food a) self-catering accommodation b) rented accommodation c) temporary accommodation d) a boarding house

29. a list of the times at which buses, trains, planes etc arrive and leave a) a departures board b) arrivals c) a timetable d) arrival time

30. someone who serves food and drinks to passengers on a plane, and looks after their comfort and safety a) a pilot b) a flight attendant c) a waiter d) a flight crew

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 2. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way.

1. a special bag or box containing bandages and medicines to treat people who are injured or become ill suddenly a) a first aid kit b) a medical kit c) first aid d) hospital treatment

287

2. a small official document that you get from your government, that proves who you are, and which you need in order to leave your country and enter other countries a) a pass ticket b) an entrance ticket c) a birth certificate d) a passport

3. a long and carefully organized journey, especially to a dangerous or unfamiliar place a) a tour b) an expedition c) a ride d) a drive

4. a large boat with a sail, used for pleasure or sport, especially one that has a place where you can sleep a) a yacht b) a houseboat c) a ship d) a ferry

5. the time when a plane leaves the ground and begins to fly a) landing b) take-off c) levitation d) hover

6. a large park with many special machines that you can ride on, such as roller coasters and merry-go- rounds a) a ball park b) a national park c) a trailer park d) an amusement park

7. a journey in a plane that continues all night a) a charter flight b) a redeye flight c) a scheduled flight d) a through flight

8. a boat that carries people or goods across a river or a narrow area of water a) a yacht b) a houseboat c) a ship d) a ferry

288

9. an official mark put on your passport that gives you permission to temporarily enter or leave a foreign country a) a transit visa b) a visa c) a Visa card d) a residence visa

10. when you visit famous or interesting places, especially as tourists a) sightseeing b) an excursion c) a trip d) a tour

11. a building where important cultural, historical, or scientific objects are kept and shown to the public a) a gallery b) a museum c) an exhibition d) a show

12. a holiday, or time spent not working a) a break b) time off c) a vocation d) a vacation

13. a small hotel especially an old one in the countryside a) an inn b) a motel c) a guesthouse d) a hostel

14. activities that you do to help you rest and stop thinking or worrying about your work, study etc a) rest b) a break c) relaxation d) recreation

15. an area of sand at the edge of the sea a) the coast b) the shore c) a beach d) the seaside

289

16. brown skin that someone with pale skin gets after they have spent time in the sun a) sunburn b) a suntan c) nigrescence d) yellowish complexion

17. cream or oil that you rub into your skin to stop the sun from burning you too much a) suntan lotion b) suntan ointment c) sun cream d) suntan gel

18. a place where you can buy and eat a meal a) a restaurant b) a snack bar c) a cafeteria d) a delicatessen

19. activities, especially physical activities and games, that you do to enjoy yourself a) rest b) a break c) relaxation d) recreation

20. the land along the edge of the sea or along the edge of a lake a) the coast b) the shore c) a beach d) the seaside

21. a structure that has been built and filled with water for people to swim in a) a lake b) a bath c) a swimming pool d) a pond

22. the system or type of money that a country uses a) cash b) currency c) change d) money

23. the place at a port, airport or border where travelers’ bags are looked at to find out if any goods are being carried illegally a) customs b) baggage reclaim c) a check-in desk d) a departure lounge

290

24. a place where you can buy train or bus tickets a) a booking office b) an information desk c) a ticket agency d) a box office

25. a bed on a train for a passenger to sleep in a) a slipper b) a double bed c) a carriage d) a sleeper

26. one of the parts of a train where passengers sit a) a slipper b) a double bed c) a carriage d) a sleeper

27. a piece of clothing like shorts, worn by men and boys for swimming a) swimming trunks b) pants c) overalls d) underpants

28. a small area of fresh water that is smaller than a lake, that is either natural or artificially made a) a lake b) a bath c) a swimming pool d) a pond

29. the part of a country that is close to the sea a) the coast b) the shore c) a beach d) the seaside

30. a large ship with restaurants, bars etc that people have holidays on a) a catamaran b) a cruise ship c) a sailing boat d) a powerboat

291

VOCABULARY TOPIC – SEASONS AND WEATHER

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 forcast ……..…………………………………………….. 2 sendstorm .………………………………………………. 3 huricane …………………………………………………. 4 cycklone .…….………………………………………….. 5 snowflacke ..…..…………………………………………. 6 termometer ……..…….………………………………….. 7 drizle ………….………………………………………… 8 thanderstorm …….….………………………………….. 9 earthquaike …..………………………………………….. 10 precipitasion ..………………………………………….. 11 frostbaite ……………………………………………….. 12 equinoxs ……………………..…..……………………... 13 horizont ….………………………………………..……. 14 antisyclone .…………………………………………….. 15 pudle …...…….…………………………………………. 16 umbrela ……..…………………………………………... 17 barometre ……….……………………………………… 18 typfoon ..………………………………………………... 19 icycle ……….………………………………………….. 20 meteorolodgist…………………………………………..

292

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 …………………………………………….. 2 ……………………………………………………… 3 ……….…..………………………………………… 4 ……………….………………………………... 5 ..………………..……………………………….. 6 ….………………………………………………… 7 ……..………………………………………. 8 ………..…………………………………… 9 ….………………………………………………. 10 …..…….………………………………………. 11 …………….……………………………….. 12 …………………………………………………… 13 …………….…………………………………… 14 …..……………..……………………………. 15 …..……….…………………………………… 16 …….………….………………………………... 17 ……………..……………………………………. 18 ……..………….………………...... 19 …..…..……..…………………………………….. 20 …………..……………………………………….

293

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: climatic global warming meteorological deforestation tornado lightning endangered species forecast acid rain drought 1. A severe …………….… has caused most of the corn crop to fail. 2. The weather …………….. predicted blizzards for Scotland. 3. A ……….. destroyed twelve homes in Ashport, Tennessee yesterday. 4. There was a great summer storm, with thunder and …………. and heavy rain. 5. Typical symptoms of ………….. include deformed and dying trees, and trees with vastly reduced numbers of leaves. 6. Scientists estimate that ……………… could cause a six degree rise in temperatures by 2100. 7. The land is severely eroded as a result of widespread ………….. and intensive farming. 8. Environmentalists say that the area includes the habitats of at least 20 ………………….. . 9. ……….. reports are fed into a computer, which helps scientists make accurate predictions about the weather. 10. ………….. changes are caused by the increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

294

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way. 1. frozen rain drops which fall as hard balls of ice a) rain b) snow c) hail d) ice

2. light rain which consists of very small drops of water a) drizzle b) shower c) sleet d) slush

3. a description of what the weather is expected to be like in the near future a) the weather conditions b) the weather predictions c) the weather forecast d) the weather prophecy

4. one of the main periods into which a year is divided, which each have a particular type of weather a) a month b) a season c) a week d) a day

5. a long period of dry weather when there is not enough water for plants and animals to live a) a heat wave b) the heat c) a sandstorm d) a drought

6. a mixture of snow and rain a) drizzle b) shower c) sleet d) slush

7. a large curve of different colours that can appear in the sky when there is both sun and rain a) a rain gauge b) a rainbow c) lightning d) thunder

295

8. a period of several days or weeks when the weather is much colder than usual a) freezing cold b) a snowstorm c) a cold spell d) snowfall

9. the season, from about April to October, when it rains a lot in India and other southern Asian countries a) a monsoon b) a typhoon c) a hurricane d) a tropical storm

10. a storm that has very strong fast winds and that moves over water a) a cyclone b) a tornado c) a typhoon d) a hurricane

11. the season between summer and winter, when leaves change colour and the weather becomes cooler a) summer b) autumn c) winter d) spring

12. a storm with a lot of snow and strong winds a) a blizzard b) a thunderstorm c) sleet d) frost

13. the gradual warming of the air surrounding the Earth as a result of heat being trapped by pollution a) global warming b) greenhouse effect c) temperatures soar d) temperature

14. cloudy air near the ground which is difficult to see through a) low visibility b) haze c) fire d) fog

296

15. a very large amount of water that covers an area that is usually dry a) flood b) heavy rain c) a tsunami d) a tidal wave

16. the typical weather conditions in a particular area a) weather b) weather conditions c) climate d) environment

17. rain that is harmful to trees and buildings because it contains pollution from factories, power stations etc a) heavy rain b) a shower c) acid rain d) pollution

18. a small soft flat piece of frozen water that falls as snow a) a drop b) a snowflake c) a hailstone d) an icicle

19. Use … to talk about the weather or the air when it is slightly wet and makes you feel uncomfortable. a) moist b) damp c) humid d) wet

20. the air, water, and land on Earth, which can be harmed by man’s activities a) weather b) weather conditions c) climate d) environment

21. a very large ocean wave that flows over the land and destroys things a) flood b) heavy rain c) a tsunami d) a tidal wave

297

22. an instrument that measures changes in the air pressure and the weather, or that calculates height above sea level a) a thermometer b) a barometer c) the Richter scale d) Fahrenheit

23. a period of warm weather in autumn a) Chinese autumn b) Indian summer c) summer vacation d) Indian autumn

24. an object that you use to protect yourself against rain or hot sun. It consists of a circular folding frame covered in cloth. a) an umbrella b) a tent c) a hat d) a raincoat

25. a very large wave, caused by extreme conditions such as an earthquake, which can cause a lot of damage when it reaches land a) flood b) heavy rain c) a tsunami d) a tidal wave

26. a long thin pointed piece of ice hanging from a roof or other surface a) a drop b) a snowflake c) a hailstone d) an icicle

27. the season after autumn and before spring, when the weather is coldest a) winter b) autumn c) summer d) spring

28. a piece of equipment that measures the temperature of the air a) a thermometer b) a barometer c) the Richter scale d) Fahrenheit

298

29. smoke, dust, or mist in the air which is difficult to see through a) low visibility b) haze c) fire d) fog

30. a measure of how hot or cold a place or thing is a) global warming b) greenhouse effect c) temperatures soar d) temperature

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 2. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way.

1. The scale that measures the strength of tornadoes based upon wind speed. a) the Richter scale b) the Fahrenheit scale c) the Fujita Scale d) the Celsius scale

2. General name for water in any form falling from clouds. a) precipitation b) rain c) snow d) sleet

3. A scientist who studies and predicts the weather. a) an astronomer b) a weather broadcaster b) a meteorologist d) an astrologer

4. a light wind that blows from the sea onto the land a) a sea breeze b) sea wind c) light wind d) balmy air

299

5. a skin condition caused by over exposure to the cold (typically reddish skin with white spots) a) frostburn b) frostbite c) snowbite d) sunburn

6. raining heavily a) raining cats and frogs b) raining dogs and frogs c) raining cats and mice d) raining cats and dogs

7. the damaging rays from the sun a) UV rays b) X-rays c) cosmic rays d) Ray-Ban

8. dark eyewear that protects you from the sun a) distance glasses b) sunglasses c) goggles d) field glasses

9. It results from extreme blizzard conditions in which blowing snow or falling snow reduces visibility so that the sky, air, and ground becomes indistinguishable. Everything appears white and can be extremely dangerous for drivers. a) snow-white b) whiter-than-white c) lily-white d) whiteout

10. measurement for temperature a) kilos b) degrees c) metres d) centimetres

300

11. one of the two times in a year when night and day are of equal length a) mid-spring b) a long day c) a short night d) an equinox

12. when the sky is clear and has no clouds in it a) cloudless b) cloudy c) overcast d) fair

13. very cold weather, when water freezes a) frost b) snow c) ice d) sleet

14. the sun that you can see in the middle of the night in summer in the far north or south of the world a) the midnight sun b) the new moon c) the full moon d) the half moon

15. We sat … , eating ice cream. a) on the sun b) under the sun c) in the sun d) below the sun

16. whatever happens or whatever the weather is like a) Don‘t worry. We‘ll go there – rain or shine. b) Don‘t worry. We‘ll be there – shine or rain. c) Don‘t worry. We‘ll be there – thunder or lightning. d) Don‘t worry. We‘ll be there – lightning or thunder.

17. cold with snow or rain, and typical of the weather you often have in winter a) wintry b) frosty c) nippy d) chilly

301

18. used to say that there is something good even in a situation that seems very sad or difficult a) every cloud has a golden lining b) every cloud has a silver lining c) every cloud has a white lining d) every cloud has a purple lining

19. lightning that appears as a white line in the sky a) a bolt of lightning b) an arrow of lightning c) a spear of lightning d) a screw of lightning

20. a small pool of liquid, especially rain water a) a pond b) a pool c) a drop d) a puddle

21. something that might spoil a happy situation a) cloud on the horizon b) lightning on the horizon c) thunder in the sky d) a storm in a teacup

22. very cold, when everything is covered in a thin white layer of ice, and the sky is often bright and clear a) wintry b) frosty c) nippy d) chilly

23. the moon when it first appears in the sky as a thin crescent a) the midnight sun b) the new moon c) the full moon d) the half moon

24. an object in space like a bright ball with a long tail, that moves around the sun a) a star b) a meteor c) a comet d) an asteroid

302

25. a lot of meteors that fall down towards the Earth at the same time a) morning stars b) a meteor show c) night stars d) a meteor shower

26. the small drops of water that form on outdoor surfaces during the night a) moisture b) mist c) dew d) rain

27. light that cannot be seen by people, but is responsible for making your skin darker when you are in the sun a) visible b) ultraviolet c) invisible d) electromagnetic

28. the shape of the moon when only half of it is showing a) the midnight sun b) the new moon c) the full moon d) the half moon

29. an area of high air pressure that causes calm weather in the place it is moving over a) a cyclone b) an anticyclone c) a hurricane d) a tornado

30. If the sky is … , it is very dark, and there will probably be rain. a) cloudless b) foggy c) overcast d) fair

303

VOCABULARY TOPIC – NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 enviroment ……………………………………………….. 2 naturallist ………………………………………………... 3 deforestasion …..………………………………………… 4 polution …….……………………………………………. 5 greenhouse efect ……...…………………………………. 6 waterfal …...………..…….……………………………… 7 greenary ……………….…….. …….…………………… 8 leakege …….……..……………….…….………….…… 9 mamal ………………..……………………………..…… 10 hebitat ……………………………….………………… 11 vegetasion ………………………..…………………….. 12 accid rain ……………………………………...... 13 conservasion area ….…………………………………… 14 savvana ………………………………………………… 15 earthquiake ……….……………………..……………… 16 reneweble ……………..………………………………... 17 endengered ……………….…………………………….. 18 recicling …………..………..…………………………… 19 spescies …………...….…………………………………. 20 exctinct …………………………………………………

304

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 ………………………………………………….. 2 ….………………………………………………… 3 .……..……………………………………………… 4 …………….…………………………….. 5 ………………..……………………………….. 6 ………..…………………………………… 7 ………..………………………………….. 8 ………..………………………………………. 9 ………………………………………………… 10 …….…………………………………….. 11 ……………….………………………. 12 ………………………………………………. 13 ……….……………………………………. 14 …..……………..……………………………… 15 ………….……………………...... 16 …………….…………………...... 17 …….……………………………………….. 18 ………….……………..………...... 19 ………..………………………..………………. 20 ………..……………………………………...

305

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: renewable ecosystem environmentally friendly recycling conservation wildlife environment earthquake habitats organic

1. The organization was set up to protect …………….. across Europe. 2. Some of these chemicals are very damaging to the ……………….. . 3. An ………………. measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale struck southern California on June 28. 4. The rainforest is a self-supporting ……………... . 5. Suburban gardens can provide …………….. for many forms of wildlife. 6. …………………. is important to help protect our environment. 7. Many shoppers will buy ………………….. washing powders even if they are slightly more expensive. 8. The flower now exists only in a small ……………….. area in Essex. 9. Several farmers in the county have moved to ……………… farming recently. 10. The ―green‖ housing community uses …………………. energy sources such as solar power.

306

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way. 1. everything in the physical world that is not controlled by humans, such as wild plants and animals, earth and rocks, and the weather a) forest b) wildlife c) nature d) habitat

2. animals and plants growing in natural conditions a) organisms b) living things c) game d) wildlife

3. the study of plants, animals, and minerals a) natural story b) natural history c) biology d) ecology

4. someone who studies plants or animals a) biologist b) ecologist c) naturalist d) environmentalist

5. the process of making air, water and soil dangerously dirty and not suitable for people to use a) pollution b) acid rain c) global warming d) climate change

6. changes in the weather across large areas of the world caused by damage to the natural environment a) pollution b) acid rain c) global warming d) climate change

7. the cutting or burning down of all the trees in an area a) deforestation b) wildfire c) firewood d) forest fire

307

8. a place where water from a river or stream falls down over a cliff or rock a) rainfall b) waterfall c) water jump d) leakage

9. plants in general a) flora b) greenery c) vegetation d) forests

10. the large flat areas of land in the north where it is very cold and there are no trees a) prairies b) steppe c) desert d) tundra

11. a field in which rice is grown in water a) meadow b) paddy field c) valley d) farmland

12. all the plants that grow in a particular place or country a) flora b) greenery c) vegetation d) forests

13. the gradual warming of the air surrounding the Earth as a result of heat being trapped by pollution a) global warming b) climatic changes c) drought d) greenhouse effect

14. all the animals living in a particular area or period in history a) fauna b) game c) wildlife d) endangered species

15. a type of animal that drinks milk from its mother’s body when it is young a) carnivores b) omnivores c) mammals d) herbivores

308

16. wide open areas of fairly flat land in North America which is covered in grass or wheat a) prairies b) steppe c) desert d) tundra

17. land which is protected by a government because of its natural beauty or historical or scientific interest, and which people can visit a) conservation area b) national park c) natural habitat d) zoo

18. when waste made of materials such as paper, metal, glass, and plastic is not thrown away, but is put through a special process so that it can be used again a) recycling b) disposal c) removal d) processing

19. an animal that eats both meat and plants a) carnivores b) omnivores c) mammals c) herbivores

20. The insectivore is … . a) an animal that eats flesh b) an animal that only eats plants c) an animal that eats both meat and plants d) a creature that eats insects for food

21. a type of tree that has long thin branches and grows near water a) oak b) willow c) chestnut d) pine

22. a large flat area of grassy land, especially in Africa a) desert b) steppe c) savanna d) prairie

309

23. a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by a company, household, or individual through day-to-day activities over a given period a) carbon fingerprint b) carbon fingermark c) carbon tiptoe d) carbon footprint

24. someone who belongs to or supports a political party which thinks the protection of the environment is very important a) yellow b) pink d) green c) purple

25. people who actively campaign for the protection and rights of animals a) poachers b) animal rights activists c) animal lovers d) animal trainers

26. the whole universe, especially when you think of it as a system a) world b) earth c) the cosmos d) environment

27. a sudden shaking of the earth’s surface that often causes a lot of damage a) storm b) earthquake c) explosion d) active volcano

28. all the animals and plants in a particular area, and the way in which they are related to each other and to their environment a) the environment b) the ecosystem c) habitat d) food chain

29. forms of energy, fuel and materials that can be replaced naturally, so that they are never completely used up a) recycling b) organic c) renewable d) eco-friendly

310

30 . a type of animal or plant that might soon stop existing because of damage to the environment it lives in or because too many of them have been killed by humans a) dangerous species b) endangered species c) extinct species d) native species

311

VOCABULARY TOPIC – EDUCATION

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 pladgiarism …………………………………………….. 2 proffesor ………………………………………………… 3 distanse learning ………………………………………… 4 curiculum ……...……….……………………………….. 5 journnal ……….....………………………………………. 6 revaise …….…..…….…………………………………… 7 univerсity …….…….……………………………………. 8 progector ……..………….………………………………. 9 skilfullness ..……..………………………………………. 10 assignment ……………..………………………………. 11 knowlege …………….…………………………………. 12 iliteracy ………………………………...... 13 scholaship .….………………………………………….. 14 disipline ..……………………………………………….. 15 qualificasion …….……………………………………… 16 examinasion .…..……………………………………….. 17 whitebourd .……….……………………………………. 18 certificaite .……………………………………………… 19 studant ….….………………………………………….... 20 sylabus …..………………………………………………

312

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 ………….…………………………………….. 2 .……….…………………………………… 3 ……..…….…………………………………… 4 …….………….………………………………… 5 …..……………..……………………………….. 6 ……..…………………………………… 7 …..……..………………………………………. 8 …..……..……………………………………. 9 ………………………………………………. 10 …………...………………………………………. 11 ..……………….………………………………… 12 …..……………………………………. 13 …………..….…………………………………….. 14 ………..….………..…………………………….. 15 .…….…………………………………….. 16 ……………….………………………………….. 17 …….…..….……………………………………... 18 …..….……….……………………………….. 19 ………..……………………………………… 20 …………………………………………..

313

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: thesis postgraduate education university syllabus scholarships education literacy grant professor plagiarism research

1. My parents wanted me to get a good ………….. . 2. She wants to go to ………………. to study biology. 3. She got a degree in history last year, and now she's doing a …………………….. course. 4. More women than ever are going on to higher …………….. . 5. Cuba has one of the highest ………………… rates in the world. 6. The journal accused the professor of ………………… . 7. She‘s a ………………. of history at Oxford University. 8. Academics can usually get time off teaching to do their own ……………… . 9. The summer term was very short and the teacher didn‘t manage to cover the whole ………………… . 10. The company has a small number of college ………………….. to offer to employees‘ children. 11. Without a student ………………. , I'd never even have gone into higher education. 12. He wrote his doctoral …………… on contemporary British literature.

314

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way.

1. an educational institution at the highest level, where you study for a degree a) a school b) a college c) a university d) higher education

2. the process of teaching and learning, usually at school, college, or university a) teaching b) education c) training d) tuition

3. a long talk on a particular subject that someone gives to a group of people, especially to students in a university a) a speech b) a lecture c) a seminar d) a tutorial

4. someone from a university, college, or professional institution who tests students’ knowledge or ability a) an examiner b) a teacher c) a professor d) a lecturer

5. a collection of individual pieces of work, not necessarily written a) a composition b) an essay c) a project d) a portfolio

6. an organization of parents and teachers that tries to help and improve a particular school a) PTA b) ATP c) TPA d) APT

7. the state of being able to read and write a) numeracy b) literacy c) illiteracy d) skilfulness

315

8. to study very hard just before an examination, especially because you do not know enough a) to study b) to revise c) to cram d) to swot

9. an idea, phrase, or story that has been copied from another person’s work, without stating where it came from a) cheating b) plagiarism c) deception d) imitation

10. a method of study that involves working at home and sending your work to your teacher a) programmed learning b) distance learning c) special needs education d) rote-learning

11. a university teacher ‒ used in Britain to mean a teacher of the highest rank, and in the US to mean any university teacher who has a higher degree such as a PhD a) a professor b) a lecturer c) a tutor d) an academic

12. money that the government gives to someone to help them pay for their education a) a grant b) a scholarship c) a fee d) a fare

13. a long piece of written work done by college students in the US, that is the most important piece of work in their course a) a term paper b) a thesis c) an assignment d) an essay

316

14. the range of subjects that has been officially chosen to be taught at a school or at all schools in a country a) a course b) a syllabus c) a curriculum d) a subject

15. like an assignment, but emphasis on student’s own material and topic a) a composition b) an essay c) a project d) a portfolio

16. a piece of electrical equipment used when giving a talk, which shows words or pictures on a wall or large screen so that many people can see them a) an overhead projector b) a whiteboard c) a computer d) a screen

17. a serious magazine which publishes articles on specialised subjects written by university academics a) an academic magazine b) an academic journal c) an academic leaflet d) an academic brochure

18. comments from the teacher a) conversation b) discussion c) feedback d) saying

19. the person in charge of certain colleges and schools a) a dean b) a rector c) a professor d) director

317

20. a file for holding papers, in which metal rings go through the edges of the pages, holding them in place a) a ring binder b) a folder c) a document case d) a spiral notebook

21. to read books, notes etc in order to prepare for an examination that you are going to take a) to study b) to revise c) to cram d) to swot

22. education for children who cannot learn in the normal way, because they have some disability a) programmed learning b) distance learning c) special needs education d) rote-learning

23. the ability to do calculations and understand simple mathematics a) numeracy b) literacy c) illiteracy d) skilfulness

24. a plan that states exactly what should be taught to students who are studying a subject, especially a list of what they may be tested on in their examinations a) a course b) a syllabus c) a curriculum d) a subject

25. a long piece of writing about a particular subject that you do as part of an advanced university degree such as an MA or a PhD a) a term paper b) a thesis c) an assignment d) an essay

318

26. an amount of money that is given to someone by an educational organization to help pay for their education a) a grant b) a scholarship c) a fee d) a fare

27. a course of study at a university or college, or the qualification that is given to you when you have successfully completed the course a) a degree b) qualifications c) a diploma d) a certificate

28. someone from a university, college, or professional institution who tests students’ knowledge or ability a) a professor b) a lecturer c) a tutor d) an academic

29. a long talk on a particular subject that someone gives to a group of people, especially to students in a university a) a speech b) a lecture c) a seminar d) a tutorial

30. teaching given privately to one person or a small group in a particular subject a) teaching b) education c) training d) tuition

319

VOCABULARY TOPIC – WORK

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 tumbtack ………………………………………………… 2 unemployd ……..………………………………………... 3 retiremant ……………………………………………….. 4 filing cabinet …….……………………………………….. 5 freelence ……...…………………………………………. 6 headhanter .…..…….……………………………………. 7 salery ……………..……………………………………… 8 cubecle ……..………….………………………………… 9 promosion ………..……………………………………… 10 apliccation ……………………………………………… 11 redandancy ……………………………………………... 12 confidensial …………………………...... 13 downsaizing .…………………………………………… 14 nettworking ..…………………………………………… 15 ocuppation ……….…………………………………….. 16 resignaition .…..………………………………………… 17 human resourses ….…………………………………….. 18 apointment ……………………………………………… 19 emploeey .…….………………………………………… 20 trainey ……………..…………………………………….

320

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 ………………………………………………….. 2 ……………………………………………….. 3 ………..………………………………………….. 4 …………….………………………………….. 5 ………………..………………………………… 6 .……..………………………………………. 7 ..……..……………………………………….. 8 .……..…………………………………….. 9 ……..…………………………………………….. 10 ….……………………………………….. 11 ………….……….…………………………. 12 ………….………………………………….. 13 .…….…………………………………….. 14 ………..………..……………………………… 15 ..…….…………………………………….. 16 .……….………………………………….. 17 …………….…………………………………….. 18 ……..……….………………………………… 19 ……………..………………………………………. 20 ...…………………………………………

321

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: vocation work retirement dole interview occupation resignation freelance full-time job career unemployed

1. Please write your name, address, and ………………….. in the spaces below. 2. Daniel starts his new …………… on Monday. 3. I usually start …………….. each day around 9 am and finish about 6 pm. 4. He was quite young when he decided he had a religious ………………… . 5. The scandal destroyed his …………… as a politician. 6. She works ……………….. and has two kids. 7. He has an ……………….. next Thursday for a job on the Los Angeles Times. 8. Ann lost his job, and the family had to go on the …………... . 9. Fifty per cent of the men in this town are ………………….. . 10. Karen stayed at home while the children were small, and made a little money from …………….. writing. 11. How much do I need to save for a comfortable ………………….? 12. The Foreign Minister officially handed in his ……………… on December 20th.

322

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way.

1. a movement of highly skilled or professional people from their own country to a country where they can earn more money a) the brain drain b) migration c) commute d) freelance

2. part of a business person’s contract which states that they will be paid a large amount of money if they lose their job, for example if the company is sold a) golden glider b) golden parachute c) golden helicopter d) golden wings

3. the practice of meeting other people involved in the same kind of work, to share information, support each other etc a) socializing b) wireless networking c) networking d) meeting

4. someone who finds it easy to talk to people they do not know a) good mixer b) chatter-box c) talkative d) chatty

5. If a day is very busy or full of activity it is …. . a) half-day b) hectic c) name day d) red-letter day

6. A container on your desk for work and letters that need to be dealt with is called … . a) a box b) in tray c) an organizer d) out tray

323

7. A box on an office desk where you put work and letters which are ready to be posted or put away is called … . a) a box b) in tray c) an organizer d) out tray

8. If documents are … they are written in secret and intended to be kept secret.

a) important b) confidential c) well-prepared d) adhesive

9. …. is a piece of office furniture with drawers for storing letters, reports etc. a) a shelf b) a filing cabinet c) a storeroom d) a PDA

10. … is a very small light computer that you can carry with you, and that you use to store information such as telephone numbers, addresses, and appointments. a) a shelf b) a filing cabinet c) a storeroom d) a PDA

11. People often use …. for fixing notices on walls. a) thumbtacks b) paperclips c) adapters d) cubicles

12. A.... is a telephone call in which several people in different places can all talk to each other. a) presentation b) conference hall c) e-mail d) reminder

13. A letter saying that someone is suitable for a new job is ... . a) an application form b) a cover letter c) a reference d) a job offer

324

14. ... is pay a woman receives when she stops working to have a baby. a) Basic pay b) Take-home pay c) Maternity pay d) Vacation pay

15. An amount of money that you pay to do something or that you pay to a professional person for their work is … . a) a fee b) pay c) a fare d) a salary

16. Your … is the type of work that you do or hope to do for most of your life. a) occupation b) job c) career d) position

17. … is when you officially announce that you have decided to leave your job or an organization. a) resignation b) retirement c) promotion d) job application

18. A formal meeting at which someone is asked questions in order to find out whether they are suitable for a job is … . a) an interrogation b) an interview c) a conversation d) a questionnaire

19. A … is someone who does not have a job and is looking for one. a) job-finder b) headhunter c) job seeker d) unemployed

20. the department in a company that deals with employing, training, and helping people a) people b) employees c) human resources d) labor force

325

21. a standard of what you should wear for a particular situation a) strict clothes b) dress code c) fashionable clothes d) pin-striped suit

22. to stop working, usually because you have reached a certain age a) leave b) resign c) quit d) retire

23. a move to a more important job or position in a company or organization a) resignation b) retirement c) promotion d) job application

24. an organization, usually in a particular trade or profession, that represents workers, especially in meetings with employers a) trade union b) profession union c) career union d) working group

25. money that you receive as payment from the organization you work for, usually paid to you every month a) pay b) wage c) income d) salary

26. low-paid jobs done mainly by women, for example in offices and restaurants a) white-color jobs b) blue-color jobs c) pink-color jobs d) green-color jobs

27. operated or done by hand or without the help of electricity or computers a) low-paid b) manual c) handy d) practical

326

28. someone who is learning a skill while working in a company or organization a) student b) beginner c) learner d) trainee

29. a situation in which someone has to leave their job, and is usually paid some money to do so, because they are no longer needed by their company a) resignation b) redundancy c) vacation d) downsizing

30. working independently for different companies rather than being employed by one particular company a) self-employed b) freelance c) individualist d) unemployed

327

VOCABULARY TOPIC – HEALTH AND MEDICINE

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 therepy ……….…………………………………………. 2 indegestion .……………………………………………… 3 diarhoea ..………………………………………………... 4 dantist ….…….…………………………………………. 5 skalpel ……...……………………………………………. 6 stratcher ……..…….…………………………………….. 7 pharmasist ..…….……………………………………….. 8 acuppuncture ……..………….………………………….. 9 hepataitis ………..……………………………………….. 10 aromaterapy ……………………………………………. 11 antibiotick ………………………………………………. 12 painkiler ……..….…………………...... 13 anasthetic ….…..……………………………………….. 14 stetoscope .……………………………………………… 15 toothaiche ….….……………………………………….. 16 ambulanse .…..…………………………………………. 17 vacsine ………….………………………………………. 18 paitient ..………………………………………………… 19 diagnnosis…..…………………………………………… 20 pnevmonia ………………………………………………

328

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 ……………..…………………………………….. 2 ………………………………………………… 3 ..……..………………………………………… 4 ……………….………………………………… 5 ………………..……………………………….. 6 ………..…………………………………….. 7 …....……………………………………… 8 ……..………..…………………………………… 9 …………………………………………….. 10 ……….…………………………………….. 11 …………….………………………………. 12 ..………………………………………….. 13 ………….………………………………….. 14 ………………..…………………………… 15 .………….…………………………………... 16 ….…………….……………………………….. 17 …………….………………………………….. 18 ………….……………………………. 19 ………………..………………………………….. 20 ……………..…………………………………….

329

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: disease GP health virus cure vaccinated wounded unhealthy infection heal

1. All children should be ……………… against measles. 2. It took three months for my arm to …………. properly. 3. It is possible that in the near future we will be able to …………. AIDS. 4. The most common symptoms of the …………….. are a high temperature and spots all over the body. 5. It is estimated that over thirty million people are now infected with the ……………….. . 6. If you don‘t clean the wound properly you could get an …………………. . 7. The type of vitamin needed depends on the state of …………….. of the individual. 8. An ………………. diet is one that is too high in fat and sugar and too low in fibre. 9. If your ……………. can‘t help you he will refer you to a specialist. 10. There are over 300 refugees in the camp, many of them ………………. .

330

QUIZZES VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way. 1. the treatment and study of illnesses and injuries a) theraphy b) medicine c) an operation d) treatment

2. an instrument for taking blood from someone’s body or putting liquid, drugs etc into it, consisting of a hollow plastic tube and a needle a) a syringe b) a spray c) a medical container d) a pump

3. a sign that someone has an illness or that a serious problem exists a) a sign b) evidence c) a symptom d) a problem

4. someone whose job is to treat people’s teeth a) a doctor b) a dentist b) an orthodontist d) a surgeon

5. an infectious illness which makes your neck swell and become painful a) mumps b) flu c) chicken pox d) virus

6. an infectious disease that spreads very quickly among birds and can sometimes kill them. People can also catch the disease. a) chicken pox b) chicken flu c) chicken virus d) fatal illness

7. a serious illness that affects your lungs and makes it difficult for you to breathe a) pneumonia b) AIDS c) allergy d) indigestion

331

8. a sudden sharp pain which makes your body or part of your body shake uncontrollably for a short time a) pain b) ache c) aches and pains d) a spasm

9. a common illness that makes you feel very tired and weak, gives you a sore throat, and makes you cough and have to clear your nose a lot a) mumps b) flu c) chicken pox d) virus

10. an illness in which waste from the bowels is watery and comes out often a) diarrhoea b) indigestion c) food poisoning d) a stomach ache

11. an injury caused by a weapon such as a knife, gun, or bomb a) a blotch b) a bruise c) a wound d) a sprain

12. an arrangement with a company in which you pay them money, especially regularly, and they pay the costs if something bad happens, for example if you become ill a) health insurance b) life insurance c) illness insurance d) insurance policy

13. a permanent mark that is left on your skin after you have had a cut or wound a) a pimple b) a scar c) a freckle d) a dimple

14. a narrow piece of cloth that you tie around a wound or around a part of the body that has been injured a) a plaster b) gauze c) cotton wool d) a bandage

332

15. a photograph of part of someone’s body to see if anything is wrong a) an X-ray b) a body photo c) a print d) an ultraviolet ray

16. someone whose job is to look after people who are ill or injured, usually in a hospital a) a doctor b) a surgeon c) a nurse d) a patient

17. the part of a hospital that people are taken to when they are hurt in an accident or suddenly become ill a) casualty b) a ward c) a unit d) an outpatient department

18. a small solid piece of medicine that you swallow whole a) medicine b) a pill c) a grain d) a dose

19. a medical condition in which you become ill or in which your skin becomes red and painful because you have eaten or touched a particular substance a) pneumonia b) AIDS c) allergy d) indigestion

20. a rubber container full of hot water, used to make a bed warm a) a heater b) a feeding-bottle c) a hot-water bottle d) a medical container

21. a large room in a hospital or a part of a hospital where a group of patients with similar medical conditions have their beds a) casualty b) a ward c) a unit d) an outpatient department

333

22. a soft mass of cotton that you use especially for cleaning and protecting wounds a) a plaster b) gauze c) cotton wool d) a bandage

23. a soft cream that you rub into your skin, especially as a medical treatment a) cream b) vaseline c) ointment d) lotion

24. an illness that people catch very easily from each other but that is not very serious a) a disease b) a bug c) a virus d) an illness

25. a small, very sharp knife that is used by doctors in operations a) a pocket knife b) a paper knife c) a scalpel d) a razor blade

26. a purple or brown mark on your skin that you get because you have fallen, been hit etc a) a blotch b) a bruise c) a wound d) a sprain

27. a sudden serious medical condition in which someone’s heart stops working normally, causing them great pain a) a heart attack b) a heart disease c) a bleeding heart d) a panic attack

28. a very serious disease that stops your body from defending itself against infections, and usually causes death a) pneumonia b) AIDS c) allergy d) indigestion

334

29. simple medical treatment that is given as soon as possible to someone who is injured or who suddenly becomes ill a) first aid b) operation c) treatment d) examination

30. a health problem that you are suffering from which makes you feel ill a) a disease b) a bug c) a virus d) an illness

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 2. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way.

1. a type of bed used for carrying someone who is too injured or ill to walk a) a hammock b) a stretcher c) a lath d) a crutch

2. someone whose job is to prepare medicines in a shop or hospital a) a doctor b) a pharmacist c) a physician d) a consultant

3. someone who is receiving medical treatment from a doctor or in a hospital a) a doctor b) a surgeon c) a nurse d) a patient

4. a substance which contains a weak form of the bacteria or virus that causes a disease and is used to protect people from that disease a) vaccine b) acupuncture c) therapy d) treatment

5. a treatment for pain and disease that involves pushing special needles into parts of the body a) vaccine b) acupuncture c) therapy d) treatment

335

6. someone who gives their blood to be used in the medical treatment of other people a) a blood donor b) a blood sponsor c) a benefactor d) a philanthropist

7. a low wide container used as a toilet by someone who is too ill to get out of bed a) a toilet bag b) a toilet roll c) a spittoon d) a bedpan

8. one of a pair of long sticks that you put under your arms to help you walk when you have hurt your leg a) a hammock b) a stretcher c) a lath d) a crutch

9. a piece of equipment that measures the temperature of the air, of your body a) a thermometer b) a barometer c) a chronometer d) a tonometer

10. a treatment that uses massage with pleasant smelling natural oils to reduce pain and make you feel well a) chiropractic b) herbal medicine c) aromatherapy d) homeopathy

11. a disease of the liver that causes fever and makes your skin yellow a) hepatitis b) cholera c) typhoid d) appendicitis

12. a serious infectious disease that affects many parts of your body, especially your lungs a) cough b) tuberculosis c) bronchitis d) pneumonia

13. a special vehicle that is used to take people who are ill or injured to hospital a) a taxi b) a helicopter c) an ambulance d) a stretcher

336

14. a serious disease in which there is too much sugar in your blood a) high levels of cholesterol b) indigestion c) food poisoning d) diabetes

15. a very serious disease in which cells in one part of the body start to grow in a way that is not normal a) AIDS b) cancer c) heart attack d) sore throat

16. the state of being ill a) disease b) complaint c) sickness d) disorder

17. any of various instruments for measuring pressure or tension a) a thermometer b) a barometer c) a chronometer d) a tonometer

18. a drug that is used to kill bacteria and cure infections a) aspirin b) antibiotic c) painkiller d) anaesthetic

19. a chair with wheels, used by people who cannot walk a) an armchair b) an easy chair c) a wheelchair d) a wing chair

20. an instrument that a doctor uses to listen to your heart or breathing a) a stethoscope b) a tonometer c) a glucometer d) an inhaler

21. a piece of cloth tied around your neck to support an injured arm or hand a) a plaster cast b) a sling c) a bandage d) a crutch

337

22. a pain in a tooth a) toothpain b) toothspasm c) toothache d) toothsore

23. a medical condition, like a bad cold that is caused by breathing in pollen a) hay fever b) yellow fever c) spring fever d) scarlet fever

24. a portable tool a person can use to measure and monitor his blood sugar, or glucose levels a) a stethoscope b) a tonometer c) a glucometer d) an inhaler

25. the treatment of physical problems by pressing on and moving the bones in someone's back and joints a) chiropractic b) herbal medicine c) aromatherapy d) homeopathy

26. a medicine that reduces pain, inflammation, and fever a) aspirin b) antibiotic c) painkiller d) anaesthetic

27. a medical condition that causes difficulties in breathing a) asthma b) allergy c) sneeze d) pneumonia

28. an illness which affects your bronchial tubes and makes you cough a) cough b) tuberculosis c) bronchitis d) pneumonia

29. a serious infectious disease that is caused by dirty food or drink a) hepatitis b) cholera c) typhoid d) appendicitis

30. a system of medicine in which a disease is treated by giving extremely small amounts of a substance that causes the disease a) chiropractic b) herbal medicine c) aromatherapy d) homeopathy

338

VOCABULARY TOPIC – THE MEDIA

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 broudsheet ……………………………………………… 2 broshure ……..….……………………………………….. 3 sittcom …….…………………………………………….. 4 press releese …….……………………………………….. 5 anouncement …….………………………………………. 6 corespondent ……...……………………………………... 7 documentery …….………………………………………. 8 critikue ……..………….………………………………... 9 newflash ………..…….………………………………….. 10 subscreption ……………………………………………. 11 coverege ..………………………………………………. 12 prospectes …………………………...... 13 freedom of speetch ….………………………………….. 14 advertisemant ……………..……………………………. 15 censour ……….………………………………………… 16 goust writer …………...………………………………... 17 annualy …………….…….……………………………... 18 sattelite television ………………………………………. 19 foreword ………….….…………………………………. 20 informasion ……………..………………………………

339

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 …………………………………………….. 2 .……………………………………………... 3 ……..……………………………………….. 4 ………..……….……………………………….. 5 …………..……………………………… 6 ………..……………………………………. 7 ..………..…………………………………….. 8 ……………..…………………………………. 9 ………………….……………………………. 10 ………..….…………………………………….. 11 ………..………….………………………………. 12 ………..……………………………………….. 13 ….…….………………………………….. 14 ………..………..…………………………... 15 …………….…………………………………. 16 ….………….………………………………. 17 ………….…………………………………. 18 ……………..…….……………………………. 19 ………..…………………………………. 20 …………………….…………………..

340

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: documentary television circulation newspaper glossy media news shows tabloids censorship satellite comic 1. The judge is worried that comments in the ……………. might affect the result of the trial. 2. She claimed that she had had an affair with a very famous film star, and sold her story to the ………… . 3. I always buy a daily ………………… . 4. A local film crew is making a ………………….. about volcanoes. 5. ―Who Wants to Be A Millionaire?‖ is one of the most successful game …………… ever. 6. This broadcast comes live via ……………. from London. 7. Any films that are shown here have to pass government …………………… . 8. Cosmopolitan is the original ………………. for young women. 9. …………….. brings events like the Olympic games into millions of homes. 10. Like all …………… writers, Shaw was fascinated by the gap between appearance and reality. 11. I was listening to the …………… this morning, but I didn‘t catch what they said about it. 12. The newspaper has a daily ………….. of 50,000.

341

QUIZZES

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way. 1. facts or details that tell you something about a situation, person, event etc a) data b) information c) facts d) details

2. a group of news reporters working at the place where something important is happening a) a press agency b) a press corps c) a press corpse d) a press-gang

3. someone who owns and controls one or more important national newspapers a) a press agent b) a media tycoon c) a press baron d) a pop star

4. a newspaper that has small pages, a lot of photographs, and stories mainly about sex, famous people etc rather than serious news a) a broadsheet b) a tabloid newspaper c) the gutter press d) the press

5. an amusing programme in which there is a different story each week about the same group of people a) a programme b) a show c) a sitcom d) a soap opera

6. television programmes that are broadcast in the early part of the morning a) morning television b) breakfast television c) reality TV d) a newsflash

342

7. a magaine, usually for children or teenagers, with lots of picture stories a) a journal b) a comic c) a brochure d) a colour supplement

8. someone who writes articles, especially about a particular subject, that appear regularly in a newspaper or magazine a) an editor b) a hack c) a columnist d) a correspondent

9. someone gives advice to readers about their personal problems in a newspaper or magazine a) a guru b) an adviser c) an agony aunt d) a consultant

10. the business of producing books, magazines, or newspapers that are designed to be read using a computer a) the Internet-publishing b) e-publishing c) desktop publishing d) nanopublishing

11. an article in a newspaper or magazine that judges a book, television programme, film etc a) a review b) a write-up c) a critic d) a critique

12. a piece of writing in a newspaper that gives the editor’s opinion about something, rather than reporting facts a) the front page b) editorship c) an editorial d) the first column

343

13. an official statement giving information to the newspapers, radio, or television a) a press conference b) a press release c) an official statement d) an official announcement

14. newspapers printed on large sheets of paper, especially serious newspapers that people respect a) a broadsheet b) a tabloid newspaper c) the gutter press d) the press

15. a film or television or a radio programme that gives detailed information about a particular subject a) the news b) a docusoap c) a documentary d) an infomercial

16. television channel that makes people pay for each programme they watch a) cable television b) satellite television c) digital television d) pay-per-view television

17. the most recent changes in an important situation a) news b) the latest c) developments d) scandal

18. If people want to keep up to date with current … around the world, they should read the papers more often. a) accounts b) news c) affairs d) issues

19. a magazine for women printed on shiny paper, that has lots of photographs of fashionable clothes, and advertisements for beauty products a) a glossy magazine b) a glamorous magazine c) a fashion magazine d) the media

344

20. Unfortunately, the newspapers and television stations don’t give much … to the conflict. a) cover b) covering c) coverage d) scoop

21. the legal right to say what you want, choose your own religion etc a) freedom of movement b) freedom of speech c) freedom of information d) freedom of choice

22. someone whose job is to read the news on the television, radio etc a) a reporter b) a journalist c) a correspondent d) a newsreader

23. newspapers that have an extremely low standard of reporting a) a broadsheet b) a tabloid newspaper c) the gutter press d) the press

24. when someone writes or prints untrue statements about someone so that other people could have a bad opinion of them a) libel b) slander c) rumour d) hearsay

25. someone whose job is to examine books, films, letters etc and remove anything considered to be offensive, morally harmful, or politically dangerous a) censure b) a publisher c) a censor d) a sensor

26. a detailed explanation of the problems of something such as a set of political ideas, in the form of a speech, book, article etc a) a review b) a write-up c) a critic d) a critique

345

27. a television or radio story about a group of people and their lives, which is broadcast regularly for many years a) a programme b) a show c) a sitcom d) a soap opera

28. newspapers and the people who write for them a) a broadsheet b) a tabloid newspaper c) the media d) the press

29. a piece of electronic equipment which you use to listen to programmes that are broadcast, such as music and news a) television b) cinema c) radio d) theatre

30. all the people and organizations that provide information and news for the public, including television, radio, and newspapers a) journalists b) mixed media c) new media d) the mass media

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 2. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way. 1. person, typically a woman, who writes an advice column a) adviser b) columnist c) agony aunt d) journalist

2. a sheet of paper with an advertisement on it, given to you in the street or pushed through your door a) flyer b) high flyer c) junk mail d) poster

3. a piece of news that is so important that it is broadcast immediately, often in the middle of another programme a) news b) the news c) lead story d) newsflash 346

4. produced or happening four times a year a) daily b) monthly c) annually d) quarterly

5. a regular article in a newspaper or magazine about the behaviour and private lives of famous people a) advice column b) news column c) secret column d) gossip column

6. an organization that collects news stories and supplies them to newspapers, radio, and television a) news agency b) information bureau c) information centre d) news organization

7. people who write reports for newspapers, radio, or television a) the mass media b) information bureau c) the press d) the news

8. a period of time when news about a particular event is not allowed to be reported a) time bomb b) news blackout c) cooling-off period d) free period

9. a small book that advertises a school, college, new business etc a) leaflet b) pamphlet c) prospectus d) flyer

10. an amount of money you pay, usually once a year, to receive copies of a newspaper or magazine a) description b) subscription c) payment d) receipt

11. a paper cover of a book, which you can remove a) dust jacket b) wrapper c) covering d) lid

12. published once a year a) daily b) monthly c) annually d) quarterly 347

13. someone who is paid to write a book or story for another person, who then says it is their own work a) ghost writer b) black writer c) unknown novelist d) another person‘s novel

14. the work of arranging the writing and pictures for a magazine, small book etc, using a computer and special software a) nano-publishing b) desktop publishing c) computer publishing d) publishing trade

15. a short piece of writing at the beginning of a book that introduces the book or its writer a) introduction b) prologue c) foreword d) lead-in

16. an exact copy of an old or valuable piece of writing, that is done on the same kind of paper or material it was originally written or printed on a) photocopy b) imitation c) facsimile d) backup copy

17. a web page that is made up of information about a particular subject, in which the newest information is always at the top of the page a) blog b) website c) dotcom d) online

18. the profession of reporting or photographing or editing news stories for one of the media a) broadcasting b) newspapering c) journalism d) interviewing

19. the sending and receiving of messages by telephone, radio, television etc a) telecommunication b) telecommunications c) electronic mail d) broadcasting

20. a short clever phrase used in an advertisement a) billboard b) slogan c) ad d) commercial

348

21. a freelance photographer who pursues celebrities trying to take candid photographs of them to sell to newspapers or magazines a) paparazzo b) paparazzi c) cameraman d) press photographer

22. a newspaper that has small pages, a lot of photographs, and stories mainly about sex, famous people etc rather than serious news a) broadsheet b) tabloid c) the press d) the media

23. a magazine, especially one about a serious or technical subject a) periodical b) glossy magazine c) volume d) diary

24. the process of sending out electronic signals, messages etc, using radio, television, or other similar equipment a) telecommunication b) e-mailing c) transmission d) posting

25. a radio or television program in which you hear ordinary people expressing opinions or asking questions over the telephone a) talk show b) teleconference c) news conference d) phone-in

26. someone who has become a legend while still alive a) celebrity b) star c) living legend d) big name

27. the number of people who buy and read a particular newspaper or magazine a) circulation b) readers c) readership d) audience

349

28. someone who introduces music videos on television a) commentator b) veejay c) host d) deejay

29. the main person who reads the news on a television news programme a) commentator b) anchor c) newsreader d) presenter

30. books, games or television programmes that are designed to help you to learn something a) instructive b) learning c) educational d) academic

350

VOCABULARY TOPIC – COMPUTERS AND THE INTERNET

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 ciberwidow ……….….………….……………………... 2 webbmaster ………….………………………………….. 3 flopy disk ………….…………………………………….. 4 Xerox mashine ……..……………………………………. 5 mulimedia ……...... ……………………………………... 6 homepaige……….…….…………………………………. 7 attachmant …….……..…………………………………... 8 computer geak ....………….……………………………... 9 scaner ………..…………………………………………... 10 electronic eqquipment ………………………………….. 11 messadge ……………………………………………….. 12 apllication ………………………………...... 13 websait ………...……………………………………….. 14 servise provider ………………………………………… 15 hiperlink …………….………………………………….. 16 electronnic …….…..……………………………………. 17 tecnical service ……….………………………………… 18 computting …….……………………………………….. 19 discusion group ……..………………………………….. 20 computer vyrus .…..…………………………………….

351

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 …………………………………………….. 2 ……..…………………………………………… 3 ……....………………………………………… 4 ……..……….………………………………… 5 …………………..……………………………….. 6 …………..……………………………………… 7 ..……..……………………………………….. 8 .……..…………………………………….. 9 .………………………………………………. 10 …………….……………………………………… 11 …………….……………………………….. 12 ………….………………………………………... 13 ……….…………………………………... 14 ɪlekˈtrɔnɪk …………………..…………………………... 15 …….…….……….…………………………….. 16 ….………….……………………………….. 17 ……………..……………………………………. 18 ……..…….……………………………….. 19 ………….…..…………………………………….. 20 …….……………………………………….

352

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: internet website spam software hardware attachment link computer home multimedia application hackers

1. …………… broke into the Pentagon‘s security system last night. 2. You can find all kinds of information on the ……… . 3. The ………………. allows you to take a virtual tour of the art gallery. 4. You need special …………….. to view the information in the file. 5. The company has spent millions of dollars replacing outdated computer ………………… . 6. I can‘t get the program to work on my ……………. . 7. The virtual tour includes ………………. displays demonstrating how the market works. 8. I‘m sending the document as an ……………. . Please let me know if you have trouble reading it. 9. I was getting so much ………… mail that I changed my email address. 10. We need to ensure that the …………… software on both the PC and the Macintosh produces compatible files. 11. You can reach all the other pages on a website from its ………… page. 12. For more info, click on this ………… .

353

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way. 1. the wife of a man who spends a lot of time working or playing on his computer a) a cyberwife b) a cyberwidow c) a cyberfan d) a gamer wife

2. the system that allows millions of computer users around the world to exchange information a) the net b) the web c) a spiderweb d) a web browser

3. the system that allows people to send messages and documents to each other by computer, or a message or file that has been sent using this system a) snailmail b) email c) spam d) airmail

4. a piece of electronic equipment that allows information from one computer to be sent along telephone wires to another computer a) software b) the Internet c) a modem d) a web site

5. a group of computers that are connected to each other, and are able to exchange information and messages a) a network b) a workstation c) the web d) a computer industry

6. a set of instructions secretly put into a computer, usually spread through emails, which can destroy information stored on the computer a) spam b) a computer virus c) a bug d) email

354

7. someone who is in charge of a website a) a web designer b) a webmaster c) a help desk d) a system analyst

8. a square piece of plastic that you can store computer information on, and which you can remove from and put into a computer a) a hard disk b) a memory bank c) a memory card d) a floppy disk

9. a piece of computer equipment that allows written or printed information to be taken onto a computer and stored there a) a printer b) USB c) a scanner d) a floppy disk

10. a discussion group on the Internet, with a place where people with a shared interest can exchange messages a) a chat forum b) a newsgroup c) a group forum d) a newsroom

11. a computer system that allows millions of computer users around the world to exchange information a) Internet b) Intranet c) Extranet d) Email

12. a computer program that finds information on the Internet and shows it on your computer screen a) a web site b) an Internet service provider c) a Web browser d) a web page

13. the first place you go to on a website a) a web page b) a homepage c) hyperlink d) a chat room

355

14. all the information that you can see in one part of a website a) a website b) an Internet service provider c) a Web browser d) a webpage

15. a small object connected to a computer by a wire, which you move with your hand to give instructions to the computer a) a rat b) a hamster c) a mouse d) a guinea pig

16. the sets of programs that tell a computer what to do a) hardware b) software c) interactive software d) multimedia

17. a machine which is connected to a computer and can make a printed record of computer information a) a scanner b) a printer c) a Xerox machine d) a Xerox

18. a document or file that is sent with an email message a) an attachment b) an application c) a computer program d) an email

19. If you spend time looking at websites for fun you … . a) go through the Net b) browse through the Net c) surf the Net d) trawl through the Net

20. on websites, a list of questions that users often ask about the website, and answers to them a) a question master b) FAQ c) Any Questions d) 20 Questions 356

21. software which is easy to use, understand, or operate a) easy software b) simple software c) user-friendly software d) environmentaly-friendly software

22. a company that provides the technical services that allow people to use the Internet, usually in exchange for a monthly payment a) Internet Service Provider b) airtime provider c) application service provider d) pay-as-you-go Internet service

23. an office which has a large amount of computer equipment holding all the software and information for websites a) a server field b) a server farm c) a server garden d) a server park

24. someone whose job is to write computer programs a) a programmer b) a computer geek c) a developer d) a webmaster

25. a CD on which large quantities of information can be stored to be used by a computer a) CD-RW b) a CD player c) CD-R d) CD-ROM

26. to remove a piece of information from one place in a computer program or document and put it in a different place instead a) to drag b) to cut and paste c) to scroll d) to hack into

27. someone who illegally breaks into a computer system in order to steal information or stop the system from working properly a) a computer geek b) a hijacker c) a nutcracker d) a hacker 357

28. a method of reading books and other material on the Internet, and paying only for what you read a) pay-per-view b) pay-per-read c) pay-as-you-go d) pre-pay

29. software allows the person using it to affect what happens on the computer screen a) application b) file c) interactive d) multimedia

30. a place on the Internet where you can find information about a particular company, organization, or person a) a web site b) an Internet service provider c) a Web browser d) a web page

358

VOCABULARY TOPIC – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 explorasion ………………………………………………. 2 inovation ..……………………………………………….. 3 innvention ……………………………………………….. 4 postgreduate …….……………………………………….. 5 originater ……...…………………………………………. 6 breakthrugh .…….……………………………………….. 7 experimant …….………………………………………… 8 acheevement .……….…………………………………… 9 genetically enginiered ………..………………………….. 10 purpouse ……………..………………………………… 11 confference …………………………………………….. 12 pioner ……………………………...... 13 brainchilde ..……………………………………………. 14 apparratus .……………………………………………… 15 hypothisis ..….………………………………………….. 16 laboratry .…..…………………………………………… 17 pateint ………….……………………………………….. 18 equipmant ………………………………………………. 19 tecnology .….…………………………………………… 20 sience ……………………………………………………

359

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 …………………………………………………. 2 .…………………………………………….. 3 ………..………………………………………….. 4 .………….………………………………….. 5 …………..…………………………………. 6 .……..………………………………………… 7 ...………………………………………… 8 ………..……………………………………… 9 .……………………………………………… 10 …….………………………………………... 11 ..…………….…………………………………. 12 ..…………………………………………….. 13 ………….……………………………………... 14 ……………..……………………………… 15 ……….……………………………………... 16 .………….…………………………………... 17 ………….……………………………………… 18 .……….…………………………………. 19 ……….…..……………………………………….. 20 ……..…………………………………………

360

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: research brainchild discovery conference technology hypothesis breakthrough know-how revolutionary experiment studies theory

1. Recent ……………….. have shown that women find it harder than men to give up smoking. 2. More …………….. is needed into the ways in which this virus is spread. 3. There have been major new developments in satellite …………….. . 4. David was in Boston attending a ……………… on the environment. 5. No other company had the technical ……………….. to deal with the disaster. 6. An important ………………. was made by Mendel in the mid-nineteenth century. 7. The results of our ……………… confirmed this hypothesis. 8. This ………….. helps to explain how animals communicate with each other. 9. Einstein‘s ………………. theories made people look at the universe in a completely new way. 10. The new computer system is the …………………. of our systems manager. 11. The researcher sets up experiments to test the ……………… . 12. There has been an important ……………… in the search for safe nuclear energy.

361

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way.

1. the study of people in society a) natural science b) information science c) social science d) domestic science

2. something that a particular person invented, especially something such as an idea, method, or system a) invention b) creation c) innovation d) brainchild

3. when you try to find out more about something by discussing it, thinking about it etc a) observation b) exploration c) declaration d) perception

4. a fact or thing that someone finds out about, when it was not known about before a) discovery b) opening c) finding d) invention

20. a scientific test to find out how something is affected when you do something to it a) a trial b) a pilot c) an experiment d) research

21. the study of technology related to the transfer of information a) voice technology b) information technology c) computer technology d) modern technology

362

22. a piece of work that is done to find out more about a particular subject or problem, and usually includes a written report a) examination b) analysis c) study d) check

23. someone who is studying at a university to get a PhD a) an aspirant b) a postgraduate c) an undergraduate d) a scholar

24. a plant or other living thing whose genes have been changed by scientists, especially in order to make it less likely to get diseases or be harmed by insects a) a clone b) a genetically engineered organism c) a biological organism d) a genetically modified organism

25. an important discovery or achievement, especially one that happens suddenly after people have been trying for a long time a) success b) achievement c) breakthrough d) progress

26. the person who first invented something, especially an idea a) an inventor b) a creator c) an originator d) the father of something

27. a change, discovery, or invention that brings progress a) progress b) an advance c) a milestone d) a stepping stone

363

28. someone’s idea of how something is done, or how it should be done a) a theory b) a hypothesis c) a notion d) a concept

29. a long piece of writing about a particular subject that you do as part of an advanced university degree such as a PhD a) a project b) a term paper c) a thesis d) an essay

30. an organized event, especially one that continues for several days, at which a lot of scientists meet to discuss a particular subject and hear speeches about it a) a meeting b) a conference c) a summit d) a gathering

31. practical knowledge about how to do something a) expertise b) know-how c) attainments d) skills

32. an area where there are a lot of companies or organizations that do scientific work a) a science garden b) a science lab c) a science museum d) a science park

33. a small glass container that is shaped like a tube and is used in chemistry a) a chemical container b) a test tube c) a test glass d) a test pipe

34. someone who is important in the early development of something, and whose work or ideas are later developed by other people a) a scientist b) a techie c) a pioneer d) a developer

364

35. tools and machines used especially for scientific and technical purposes a) equipment b) gear c) apparatus d) stuff

36. the reason you do or plan something, and the thing you want to achieve when you do it a) a goal b) an aim c) a target d) a purpose

37. the tools, machines, clothes etc that you need to do a particular job or activity a) equipment b) gear c) apparatus d) stuff

38. an idea that is based on very few facts and that you cannot be sure is right a) a theory b) a hypothesis c) a notion d) a concept

39. a special room or building in which a scientist does tests or prepares substances a) premises b) a testing ground c) a laboratory d) a control room

40. an animal or plant produced by scientists from one cell of another animal or plant, so that they are exactly the same a) a copy b) a replica c) a model d) a clone

41. the science of changing the genetic structure of an animal, plant, or human, usually to make them stronger or healthier a) chemical engineering b) genetic engineering c) reverse engineering d) scientific engineering

365

42. a special document that gives you the right to make or sell a new invention or product that no one else is allowed to copy a) licence b) patent c) license d) agreement

43. the study or use of electronic processes for gathering and storing information and making it available using computers a) ET b) CD c) IT d) BT

44. something new that is being used for the first time, or a new way of doing something a) invention b) creation c) innovation d) brainchild

45. the science of collecting, arranging, storing, and sending out information a) natural science b) information science c) social science d) domestic science

366

VOCABULARY TOPIC – POLITICS AND BUREAUCRACY

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 bureucracy ……….……………………………………… 2 monarcky ……………………………………………….. 3 ledgislation ……………………………………………… 4 certifikate …..….………………………………………… 5 aliance ………...…………………………………………. 6 federasion ……..….……………………………………... 7 polititian …..…….………………………………………. 8 refferendum …..……….………………………………… 9 redgime ………..………………………………………… 10 democrasy ……………………………………………… 11 dictatership ……………………………………………... 12 independance ………….……………...... 13 pasport ….………………………………………………. 14 polititian ………………………………………………... 15 liberalizm ..…….……………………………………….. 16 refugea ………..………………………………………... 17 imigration …..…….…………………………………….. 18 goverment ….…………………………………………… 19 autorities …...….……………………………………….. 20 electoraite ..………….…………………………………..

367

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 ……...……………………………………….. 2 ...………………………………………… 3 ..…..………………………………………… 4 …….….……….………………………………... 5 .….………..……………………………….. 6 ………..……………………………………… 7 …..………………………………………. 8 ………..…………………………………… 9 …..……………………………………………. 10 ….…..….………………………………………. 11 ..…………….………………………………... 12 ………………………………………………. 13 …..……….……………………………………. 14 ………………..…………………………….. 15 .….…………………………………… 16 …..………….………………………………… 17 ……….…………………………………… 18 …………………..……………………………… 19 ………..…………….…………………………. 20 ………..……….…………………………

368

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: monarchy tyranny passport government democracy independence totalitarian bureaucracy sovereign political electorate regime

1. She began her ………………. career as a city councillor. 2. In 1974, ……………… returned to Greece after seven years of military rule. 3. Many people in Britain think the country no longer needs a ……………… . 4. All people entering the country will need a valid ………………………. . 5. Neither party had the majority necessary to form a …………………. . 6. The military ……………… refused to recognize the elections. 7. A majority of the ………………….. oppose the law. 8. Lithuania was the first of the Soviet republics to declare ……………………… . 9. It was a number of years before Canada was accepted by the world as a ………………. state. 10. A …………….. state must maintain complete control of the press. 11. Any political system that refuses to allow people to protest becomes a ………………. . 12. We need less …………………. in the school system ‒ teachers should be allowed to make more decisions.

369

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way. 1. a complicated official system which is annoying or confusing because it has a lot of rules or processes a) legislation b) codex c) bureaucracy d) rules and regulations

2. a situation or system in which everyone is equal and has the right to vote, make decisions etc a) republic b) democracy c) monarchy d) communism

3. the people who govern a country, state, or local area, and who make all the important decisions about taxes, laws, relationships with other countries a) the state b) the authorities c) regime d) government

4. a group of states that have joined together to form a single group a) association b) federation c) republic d) alliance

5. a small official document that you get from your government, that proves who you are, and which you need in order to leave your country and enter other countries a) birth certificate b) ID card c) driving licence d) passport

370

6. the group of people elected to make laws in the US, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives a) parliament b) Senate c) Congress d) Houses of Parliament

7. a set of basic laws and principles that a country or organization is governed by a) constitution b) legislation c) criminal code d) rules and regulations

8. the most important minister and leader of the government in some countries which have a parliament a) president b) prime minister c) leader d) politician

9. all the people in a country who have the right to vote a) voters b) electoral c) under age d) electorate

10. when people vote in order to make a decision about a particular subject, rather than voting for a person a) ballot b) election c) referendum d) polls

11. someone who is in prison because they have opposed or criticized the government of their own country a) criminal b) political prisoner c) freedom fighter d) revolutionary

12. someone who is in charge of official records of births, marriages, and deaths a) consultant b) representative c) registrar d) register

371

13. supporting the political aims of groups such as Socialists and Communists a) right-wing b) left-wing c) the centre d) opposition

14. a country ruled by a king or queen a) county b) duchy c) kingdom d) empire

15. a government run by a small group of army officers who have not been elected but have taken power by force a) dictatorship b) police state c) tyranny d) junta

16. an official mark put on your passport that gives you permission to temporarily enter or leave a foreign country a) visa b) exit visa c) entry visa d) transit visa

17. official discussions between the representatives of opposing groups who are trying to reach an agreement, especially in politics a) talks b) discussions c) negotiations d) debate

18. liberal opinions and principles, especially on social and political subjects a) liberality b) liberalism c) liberal state c) liberal democracy

19. the right to stay in another country if you cannot live safely in your own country because of the political situation there a) migration b) emigration c) political asylum d) immigration

20. someone who enters another country because they are not safe in their own country, for example because there is a war there a) immigrant b) refugee c) asylum-seeker d) hostage

372

21. a situation in which you are forced to leave your country and live in another country, especially for political reasons a) deportation b) extradition c) exile d) repatriation

22. when a large number of people come together to protest about something, by having an outdoor meeting or marching through the streets a) march b) boycott c) demonstration d) riot

23. political freedom from control by the government of another country a) independence b) democracy c) liberalism d) dictatorship

24. someone who does not like changes in politics, ideas, or fashion a) radical b) conservative c) republican d) democrat

25. an institution that has the power to make or change laws a) federation b) judiciary c) legislature d) legislation

26. a government department that is responsible for one of the areas of government work, such as education or health a) ministry b) association c) unit d) government

27. a situation in which someone is officially sent back to his/her home country, often by force and against his/her will a) deportation b) extradition c) exile d) repatriation

373

28. false information which is given deliberately in order to hide the truth or confuse people, especially in political situations a) misinformation b) propaganda c) disinformation d) fib

29. a local government building where you can get married, and where births, marriages, and deaths are officially recorded a) registry office b) head office c) parish register d) registered office

30. an arrangement in which two or more countries, groups etc agree to work together to try to change or achieve something a) association b) federation c) republic d) alliance

374

VOCABULARY TOPIC – CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 laibel …………………………………………………….. 2 manslauhter ……………………………………………… 3 fodgery ………………………………………………….. 4 pickpoket …….…………………………………………. 5 suisaide ……...………………………………………….. 6 robery ……..…….………………………………………. 7 punishmant …….……………………………………….. 8 ilegal ……..………….………………………………….. 9 alibai ………..………………………………………….. 10 testimoney …………………………………………….. 11 witnes ………………………………………………….. 12 defandant …………………………...... 13 perdjury ….…………………………………………….. 14 inocent …………………………………………………. 15 assasin ……….…………………………………………. 16 jurer ………..…………………………………………… 17 froudster ……….……………………………………….. 18 burglery ………………………………………………… 19 begamy …….…………………………………………… 20 violance …………………………………………………

375

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 ………………………………………………... 2 ……………………………………………………. 3 ……..……………………………………………. 4 …………….……………………………………. 5 ………………..…………………………………… 6 ………..…………………………………………. 7 ………..………………………………………….. 8 ………..……………………………………….. 9 ………………………………………………….. 10 …….………………………………………….. 11 ……………….……………………………………. 12 ……………………………………………….. 13 ……….……………………………………….. 14 ……………..………………………………… 15 ………….……………………………………….. 16 …………….…………………………………….. 17 …….………………………………………... 18 ………….………………………………….. 19 ………..………………………………………… 20 ………..…………………………………………..

376

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: assassin witness detective judge jury burglar shoplifting defence police pickpockets looted burgling defendant robbed court

1. The shop assistant spotted the girl …………….. and stopped her from leaving the store. 2. Three young men …………….. the Central Bank yesterday, escaping with over $1 million. 3. His store was broken into and …………… during the riot. 4. He was caught ……………. the house of a famous actor. 5. There are a lot of ………………. in crowded tourist areas, so look after your belongings. 6. Police believe the ………………. got in through the kitchen window. 7. ……….. Graig gave the defendant a six-month jail sentence. 8. The ………….. plans to call only one witness to testify. 9. According to the …………………., the heroin was destined for the New York City area. 10. The …………….. was asked to identify the defendant in the courtroom. 11. The ………….. was made up of seven women and five men. 12. Four people will appear in ……………… today, charged with fraud. 13. Did you report the robbery to the ………………? 14. I‘m a ………… with the Los Angeles Police Department. Do you mind if I ask you a few questions? 15. Kennedy‘s …………….. is assumed to have been Lee Harvey Oswald.

377

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way. 1. an attack on someone in which they are robbed in a public place a) a robbery b) a burglary c) a shoplifting d) a mugging

2. the crime of stealing things from shops, for example by hiding them in a bag or under your clothes a) a robbery b) a burglary c) a shoplifting d) a mugging

3. someone who tricks or deceives people in order to get money from them a) a robber b) a con man c) a pickpocket d) a thief

4. someone who makes something start burning on purpose a) arsoner b) arsonist c) arson d) fire-fighter

5. to catch someone at the moment when they are doing something wrong a) to catch somebody red-handed b) to catch somebody glad-handed c) to catch somebody even-handed d) to catch somebody black-handed

6. a skilful thief who breaks into places without disturbing people or setting off alarms a) cat burglar b) bird burglar c) tiny burglar d) sly burglar

7. an unofficial court that punishes people unfairly a) lon court b) monkey court c) kangaroo court d) grass court

378

8. the crime of being married to two people at the same time a) bigamy b) monogamy c) poligamy d) forgery

9. to do something secretly, usually because it’s illegal or unethical a) to do something under the table b) to cook the books c) to serve time d) to get away with murder

10. someone who lends money at very high rates of interest and will often use threats or violence to get the money back a) banker b) loan shark c) lender d) fraudster

11. someone who buys and sells stolen goods a) fence b) hood c) hit man d) mobster

12. the place where the jury sits in a court a) jury bench b) jury box c) jury room d) jury container

13. a member of a jury a) grand jury b) juror c) jurer d) mobster

14. a noisy violent person who causes trouble by fighting etc a) vandal b) hooligan c) felon d) forger

15. someone who sells illegal drugs a) pen pusher b) pencil pusher c) paper pusher d) pusher

379

16. when someone writes or prints untrue statements about someone so that other people could have a bad opinion of them a) libel b) slander c) to tell white lies d) to tell fibs

17. to tell a small unimportant lie a) libel b) slander c) to tell white lies d) to tell fibs

18. to help someone do something wrong or illegal a) aid b) abet c) assist d) support

19. someone who murders an important person a) killer b) hit man c) murderer d) assassin

20. the people who work for an official organization whose job is to catch criminals and make sure that people obey the law a) jury b) police c) detectives d) squad

21. a lawyer who is trying to prove in a court of law that someone is guilty of a crime a) innocent b) guilty c) prosecutor d) defendant

22. a formal statement saying that something is true, especially one a witness makes in a court of law a) speech b) perjury c) testimony d) verdict

23. a crime that is being investigated a) trial b) case c) proof d) evidence

24. a pair of metal rings joined by a chain used for holding a prisoner’s wrists together a) bracelets b) cuffs c) handcuffs d) cuff-links

380

25. the place in a court of law where a witness stands to answer questions a) witness chair b) witness desk c) witness box d) witness case

26. something that proves that someone was not where a crime happened and therefore could not have done it a) proof b) alibi c) evidence d) testimony

27. the legal punishment of death a) death penalty b) capital punishment c) corporal punishment d) harsh punishment

28. a building where people are kept as a punishment for a crime, or while they are waiting to go to court for their trial a) asylum b) prison c) shelter d) court

29. the crime of killing someone illegally but not deliberately a) suiside b) harakiri c) manslaughter d) first-degree murder

30. a criminal who starts doing illegal things again, even after he or she has been punished a) robber b) gangster c) rioter d) repeater

381

VOCABULARY TOPIC – MONEY

CHECKING SPELLINGS

Use the dictionary to check words if you are unsure of their spelling. Each of the following words has one spelling mistake. Correct the spelling. Look the words up in the dictionary if necessary.

1 maternite pay ……………………………..…………….. 2 discaunt ……….…………………………………………. 3 tax rebaite …..…………………………………………… 4 bank acount ……….…………………………………….. 5 exchandge rate ……...…………………………………... 6 pension sceeme ...…….………………………………….. 7 chequbook ……..….…………………………………… 8 bank statemant ...………….……………………………... 9 allowence ……..…..……………………………………... 10 standart of living ……………………………………….. 11 inheritence tax ………………………………………….. 12 instollment ……..………………………...... 13 paymment ...….………………………………………… 14 pigy-bank ………………………………………………. 15 curency …………….…………………………………… 16 credit cart .………..……………………………………... 17 amaunt of money …….…………………………………. 18 spesial offer ...…………………………………………... 19 borow money …….……………………………………... 20 mortgadge ……..………………………………………...

382

PRONUNCIATION

Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them.

Can you write down the following words?

1 …...…………………………………………….. 2 ..………………….…………………………... 3 …..…………………………………………... 4 …….…………….……………………………….. 5 …………………..……………………………… 6 ….………….…………………………………….. 7 ……………….……………………………………… 8 ……………..…..……………………………………. 9 …….…..………………………………………… 10 …………..….……………………………………... 11 ……………….………………………………... 12 ………..……………………………………….. 13 …………….….…………….………………………. 14 …………………..……….……………………… 15 ….….…………………………………….. 16 ...………….………………………………….. 17 …..…….……………………………………... 18 ………………….………………………………... 19 ……….……..………………………………………. 20 ………..…..………………………………………...

383

VOCABULARY

Decide which word is the best one to fill the gaps in the following sentences: fee pension income pocket account currency rate loan salary borrow interest mortgage 1. Can I ………………. five pounds off you till next week? 2. Our daughter makes a good …………………, but she really works for it. 3. Dr Anderson charges a ……………. of $100 for a consultation. 4. The dollar is now the overwhelming world ……………. . 5. The exchange …………… in early September was quite favorable. 6. Credit companies charge huge amounts of ………………………. . 7. My brother told me the ……………… on his apartment is worth about $100,000. 8. If you need more money, we can arrange a ………………. . 9. Is there a …………….. scheme where you work? 10. If you are on a low ……………… , you may be entitled to free dental treatment. 11. You‘ll pay for that toy out of your ……………… money. 12. My husband and I have a joint ……………………. .

384

VOCABULARY QUIZ № 1. How strong is your vocabulary? Take the following 30-question quiz – and maybe learn some new words along the way.

1. to have or earn a lot of money a) be running in money b) be swimming in money c) be rolling in money d) be jumping in money

2. what you use to buy things or what you earn by working a) cash b) money c) wage d) income

3. used to say that people with money have power and can get what they want a) money walks b) money speaks c) money says d) money talks

4. money that has been printed illegally a) sunny money b) funny money c) honey money d) bunny money

5. a small amount of money that parents give regularly to their children, usually every week or month a) salary b) wage c) pocket money d) rucksack money

6. specially made coins given each year to poor people by the British queen or king in a traditional ceremony on Thursday before Easter a) Spending money b) Paper money c) Big money d) Maundy money

385

7. to owe more money than you have a) be in the red b) be in the black c) be in the pink d) be in the yellow

8. a legal arrangement by which you borrow money from a bank or similar organization in order to buy a house, and pay back the money over a period of years a) credit b) loan c) interest d) mortgage

9. to choose or decide something by throwing a coin into the air and guessing which side of it will show when it falls a) to throw a coin b) to fling a coin c) to toss a coin d) to toss cash

10. the value of the money of one country compared to the money of another country a) money rate b) currency rate c) bank rate d) exchange rate

11. a business that keeps and lends money and provides other financial services a) bank b) bottle bank c) food bank d) piggy-bank

12. your income before you have paid taxes a) disposable income b) taxable income c) net income d) gross income

13. money that the government or employers give to a woman after she has had a baby a) maternity salary b) maternity wage c) maternity pay d) maternity income

386

14. the money you receive after tax has been taken away a) basic pay b) take-home pay c) take-away pay d) tax-away pay

15. an official plan that is intended to help retired people a) pension scheme b) pension payment c) pension account d) pension income

16. payment for the times when you are ill a) sick leave b) sick pay c) sick income d) sick salary

17. money given by the government in the US to people who need financial help a) the pension b) the allowance c) the dole d) the benefit

18. a small plastic card that you use to buy goods or services and pay for them later a) cheque b) credit card c) bank loan d) check book

19. tax paid on the money that you earn a) inheritance tax b) tax rebate c) customs duties d) income tax

20. to earn a very large amount of money a) to earn a bomb b) to earn a plane c) to earn a shuttle d) to earn a car

21. to be very expensive a) to cost a hand and a finger b) to cost a leg and a toe c) to cost an arm and a leg d) to cost an arm and a hand

387

22. the amount of wealth, comfort, and other things that a particular person has a) cost of living b) standard of living c) high standards d) good standards

23. a document sent regularly by a bank to a customer that lists the amounts of money taken out of and paid into their bank account a) bank report b) bank article c) bank statement d) bank document

24. an amount of money that is paid back to you when you have paid too much tax a) tax rebate b) tax refund c) tax reduction d) tax pay off

25. a machine outside a bank that you use to get money from your account a) BTM b) ATM c) btw (by the way) d) asap

26. part of the cost of something that you pay before you get it a) installment b) payment c) deposit d) loan

27. a reduction in the price you pay for something, which is given for a special reason a) special offer b) sale c) cut-price d) discount

28. a tax that you have to pay when you receive money or property from someone who has died a) inheritance tax b) tax rebate c) customs duties d) income tax

388

29. an arrangement between a bank and a customer that allows the customer to pay in and take out money a) bank agreement b) bank contract c) bank account d) bank statement

30. a small container in which children can save coins a) bank b) bottle bank c) food bank d) piggy-bank

389

SECTION C

390

CONTENT TOPIC 1. FOUR REASONS TO LEARN A NEW LANGUAGE 392 TOPIC 2. FUTURE TECH WILL GIVE YOU THE BENEFITS OF 402 CITY LIFE ANYWHERE TOPIC 3. HOW HUMAN NOISE AFFECTS OCEAN HABITATS 411 TOPIC 4. TEACH EVERY CHILD ABOUT FOOD 420 TOPIC 5. WHO ARE YOU, REALLY? THE PUZZLE OF 434 PERSONALITY TOPIC 6. A BROKEN BODY ISN‘T A BROKEN PERSON 446 TOPIC 7. THE BEAUTY OF HUMAN SKIN IN EVERY COLOR 459 TOPIC 8. WHAT THE PEOPLE OF THE AMAZON KNOW THAT 467 YOU DON‘T TOPIC 9. HOW TO MAKE WORK-LIFE BALANCE WORK 480 TOPIC 10. THE SECRET TO LIVING LONGER MAY BE YOUR 488 SOCIAL LIFE

391

TOPIC 1. FOUR REASONS TO LEARN A NEW LANGUAGE (by John McWhorter)

Do the Warm-up activities first. Then watch the video. Next go to Tasks and do the activities.

Warm-up activities

Before you watch the video answer the following questions: 1. Why do people learn languages? 2. How many languages do you speak? 3. Which languages do you speak? 4. What is the most difficult thing about English for you? 5. Does watching movies in English help people learn the language? 6. Does listening to songs in English help people learn the language? 7. Do you use English in your everyday life? If yes, how do you use it? 8. Do you use the Internet to help you with English? If yes, how do you use the internet to help you with English? 9. What is the easiest thing about learning English for you? 10. What is the most difficult thing about learning English for you? 11. How do you learn new vocabulary in English? 12. In your opinion, what is the best way to learn new vocabulary in English? 13. In your opinion, what is the best way to learn new grammar in English?

392

14. Do you believe that English will be helpful for your future? 15. What could you do to improve your English even more? 16. Which activities do you find most helpful in English class? 17. Which activities do you find least helpful in English class? 18. Do you think learning English with a native English speaker is a good idea? Why?

Before you watch the video learn some new words: consensus general agreement or accord dementia loss of cognitive abilities, including memory, concentration, communication, planning, and abstract thinking, resulting from brain injury or from a disease such as Alzheimer‘s disease or Parkinson‘s disease. It is sometimes accompanied by emotional disturbance and personality changes. enticing attractive fraught showing or producing tension or anxiety to gorge to eat too many cakes cake to imbibe to absorb or take in as if by drinking obscure not well-known : not known to most people to recite to repeat or utter aloud (something memorized or rehearsed), often before an audience sophisticated having or showing much worldly knowledge or cultural refinement worldview the overall perspective from which one sees and interprets the world

393

Watch the video which is available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/john_mcwhorter_4_reasons_to_learn_a_new_language

If you need help, you can read the transcript at any time.

Transcript 0:12 The language I‘m speaking right now is on its way to becoming the world‘s universal language, for better or for worse. Let‘s face it, it‘s the language of the internet, it‘s the language of finance, it‘s the language of air traffic control, of popular music, diplomacy – English is everywhere. 0:33 Now, Mandarin Chinese is spoken by more people, but more Chinese people are learning English than English speakers are learning Chinese. Last I heard, there are two dozen universities in China right now teaching all in English. English is taking over. 0:52 And in addition to that, it‘s been predicted that at the end of the century almost all of the languages that exist now – there are about 6,000 – will no longer be spoken. There will only be some hundreds left. And on top of that, it‘s at the point where instant translation of live speech is not only possible, but it gets better every year. 1:16 The reason I‘m reciting those things to you is because I can tell that we‘re getting to the point where a question is going to start being asked, which is: Why should we learn foreign languages – other than if English happens to be foreign to one? Why bother to learn another one when it‘s getting to the point where almost everybody in the world will be able to communicate in one? 1:41 I think there are a lot of reasons, but I first want to address the one that you‘re probably most likely to have heard of, because actually it‘s more dangerous than you might think. And that is the idea that a language channels your thoughts, that the vocabulary and the grammar of different languages give everybody a different kind of acid trip, so to speak. That is a marvelously enticing idea, but it‘s kind of fraught. 394

2:12 So it‘s not that it‘s untrue completely. So for example, in French and Spanish the word for table is, for some reason, marked as feminine. So, ―la table‖,‖la mesa‖, you just have to deal with it. It has been shown that if you are a speaker of one of those languages and you happen to be asked how you would imagine a table talking, then much more often than could possibly be an accident, a French or a Spanish speaker says that the table would talk with a high and feminine voice. So if you‘re French or Spanish, to you, a table is kind of a girl, as opposed to if you are an English speaker. 2:56 It‘s hard not to love data like that, and many people will tell you that that means that there‘s a worldview that you have if you speak one of those languages. But you have to watch out, because imagine if somebody put us under the microscope, the us being those of us who speak English natively. What is the worldview from English? 3:17 So for example, let‘s take an English speaker. Up on the screen, that is Bono. He speaks English. I presume he has a worldview. Now, that is Donald Trump. In his way, he speaks English as well. 3:34 (Laughter) 3:38 And here is Ms. Kardashian, and she is an English speaker, too. So here are three speakers of the English language. What worldview do those three people have in common? What worldview is shaped through the English language that unites them? It‘s a highly fraught concept. And so gradual consensus is becoming that language can shape thought, but it tends to be in rather darling, obscure psychological flutters. It‘s not a matter of giving you a different pair of glasses on the world. 4:13 Now, if that‘s the case, then why learn languages? If it isn‘t going to change the way you think, what would the other reasons be? There are some. One of them is that if you want to imbibe a culture, if you want to drink it in, if you want to become part of it, then whether or not the language channels the culture – and that seems doubtful – If you want to imbibe the culture, you have

395 to control to some degree the language that the culture happens to be conducted in. There‘s no other way. 4:48 There‘s an interesting illustration of this. I have to go slightly obscure, but really you should seek it out. There‘s a movie by the Canadian film director Denys Arcand – read out in English on the page, ―Dennis Ar-cand‖, if you want to look him up. He did a film called ―Jesus of Montreal‖. And many of the characters are vibrant, funny, passionate, interesting French-Canadian, French-speaking women. There‘s one scene closest to the end, where they have to take a friend to an Anglophone hospital. In the hospital, they have to speak English. Now, they speak English but it‘s not their native language, they‘d rather not speak English. And they speak it more slowly, they have accents, they‘re not idiomatic. Suddenly these characters that you‘ve fallen in love with become husks of themselves, they‘re shadows of themselves. 5:38 To go into a culture and to only ever process people through that kind of scrim curtain is to never truly get the culture. And so the extent that hundreds of languages will be left, one reason to learn them is because they are tickets to being able to participate in the culture of the people who speak them, just by virtue of the fact that it is their code. So that‘s one reason. 6:02 Second reason: it‘s been shown that if you speak two languages, dementia is less likely to set in, and that you are probably a better multitasker. And these are factors that set in early, and so that ought to give you some sense of when to give junior or juniorette lessons in another language. Bilingualism is healthy. 6:25 And then, third – languages are just an awful lot of fun. Much more fun than we‘re often told. So for example, Arabic: ―kataba‖, he wrote, ―yaktubu‖ he writes, she writes. ―Uktub‖, right, in the imperative. What do those things have in common? All those things have in common the consonants sitting in the middle like pillars. They stay still, and the vowels dance around the consonants.

396

Who wouldn‘t want to roll that around in their mouths? You can get that from Hebrew, you can get that from Ethiopia‘s main language, Amharic. That‘s fun. 7:05 Or languages have different word orders. Learning how to speak with different word order is like driving on the different side of a street if you go to certain country, or the feeling that you get when you put Witch Hazel around your eyes and you feel the tingle. A language can do that to you. 7:24 So for example, ―The Cat in the Hat Comes Back,‖ a book that I‘m sure we all often return to, like ―Moby Dick.‖ One phrase in it is, ―Do you know where I found him? Do you know where he was? He was eating cake in the tub, Yes he was!‖ Fine. Now, if you learn that in Mandarin Chinese, then you have to master, ―You can know, I did where him find? He was tub inside gorging cake, No mistake gorging chewing!‖ That just feels good. Imagine being able to do that for years and years at a time. 7:55 Or, have you ever learned any Cambodian? Me either, but if I did, I would get to roll around in my mouth not some baker‘s dozen of vowels like English has, but a good 30 different vowels scooching and oozing around in the Cambodian mouth like bees in a hive. That is what a language can get you. 8:21 And more to the point, we live in an era when it‘s never been easier to teach yourself another language. It used to be that you had to go to a classroom, and there would be some diligent teacher – some genius teacher in there – but that person was only in there at certain times and you had to go then, and then was not most times. You had to go to class. If you didn‘t have that, you had something called a record. I cut my teeth on those. There was only so much data on a record, or a cassette, or even that antique object known as a CD. Other than that you had books that didn‘t work, that‘s just the way it was. 8:54 Today you can lay down – lie on your living room floor, sipping bourbon, and teach yourself any language that you want to with wonderful sets such as Rosetta Stone. I highly recommend the lesser known Glossika as well. You can do it any time, therefore you can do it more and better. You can give

397 yourself your morning pleasures in various languages. I take some ―Dilbert‖ in various languages every single morning; it can increase your skills. Couldn‘t have done it 20 years ago when the idea of having any language you wanted in your pocket, coming from your phone, would have sounded like science fiction to very sophisticated people. 9:36 So I highly recommend that you teach yourself languages other than the one that I‘m speaking, because there‘s never been a better time to do it. It‘s an awful lot of fun. It won‘t change your mind, but it will most certainly blow your mind. 9:53 Thank you very much. 9:54 (Applause)

Task 1. Put as many questions to the following sentences as it is possible: 1. Although Mandarin Chinese is spoken by more people, more Chinese people are learning English than English speakers are learning Chinese. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 2. At the end of the century English will be the only language spoken. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 3. There are two dozen universities in China right now teaching all in English. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………

398

4. Learning how to speak with different word order is like driving on the different side of a street. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 5. Bilingualism is healthy. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………

Task 2. Fill in the correct prepositions, then choose any five and make sentences:

a) ….. the end of the century; b) ….. certain times; c) ….. the hospital; d) to deal ….. smth; e) to do smth … years and years; f) ….. some reason; g) to put smb ….. the microscope; h) to fall in love with smb; i) to have in common; j) …… the middle

399

Task 3. Study the following word-combinations and sentences. Translate them from Ukrainian into English. Then, choose any five of them and make up sentences: a) мова фінансів………………………………………………………………., b) миттєвий переклад живого мовлення………………………………………, c) Якщо ви розмовляєте двома мовами, ви менш схильні до деменції. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… d) мова контролю руху повітряного простору …………………………………………………..……………………………….., e) мова популярної музики…………………………………………..…………, f) мова дипломатії ……………………………………………………………..., g) Різні мови мають різний порядок слів у реченнях. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………. h) Англійська вже давно стала глобальною універсальною мовою. ……………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………. i) Навіщо вивчати різні мови, коли можна спілкуватися лише однією? …………………………………………………………………………………..... …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………. j) Мої друзі говорять англійською, але це не їхня рідна мова, і у свій вільний час вони воліють нею не розмовляти. …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………

400

…………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………

Task 4. Find 12 hidden words. Try to explain their meaning in English: classroom grammar vocabulary English culture teacher language voice recite fraught worldview speak

A S D F G H J K L C L A S S R O O M Q W E F R T Y U I X C G R A M M A R V B N A M Y G S R E R T U Y R U P V L A N G U A G E B F K T H Y L J A N W V G T H U H K J V O H O N B G R G B I R P M A F F F N C J L F C R V D M E G I D O E B S J B F K D V C N D U J E N G L I S H T W D R T Y T E F C U L T U R E K W E S D F G H J K G D T E A C H E R W

401

TOPIC 2. FUTURE TECH WILL GIVE YOU THE BENEFITS OF CITY LIFE ANYWHERE (by Julio Gil)

Do the Warm-up activities first. Then watch the video. Next go to Tasks and do the activities.

Before you watch the video answer the following questions: 1. What current problems do modern cities face? 2. What is urbanization? 3. What are modern technological innovations? 4. What are the reasons that people move to cities? 5. Can modern villages have the same benefits modern cities have? If yes, what is necessary to do to improve the situation in villages?

Before you watch the video learn some new words: cyberspace the electronic medium of computer networks, in which online communication takes place handymen a man who does odd jobs or various small tasks hologram the pattern produced on a photosensitive medium that has been exposed by holography and then photographically developed off-the-grid autonomous houses which do not rely on municipal water supply, sewer, natural gas, electrical power grid, or similar utility services telework to work from home while maintaining contact with colleagues, customers, or a central office by the use of home computers, telephones, etc.

402 urbanization the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban

Watch the video which is available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/julio_gil_future_tech_will_give_you_the_benefits_of_city_life_anywhere

If you need help, you can read the transcript at any time.

Transcript

00:12 Today, more than half of the world‘s population lives in cities. The urbanization process started in the late 1700s and has been increasing since then. The prediction is that by 2050, 66 percent of the population will live in cities and the United Nations, the World Health Organization, the World Economic Forum, are warning us, if we don‘t plan for the increased density, current problems in our cities, like inequality, congestion, crime can only get worse. As a result, urban planners and city developers are putting a lot of effort and creativity in designing our future, denser, bigger cities. 00:57 But I have a different opinion. I think urbanization is actually reaching the end of its cycle, and now people are going to start moving back to the countryside. And you may think, ―But what about the trend?‖ Well, let me tell you, socioeconomic trends don‘t last forever. You know, 12,000 years ago everybody was perfectly happy roaming the land, hunting and gathering. And then, the trend changes, and the new thing is to live in a farm and have cattle, until it changes again. When we get to the industrial revolution. Actually, that is what started the urbanization process. And you know what triggered it? Steam power, machines, new chemical processes – in two words, technological innovation. And I believe technology can also bring the end of this cycle.

403

01:55 I‘ve been working on innovation for most of my career. I love it. I love my job. It allows me to work with domes, with 3D printers and smart glasses, and not just those you can buy in the shop but also prototypes. It‘s a lot of fun sometimes. Now, some of these technologies are opening new possibilities that will radically change the way we did things before and in a few years, they may allow us to enjoy the benefits of city life from anywhere. Think about it. If you could live in a place with a lower crime rate and more space and a lower cost of living and less traffic, of course many people would want that, but they feel they don‘t have a choice. You have to live in the city. 02:44 Well, in the past, people moved to the cities not because they loved the city itself but for the things you could have in a city, more job opportunities, easier access to services and goods and a rich social life. So let‘s dive deeper. 03:01 More jobs and career opportunities. Is that still true today, because the office people are starting to realize that working in the office and being in the office may not be the same thing anymore. According to a study by Global Workplace Analytics, more than 80 percent of the US workforce would like to work from home. And do you know how much it costs for a company to even have an office? 11,000 dollars per employee per year. If only half of those workers would telework even 50 percent of the time, the savings in the states would exceed 500 billion dollars, and it could reduce greenhouse gases by 54 million tons. That is the equivalent of 10 million cars off the streets for a whole year. But even though most people would want to telework, current technology makes the experience isolating. It‘s not comfortable. It doesn‘t feel like being there. But that is going to change by the convergence of two technologies: augmented reality and telepresence robots. 04:15 Augmented reality already today allows you to take your office environment everywhere with you. All you need is a wearable computer and a pair of small glasses, and you can take your emails and your spreadsheets with you wherever you go. And video conferences and video calls have become very

404 common these days, but they still need improvement. I mean, all those little faces on a flat screen, sometimes you don‘t even know who is talking. 04:42 Now, we already have something way better than static videocalls: your average telepresence robot. I call it tablet on a stick. 04:52 (Laughter) 04:54 You can control, you can move around, you can control what you‘re looking at. It‘s way better, but far from perfect. You know how they say that most human communication is nonverbal? Well, the robot doesn‘t give you any of that. It looks like an alien. But with advances in augmented reality, it will be easy to wrap the robot in a nice hologram that actually looks and moves like a person. That will do it. Or else, forget the robot. We go full VR, and everybody meets in cyberspace. Give it a couple of years and that will feel so real, you won‘t tell the difference. 05:39 So what was the next reason why people move to cities? Access to services and goods. But today you can do a lot online. According to a study made by comScore, online shoppers in the US last year did more than half of their retail purchases online, and the global market for e-commerce is estimated to be at two trillion dollars. And it‘s expected to reach 2.38 by the end of 2017, according to eMarketer. 06:14 Now, from a logistics standpoint, density is good for deliveries. Supplying goods to a shopping mall is easy. You can send big shipments to the shop, and people will go there, pick it up and take it home themselves. E- commerce means we need to ship onesies and have them home delivered. That's more expensive. It‘s like the difference between having a birthday party for 20 people or bringing a piece of the cake to each of your 20 friends at their place. But at least in the city, they live close to each other. Density helps. Now, e- commerce deliveries in the countryside, those take forever. The truck sometimes needs to drive miles between one address and the next one. Those are the most expensive deliveries of all.

405

07:06 But we already have a solution for that: drones. A vehicle carrying a squadron of drones. The driver does some of the deliveries while the drones are flying back and forth from the truck as it moves. That way, the average cost for delivery is reduced, and voila: affordable e-commerce services in the countryside. You will see: the new homes of our teleworkers will probably have a drone pod in the yard. So once the final mile delivery is not a problem, you don‘t need to be in the city to buy things anymore. So that‘s two. 07:43 Now, what was the third reason why people move to cities? A rich social life. They would need to be in the city for that these days. Because people these days, they make friends, they chat, gossip and flirt from the comfort of their sofa. 07:58 (Laughter) 07:59 And while wearing their favorite pajamas. 08:02 (Laughter) 08:03 There are over two billion active social media users in the world. In a way, that makes you think like we are connected no matter where we are. But OK, not completely. Sometimes you still need some real human contact. Ironically, the city, with its population density, is not always the best for that. Actually, as social groups become smaller, they grow stronger. A recent study made in the UK by the Office for National Statistics showed a higher life satisfaction rating among people living in rural areas. So as people settle in the countryside, well, they will buy local groceries, fresh groceries, foodstuff, maintenance services. So handymen, small workshops, service companies will thrive. Maybe some of the industrial workers from the cities displaced by the automation will find a nice alternative job here, and they will move too. And as people move to the countryside, how is that going to be? Think about autonomous, off-the-grid houses with solar panels, with wind turbines and waste recycling utilities, our new homes producing their own energy and using it to also power the family car. I mean, cities have always been regarded as being

406 more energy-efficient, but let me tell you, repopulating the countryside can be eco too. 09:36 By now, you‘re probably thinking of all the advantages of country living. 09:40 (Laughter) 09:43 I did it myself. Six years ago, my wife and I, we packed our stuff, we sold our little apartment in Spain, and for the same money we bought a house with a garden and little birds that come singing in the morning. 09:57 (Laughter) 09:59 It‘s so nice there. And we live in a small village, not really the countryside yet. That is going to be my next move: a refurbished farmhouse, not too far from a city, not too close. And now we‘ll make sure to have a good spot for drones to land. 10:15 (Laughter) 10:16 But hey, that‘s me. It doesn‘t have to be you, because it would seem like I‘m trying to convince somebody to come join us in the country. I‘m not. 10:25 (Laughter) 10:26 I don‘t need more people to come. 10:28 (Laughter) 10:29 I just think they will once they realize they can have the same benefits the city has. But if you don‘t like the country, I have good news for you, too. Cities will not disappear. But as people move out, a lower density will help them recover a better flow and balance. 10:49 Anyway, I guess now you have some thinking to do. Do you still think you need to live in the city? And more importantly, do you want to? 11:00 Thank you very much. 11:01 (Applause)

407

Task 1. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Then, choose any five of them and make up sentences: a) urbanization process ...... ; b) technological innovation ...... ; c) refurbished farmhouse ...... ; d) urban planners ...... ; e) augmented reality ...... ; f) city developers ...... ; g) telepresence robots ...... ; h) wearable computer ...... ; i) recycling utilities ...... ; j) a squadron of drones ...... ; k) wind turbines ......

Task 2. Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them. Can you write down the following words?

/ ˈər-bən / …………………………..… / /………………………

/ /………………………… / /………………………..

/ ˌɚbənəˈzeɪʃən / …………………….. / /…………………………

/ / …………………………….. / /…………………………….

/ /…………………… / /……………………………

/ / ...... / /………………………….

408

Task 3. Find 12 hidden words. Try to explain their meaning in English: urban global road town innovation farmhouse reality rural society mall industrial robot

U E L R T Y U I I Q R A P O I U Y N A C B E N R T U N Z V O A I N T Y O C B L W N F Z M V V N G E D B D N A B M O R U N W O T H U I T S A S D I R O B O T Z X C O H C G T R H J K N K S O C I E T Y M L Q W E A T Y U I M R E A L I T Y N N Z X C V B N M K F A R M H O U S E B C O A C V B N I V D A L E R T Y U C W D L A R U R V X C V F G H J I O

Task 3. Which of the following words is not a synonym? A B urban civic, city, town, rural, metropolitan, municipal autonomous free, independent, sovereign, self-sufficient, dependent self- governing crime criminality, lawbreaking, lawlessness, noncrime society culture, life, barbarinism, lifestyle, civilization global across-the-board, common, individual, general, overall,

409

universal final closing, concluding, last, primary, latest, terminal, ultimate difference contrast, disagreement, similarity, discrepancy, distinction, diversity, otherness, unlikeness

Task 5. Write a summary of the text using the following key words: urbanization process; technological innovation; refurbished farmhouse; urban planners; augmented reality; city developers; telepresence robots; wearable computer; recycling utilities; a squadron of drones; wind turbines.

410

TOPIC 3. HOW HUMAN NOISE AFFECTS OCEAN HABITATS

Do the Warm-up activities first. Then watch the video. Next go to Tasks and do the activities.

Before you watch the video answer the following questions: 1. What is the main difference between noise and sound? 2. What is noise pollution? 3. What way does human noise affect ocean habitats?

Before you watch the video learn some new words: marine of or relating to the sea underwater living, lying, or occurring below the surface of the water mammal Any of various warm-blooded vertebrate animals of the class Mammalia, including humans, characterized by a covering of hair on the skin and, in the female, milk-producing mammary glands for nourishing the young. invertebrate any animal lacking a backbone, including all species not classified as vertebrates habitat the place or environment where a plant or animal naturally or normally lives and grows inaudible not loud enough to be heard

411 species A group of closely related organisms that are very similar to each other and are usually capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. The species is the fundamental category of taxonomic classification, ranking below a genus or subgenus. Species names are represented in binomial nomenclature by an uncapitalized Latin adjective or noun following a capitalized genus name, as in Ananas comosus, the pineapple, and Equus caballus, the horse.

Task 1. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list:

mammals environment marine aquatic atmosphere habitat underwater

1. … plants don‘t require as much light to grow as surface

plants. 2. The reef will provide habitat for fish,

oysters, invertebrate filter feeders and other … life.

3. Fisherman take their boats, usually in places on the Pacific

ocean like Alaska or New Zealand, and head out to catch these

fish in their natural … .

4. In 2010, for example, studies centered on Kakadu National

Park south of Darwin, Australia, revealed a population collapse

of small marsupials and … .

5. To further extend this dynamic agreement, the two schools

412

are now also exploring the possibility of a future collaboration

between their biology departments, with a special emphasis on

marine and … biology.

6. Climate change is caused by the release of greenhouse

gases like carbon dioxide and methane into the … .

7. The interior is designed to be a comfortable learning

….. and gathering space.

Watch the video which is available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/kate_stafford_how_human_noise_affects_ocean_habitats

If you need help, you can read the transcript at any time.

Transcript

00:12 In 1956, a documentary by Jacques Cousteau won both the Palme d‘Or and an Oscar award. This film was called, ―Le Monde Du Silence,‖ or, ―The Silent World.‖ The premise of the title was that the underwater world was a quiet world. We now know, 60 years later, that the underwater world is anything but silent. 00:38 Although the sounds are inaudible above water depending on where you are and the time of year, the underwater soundscape can be as noisy as any jungle or rainforest. Invertebrates like snapping shrimp, fish and marine mammals all use sound. They use sound to study their habitat, to keep in communication with each other, to navigate, to detect predators and prey. They also use sound by listening to know something about their environment.

413

01:12 Take, for an example, the Arctic. It‘s considered a vast, inhospitable place, sometimes described as a desert, because it is so cold and so remote and ice-covered for much of the year. And despite this, there is no place on Earth that I would rather be than the Arctic, especially as days lengthen and spring comes. 01:37 To me, the Arctic really embodies this disconnect between what we see on the surface and what‘s going on underwater. You can look out across the ice – all white and blue and cold – and see nothing. But if you could hear underwater, the sounds you would hear would at first amaze and then delight you. And while your eyes are seeing nothing for kilometers but ice, your ears are telling you that out there are bowhead and beluga whales, walrus and bearded seals. The ice, too, makes sounds. It screeches and cracks and pops and groans, as it collides and rubs when temperature or currents or winds change. And under 100 percent sea ice in the dead of winter, bowhead whales are singing. 02:36 And you would never expect that, because we humans, we tend to be very visual animals. For most of us, but not all, our sense of sight is how we navigate our world. For marine mammals that live underwater, where chemical cues and light transmit poorly, sound is the sense by which they see. And sound transmits very well underwater, much better than it does in air, so signals can be heard over great distances. 03:08 In the Arctic, this is especially important, because not only do Arctic marine mammals have to hear each other, but they also have to listen for cues in the environment that might indicate heavy ice ahead or open water. Remember, although they spend most of their lives underwater, they are mammals, and so they have to surface to breathe. So they might listen for thin ice or no ice, or listen for echoes off nearby ice. 03:38 Arctic marine mammals live in a rich and varied underwater soundscape. In the spring, it can be a cacophony of sound. 03:49 (Marine mammal sounds)

414

04:04 But when the ice is frozen solid, and there are no big temperature shifts or current changes, the underwater Arctic has some of the lowest ambient noise levels of the world‘s oceans. But this is changing. This is primarily due to a decrease in seasonal sea ice, which is a direct result of human greenhouse gas emissions. We are, in effect, with climate change, conducting a completely uncontrolled experiment with our planet. 04:35 Over the past 30 years, areas of the Arctic have seen decreases in seasonal sea ice from anywhere from six weeks to four months. This decrease in sea ice is sometimes referred to as an increase in the open water season. That is the time of year when the Arctic is navigable to vessels. And not only is the extent of ice changing, but the age and the width of ice is, too. 05:05 Now, you may well have heard that a decrease in seasonal sea ice is causing a loss of habitat for animals that rely on sea ice, such as ice seals, or walrus, or polar bears. Decreasing sea ice is also causing increased erosion along coastal villages, and changing prey availability for marine birds and mammals. 05:26 Climate change and decreases in sea ice are also altering the underwater soundscape of the Arctic. What do I mean by soundscape? Those of us who eavesdrop on the oceans for a living use instruments called hydrophones, which are underwater microphones, and we record ambient noise – the noise all around us. And the soundscape describes the different contributors to this noise field. What we are hearing on our hydrophones are the very real sounds of climate change. We are hearing these changes from three fronts: from the air, from the water and from land. 06:10 First: air. Wind on water creates waves. These waves make bubbles; the bubbles break, and when they do, they make noise. And this noise is like a hiss or a static in the background. In the Arctic, when it‘s ice-covered, most of the noise from wind doesn‘t make it into the water column, because the ice acts as a buffer between the atmosphere and the water. This is one of the reasons that the Arctic can have very low ambient noise levels. But with

415 decreases in seasonal sea ice, not only is the Arctic now open to this wave noise, but the number of storms and the intensity of storms in the Arctic has been increasing. All of this is raising noise levels in a previously quiet ocean. 07:02 Second: water. With less seasonal sea ice, subarctic species are moving north, and taking advantage of the new habitat that is created by more open water. Now, Arctic whales, like this bowhead, they have no dorsal fin, because they have evolved to live and swim in ice-covered waters, and having something sticking off of your back is not very conducive to migrating through ice, and may, in fact, be excluding animals from the ice. But now, everywhere we‘ve listened, we‘re hearing the sounds of fin whales and humpback whales and killer whales, further and further north, and later and later in the season. We are hearing, in essence, an invasion of the Arctic by subarctic species. And we don‘t know what this means. Will there be competition for food between Arctic and subarctic animals? Might these subarctic species introduce diseases or parasites into the Arctic? And what are the new sounds that they are producing doing to the soundscape underwater? 08:12 And third: land. And by land ... I mean people. More open water means increased human use of the Arctic. Just this past summer, a massive cruise ship made its way through the Northwest Passage – the once-mythical route between Europe and the Pacific. Decreases in sea ice have allowed humans to occupy the Arctic more often. It has allowed increases in oil and gas exploration and extraction, the potential for commercial shipping, as well as increased tourism. And we now know that ship noise increases levels of stress hormones in whales and can disrupt feeding behavior. Air guns, which produce loud, low-frequency ―whoomps‖ every 10 to 20 seconds, changed the swimming and vocal behavior of whales. And all of these sound sources are decreasing the acoustic space over which Arctic marine mammals can communicate. 09:18 Now, Arctic marine mammals are used to very high levels of noise at certain times of the year. But this is primarily from other animals or from sea

416 ice, and these are the sounds with which they‘ve evolved, and these are sounds that are vital to their very survival. These new sounds are loud and they‘re alien. They might impact the environment in ways that we think we understand, but also in ways that we don‘t. Remember, sound is the most important sense for these animals. And not only is the physical habitat of the Arctic changing rapidly, but the acoustic habitat is, too. It‘s as if we‘ve plucked these animals up from the quiet countryside and dropped them into a big city in the middle of rush hour. And they can‘t escape it. 10:11 So what can we do now? We can‘t decrease wind speeds or keep subarctic animals from migrating north, but we can work on local solutions to reducing human-caused underwater noise. One of these solutions is to slow down ships that traverse the Arctic, because a slower ship is a quieter ship. We can restrict access in seasons and regions that are important for mating or feeding or migrating. We can get smarter about quieting ships and find better ways to explore the ocean bottom. And the good news is, there are people working on this right now. But ultimately, we humans have to do the hard work of reversing or at the very least decelerating human-caused atmospheric changes. 11:09 So, let‘s return to this idea of a silent world underwater. It‘s entirely possible that many of the whales swimming in the Arctic today, especially long- lived species like the bowhead whale that the Inuits say can live two human lives – it‘s possible that these whales were alive in 1956, when Jacques Cousteau made his film. And in retrospect, considering all the noise we are creating in the oceans today, perhaps it really was ―The Silent World.‖ 11:44 Thank you. 11:45 (Applause)

Task 2. Answer the following questions: 1. What marine invertebrates use sound?

417

2. Why do marine invertebrates use sound? 3. Does the ice make sound? 4. Does the sound transmit very well underwater? 5. Do Arctic whales have dorsal fins? 6. What is one of the reasons that the Arctic can have very low ambient noise levels? 7. What is the most important sense for Arctic marine mammals?

Task 3. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Then, choose any five of them and make up sentences: a) long-lived species ...... ; b) human-caused atmospheric changes ...... ; c) ocean bottom ...... ; d) human-caused underwater noise ...... ; e) subarctic animals ...... ; f) low ambient noise ...... ; g) commercial shipping ...... ; h) prey availability ...... ; i) seasonal sea ice ...... ; j) underwater soundscape ...... ; k) open water season ...... ; l) chemical cues ...... ; m) physical habitat ...... ; n) feeding behavior ...... ; o) once-mythical route ...... ; p) acoustic space ......

418

/ / ………………………………... / / ……………………………..

/ / ……………………………… / / …………………………….

/ / ………………………….. / / ……………………...

/ / ……………………….. / / ………………………….

Task 5. Which of the following words is not a synonym?

A B human earthborn, mortal, nonhuman, natural silent dumb, communicative, mute, speechless, wordless acoustic audial, nonauditory, audile, auricular, auditory physical animal, bodily, nonmaterial, corporal, material, somatic commercial corporate, noncommercial, marketable, mass-market, saleable

Task 6. Write a summary of the text using the following key words: long-lived species; human-caused atmospheric changes; ocean bottom; human- caused underwater noise; subarctic animals; low ambient noise; commercial shipping; prey availability; seasonal sea ice; underwater soundscape; open water season; chemical cues; physical habitat; feeding behavior; once-mythical route; acoustic space

419

TOPIC 4. TEACH EVERY CHILD ABOUT FOOD

Do the Warm-up activities first. Then watch the video. Next go to Tasks and do the activities.

Warm-up activities

Before you watch the video answer the following questions: 1. What is healthy diet? 2. What food do people have to eat if they want to be healthy? 3. What is one of the most unhealthy countries in the world? Why?

Before you watch the video learn some new words: food material consisting essentially of protein, carbohydrate, and fat used in the body of an organism to sustain growth, repair, and vital processes and to furnish energy healthy free from disease or pain overweight weight over and above what is required or allowed obesity a condition characterized by the excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body disease a condition of the living animal or plant body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning and is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms tangible capable of being perceived especially by the sense of touch ingredient something that enters into a compound or is a component part of any combination or mixture

420 recipe a set of instructions for making something from various ingredients sustainable of or relating to a lifestyle involving the use of sustainable methods

Task 1. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list: ingredients… disease …..overweight (2) generations recipes tangible 1. Traveling alone does have … drawbacks: One of the biggest is cost. Taking a trip alone is normally more expensive for one than for half of a pair. 2. Among the … in her book is this baked ricotta appetizer with fresh oregano, thyme and rosemary. 3. Being obese or ….. ups the odds of depression, and vice versa. 4. In the U.S., a whopping 1 in 3 adults is considered obese, and 2 in 3 are either obese or … by clinical definitions. 5. He suffers from a rare genetic …. 6. We need to preserve these resources for future … . 7. He uses only the finest … in his cooking.

Watch the video which is available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/jamie_oliver

If you need help, you can read the transcript at any time.

Transcript 00:12 Sadly, in the next 18 minutes when I do our chat, four Americans that are alive will be dead through the food that they eat. 00:26 My name‘s Jamie Oliver. I‘m 34 years old. I‘m from Essex in England and for the last seven years I‘ve worked fairly tirelessly to save lives in 421 my own way. I‘m not a doctor; I‘m a chef, I don‘t have expensive equipment or medicine. I use information, education. 00:51 I profoundly believe that the power of food has a primal place in our homes that binds us to the best bits of life. We have an awful, awful reality right now. America, you‘re at the top of your game. This is one of the most unhealthy countries in the world. 01:17 Can I please just see a raise of hands for how many of you have children in this room today? Put your hands up. You can continue to put your hands up, aunties and uncles as well. Most of you. OK. We, the adults of the last four generations, have blessed our children with the destiny of a shorter lifespan than their own parents. Your child will live a life ten years younger than you because of the landscape of food that we‘ve built around them. Two-thirds of this room, today, in America, are statistically overweight or obese. You lot, you‘re all right, but we‘ll get you eventually, don‘t worry. 01:59 (Laughter) 02:00 The statistics of bad health are clear, very clear. We spend our lives being paranoid about death, murder, homicide, you name it; it‘s on the front page of every paper, CNN. Look at homicide at the bottom, for God‘s sake. Right? 02:17 (Laughter) 02:18 (Applause) 02:23 Every single one of those in the red is a diet-related disease. Any doctor, any specialist will tell you that. Fact: diet-related disease is the biggest killer in the United States, right now, here today. This is a global problem. It‘s a catastrophe. It‘s sweeping the world. England is right behind you, as usual. 02:47 (Laughter) 02:52 I know they were close, but not that close. We need a revolution. Mexico, Australia, Germany, India, China, all have massive problems of obesity and bad health. Think about smoking. It costs way less than obesity now.

422

Obesity costs you Americans 10 percent of your health-care bills, 150 billion dollars a year. In 10 years, it‘s set to double: 300 billion dollars a year. Let‘s be honest, guys, you haven‘t got that cash. 03:24 (Laughter) 03:28 I came here to start a food revolution that I so profoundly believe in. We need it. The time is now. We‘re in a tipping-point moment. I‘ve been doing this for seven years. I‘ve been trying in America for seven years. Now is the time when it‘s ripe – ripe for the picking. I went to the eye of the storm. I went to West Virginia, the most unhealthy state in America. Or it was last year. We‘ve got a new one this year, but we‘ll work on that next season. 03:56 (Laughter) 03:57 Huntington, West Virginia. Beautiful town. I wanted to put heart and soul and people, your public, around the statistics that we‘ve become so used to. I want to introduce you to some of the people that I care about: your public, your children. I want to show a picture of my friend Brittany. She‘s 16 years old. She‘s got six years to live because of the food that she‘s eaten. She‘s the third generation of Americans that hasn‘t grown up within a food environment where they‘ve been taught to cook at home or in school, or her mom, or her mom‘s mom. She has six years to live. She‘s eating her liver to death. 04:40 Stacy, the Edwards family. This is a normal family, guys. Stacy does her best, but she‘s third-generation as well; she was never taught to cook at home or at school. The family‘s obese. Justin here, 12 years old, he‘s 350 pounds. He gets bullied, for God‘s sake. The daughter there, Katie, she‘s four years old. She‘s obese before she even gets to primary school. Marissa, she‘s all right, she‘s one of your lot. But you know what? Her father, who was obese, died in her arms, And then the second most important man in her life, her uncle, died of obesity, and now her step-dad is obese. You see, the thing is, obesity and

423 diet-related disease doesn‘t just hurt the people that have it; it‘s all of their friends, families, brothers, sisters. 05:26 Pastor Steve: an inspirational man, one of my early allies in Huntington, West Virginia. He‘s at the sharp knife-edge of this problem. He has to bury the people, OK? And he‘s fed up with it. He‘s fed up with burying his friends, his family, his community. Come winter, three times as many people die. He‘s sick of it. This is preventable disease. Waste of life. By the way, this is what they get buried in. We‘re not geared up to do this. Can‘t even get them out the door, and I‘m being serious. Can‘t even get them there. Forklift. 06:03 OK, I see it as a triangle, OK? This is our landscape of food. I need you to understand it. You‘ve probably heard all this before. Over the last 30 years, what‘s happened that‘s ripped the heart out of this country? Let‘s be frank and honest. Well, modern-day life. 06:19 Let‘s start with the Main Street. Fast food has taken over the whole country; we know that. The big brands are some of the most important powers, powerful powers, in this country. 06:29 (Sighs) 06:30 Supermarkets as well. Big companies. Big companies. Thirty years ago, most of the food was largely local and largely fresh. Now it‘s largely processed and full of all sorts of additives, extra ingredients, and you know the rest of the story. Portion size is obviously a massive, massive problem. Labeling is a massive problem. The labeling in this country is a disgrace. The industry wants to self-police themselves. What, in this kind of climate? They don't deserve it. How can you say something is low-fat when it‘s full of so much sugar? 07:09 Home. The biggest problem with the home is that used to be the heart of passing on food culture, what made our society. That is not happening anymore. And you know, as we go to work and as life changes, and as life always evolves, we kind of have to look at it holistically – step back for a

424 moment, and re-address the balance. It hasn‘t happened for 30 years, OK? I want to show you a situation that is very normal right now; the Edwards family. 07:43 (Video) Jamie Oliver: Let‘s have a talk. This stuff goes through you and your family‘s body every week. And I need you to know that this is going to kill your children early. How are you feeling? 07:58 Stacy: Just feeling really sad and depressed right now. But, you know, I want my kids to succeed in life and this isn't going to get them there. But I‘m killing them. 08:11 JO: Yes you are. You are. But we can stop that. Normal. Let‘s get on schools, something that I‘m fairly much a specialist in. OK, school. What is school? Who invented it? What‘s the purpose of school? School was always invented to arm us with the tools to make us creative, do wonderful things, make us earn a living, etc., etc. You know, it‘s been kind of in this sort of tight box for a long, long time, OK? But we haven‘t really evolved it to deal with the health catastrophes of America, OK? School food is something that most kids – 31 million a day, actually – have twice a day, more than often, breakfast and lunch, 180 days of the year. So you could say that school food is quite important, really, judging the circumstances. 09:07 (Laughter) 09:12 Before I crack into my rant, which I‘m sure you‘re waiting for – 09:16 (Laughter) 09:19 I need to say one thing, and it‘s so important in, hopefully, the magic that happens and unfolds in the next three months. The lunch ladies, the lunch cooks of America – I offer myself as their ambassador. I‘m not slagging them off. They‘re doing the best they can do. They‘re doing their best. But they‘re doing what they‘re told, and what they‘re being told to do is wrong. The system is highly run by accountants; there‘s not enough, or any, food- knowledgeable people in the business. There‘s a problem: If you‘re not a food expert, and you‘ve got tight budgets and it‘s getting tighter, then you can‘t be

425 creative, you can‘t duck and dive and write different things around things. If you‘re an accountant, and a box-ticker, the only thing you can do in these circumstances is buy cheaper shit. 10:09 Now, the reality is, the food that your kids get every day is fast food, it‘s highly processed, there‘s not enough fresh food in there at all. You know, the amount of additives, E numbers, ingredients you wouldn‘t believe – there‘s not enough veggies at all. French fries are considered a vegetable. Pizza for breakfast. They don‘t even get crockery. Knives and forks? No, they‘re too dangerous. They have scissors in the classroom, but knives and forks? No. And the way I look at it is: If you don‘t have knives and forks in your school, you‘re purely endorsing, from a state level, fast food, because it‘s handheld. And yes, by the way, it is fast food: It‘s sloppy Joes, it‘s burgers, it‘s wieners, it‘s pizzas, it's all of that stuff. 10:50 (Sighs) 10:52 Ten percent of what we spend on health care, as I said earlier, is on obesity, and it‘s going to double. We‘re not teaching our kids. There‘s no statutory right to teach kids about food, elementary or secondary school, OK? We don‘t teach kids about food, right? And this is a little clip from an elementary school, which is very common in England. 11:13 (Video) Who knows what this is? 11:15 Child: Potatoes. 11:16 Jamie Oliver: Potato? So, you think these are potatoes? Do you know what that is? Do you know what that is? 11:21 Child: Broccoli? 11:22 JO: What about this? Our good old friend. 11:25 Child: Celery. 11:26 JO: No. What do you think this is? 11:28 Child: Onion. JO: Onion? No.

426

11:29 JO: Immediately you get a really clear sense of ―Do the kids know anything about where food comes from?‖ Who knows what that is? Child: Uh, pear? 11:37 JO: What do you think this is? Child: I don‘t know. 11:40 JO: If the kids don‘t know what stuff is, then they will never eat it. 11:45 (Laughter) 11:46 JO: Normal. England and America, England and America. Guess what fixed that. Two one-hour sessions. We‘ve got to start teaching our kids about food in schools, period. 12:01 (Applause) 12:06 I want to tell you about something that kind of epitomizes the trouble that we‘re in, guys, OK? I want to talk about something so basic as milk. Every kid has the right to milk at school. Your kids will be having milk at school, breakfast and lunch, right? They‘ll be having two bottles, OK? And most kids do. But milk ain‘t good enough anymore. Don‘t get me wrong, I support milk – but someone at the milk board probably paid a lot of money for some geezer to work out that if you put loads of flavorings, colorings and sugar in milk, more kids will drink it. Yeah. 12:44 Obviously now that‘s going to catch on the apple board is going to work out that if they make toffee apples they‘ll eat more as well. Do you know what I mean? For me, there isn‘t any need to flavor the milk. Okay? There‘s sugar in everything. I know the ins and outs of those ingredients. It‘s in everything. Even the milk hasn‘t escaped the kind of modern-day problems. There‘s our milk. There‘s our carton. In that is nearly as much sugar as one of your favorite cans of fizzy pop, and they are having two a day. So, let me just show you. We‘ve got one kid, here – having, you know, eight tablespoons of sugar a day. You know, there‘s your week. There‘s your month. And I‘ve taken the liberty of putting in just the five years of elementary school sugar, just from milk. Now, I don‘t know about you guys, but judging the circumstances, right,

427 any judge in the whole world, would look at the statistics and the evidence, and they would find any government of old guilty of child abuse. That‘s my belief. 13:57 (Applause) 14:04 (Applause ends) 14:05 Now, if I came up here, and I wish I could come up here today and hang a cure for AIDS or cancer, you‘d be fighting and scrambling to get to me. This, all this bad news, is preventable. That's the good news. It‘s very, very preventable. So, let‘s just think about, we got a problem here, we need to reboot. Okay so, in my world, what do we need to do? Here is the thing, right, it cannot just come from one source. To reboot and make real tangible change, real change, so that I could look you in the white of the eyes and say, ―In 10 years‘ time, the history of your children‘s lives, happiness – and let‘s not forget, you‘re clever if you eat well, you know you're going to live longer – all of that stuff, it will look different. OK?‖ 14:53 So, supermarkets. Where else do you shop so religiously? Week in, week out. How much money do you spend, in your life, in a supermarket? Love them. They just sell us what we want. All right. They owe us to put a food ambassador in every major supermarket. They need to help us shop. They need to show us how to cook quick, tasty, seasonal meals for people that are busy. This is not expensive. It is done in some, and it needs to be done across the board in America soon, and quick. The big brands, you know, the food brands, need to put food education at the heart of their businesses. I know, easier said than done. It‘s the future. It‘s the only way. 15:34 Fast food. With the fast-food industry you know, it‘s very competitive. I‘ve had loads of secret papers and dealings with fast food restaurants. I know how they do it. I mean, basically they‘ve weaned us on to these hits of sugar, salt and fat, and x, y, and z, and everyone loves them, right? So, these guys are going to be part of the solution. But we need to get the government to work with all of the fast food purveyors and the restaurant

428 industry, and over a five, six, seven year period wean of us off the extreme amounts of fat, sugar and all the other non-food ingredients. 16:09 Now, also, back to the sort of big brands: labeling, I said earlier, is an absolute farce and has got to be sorted. OK, school. Obviously, in schools, we owe it to them to make sure those 180 days of the year, from that little precious age of four, until 18, 20, 24, whatever, they need to be cooked proper, fresh food from local growers on site, OK? There needs to be a new standard of fresh, proper food for your children, yeah? 16:39 (Applause) 16:44 Under the circumstances, it‘s profoundly important that every single American child leaves school knowing how to cook 10 recipes that will save their life. Life skills. 16:55 (Applause) 16:58 That means that they can be students, young parents, and be able to sort of duck and dive around the basics of cooking, no matter what recession hits them next time. If you can cook, recession money doesn‘t matter. If you can cook, time doesn‘t matter. The workplace, we haven‘t really talked about it. You know, it‘s now time for corporate responsibility to really look at what they feed or make available to their staff. The staff are the moms and dads of America‘s children. Marissa, her father died in her hand, I think she‘d be quite happy if corporate America could start feeding their staff properly. Definitely they shouldn‘t be left out. Let‘s go back to the home. 17:38 Now, look, if we do all this stuff, and we can, it‘s so achievable. You can care and be commercial. Absolutely. But the home needs to start passing on cooking again, for sure. For sure, pass it on as a philosophy. And for me, it‘s quite romantic, but it‘s about if one person teaches three people how to cook something, and they teach three of their mates, that only has to repeat itself 25 times, and that‘s the whole population of America. Romantic, yes, but most importantly, it‘s about trying to get people to realize that every one of your

429 individual efforts makes a difference. We‘ve got to put back what‘s been lost. Huntington‘s Kitchen. Huntington, where I made this program, we‘ve got this prime-time program that hopefully will inspire people to really get on this change. I truly believe that change will happen. Huntington‘s Kitchen. I work with a community. I worked in the schools. I found local sustainable funding to get every single school in the area from the junk, onto the fresh food: six-and-a- half grand per school. 18:40 (Applause) 18:41 That‘s all it takes, six-and-a-half grand per school. The Kitchen is 25 grand a month. Okay? This can do 5,000 people a year, which is 10 percent of their population, and it‘s people on people. You know, it‘s local cooks teaching local people. It‘s free cooking lessons, guys, in the Main Street. This is real, tangible change, real, tangible change. Around America, if we just look back now, there is plenty of wonderful things going on. There is plenty of beautiful things going on. There are angels around America doing great things in schools – farm-to-school set-ups, garden set-ups, education – there are amazing people doing this already. The problem is they all want to roll out what they‘re doing to the next school, but there‘s no cash. We need to recognize the experts and the angels quickly, identify them, and allow them to easily find the resource to keep rolling out what they‘re already doing, and doing well. Businesses of America need to support Mrs. Obama to do the things that she wants to do. 19:45(Applause) 19:52 And look, I know it‘s weird having an English person standing here before you talking about all this. All I can say is: I care. I‘m a father, and I love this country. And I believe truly, actually, that if change can be made in this country, beautiful things will happen around the world. If America does it, other people will follow. It‘s incredibly important. 20:15 (Audience) Yeah! 20:16 (Applause)

430

20:22 When I was in Huntington, trying to get a few things to work when they weren‘t, I thought ―If I had a magic wand, what would I do?‖ And I thought, ―You know what? I‘d just love to be put in front of some of the most amazing movers and shakers in America.‖ And a month later, TED phoned me up and gave me this award. I‘m here. So, my wish. Dyslexic, so I‘m a bit slow. My wish is for you to help a strong, sustainable movement to educate every child about food, to inspire families to cook again, and to empower people everywhere to fight obesity. 21:21 (Applause) 21:32 Thank you. 21:33 (Applause continues)

Task 2. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Then, choose any five of them and make up sentences: a) diet-related disease ...... ; b) to fight obesity ...... ; c) a magic wand ...... ; d) a tangible change ...... ; e) a food environment ...... ; f) sharp knife-edge ...... ; g) extra ingredients ...... ; h) a sustainable movement ...... ; i) local sustainable funding ...... ; j) fast food purveyors ...... ; k) a one-hour session ...... ; l) non-food ingredients ...... ; m) local people ...... ; n) free local people ...... ;

431 o) restaurant industry ...... ; p) absolute farce ......

Task 3. Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English. 1. Багато сучасних американців живуть у такому середовищі, у якому їх не вчать готувати їжу. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Їжа швидкого харчування поширилась по всій Америці. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Багато років тому люди вживали переважно місцеву і свіжу їжу, на жаль, сучасна їжа переважно перероблена, повна усіляких добавок і додаткових інгредієнтів. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Крім того, розмір порції є також великою проблемою. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 5. Багато років тому дім був серцем культури приготування та вживання їжі, яка сформувала наше суспільство. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 6. Їжа, як споживають наші діти щодня, це їжа швидкого харчування. …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………

7.За За цих обставин, надзвичайно важливо, щоб кожна дитина залишала школу, знаючи, як готувати принаймні 10 страв, які врятують її життя. …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………. 432

/ / …………………………….. / / ……………………

/ / ………………………….. / /…………………………...

/ / ……………………………. / / ………………………………..

/ / ……………………………... / / ………………………….

/ / ………………………… / / …………………………………

433

TOPIC 5. WHO ARE YOU, REALLY? THE PUZZLE OF PERSONALITY

Do the Warm-up activities first. Then watch the video. Next go to Tasks and do the activities.

Warm-up activities

Before you watch the video answer the following questions: 1. How well do you know yourself? 2. Are you an introvert or an extravert? 3. What are your core projects in your life? 4. How good are you communicative skills? 5. What are your strengths and weaknesses?

Before you watch the video learn some new words: introvert a person concerned primarily with inner thoughts and feelings rather than with the physical or social environment extrovert a person concerned primarily with the physical and social environment rather than with the self psychology the scientific study of all forms of human and animal behavior, sometimes concerned with the methods through which behavior can be modified antisocial avoiding the company of other people torpor a state of motor and mental inactivity with a partial suspension of sensibility to interact to act upon one another conscientiousness guided by or in accordance with the dictates of conscience personality the totality of qualities and traits, as of character or

434

behavior, that are peculiar to a specific person behavior the actions or reactions of a person or animal in response to external or internal stimuli

Task 1. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list: behavior conscientious interact extrovert individual psychologies antisocial 1. We need to understand the …of the two people involved in the incident. 2. Is there a difference between social and … graffiti? 3. By all accounts, Steen was an …and a bit of a loudmouth. 4. An acceptable social … in one country may be unacceptable in another country. 5. What are the … traits of the breed? 6. They‘re quiet children who don‘t … much. 7. He was a good friend to his comrades, a … leader mindful of his men‘s needs; an upright family man with strong, bright, proud children.

Watch the video which is available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/brian_little_who_are_you_really_the_puzzle_of_personality

If you need help, you can read the transcript at any time.

Transcript 00:12 What an intriguing group of individuals you are ... to a psychologist. 00:18 (Laughter) 435

00:20 I‘ve had the opportunity over the last couple of days of listening in on some of your conversations and watching you interact with each other. And I think it‘s fair to say, already, that there are 47 people in this audience, at this moment, displaying psychological symptoms I would like to discuss today. 00:43 (Laughter) 00:44 And I thought you might like to know who you are. 00:47 (Laughter) 00:49 But instead of pointing at you, which would be gratuitous and intrusive, I thought I would tell you a few facts and stories, in which you may catch a glimpse of yourself. 01:01 I‘m in the field of research known as personality psychology, which is part of a larger personality science which spans the full spectrum, from neurons to narratives. And what we try to do, in our own way, is to make sense of how each of us – each of you – is, in certain respects, like all other people, like some other people and like no other person. 01:34 Now, already you may be saying of yourself, ―I‘m not intriguing. I am the 46th most boring person in the Western Hemisphere.‖ Or you may say of yourself, ―I am intriguing, even if I am regarded by most people as a great, thundering twit.‖ 01:57 (Laughter) 01:58 But it is your self-diagnosed boringness and your inherent ―twitiness‖ that makes me, as a psychologist, really fascinated by you. So let me explain why this is so. 02:12 One of the most influential approaches in personality science is known as trait psychology, and it aligns you along five dimensions which are normally distributed, and that describe universally held aspects of difference between people. They spell out the acronym OCEAN. So, ―O‖ stands for ―open to experience,‖ versus those who are more closed. ―C‖ stands for ―conscientiousness,‖ in contrast to those with a more lackadaisical approach to

436 life. ―E‖ – ―extroversion,‖ in contrast to more introverted people. ―A‖ – ―agreeable individuals,‖ in contrast to those decidedly not agreeable. And ―N‖ – ―neurotic individuals,‖ in contrast to those who are more stable. 03:04 All of these dimensions have implications for our well-being, for how our life goes. And so we know that, for example, openness and conscientiousness are very good predictors of life success, but the open people achieve that success through being audacious and, occasionally, odd. The conscientious people achieve it through sticking to deadlines, to persevering, as well as having some passion. Extroversion and agreeableness are both conducive to working well with people. Extroverts, for example, I find intriguing. With my classes, I sometimes give them a basic fact that might be revealing with respect to their personality: I tell them that it is virtually impossible for adults to lick the outside of their own elbow. 04:01 (Laughter) 04:02 Did you know that? Already, some of you have tried to lick the outside of your own elbow. But extroverts amongst you are probably those who have not only tried, but they have successfully licked the elbow of the person sitting next to them. 04:18 (Laughter) 04:19 Those are the extroverts. 04:20 Let me deal in a bit more detail with extroversion, because it‘s consequential and it‘s intriguing, and it helps us understand what I call our three natures. First, our biogenic nature – our neurophysiology. Second, our sociogenic or second nature, which has to do with the cultural and social aspects of our lives. And third, what makes you individually you – idiosyncratic – what I call your ―idiogenic‖ nature. 04:53 Let me explain. One of the things that characterizes extroverts is they need stimulation. And that stimulation can be achieved by finding things that are exciting: loud noises, parties and social events here at TED – you see the

437 extroverts forming a magnetic core. They all gather together. And I‘ve seen you. The introverts are more likely to spend time in the quiet spaces up on the second floor, where they are able to reduce stimulation – and may be misconstrued as being antisocial, but you‘re not necessarily antisocial. It may be that you simply realize that you do better when you have a chance to lower that level of stimulation. 05:42 Sometimes it‘s an internal stimulant, from your body. Caffeine, for example, works much better with extroverts than it does introverts. When extroverts come into the office at nine o‘clock in the morning and say, ―I really need a cup of coffee,‖ they‘re not kidding – they really do. Introverts do not do as well, particularly if the tasks they‘re engaged in – and they‘ve had some coffee – if those tasks are speeded, and if they‘re quantitative, introverts may give the appearance of not being particularly quantitative. But it‘s a misconstrual. 06:19 So here are the consequences that are really quite intriguing: we‘re not always what seem to be, and that takes me to my next point. I should say, before getting to this, something about sexual intercourse, although I may not have time. And so, if you would like me to – yes, you would? OK. 06:40 (Laughter) 06:41 There are studies done on the frequency with which individuals engage in the conjugal act, as broken down by male, female; introvert, extrovert. So I ask you: How many times per minute – oh, I‘m sorry, that was a rat study. 06:58 (Laughter) 07:01 How many times per month do introverted men engage in the act? 3.0. Extroverted men? More or less? Yes, more. 5.5 – almost twice as much. Introverted women: 3.1. Extroverted women? Frankly, speaking as an introverted male, which I will explain later – they are heroic. 7.5. They not only handle all the male extroverts, they pick up a few introverts as well. 07:40 (Laughter)

438

07:42 (Applause) 07:48 We communicate differently, extroverts and introverts. Extroverts, when they interact, want to have lots of social encounter punctuated by closeness. They‘d like to stand close for comfortable communication. They like to have a lot of eye contact, or mutual gaze. We found in some research that they use more diminutive terms when they meet somebody. So when an extrovert meets a Charles, it rapidly becomes ―Charlie,‖ and then ―Chuck,‖ and then ―Chuckles Baby.‖ 08:21 (Laughter) 08:22 Whereas for introverts, it remains ―Charles,‖ until he‘s given a pass to be more intimate by the person he‘s talking to. We speak differently. Extroverts prefer black-and-white, concrete, simple language. Introverts prefer – and I must again tell you that I am as extreme an introvert as you could possibly imagine – we speak differently. We prefer contextually complex, contingent, weasel-word sentences. 09:02 (Laughter) 09:03 More or less. 09:05 (Laughter) 09:06 As it were. 09:07 (Laughter) 09:08 Not to put too fine a point upon it – like that. 09:13 When we talk, we sometimes talk past each other. I had a consulting contract I shared with a colleague who‘s as different from me as two people can possibly be. First, his name is Tom. Mine isn‘t. 09:27 (Laughter) 09:28 Secondly, he‘s six foot five. I have a tendency not to be. 09:32 (Laughter)

439

09:33 And thirdly, he‘s as extroverted a person as you could find. I am seriously introverted. I overload so much, I can‘t even have a cup of coffee after three in the afternoon and expect to sleep in the evening. 09:49 We had seconded to this project a fellow called Michael. And Michael almost brought the project to a crashing halt. So the person who seconded him asked Tom and me, ―What do you make of Michael?‖ Well, I‘ll tell you what Tom said in a minute. He spoke in classic ―extrovert-ese.‖ And here is how extroverted ears heard what I said, which is actually pretty accurate. I said, ―Well Michael does have a tendency at times of behaving in a way that some of us might see as perhaps more assertive than is normally called for.‖ 10:30 (Laughter) 10:33 Tom rolled his eyes and he said, ―Brian, that‘s what I said: he‘s an asshole!‖ 10:39 (Laughter) 10:42 (Applause) 10:45 Now, as an introvert, I might gently allude to certain ―assholic‖ qualities in this man‘s behavior, but I‘m not going to lunge for the a-word. 10:55 (Laughter) 10:59 But the extrovert says, ―If he walks like one, if he talks like one, I call him one.‖ And we go past each other. 11:05 Now is this something that we should be heedful of? Of course. It‘s important that we know this. Is that all we are? Are we just a bunch of traits? No, we‘re not. Remember, you‘re like some other people and like no other person. How about that idiosyncratic you? As Elizabeth or as George, you may share your extroversion or your neuroticism. But are there some distinctively Elizabethan features of your behavior, or Georgian of yours, that make us understand you better than just a bunch of traits? That makes us love you? Not just because you‘re a certain type of person.

440

11:55 I‘m uncomfortable putting people in pigeonholes. I don‘t even think pigeons belong in pigeonholes. So what is it that makes us different? It‘s the doings that we have in our life – the personal projects. You have a personal project right now, but nobody may know it here. It relates to your kid – you‘ve been back three times to the hospital, and they still don‘t know what‘s wrong. Or it could be your mom. And you‘d been acting out of character. These are free traits. You‘re very agreeable, but you act disagreeably in order to break down those barriers of administrative torpor in the hospital, to get something for your mom or your child. 12:45 What are these free traits? They‘re where we enact a script in order to advance a core project in our lives. And they are what matters. Don‘t ask people what type you are; ask them, ―What are your core projects in your life?‖ And we enact those free traits. I‘m an introvert, but I have a core project, which is to profess. I‘m a professor. And I adore my students, and I adore my field. And I can‘t wait to tell them about what‘s new, what‘s exciting, what I can‘t wait to tell them about. And so I act in an extroverted way, because at eight in the morning, the students need a little bit of humor, a little bit of engagement to keep them going in arduous days of study. 13:36 But we need to be very careful when we act protractedly out of character. Sometimes we may find that we don‘t take care of ourselves. I find, for example, after a period of pseudo-extroverted behavior, I need to repair somewhere on my own. As Susan Cain said in her ―Quiet‖ book, in a chapter that featured the strange Canadian professor who was teaching at the time at Harvard, I sometimes go to the men‘s room to escape the slings and arrows of outrageous extroverts. 14:12 (Laughter) 14:13 I remember one particular day when I was retired to a cubicle, trying to avoid overstimulation. And a real extrovert came in beside me − not right in my cubicle, but in the next cubicle over − and I could hear various

441 evacuatory noises, which we hate − even our own, that‘s why we flush during as well as after. 14:37 (Laughter) 14:40 And then I heard this gravelly voice saying, ―Hey, is that Dr. Little?‖ 14:47 (Laughter) 14:50 If anything is guaranteed to constipate an introvert for six months, it‘s talking on the phone. 14:58 (Laughter) 14:59 That‘s where I‘m going now. Don‘t follow me. 15:04 Thank you. 15:05 (Applause)

Task 2. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Then, choose any five of them and make up sentences: 1) to avoid overstimulation ...... ; 2) arduous days ...... ; 3) outrageous extroverts ...... ; 4) pseudo-extroverted behavior ...... ; 5) self-diagnosed boringness ...... ; 6) a core project ...... ; 7) a crashing halt ...... ; 8) weasel-word sentences ...... ; 9) comfortable communication ...... ; 10) a lackadaisical approach ...... ; 11) to share extroversion ...... ; 12) conscientious people ...... ; 13) diminutive terms ...... ; 442

14) to reduce stimulation ......

Task 3. Learning to read the International Phonetic Alphabet will help you with pronunciation, since the normal spellings of English words do not always show you how to say them. Can you write down the following words?

/ / …………………….. / / ……………………..

/ / ………………….. / / …………………………...

/ / …………………………. / / …………………………..

/ / ………………………….. / / …………………………

/ / …………………………. / / ………………………

Task 4. Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English. 1. Добре відомо, що екстровертність та дружелюбність сприяють продуктивній роботі з людьми. ……………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………….. 2. Однією з характерних рис екстравертів є потреба в збудженні, яке можна досягнути, роблячи щось захопливе. ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… 3. Кофеїн більше допомагає екстравертам, ніж інтровертам. Коли екстраверти приходять в офіс вранці і кажуть, що їм необхідна чашка кави, вони не жартують. ………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………..

443

………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………. 4. Екстраверти та інтроверти спілкуються по-різному. Коли в розмову вступають екстраверти, вони хочуть близького контакту. ……………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………….. 5. Дуже часто екстраверти використовують скорочені форми слова при зустрічі з людьми, яких вони добре знають. ……………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………..

Task 5. Find 10 hidden words. Try to explain their meaning in English: feature nature neuroticism trait behavior character introvert personality torpor extrovert

N Q F E A T U R E E W C V P I W E R U X B N E N D F G R E T T R T P T C O R T R S R K O H T T N A O O J R A I Y B I N V M P R C U G T A E E O A I I D F L R N R C S O V G I T H J T M P N A T U R E E A S D F Y G H J R F B E H A V I O R

444

Task 6. Write a summary of the text using the following key words: to avoid overstimulation; arduous days; outrageous extroverts; pseudo-extroverted behavior; self-diagnosed boringness; a core project; a crashing halt; weasel-word sentences; comfortable communication; a lackadaisical approach; to share extroversion; diminutive terms; to reduce stimulation

Task 7. Complete the sentences from the text above. 1. Sometimes we may find that … . 2. I‘m an introvert, but … . 3. I‘m uncomfortable putting … . 4. We prefer contextually … . 5. They‘d like to stand close for … . 6. Caffeine, for example, works much better … . 7. One of the things that characterizes extroverts is … .

445

TOPIC 6. A BROKEN BODY ISN’T A BROKEN PERSON

Do the Warm-up activities first. Then watch the video. Next go to Tasks and do the activities.

Warm-up activities

In teams, name as many summer sports as you can in three minutes. Compare your results.

Before you watch the video answer the following questions: 1. What problems do people with disabilities usually face? 2. What can disabled people teach those without disabilities? 3. What kinds of discrimination do people with disabilities usually face? 4. What do you think of the Paralympic Games? 5. What are ways that disabled people can compensate for their weakness?

Before you watch the video learn some new words: pain an unpleasant feeling occurring as a result of injury or disease, usually localized in some part of the body injury damage or harm done to or suffered by a person or thing dimension a measure of spatial extent, especially width, height, or length fracture the act of breaking or the state of being broken bleeding the flow of blood from a ruptured blood vessel

446 nervous system the bodily system that in vertebrates is made up of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor organs and that receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to the effector organs ward a large room in a hospital where a number of patients often requiring similar treatment are accommodated

Task 1. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list: rescued… fracture injury teammates ward… injuries

1. She survived the accident without … . 2. His athletic career has been slowed by … . 3. She suffered a wrist when she slipped on the ice. 4. In two videos, women are … via baskets lowered from Coast Guard helicopters. 5. Human Error in a busy hospital … or medical practice, anchoring errors can happen for myriad reasons. 6. Kelter and her U.S. … lost to France 31-23 in Saturday‘s bronze-medal match in Belfast, Ireland.

Watch the video which is available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/janine_shepherd_a_broken_body_isn_t_a_broken_person

If you need help, you can read the transcript at any time.

Transcript 00:12 Life is about opportunities – creating them and embracing them. And for me, that was the Olympic dream. That‘s what defined me. That was my bliss.

447

00:24 As a cross-country skier and member of the Australian ski team headed towards the Winter Olympics, I was on a training bike ride with my fellow teammates. As we made our way up towards the spectacular Blue Mountains west of Sydney, it was the perfect autumn day: sunshine, the smell of eucalypt and a dream. Life was good. We‘d been on our bikes for around five- and-a-half hours when we got to the part of the ride that I loved, and that was the hills, because I loved the hills. I got up off the seat of my bike and I started pumping my legs, and as I sucked in the cold mountain air, I could feel it burning my lungs, and I looked up to see the sun shining in my face. 01:07 And then everything went black. Where was I? What was happening? My body was consumed by pain. I‘d been hit by a speeding utility truck with only 10 minutes to go on the bike ride. I was airlifted from the scene of the accident by a rescue helicopter to a large spinal unit in Sydney. I had extensive and life-threatening injuries. I‘d broken my neck and my back in six places. I broke five ribs on my left side. I broke my right arm. I broke my collarbone. I broke some bones in my feet. My whole right side was ripped open, filled with gravel. My head was cut open across the front, lifted back, exposing the skull underneath. I had head injures. I had internal injuries. I had massive blood loss. In fact, I lost about five liters of blood, which is all someone my size would actually hold. By the time the helicopter arrived at Prince Henry Hospital in Sydney, my blood pressure was 40 over nothing. I was having a really bad day. 02:07 (Laughter) 02:15 For over 10 days, I drifted between two dimensions. I had an awareness of being in my body, but also being out of my body, somewhere else, watching from above, as if it was happening to someone else. Why would I want to go back to a body that was so broken? 02:31 But this voice kept calling me: ―Come on, stay with me.‖ 02:36 ―No, it‘s too hard.‖

448

02:39 ―Come on. This is our opportunity.‖ 02:42 ―No. That body is broken. It can no longer serve me.‖ 02:46 “Come on. Stay with me. We can do it. We can do it together.‖ 02:51 I was at a crossroads. I knew if I didn‘t return to my body, I‘d have to leave this world forever. It was the fight of my life. After 10 days, I made the decision to return to my body. And the internal bleeding stopped. 03:10 The next concern was whether I would walk again, because I was paralyzed from the waist down. They said to my parents that the neck break was a stable fracture, but the back was completely crushed: the vertebra at L1 was like you‘d dropped a peanut, stepped on it, smashed it into thousands of pieces. They‘d have to operate. They went in. They put me on a beanbag. They cut me − literally cut me in half. I have a scar that wraps around my entire body. They picked as much broken bone as they could that had lodged in my spinal cord. They took out two of my broken ribs and they rebuilt my back − L1, they rebuilt it, they took out another broken rib, they fused T12, L1 and L2 together. Then they stitched me up; they took an entire hour to stitch me up. I woke up in intensive care, and the doctors were really excited that the operation had been a success, because at that stage, I had a little bit of movement in one of my big toes, and I thought, ―Great, because I‘m going to the Olympics!‖ 04:08 (Laughter) 04:10 I had no idea. That‘s the sort of thing that happens to someone else, not me, surely. 04:15 But then the doctor came over to me and she said, ―Janine, the operation was a success, and we‘ve picked as much bone out of your spinal cord as we could. But the damage is permanent. The central nervous system nerves − there is no cure. You‘re what we call a partial paraplegic, and you‘ll have all of the injuries that go along with that. You‘ll have no feeling from the waist down, and at most, you might get 10 or 20 percent return. You‘ll have internal injuries for the rest of your life. You‘ll have to use a catheter for the rest of your life.

449

And if you walk again, it will be with calipers and a walking frame.‖ And then she said, ―Janine, you‘ll have to rethink everything you do in your life, because you‘re never going to be able to do the things you did before.‖ 05:00 (Gasps) 05:01 I tried to grasp what she was saying. I was an athlete. That‘s all I knew. That‘s all I‘d done. If I couldn‘t do that, then what could I do? And the question I asked myself is: If I couldn‘t do that, then who was I? 05:19 They moved me from intensive care to acute spinal. I was lying on a thin, hard spinal bed. I had no movement in my legs. I had tight stockings on to protect from blood clots. I had one arm in plaster, one arm tied down by drips. I had a neck brace and sandbags on either side of my head and I saw my world through a mirror that was suspended above my head. I shared the ward with five other people, and the amazing thing is, because we were all lying paralyzed in a spinal ward, we didn‘t know what each other looked like. How amazing is that? How often in life do you get to make friendships, judgment-free, purely based on spirit? And there were no superficial conversations as we shared our innermost thoughts, our fears, and our hopes for life after the spinal ward. 06:12 I remember one night, one of the nurses came in, Jonathan, with a whole lot of plastic straws. He put a pile on top of each of us, and he said, ―Start threading them together.‖ Well, there wasn‘t much else to do in the spinal ward, so we did. 06:28 (Laughter) 06:29 And when we‘d finished, he went around silently and he joined all of the straws up till it looped around the whole ward. And then he said, ―OK everybody, hold on to your straws.‖ And we did. And he said, ―Right ... Now we‘re all connected.‖ And as we held on and we breathed as one, we knew we weren‘t on this journey alone. And even lying paralyzed in the spinal ward ... there were moments of incredible depth and richness, of authenticity and

450 connection that I had never experienced before. And each of us knew that when we left the spinal ward, we would never be the same. 07:24 After six months, it was time to go home. I remember Dad pushing me outside in my wheelchair, wrapped in a plaster body cast, and feeling the sun on my face for the first time. I soaked it up and I thought, ―How could I ever have taken this for granted?‖ I felt so incredibly grateful for my life. But before I left hospital, the head nurse had said to me, ―Janine, I want you to be ready, because when you get home, something‘s going to happen.‖ And I said, ―What?‖ And she said, ―You‘re going to get depressed.‖ And I said, ―Not me, not Janine the Machine,‖ which was my nickname. She said, ―You are, because, see, it happens to everyone. In the spinal ward, that‘s normal. You‘re in a wheelchair. That‘s normal. But you‘re going to get home and realize how different life is.‖ 08:14 And I got home. And something happened. I realized Sister Sam was right. I did get depressed. I was in my wheelchair. I had no feeling from the waist down, attached to a catheter bottle. I couldn‘t walk. I‘d lost so much weight in hospital, I now weighed about 80 pounds. And I wanted to give up. All I wanted to do was put my running shoes on and run out the door. I wanted my old life back. I wanted my body back. 08:49 And I can remember Mom sitting on the end of my bed and saying, ―I wonder if life will ever be good again.‖ 08:55 And I thought, ―How could it? Because I‘ve lost everything that I valued, everything that I‘d worked towards. Gone.‖ And the question I asked was, ―Why me? Why me?‖ 09:11 And then I remembered my friends that were still in the spinal ward, particularly Maria. Maria was in a car accident, and she woke up on her 16th birthday to the news that she was a complete quadriplegic, had no movement from the neck down, had damage to her vocal chords, and she couldn‘t talk. They told me, ―We‘re going to move you next to her because we

451 think it will be good for her.‖ I was worried. I didn‘t know how I‘d react to being next to her. I knew it would be challenging, but it was actually a blessing, because Maria always smiled. She was always happy, and even when she began to talk again, albeit difficult to understand, she never complained, not once. And I wondered how had she ever found that level of acceptance. 10:07 And I realized that this wasn‘t just my life; it was life itself. I realized that this wasn‘t just my pain; it was everybody‘s pain. And then I knew, just like before, that I had a choice: I could keep fighting this, or I could let go and accept not only my body, but the circumstances of my life. And then I stopped asking, ―Why me?‖ And I started to ask, ―Why not me?‖ And then I thought to myself, maybe being at rock bottom is actually the perfect place to start. 10:53 I had never before thought of myself as a creative person. I was an athlete; my body was a machine. But now I was about to embark on the most creative project that any of us could ever do: that of rebuilding a life. And even though I had absolutely no idea what I was going to do, in that uncertainty came a sense of freedom. I was no longer tied to a set path. I was free to explore life‘s infinite possibilities. And that realization was about to change my life. 11:32 Sitting at home in my wheelchair and my plaster body cast, an airplane flew overhead. I looked up, and I thought to myself, ―That‘s it! If I can‘t walk, then I might as well fly.‖ 11:47 (Laughter) 11:48 I said, ―Mom, I‘m going to learn how to fly.‖ She said, ―That‘s nice, dear.‖ 11:52 (Laughter) 11:55 I said, ―Pass me the yellow pages.‖ She passed me the phone book, I rang up the flying school, I said I‘d like to make a booking to come out for a flight. They said, ―When do you want to come out?‖ I said, ―Well, I have to get a friend to drive me because I can‘t drive. Sort of can‘t walk, either. Is that a

452 problem?‖ I made a booking, and weeks later, my friend Chris and my mom drove me out to the airport, all 80 pounds of me covered in a plaster body cast in a baggy pair of overalls. 12:19 (Laughter) 12:20 I can tell you, I did not look like the ideal candidate to get a pilot‘s license. 12:25 (Laughter) 12:26 I‘m holding on to the counter because I can‘t stand. I said, ―Hi, I‘m here for a flying lesson.‖ They took one look and ran out the back to draw short straws. ―You get her.‖ ―No, no, you take her.‖ Finally a guy goes, ―Hi, I‘m Andrew. I‘m going to take you flying.‖ I go, ―Great!‖ They get me out on the tarmac, and there was this red, white and blue airplane – it was beautiful. They had to slide me up on the wing to put me in the cockpit. They sat me down. There are buttons and dials everywhere. I‘m going, ―Wow, how do you ever know what all these buttons and dials do?‖ Andrew got in the front, started the plane, and said, ―Would you like to have a go at taxiing?‖ That‘s when you use your feet to control the rudder pedals to control the airplane on the ground. I said, ―No, I can‘t use my legs.‖ He went, ―Oh.‖ I said, ―But I can use my hands,‖ and he said, ―OK.‖ 13:12 So he got over to the runway, and he applied the power. And as we took off down the runway, and the wheels lifted up off the tarmac, and we became airborne, I had the most incredible sense of freedom. And Andrew said to me, as we got over the training area, ―You see that mountain over there?‖ And I said, ―Yeah.‖ And he said, ―Well, you take the controls, and you fly towards that mountain.‖ And as I looked up, I realized that he was pointing towards the Blue Mountains, where the journey had begun. And I took the controls, and I was flying. And I was a long, long way from that spinal ward. I knew right then that I was going to be a pilot. Didn‘t know how on Earth I‘d ever pass a medical.

453

14:04 (Laughter) 14:05 But I‘d worry about that later, because right now, I had a dream. So I went home, I got a training diary out, and I had a plan. And I practiced my walking as much as I could, and I went from the point of two people holding me up ... to one person holding me up ... to the point where I could walk around the furniture as long as it wasn‘t too far apart. And then I made great progression, to the point where I could walk around the house, holding onto the walls, like this. And Mom said she was forever following me, wiping off my fingerprints. 14:36 (Laughter) 14:38 But at least she always knew where I was. 14:40 (Laughter) 14:42 So while the doctors continued to operate and put my body back together again, I went on with my theory study. And then eventually, amazingly, I passed my pilot‘s medical, and that was my green light to fly. And I spent every moment I could out at that flying school, way out of my comfort zone, all these young guys that wanted to be Qantas pilots, you know, and little old hop- along me in first my plaster cast, and then my steel brace, my baggy overalls, my bag of medication and catheters and my limp. They use to look at me and think, ―Oh, who is she kidding? She‘s never going to be able to do this.‖ And sometimes I thought that, too. But that didn‘t matter, because now there was something inside that burned that far outweighed my injuries. 15:28 And little goals kept me going along the way, and eventually I got my private pilot‘s license. Then I learned to navigate, and I flew my friends around Australia. And then I learned to fly an airplane with two engines and I got my twin-engine rating. And then I learned to fly in bad weather as well as fine weather, and got my instrument rating. And then I got my commercial pilot‘s license. And then I got my instructor rating. And then I found myself back at that same school where I‘d gone for that very first flight, teaching other people how to fly ... just under 18 months after I‘d left the spinal ward.

454

16:08 (Applause) 16:18 (Applause ends) 16:20 And then I thought, ―Why stop there? Why not learn to fly upside down?‖ 16:24 (Laughter) 16:25 And I did, and I learned to fly upside down and became an aerobatics flying instructor. 16:30 (Laughter) 16:32 And Mom and Dad? Never been up. 16:35 (Laughter) 16:39 But then I knew for certain that although my body might be limited, it was my spirit that was unstoppable. 16:50 The philosopher Lao Tzu once said, ―When you let go of what you are, you become what you might be.‖ I now know that it wasn‘t until I let go of who I thought I was that I was able to create a completely new life. It wasn‘t until I let go of the life I thought I should have ... that I was able to embrace the life that was waiting for me. I now know that my real strength never came from my body. And although my physical capabilities have changed dramatically, who I am is unchanged. The pilot light inside of me was still alight, just as it is in each and every one of us. 17:42 I know that I‘m not my body. And I also know that you‘re not yours. And then it no longer matters what you look like, where you come from, or what you do for a living. All that matters is that we continue to fan the flame of humanity by living our lives as the ultimate creative expression of who we really are, because we are all connected by millions and millions of straws. And it‘s time to join those up and to hang on. And if we are to move towards our collective bliss ... it‘s time we shed our focus on the physical and instead embrace the virtues of the heart. 18:32 So raise your straws if you‘ll join me.

455

18:36 (Applause) 18:37 Thank you. 18:38 (Applause) 18:43 Thank you. 18:45 (Applause)

Task 2. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Then, choose any five of them and make up sentences: a) a completely new life ...... ; b) the ultimate creative expression ...... ; c) the virtues of the heart ...... ; d) a sense of freedom ...... ; e) an aerobatics flying instructor ...... ; f) baggy overalls ...... ; g) a plaster body cast ...... ; h) life‘s infinite possibilities ...... ; i) a rescue helicopter ...... ; j) a stable fracture ...... ; k) a complete quadriplegic ...... ; l) superficial conversations ...... ; m) to acute spinal ...... ; o) broken ribs ...... ; p) a central nervous system ...... ; q) life-threatening injuries ...... ; r) a spinal cord ...... ; s) a creative project ...... ; t) vocal chords ...... ;

456 u) to protect from blood clots ...... ; v) commercial pilot‘s license ...... ; w) intensive care ...... ; x) massive blood loss ......

……………………………….. ………………………………….

………………………………… ……………………………….

…………………………….. .……………………………

……………………………. …………………………….

………………………………. …………………………..

Task 4. Write a summary of the text using the following key words: a completely new life; the ultimate creative expression; the virtues of the heart; a sense of freedom; an aerobatics flying instructor; baggy overalls; a plaster body cast; life’s infinite possibilities; a rescue helicopter; a stable fracture; a complete quadriplegic; superficial conversations; to acute spinal; broken ribs; a central nervous system; life-threatening injuries; a spinal cord; a creative project; vocal chords; to protect from blood clots; commercial pilot’s license; intensive care.

457

Task 5. Complete the sentences from the text above. 1. I had no movement ... . 2. And although my physical capabilities have changed dramatically, ... . 3. Didn‘t know how on Earth ... . 4. I knew right then that ... . 5. I had tight stockings on .... 6. By the time the helicopter arrived at Prince Henry Hospital in Sydney, ... . 7. All I wanted to do was put my running shoes … .

458

TOPIC 7. THE BEAUTY OF HUMAN SKIN IN EVERY COLOR

Do the Warm-up activities first. Then watch the video. Next go to Tasks and do the activities.

Warm-up activities

Before you watch the video answer the following questions: 1. What are traditional male and female social roles and responsibilities? Are you a traditional person? 2. What stereotypes about people from different countries are you aware of? 3. Despite the differences, are people basically the same? 4. Have you been the victim of discrimination? What kind of discrimination? 5. Is rasicm common in your community? What forms of racist behavior have you noticed? 6. Do you have many friends of a different race or ethnicity? Are these differences meaningful? 7. Is criticizing a different culture the same as being racist? 8. Is the level of discrimination in the world rising or dropping? What makes you think so?

Before you watch the video learn some new words: matriarch a woman who rules or dominates a family, group, or state contradictory so related to another that if either of the two is true the other is false and if either is false the other must be true

459 therapist a person trained in methods of treatment and rehabilitation other than the use of drugs or surgery discrimination the act of making or perceiving a difference neuroscience a branch of the life sciences that deals with the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, or molecular biology of nerves and nervous tissue and especially with their relation to behavior and learning ethnicity a particular ethnic affiliation or group identity the condition of being the same with something described or asserted personal of, relating to, or affecting a particular person

Task 1. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list: contradictory ….neuroscience ….discrimination ….therapists matriarch 1. The tribe‘s … ruled for 20 years before her death. 2. Bunting believes that the true island mentality is a paradox, comprised of such … impulses. 3. Many children are victimized by poverty, malnutrition, and … to this day. 4. In the bright facility on South Damen Avenue, police detectives and prosecutors team with child welfare investigators, doctors and … to bring abusers to justice and remove children from dangerous homes. 5. When developing the product, Chao, with an M.D. from Stanford and a solid background in …, took a scientific and data-based approach.

460

Watch the video which is available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/angelica_dass_the_beauty_of_human_skin_in_every_color

If you need help, you can read the transcript at any time.

Transcript 00:12 It has been 128 years since the last country in the world abolished slavery and 53 years since Martin Luther King pronounced his ―I Have A Dream‖ speech. But we still live in a world where the color of our skin not only gives a first impression, but a lasting one that remains. 00:42 I was born in a family full of colors. My father is the son of a maid from whom he inherited an intense dark chocolate tone. He was adopted by those who I know as my grandparents. The matriarch, my grandma, has a porcelain skin and cotton-like hair. My grandpa was somewhere between a vanilla and strawberry yogurt tone, like my uncle and my cousin. My mother is a cinnamon-skin daughter of a native Brazilian, with a pinch of hazel and honey, and a man [who is] a mix of coffee with milk, but with a lot of coffee. She has two sisters. One in a toasted-peanut skin and the other, also adopted, more on the beige side, like a pancake. 01:43 (Laughter) 01:45 Growing up in this family, color was never important for me. Outside home, however, things were different soon. Color had many other meanings. 02:01 I remember my first drawing lessons in school as a bunch of contradictory feelings. It was exciting and creative but I never understood the unique flesh-colored pencil. I was made of flesh but I wasn‘t pink. My skin was brown, and people said I was black.I was seven years old with a mess of colors in my head. 02:29 Later, when I took my cousin to school, I was usually taken for the nanny. By helping in the kitchen at a friend‘s party, people thought I was the 461 maid. I was even treated like a prostitute just because I was walking alone on the beach with European friends.And many times, visiting my grandma or friends in upper class buildings, I was invited not to use the main elevator. Because in the end, with this color and this hair, I cannot belong to some places. 03:12 In some way, I get to used to it and accept part of it. However, something inside of me keeps revolving and struggling. 03:23 Years later I married a Spaniard. But not any Spaniard. I chose one with the skin color of a lobster when sunburnt. 03:33 (Laughter) 03:35 Since then, a new question started to chase me. What will be the color of your children? As you can understand, this is my last concern. But thinking about it, with my previous background, my story led me to make my personal exercise as a photographer. And that is how Humanae was born. 04:00 Humanae is a pursuit to highlight our true colors, rather than the untrue white, red, black or yellow associated with race. It‘s a kind of game to question our codes. It‘s a work in progress from a personal story to a global history. 04:21 I portray the subjects in a white background. Then I choose an 11- pixel square from the nose, paint the background, and look for the corresponding color in the industrial palette, Pantone. 04:40 I started with my family and friends, then more and more people joined the adventure, thanks to public calls coming through the social media. 04:52 I thought that the main space to show my work was the Internet because I want an open concept that invites everybody to push the share button in both the computer and their brain. 05:08 The snowball started to roll. The project had a great welcome -- invitations, exhibitions, physical formats, galleries and museums ... just happened. And among them, my favorite: when Humanae occupies public

462 spaces and appears in the street,it fosters a popular debate and creates a feeling of community. 05:46 I have portrayed more than 3,000 people in 13 different countries, 19 different cities around the world. Just to mention some of them – from someone included in the Forbes list, to refugees who crossed the Mediterranean by boat. In Paris, from the UNESCO Headquarters to a shelter. And students both in Switzerland and favelas in Rio de Janeiro. 06:15 All kinds of beliefs, gender identities or physical impairments, a newborn or terminally ill. We all together build Humanae. 06:28 Those portraits make us rethink how we see each other. When modern science is questioning the race concept, what does it mean for us to be black, white, yellow, red? Is it the eye, the nose, the mouth, the hair? Or does it have to do with our origin,nationality or bank account? 06:58 This personal exercise turned out to be a discovery. Suddenly I realized that Humanae was useful for many people. It represents a sort of mirror for those who cannot find themselves reflected in any label. 07:17 It was amazing that people started to share their thoughts about the work with me. I have hundreds of that, I will share with you, too. 07:27 A mother of 11 years – A mother of an 11-year-old girl wrote me, ―Very good for me as a tool to work on her confidence, as this past weekend one of her girlfriends argued with her that she does not belong and should not be allowed to live in Norway. So your work has a very special place in my heart and it‘s very important for me.‖ 07:58 A woman shared her portrait on Facebook and wrote, ―All my life, people from across the globe had difficulties to place me in a group, a stereotype, a box. Perhaps we should stop. Instead of framing, ask the individual, How would you label yourself? Then I would say, ‗Hi. I‘m Massiel. I‘m a Dominican-Dutch, I grew up in a mixed family and I‘m a bisexual woman.‘‖

463

08:31 Besides these unexpected and touching reactions, Humanae finds a new life in a different variety of fields. Just to show you some examples, illustrators and art students using it as a reference for their sketches and their studies. It‘s a collection of faces. 08:52 Researchers in the fields of anthropology, physics and neuroscience use Humanae with different scientific approaches related to human ethnicity, optophysiology, face recognition or Alzheimer‘s. 09:11 One of the most important impacts of the project is that Humanae was chosen to be the cover of Foreign Affairs, one of the most relevant political publications. And talking about foreign affairs, I found the perfect ambassadors for my project ...teachers. They are the ones that use Humanae as a tool for educational purposes.Their passion encourages me to go back to drawing classes, but this time as a teacher myself. 09:50 My students, both adults and kids, paint their self-portraits, trying to discover their own unique color. 10:08 As a photographer, I realize that I can be a channel for others to communicate. As an individual, as Angélica, every time I take a picture, I feel that I am sitting in front of a therapist. All the frustration, fear and loneliness that I once felt ... becomes love. 10:41 The last country – the last country in the world who abolished slavery is the country where I was born, Brazil. We still have to work hard to abolish discrimination. That remains a common practice worldwide, and that will not disappear by itself. 11:08 Thank you. 11:09 (Applause) 11:23 Thank you.

464

Task 2. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Then, choose any five of them and make up sentences: a) gender identities ...... b) an intense dark chocolate tone ...... c) physical impairments ...... d) abolished slavery ...... e) a toasted-peanut skin ...... f) industrial palette …...... g) a mixed family ...... h) a face recognition ...... i) touching reactions ...... k) relevant political publications ...... l) important impacts ……….……………………………………………………... m) a race concept …......

…………………………….. ………………………………

……………………………. …………………………….

…………………………... …………………...

……………………………….. …………………………..

………………………… ………………………….

465

Task 4. Write a summary of the text using the following key words: gender identities; an intense dark chocolate tone; physical impairments; abolished slavery; a toasted-peanut skin; industrial palette; a mixed family; a face recognition; touching reactions; relevant political publications; important impacts; a race concept

Task 5. Find 10 hidden words. Try to explain their meaning in English: slavery family discrimination stereotype skin race tone physical identity imparement

I N S L A V E R Y C D R T Y U U I O X I E A S D F F L S S F N S H J A K E C G I T K L M B R R B K E I M I P T I V S R M T L H Y M C K E P N Y Y U I D M O A B R S I N E B T R V X I R A C E Y E C C C J T T A P M X B A H I H S E E Z M L G O D F G N G H J F N Q W E T O N E

466

TOPIC 8. WHAT THE PEOPLE OF THE AMAZON KNOW THAT YOU DON’T

Do the Warm-up activities first. Then watch the video. Next go to Tasks and do the activities.

Warm-up activities

Before you watch the video answer the following questions: 1. What do you know about people of the Amazon? 2. What do you know about conventional medicine? 3. What do you know about alternative medicine? 4. Do you believe in the power of something other than medical science to heal the human body? 5. Why do many people believe in the power of alternative medicine?

Before you watch the video learn some new words: indigenous produced, growing, living, or occurring naturally in a particular region tribe a social group comprising numerous families, clans, or generations together with slaves, dependents, or adopted strangers aspirin a white crystalline derivative C9H8O4 of salicylic acid used for relief of pain and fever disease a condition of the living animal or plant body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning and is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms

467 shaman a priest or priestess who uses magic for the purpose of curing the sick, divining the hidden, and controlling events endangered being or relating to an endangered species insomnia prolonged and usually abnormal inability to get enough sleep hypertension abnormally high blood pressure and especially arterial blood pressure cure a course or period of treatment

Watch the video which is available at:

https://www.ted.com/talks/mark_plotkin_what_the_people_of_the_amazon_know_that_you_don_t

If you need help, you can read the transcript at any time.

Transcript 00:11 Now, I‘m an ethnobotanist. That‘s a scientist who works in the rainforest to document how people use local plants. I‘ve been doing this for a long time, and I want to tell you, these people know these forests and these medicinal treasures better than we do and better than we ever will. But also, these cultures, these indigenous cultures, are disappearing much faster than the forests themselves. And the greatest and most endangered species in the Amazon Rainforest is not the jaguar, it‘s not the harpy eagle, it‘s the isolated and uncontacted tribes. 00:50 Now four years ago, I injured my foot in a climbing accident and I went to the doctor. She gave me heat, she gave me cold, aspirin, narcotic painkillers, anti-inflammatories, cortisone shots. It didn‘t work. Several months later, I was in the northeast Amazon, walked into a village, and the shaman said, 468

―You‘re limping.‖ And I‘ll never forget this as long as I live. He looked me in the face and he said, ―Take off your shoe and give me your machete.‖ (Laughter) He walked over to a palm tree and carved off a fern, threw it in the fire, applied it to my foot, threw it in a pot of water,and had me drink the tea. The pain disappeared for seven months. When it came back, I went to see the shaman again. He gave me the same treatment, and I‘ve been cured for three years now. Who would you rather be treated by? (Applause) Now, make no mistake − Western medicine is the most successful system of healing ever devised, but there‘s plenty of holes in it. Where‘s the cure for breast cancer? Where‘s the cure for schizophrenia? Where‘s the cure for acid reflux? Where‘s the cure for insomnia? The fact is that these people can sometimes, sometimes, sometimes cure things we cannot. Here you see a medicine man in the northeast Amazon treating leishmaniasis, a really nasty protozoal disease that afflicts 12 million people around the world. Western treatment are injections of antimony. They‘re painful, they‘re expensive, and they‘re probably not good for your heart; it‘s a heavy metal. This man cures it with three plants from the Amazon Rainforest. 02:37 This is the magic frog. My colleague, the late great Loren McIntyre, discoverer of the source lake of the Amazon, Laguna McIntyre in the Peruvian Andes, was lost on the Peru-Brazil border about 30 years ago. He was rescued by a group of isolated Indians called the Matsés. They beckoned for him to follow them into the forest, which he did. There, they took out palm leaf baskets. There, they took out these green monkey frogs − these are big suckers, they‘re like this − and they began licking them. It turns out, they‘re highly hallucinogenic. McIntyre wrote about this and it was read by the editor of High Times magazine. You see that ethnobotanists have friends in all sorts of strange cultures. This guy decided he would go down to the Amazon and give it a whirl, or give it a lick, and he did, and he wrote, ―My blood pressure went through the roof, I lost full control of my bodily functions, I passed out in a

469 heap, I woke up in a hammock six hours later, felt like God for two days.‖(Laughter) An Italian chemist read this and said, ―I‘m not really interested in the theological aspects of the green monkey frog. What‘s this about the change in blood pressure?‖ Now, this is an Italian chemist who‘s working on a new treatment for high blood pressure based on peptides in the skin of the green monkey frog, and other scientists are looking at a cure for drug-resistant Staph aureus. How ironic if these isolated Indians and their magic frog prove to be one of the cures. 04:07 Here‘s an ayahuasca shaman in the northwest Amazon, in the middle of a yage ceremony. I took him to Los Angeles to meet a foundation officer looking for support for monies to protect their culture. This fellow looked at the medicine man, and he said, ―You didn‘t go to medical school, did you?‖ The shaman said, ―No, I did not.‖ He said, ―Well, then what can you know about healing?‖ The shaman looked at him and he said, ―You know what? If you have an infection, go to a doctor. But many human afflictions are diseases of the heart, the mind and the spirit. Western medicine can‘t touch those. I cure them.‖ (Applause) 04:50 But all is not rosy in learning from nature about new medicines. This is a viper from Brazil, the venom of which was studied at the Universidade de São Paulo here. It was later developed into ACE inhibitors. This is a frontline treatment for hypertension. Hypertension causes over 10 percent of all deaths on the planet every day. This is a $4 billion industry based on venom from a Brazilian snake, and the Brazilians did not get a nickel. This is not an acceptable way of doing business. 05:22 The rainforest has been called the greatest expression of life on Earth. There‘s a saying in Suriname that I dearly love: ―The rainforests hold answers to questions we have yet to ask.‖ But as you all know, it‘s rapidly disappearing. Here in Brazil, in the Amazon, around the world. I took this picture from a small plane flying over the eastern border of the Xingu

470 indigenous reserve in the state of Mato Grosso to the northwest of here. The top half of the picture, you see where the Indians live. The line through the middle is the eastern border of the reserve. Top half Indians, bottom half white guys. Top half wonder drugs, bottom half just a bunch of skinny-ass cows. Top half carbon sequestered in the forest where it belongs, bottom half carbon in the atmosphere where it‘s driving climate change. In fact, the number two cause of carbon being released into the atmosphere is forest destruction. 06:22 But in talking about destruction, it‘s important to keep in mind that the Amazon is the mightiest landscape of all. It‘s a place of beauty and wonder. The biggest anteater in the world lives in the rain forest, tips the scale at 90 pounds. The goliath bird-eating spider is the world‘s largest spider. It‘s found in the Amazon as well. The harpy eagle wingspan is over seven feet. And the black cayman − these monsters can tip the scale at over half a ton. They‘re known to be man-eaters. The anaconda, the largest snake, the capybara, the largest rodent. A specimen from here in Brazil tipped the scale at 201 pounds. 07:09 Let‘s visit where these creatures live, the northeast Amazon, home to the Akuriyo tribe. Uncontacted peoples hold a mystical and iconic role in our imagination. These are the people who know nature best. These are the people who truly live in total harmony with nature. By our standards, some would dismiss these people as primitive. ―They don‘t know how to make fire, or they didn't when they were first contacted.‖ But they know the forest far better than we do. The Akuriyos have 35 words for honey, and other Indians look up to them as being the true masters of the emerald realm. Here you see the face of my friend Pohnay. When I was a teenager rocking out to the Rolling Stones in my hometown of New Orleans, Pohnay was a forest nomad roaming the jungles of the northeast Amazon in a small band, looking for game, looking for medicinal plants, looking for a wife, in other small nomadic bands. But it‘s people like these that know things that we don‘t, and they have lots of lessons to teach us.

471

08:18 However, if you go into most of the forests of the Amazon, there are no indigenous peoples. This is what you find: rock carvings which indigenous peoples, uncontacted peoples, used to sharpen the edge of the stone axe. These cultures that once danced, made love, sang to the gods, worshipped the forest, all that‘s left is an imprint in stone, as you see here. 08:43 Let‘s move to the western Amazon, which is really the epicenter of isolated peoples. Each of these dots represents a small, uncontacted tribe, and the big reveal today is we believe there are 14 or 15 isolated groups in the Colombian Amazon alone. 09:01 Why are these people isolated? They know we exist, they know there‘s an outside world. This is a form of resistance. They have chosen to remain isolated, and I think it is their human right to remain so. Why are these the tribes that hide from man? Here‘s why. Obviously, some of this was set off in 1492. But at the turn of the last century was the rubber trade. The demand for natural rubber, which came from the Amazon, set off the botanical equivalent of a gold rush. Rubber for bicycle tires, rubber for automobile tires, rubber for zeppelins. It was a mad race to get that rubber, and the man on the left, Julio Arana, is one of the true thugs of the story. His people, his company, and other companies like them killed, massacred, tortured, butchered Indians like the Witotos you see on the right hand side of the slide. 09:57 Even today, when people come out of the forest, the story seldom has a happy ending. These are Nukaks. They were contacted in the ‗80s. Within a year, everybody over 40 was dead. And remember, these are preliterate societies. The elders are the libraries. Every time a shaman dies, it‘s as if a library has burned down. They have been forced off their lands. The drug traffickers have taken over the Nukak lands, and the Nukaks live as beggars in public parks in eastern Colombia. From the Nukak lands, I want to take you to the southwest, to the most spectacular landscape in the world: Chiribiquete National Park. It was surrounded by three isolated tribes and thanks to the

472

Colombian government and Colombian colleagues, it has now expanded. It‘s bigger than the state of Maryland. It is a treasure trove of botanical diversity. It was first explored botanically in 1943 by my mentor, Richard Schultes,seen here atop the Bell Mountain, the sacred mountains of the Karijonas. And let me show you what it looks like today. Flying over Chiribiquete, realize that these lost world mountains are still lost. No scientist has been atop them. In fact, nobody has been atop the Bell Mountain since Schultes in ‗43. And we‘ll end up here with the Bell Mountain just to the east of the picture. Let me show you what it looks like today. 11:21 Not only is this a treasure trove of botanical diversity, not only is it home to three isolated tribes, but it‘s the greatest treasure trove of pre- Colombian art in the world:over 200,000 paintings. The Dutch scientist Thomas van der Hammen described this as the Sistine Chapel of the Amazon Rainforest. 11:43 But move from Chiribiquete down to the southeast, again in the Colombian Amazon.Remember, the Colombian Amazon is bigger than New England. The Amazon‘s a big forest, and Brazil‘s got a big part of it, but not all of it. Moving down to these two national parks, Cahuinari and Puré in the Colombian Amazon — that‘s the Brazilian border to the right — it‘s home to several groups of isolated and uncontacted peoples. To the trained eye, you can look at the roofs of these malocas, these longhouses, and see that there‘s cultural diversity. These are, in fact, different tribes. As isolated as these areas are, let me show you how the outside world is crowding in. Here we see trade and transport increased in Putumayo. With the diminishment of the Civil War in Colombia, the outside world is showing up. To the north, we have illegal gold mining, also from the east, from Brazil. There‘s increased hunting and fishing for commercial purposes. We see illegal logging coming from the south, and drug runners are trying to move through the park and get into Brazil. This, in the past, is why you didn‘t mess with isolated Indians. And if it looks like this picture is out of focus because it was taken in a hurry, here‘s

473 why. (Laughter) This looks like − (Applause) This looks like a hangar from the Brazilian Amazon. This is an art exhibit in Havana, Cuba. A group called Los Carpinteros. This is their perception of why you shouldn‘t mess with uncontacted Indians. 13:15 But the world is changing. These are Mashco-Piros on the Brazil- Peru border who stumbled out of the jungle because they were essentially chased out by drug runners and timber people. And in Peru, there‘s a very nasty business. It‘s called human safaris. They will take you in to isolated groups to take their picture. Of course, when you give them clothes, when you give them tools, you also give them diseases. We call these ―inhuman safaris.‖ These are Indians again on the Peru border, who were overflown by flights sponsored by missionaries. They want to get in there and turn them into Christians. We know how that turns out. 13:52 What‘s to be done? Introduce technology to the contacted tribes, not the uncontacted tribes, in a culturally sensitive way. This is the perfect marriage of ancient shamanic wisdom and 21st century technology. We‘ve done this now with over 30 tribes, mapped, managed and increased protection of over 70 million acres of ancestral rainforest. (Applause) 14:23 So this allows the Indians to take control of their environmental and cultural destiny. They also then set up guard houses to keep outsiders out. These are Indians, trained as indigenous park rangers, patrolling the borders and keeping the outside world at bay. This is a picture of actual contact. These are Chitonahua Indians on the Brazil-Peru border. They‘ve come out of the jungle asking for help. They were shot at, their malocas, their longhouses, were burned. Some of them were massacred. Using automatic weapons to slaughter uncontacted peoples is the single most despicable and disgusting human rights abuse on our planet today, and it has to stop. (Applause) 15:18 But let me conclude by saying, this work can be spiritually rewarding, but it‘s difficult and it can be dangerous. Two colleagues of mine

474 passed away recently in the crash of a small plane. They were serving the forest to protect those uncontacted tribes. So the question is, in conclusion, is what the future holds. These are the Uray people in Brazil. What does the future hold for them, and what does the future hold for us? Let‘s think differently. Let‘s make a better world. If the climate‘s going to change, let‘s have a climate that changes for the better rather than the worse. Let‘s live on a planetfull of luxuriant vegetation, in which isolated peoples can remain in isolation, can maintain that mystery and that knowledge if they so choose. Let‘s live in a worldwhere the shamans live in these forests and heal themselves and us with their mystical plants and their sacred frogs. 16:24 Thanks again. 16:25 (Applause)

Task 2. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Then, choose any five of them and make up sentences: a) indigenous park rangers ………………………………………………………; b) cultural destiny ……………………………………………………………….; c) mystical plants ………………………………………………………………..; d) timber people …………………………………………………………………; e) ancient shamanic wisdom …………………………………………………….; f) total harmony with nature …………………………………………………….; g) uncontacted peoples ………………….……………………………………….; h) botanical diversity …………………….………………………………………; i) timber people ………………………………………………………………….; j) forest destruction ………………………………………………………………; k) automatic weapons ……………………………………………………………; l) the most successful system of healing ………………………………………...; m) a really nasty protozoal disease ………………………………………………;

475 n) indigenous peoples ……………………………………………………………; o) ancestral rainforest ……………………………………………………………; p) a planetfull of luxuriant vegetation …………………………………………..; q) a frontline treatment …………………………………………………………..; r) blood pressure ………………………………………………………………….

Task 3. Put as many questions to the following sentences as it is possible. 1. Hypertension causes over 10 percent of all deaths on the planet every day. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………. 2. There‘s increased hunting and fishing for commercial purposes. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 3. They want to get in there and turn them into Christians. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 4. These are the people who truly live in total harmony with nature. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 5. He gave me the same treatment, and I‘ve been cured for three years now.

476

…………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………

Task 4. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text. thugs tribes tires equivalent rubber resistance natural

Why are these people isolated? They know we exist, they know there‘s an outside world. This is a form of a) … . They have chosen to remain isolated, and I think it is their human right to remain so. Why are these the b) … that hide from man? Here‘s why. Obviously, some of this was set off in 1492. But at the turn of the last century was the c) … trade. The demand for d) … rubber, which came from the Amazon, set off the botanical e) … of a gold rush. Rubber for bicycle tires, rubber for automobile f) …, rubber for zeppelins. It was a mad race to get that rubber, and the man on the left, Julio Arana, is one of the true g) … of the story. His people, his company, and other companies like them killed, massacred, tortured, butchered Indians like the Witotos you see on the right hand side of the slide.

Task 5. Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English.

1. Шамани з північно-східної частини Амазонки лікують лейшманіоз. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 2. 12 мільйонів людей в світі хворіють лейшманіозом.

477

…………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Лейшманіоз – це серйозна протозойна хвороба, якою хворіє 12 мільйонів людей в світі. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Гіпертонія є причиною 10 відсотків усіх смертей на планеті кожного дня. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 5. Люди з відлюднених племен краще знають природу і знають, як жити по-справжньому у повній гармонії з природою. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 6. Більшість сучасних людей хоче жити на планеті, повній родючих рослин. …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………….. 7. Необхідно створити сприятливі умови для того, щоб ізольовані племена залишалися ізольованими. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 8. Ми маємо зберігти нашу планету в такому стані, на якій ізольовані племена зможуть залишатися ізольованими, зможуть зберігати свою загадковість і свої знання, якщо це їхній вибір. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………

478

………………………... ………………………….. …………………………... …………………………. …………………………….. ……………………………. ……………………………… ……………………….. ……………………… ……………………………

Task 7. Complete the following sentences using information from the text. 1. Let‘s make a … . 2. If the climate‘s going to change, … . 3. They will take you in … . 4. They want to get in … . 5. These are the people who truly … . 6. Every time a shaman dies, … .

Task 8. Write a summary of the text using the following key words: indigenous park rangers; cultural destiny; mystical plant; timber people; total harmony with nature; uncontacted peoples; botanical diversity; timber people; forest destruction; automatic weapons; a really nasty protozoal disease; indigenous peoples; ancestral rainforest; a planetfull of luxuriant vegetation; a frontline treatment; blood pressure

479

TOPIC 9. HOW TO MAKE WORK-LIFE BALANCE WORK

Do the Warm-up activities first. Then watch the video. Next go to Tasks and do the activities.

Warm-up activities

Before you watch the video answer the following questions: 1. Do you know how to balance between work and life? 2. Do you know how to balance between work and a family life? 3. Is it possible to be successful at work and to have a family?

Before you watch the video learn some new words: neglect to give little attention or respect to upheaval extreme agitation or disorder; radical change observation an act or instance of observing a custom, rule, or law paternity the quality or state of being a father balance equipoise between contrasting, opposing, or interacting elements workforce the workers engaged in a specific activity or enterprise desperation a state of hopelessness leading to rashness incombatible incapable of being held by one person at one time − used of offices that make conflicting demands on the holder contention a point advanced or maintained in a debate or argument

480

Task 1. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list: upheaval in balance incompatible observation neglected 1. The building has been … for years. 2. The civil rights movement marked a period of social … in the U.S. 3. The characters in her novel are based on close … of her family. 4. It‘s important to keep your life … . 5. His behavior in training was disruptive of the workplace, … with public service and not protected speech.

Watch the video which is available at:

https://www.ted.com/talks/nigel_marsh_how_to_make_work_life_balance_work

If you need help, you can read the transcript at any time.

Transcript 00:12 What I thought I would do is I would start with a simple request. I'd like all of you to pause for a moment, you wretched weaklings, and take stock of your miserable existence. (Laughter) 00:30 Now that was the advice that St. Benedict gave his rather startled followers in the fifth century. It was the advice that I decided to follow myself when I turned 40. Up until that moment, I had been that classic corporate warrior – I was eating too much, I was drinking too much, I was working too hard and I was neglecting the family. And I decided that I would try and turn my life around. In particular, I decided I would try to address the thorny issue of work-life balance. So I stepped back from the workforce, and I spent a year at 481 home with my wife and four young children. But all I learned about work-life balance from that year was that I found it quite easy to balance work and life when I didn‘t have any work. (Laughter) Not a very useful skill, especially when the money runs out. 01:29 So I went back to work, and I‘ve spent these seven years since struggling with, studying and writing about work-life balance. And I have four observations I‘d like to share with you today. The first is: if society‘s to make any progress on this issue, we need an honest debate. But the trouble is so many people talk so much rubbish about work-life balance. All the discussions about flexi-time or dress-down Fridays or paternity leave only serve to mask the core issue, which is that certain job and career choices are fundamentally incompatible with being meaningfully engaged on a day-to-day basis with a young family. Now the first step in solving any problem is acknowledging the reality of the situation you‘re in. And the reality of the society that we‘re in is there are thousands and thousands of people out there leading lives of quiet, screaming desperation, where they work long, hard hours at jobs they hate to enable them to buy things they don‘t need to impress people they don‘t like. (Laughter) (Applause) It‘s my contention that going to work on Friday in jeans and [a] T-shirt isn‘t really getting to the nub of the issue. 03:01(Laughter) 03:05 The second observation I‘d like to make is we need to face the truth that governments and corporations aren‘t going to solve this issue for us. We should stop looking outside. It‘s up to us as individuals to take control and responsibility for the type of lives that we want to lead. If you don‘t design your life, someone else will design it for you, and you may just not like their idea of balance. It‘s particularly important – this isn‘t on the World Wide Web, is it? I‘m about to get fired – it‘s particularly important that you never put the quality of your life in the hands of a commercial corporation. Now I‘m not talking here just about the bad companies – the ―abattoirs of the human soul,‖ as

482

I call them. (Laughter) I‘m talking about all companies. Because commercial companies are inherently designed to get as much out of you [as] they can get away with. It‘s in their nature; it‘s in their DNA; it‘s what they do – even the good, well-intentioned companies. On the one hand, putting childcare facilities in the workplace is wonderful and enlightened. On the other hand, it‘s a nightmare – It just means you spend more time at the bloody office. We have to be responsible for setting and enforcing the boundaries that we want in our life. 04:34 The third observation is we have to be careful with the time frame that we choose upon which to judge our balance. Before I went back to work after my year at home, I sat down and I wrote out a detailed, step-by-step description of the ideal balanced day that I aspired to. And it went like this: wake up well rested after a good night‘s sleep. Have sex. Walk the dog. Have breakfast with my wife and children. Have sex again. (Laughter) Drive the kids to school on the way to the office. Do three hours‘ work. Play a sport with a friend at lunchtime. Do another three hours‘ work. Meet some mates in the pub for an early evening drink. Drive home for dinner with my wife and kids. Meditate for half an hour. Have sex. Walk the dog. Have sex again. Go to bed. (Applause) How often do you think I have that day? (Laughter) We need to be realistic. You can‘t do it all in one day. We need to elongate the time frame upon which we judge the balance in our life, but we need to elongate it without falling into the trap of the ―I‘ll have a life when I retire, when my kids have left home, when my wife has divorced me, my health is failing, I‘ve got no mates or interests left.‖ (Laughter) A day is too short; ―after I retire‖ is too long. There‘s got to be a middle way. 06:33 A fourth observation: We need to approach balance in a balanced way. A friend came to see me last year – and she doesn‘t mind me telling this story – a friend came to see me last year and said, ―Nigel, I‘ve read your book. And I realize that my life is completely out of balance. It‘s totally dominated by work. I work 10 hours a day; I commute two hours a day. All of

483 my relationships have failed. There‘s nothing in my life apart from my work. So I‘ve decided to get a grip and sort it out. So I joined a gym.‖ (Laughter) Now I don‘t mean to mock, but being a fit 10-hour-a-day office rat isn‘t more balanced; it‘s more fit. (Laughter) Lovely though physical exercise may be, there are other parts to life – there‘s the intellectual side; there‘s the emotional side; there‘s the spiritual side. And to be balanced, I believe we have to attend to all of those areas – not just do 50 stomach crunches. 07:40 Now that can be daunting. Because people say, ―Bloody hell mate, I haven‘t got time to get fit. You want me to go to church and call my mother.‖ And I understand. I truly understand how that can be daunting. But an incident that happened a couple of years ago gave me a new perspective. My wife, who is somewhere in the audience today, called me up at the office and said, ―Nigel, you need to pick our youngest son‖ – Harry – ―up from school.‖ Because she had to be somewhere else with the other three children for that evening. So I left work an hour early that afternoon and picked Harry up at the school gates. We walked down to the local park, messed around on the swings, played some silly games. I then walked him up the hill to the local cafe, and we shared a pizza for two, then walked down the hill to our home, and I gave him his bath and put him in his Batman pajamas. I then read him a chapter of Roald Dahl‘s ―James and the Giant Peach.‖ I then put him to bed, tucked him in, gave him a kiss on his forehead and said, ―Goodnight, mate,‖ and walked out of his bedroom. As I was walking out of his bedroom, he said, ―Dad?‖ I went, ―Yes, mate?‖ He went, ―Dad, this has been the best day of my life, ever.‖ I hadn‘t done anything, hadn‘t taken him to Disney World or bought him a Playstation. 09:05 Now my point is the small things matter. Being more balanced doesn‘t mean dramatic upheaval in your life. With the smallest investment in the right places, you can radically transform the quality of your relationships and the quality of your life. Moreover, I think, it can transform

484 society. Because if enough people do it, we can change society‘s definition of success away from the moronically simplistic notion that the person with the most money when he dies wins, to a more thoughtful and balanced definition of what a life well lived looks like. And that, I think, is an idea worth spreading. 09:52 (Applause)

Task 2. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Then, choose any five of them and make up sentences: a) a thorny issue ………………………………………………………………….; b) a simplistic notion …………………………………………………………….; c) a definition of success ………………………………………………………...; d) an honest debate ………………………………………………………………; e) childcare facilities …………………………………………………………….; f) a work-life balance ……………………………………………………………; g) a dramatic upheaval …………………………………………………………..; h) well-intentioned companies …………………………………………………..; i) to make progress on this issue ………………………………………………...; j) paternity leave …………………………………………………………………; k) to transform society …………………………………………………………...; l) an ideal balanced day ………………………………………………………….; m) a commercial corporation ……………………………………………………; n) to take control …………………………………………………………………; o) to take responsibility ………………………………………………………….; p) to be fundamentally incompatible ……………………………………………; q) a thoughtful definition ………………………………………………………..; r) a balanced definition ………………………………………………………….; s) a corporate warrior ……………………………………………………………;

485

……………………. ………………………………

……………………………. ………………………

…………………………. ……………………………..

……………………………... …………………………...

……………………… …………………………….

Task 4. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list. reality acknowledging impress nub flexi-time incompatible progress balance work-life desperation trouble I‘ve spent these seven years since struggling with, studying and writing about work-life a) … . And I have four observations I‘d like to share with you today. The first is: if society‘s to make any b) ... on this issue, we need an honest debate. But the c) … is so many people talk so much rubbish about d) … balance. All the discussions about e) … or dress- down Fridays or paternity leave only serve to mask the core issue, which is that certain job and career choices are fundamentally f) … with being meaningfully engaged on a day- to-day basis with a young family. Now the first step in solving any problem is g) … the reality of the situation you‘re in. And the h) … of the society that we‘re in is there are thousands and thousands of people out there leading lives of quiet, screaming i)

486

…, where they work long, hard hours at jobs they hate to enable them to buy things they don‘t need to j) … people they don‘t like. It‘s my contention that going to work on Friday in jeans and [a] T-shirt isn‘t really getting to the k) … of the issue.

Task 5. Complete the following sentences using information from the text. 1. Now the first step in solving any problem is … . 2. In particular, I decided I would try to address … . 3. Being more balanced doesn‘t mean … . 4. There‘s nothing in my life apart … . 5. So I stepped back from the workforce, … . 6. Meet some mates … . 7. We need to approach balance … .

Task 6. Write a summary of the text using the following key words: a thorny issue; a simplistic notion; a definition of success; an honest debate; childcare facilities; a work-life balance; a dramatic upheaval; well-intentioned companies; to make progress on this issue; paternity leave; to transform society; an ideal balanced day; a commercial corporation; to take control; to take responsibility; to be fundamentally incompatible; a thoughtful definition; a balanced definition.

487

TOPIC 10. THE SECRET TO LIVING LONGER MAY BE YOUR SOCIAL LIFE

Do the Warm-up activities first. Then watch the video. Next go to Tasks and do the activities.

Warm-up activities

Before you watch the video answer the following questions: 1. Does technology change your quality of life? 2. How does the environment in your town affect your quality of life? 3. What’s the difference between quality of life and standard of living? 4. What are the indicators of quality life? 5. How much does it cost to live a quality, happy life? 6. Would you have a better quality of life if you were more attractive?

Before you watch the video learn some new words: longevity a long duration of individual life diet food and drink regularly provided or consumed сardiac of, relating to, situated near, or acting on the heart centenarian one that is 100 years old or older lifestyle the typical way of life of an individual, group, or culture to intersect to share a common area cohesion the act or state of sticking together tightl improvement the state of being improved

488 cascade something arranged or occurring in a series or in a succession of stages so that each stage derives from or acts upon the product of the preceding health the condition of being sound in body, mind, or spirit outlook a point of view priority a preferential rating algorithm a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or accomplishing some end especially by a compute oxytocin a pituitary octapeptide hormone C43H66N12O12S2 that stimulates especially the contraction of uterine muscle and the secretion of milk

Task 1. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list: longevity intersect priority cohesion in outlook improvement cascade lifestyle health

1. The members of that family are noted for their …. 2. Eating right and exercising are essential to having a healthy … . 3. Our lives … with our society and our communities and politics shape that. 4. There was a lack of … in the rebel army. 5. Doctors were amazed by the sudden … in her medical condition. 6. He has continued to enjoy good … in his old age. 7. Despite our differences …, we got along together very well. 8. Reorganizing the sales force will be a top … for the new president. 9. That decision set off … of events.

489

Watch the video which is available at:

https://www.ted.com/talks/susan_pinker_the_secret_to_living_longer_may_be_your_social_life

If you need help, you can read the transcript at any time. Transcript 00:12 Here‘s an intriguing fact. In the developed world, everywhere, women live an average of six to eight years longer than men do. Six to eight years longer. That‘s, like, a huge gap. In 2015, the ―Lancet‖ published an article showing that men in rich countries are twice as likely to die as women are at any age. 00:39 But there is one place in the world where men live as long as women. It‘s a remote, mountainous zone, a blue zone, where super longevity is common to both sexes.This is the blue zone in Sardinia, an Italian island in the Mediterranean, between Corsica and Tunisia, where there are six times as many centenarians as on the Italian mainland, less than 200 miles away. There are 10 times as many centenariansas there are in North America. It‘s the only place where men live as long as women. 01:13 But why? My curiosity was piqued. I decided to research the science and the habits of the place, and I started with the genetic profile. I discovered soon enough that genes account for just 25 percent of their longevity. The other 75 percent is lifestyle. 01:32 So what does it take to live to 100 or beyond? What are they doing right? What you‘re looking at is an aerial view of Villagrande. It‘s a village at the epicenter of the blue zone where I went to investigate this, and as you can see, architectural beauty is not its main virtue, density is: tightly spaced houses, interwoven alleys and streets. It means that the villagers‘ lives constantly intersect. And as I walked through the village, I could feel hundreds of pairs of eyes watching me from behind doorways and curtains, from behind

490 shutters. Because like all ancient villages, Villagrande couldn‘t have survived without this structure, without its walls, without its cathedral, without its village square, because defense and social cohesion defined its design. 02:25 Urban priorities changed as we moved towards the industrial revolution because infectious disease became the risk of the day. But what about now? Now, social isolation is the public health risk of our time. Now, a third of the population says they have two or fewer people to lean on. 02:45 But let‘s go to Villagrande now as a contrast to meet some centenarians. 02:50 Meet Giuseppe Murinu. He‘s 102, a supercentenarian and a lifelong resident of the village of Villagrande. He was a gregarious man. He loved to recount stories such as how he lived like a bird from what he could find on the forest floor during not one but two world wars, how he and his wife, who also lived past 100, raised six children in a small, homey kitchen where I interviewed him. Here he is with his sons Angelo and Domenico, both in their 70s and looking after their father, and who were quite frankly very suspicious of me and my daughter who came along with me on this research trip, because the flip side of social cohesion is a wariness of strangers and outsiders. But Giuseppe, he wasn‘t suspicious at all. He was a happy-go-lucky guy, very outgoing with a positive outlook. And I wondered: so is that what it takes to live to be 100 or beyond, thinking positively? Actually, no. 03:55 (Laughter) 04:00 Meet Giovanni Corrias. He‘s 101, the grumpiest person I have ever met. 04:06 (Laughter) 04:08 And he put a lie to the notion that you have to be positive to live a long life. And there is evidence for this. When I asked him why he lived so long, he kind of looked at me under hooded eyelids and he growled, ―Nobody has to know my secrets.‖

491

04:23 (Laughter) 04:25 But despite being a sourpuss, the niece who lived with him and looked after himcalled him ―Il Tesoro,‖ ―my treasure.‖ And she respected him and loved him, and she told me, when I questioned this obvious loss of her freedom, ―You just don‘t understand, do you? Looking after this man is a pleasure. It‘s a huge privilege for me. This is my heritage.‖ And indeed, wherever I went to interview these centenarians, I found a kitchen party. Here‘s Giovanni with his two nieces, Maria above him and beside him his great-niece Sara, who came when I was there to bring fresh fruits and vegetables. And I quickly discovered by being there that in the blue zone, as people age, and indeed across their lifespans, they‘re always surrounded by extended family, by friends, by neighbors, the priest, the barkeeper, the grocer. People are always there or dropping by. They are never left to live solitary lives. This is unlike the rest of the developed world, where as George Burns quipped, ―Happiness is having a large, loving, caring family in another city.‖ 05:34 (Laughter) 05:36 Now, so far we‘ve only met men, long-living men, but I met women too, and here you see Zia Teresa. She, at over 100, taught me how to make the local specialty, which is called culurgiones, which are these large pasta pockets like ravioli about this size, this size, and they‘re filled with high-fat ricotta and mint and drenched in tomato sauce. And she showed me how to make just the right crimp so they wouldn‘t open, and she makes them with her daughters every Sunday and distributes them by the dozens to neighbors and friends. And that‘s when I discovered a low-fat, gluten-free diet is not what it takes to live to 100 in the blue zone. 06:19 (Applause) 06:22 Now, these centenarians‘ stories along with the science that underpins them prompted me to ask myself some questions too, such as, when am I going to die and how can I put that day off? And as you will see, the

492 answer is not what we expect. Julianne Holt-Lunstad is a researcher at Brigham Young University and she addressed this very question in a series of studies of tens of thousands of middle aged people much like this audience here. And she looked at every aspect of their lifestyle: their diet, their exercise, their marital status, how often they went to the doctor, whether they smoked or drank, etc. She recorded all of this and then she and her colleagues sat tight and waited for seven years to see who would still be breathing. And of the people left standing, what reduced their chances of dying the most? That was her question. 07:20 So let‘s now look at her data in summary, going from the least powerful predictor to the strongest. OK? So clean air, which is great, it doesn‘t predict how long you will live. Whether you have your hypertension treated is good. Still not a strong predictor. Whether you‘re lean or overweight, you can stop feeling guilty about this, because it‘s only in third place. How much exercise you get is next, still only a moderate predictor. Whether you‘ve had a cardiac event and you‘re in rehab and exercising, getting higher now. Whether you‘ve had a flu vaccine. Did anybody here know that having a flu vaccine protects you more than doing exercise? Whether you were drinking and quit, or whether you‘re a moderate drinker, whether you don‘t smoke, or if you did, whether you quit, and getting towards the top predictors are two features of your social life. First, your close relationships. These are the people that you can call on for a loan if you need money suddenly, who will call the doctor if you‘re not feeling well or who will take you to the hospital, or who will sit with you if you‘re having an existential crisis, if you‘re in despair. Those people, that little clutch of people are a strong predictor, if you have them, of how long you‘ll live. And then something that surprised me, something that‘s called social integration. This means how much you interact with people as you move through your day. How many people do you talk to? And these mean both your weak and your strong bonds, so not just the people you‘re really close to, who mean a lot to you, but, like, do you talk to the guy who every day makes you

493 your coffee? Do you talk to the postman? Do you talk to the woman who walks by your house every day with her dog? Do you play bridge or poker, have a book club? Those interactions are one of the strongest predictors of how long you‘ll live. 09:27 Now, this leads me to the next question: if we now spend more time online than on any other activity, including sleeping, we‘re now up to 11 hours a day, one hour more than last year, by the way, does it make a difference? Why distinguish between interacting in person and interacting via social media? Is it the same thing as being there if you‘re in contact constantly with your kids through text, for example? Well, the short answer to the question is no, it‘s not the same thing. Face-to-face contact releases a whole cascade of neurotransmitters, and like a vaccine, they protect you now in the present and well into the future. So simply making eye contact with somebody, shaking hands, giving somebody a high-five is enough to release oxytocin, which increases your level of trust and it lowers your cortisol levels. So it lowers your stress. And dopamine is generated, which gives us a little high and it kills pain. It‘s like a naturally produced morphine. 10:35 Now, all of this passes under our conscious radar, which is why we conflate online activity with the real thing. But we do have evidence now, fresh evidence, that there is a difference. So let‘s look at some of the neuroscience. Elizabeth Redcay, a neuroscientist at the University of Maryland, tried to map the difference between what goes on in our brains when we interact in person versus when we‘re watching something that‘s static. And what she did was she compared the brain function of two groups of people, those interacting live with her or with one of her research associates in a dynamic conversation, and she compared that to the brain activity of people who were watching her talk about the same subject but in a canned video, like on YouTube. And by the way, if you want to know how she fit two people in an MRI scanner at the same time, talk to me later.

494

11:28 So what‘s the difference? This is your brain on real social interaction. What you‘re seeing is the difference in brain activity between interacting in person and taking in static content. In orange, you see the brain areas that are associated with attention, social intelligence – that means anticipating what somebody else is thinking and feeling and planning – and emotional reward. And these areas become much more engaged when we‘re interacting with a live partner. 12:02 Now, these richer brain signatures might be why recruiters from Fortune 500 companies evaluating candidates thought that the candidates were smarter when they heard their voices compared to when they just read their pitches in a text, for example, or an email or a letter. Now, our voices and body language convey a rich signal. It shows that we‘re thinking, feeling, sentient human beings who are much more than an algorithm. Now, this research by Nicholas Epley at the University of Chicago Business School is quite amazing because it tells us a simple thing. If somebody hears your voice, they think you‘re smarter. I mean, that‘s quite a simple thing. 12:47 Now, to return to the beginning, why do women live longer than men? And one major reason is that women are more likely to prioritize and groom their face-to-face relationships over their lifespans. Fresh evidence shows that these in-person friendships create a biological force field against disease and decline. And it‘s not just true of humans but their primate relations, our primate relations as well. Anthropologist Joan Silk‘s work shows that female baboons who have a core of female friends show lower levels of stress via their cortisol levels, they live longer and they have more surviving offspring. At least three stable relationships. That was the magic number. Think about it. I hope you guys have three. 13:34 The power of such face-to-face contact is really why there are the lowest rates of dementia among people who are socially engaged. It‘s why women who have breast cancer are four times more likely to survive their

495 disease than loners are. Why men who‘ve had a stroke who meet regularly to play poker or to have coffee or to play old-timer‘s hockey – I‘m Canadian, after all – 14:00 (Laughter) 14:01 are better protected by that social contact than they are by medication. Why men who‘ve had a stroke who meet regularly – this is something very powerful they can do. This face-to-face contact provides stunning benefits, yet now almost a quarter of the population says they have no one to talk to. 14:21 We can do something about this. Like Sardinian villagers, it‘s a biological imperative to know we belong, and not just the women among us. Building in-person interaction into our cities, into our workplaces, into our agendas bolsters the immune system, sends feel-good hormones surging through the bloodstream and brain and helps us live longer. I call this building your village, and building it and sustaining it is a matter of life and death. Thank you. 14:54 (Applause) 15:00 Helen Walters: Susan, come back. I have a question for you. I‘m wondering if there‘s a middle path. So you talk about the neurotransmitters connecting when in face-to-face, but what about digital technology? We‘ve seen enormous improvements in digital technology like FaceTime, things like that. Does that work too? I mean, I see my nephew. He plays Minecraft and he‘s yelling at his friends. It seems like he‘s connecting pretty well. Is that useful? Is that helpful? 15:23 Susan Pinker: Some of the data are just emerging. The data are so fresh that the digital revolution happened and the health data trailed behind. So we‘re just learning, but I would say there are some improvements that we could make in the technology. For example, the camera on your laptop is at the top of the screen, so for example, when you‘re looking into the screen, you‘re not actually making eye contact. So something as simple as even just looking into

496 the camera can increase those neurotransmitters, or maybe changing the position of the camera. So it‘s not identical, but I think we are getting closer with the technology. 15:57 HW: Great. Thank you so much. 15:59 SP: Thank you. 16:00 (Applause)

Task 2. Study the following word-combinations and translate them from English into Ukrainian. Then, choose any five of them and make up sentences: a) architectural beauty …………………………………………………………...; b) high-fat ricotta ………………………………………………………………...; c) urban priorities ………………………………………………………………..; d) gluten-free diet ………………………………………………………………..; e) an extended family ……………………………………………………………; f) infectious disease ……………………………………………………………..; g) a mountainous zone …………………………………………………………..; h) social cohesion ………………………………………………………………..; i) emotional reward ……………………………………………………………...; j) a genetic profile ……………………………………………………………….; k) an aerial view …………………………………………………………………; l) social integration ………………………………………………………………; m) a whole cascade of neurotransmitters ………………………………………..; n) a dynamic conversation ……………………………………………………….; o) face-to-face relationships …………………………………………………….; p) a digital revolution ……………………………………………………………; q) a digital technology …………………………………………………………...; r) to be a matter of life and death ………………………………………………..; s) feel-good hormones …………………………………………………………...;

497 t) a biological force field ………………………………………………………..; u) a cardiac event …………………………………………………………………

Task 3. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list. activity interacting oxytocin naturally cortisol vaccine face-to-face difference Now, this leads me to the next question: if we now spend more time online than on any other a) …, including sleeping, we‘re now up to 11 hours a day, one hour more than last year, by the way, does it make a b) …? Why distinguish between c) … in person and interacting via social media? Is it the same thing as being there if you‘re in contact constantly with your kids through text, for example? Well, the short answer to the question is no, it‘s not the same thing. d) … contact releases a whole cascade of neurotransmitters, and like a e) …, they protect you now in the present and well into the future. So simply making eye contact with somebody, shaking hands, giving somebody a high-five is enough to release f) …, which increases your level of trust and it lowers your g) … levels. So it lowers your stress. And dopamine is generated, which gives us a little high and it kills pain. It‘s like a h) … produced morphine.

Task 4. Complete the following sentences using information from the text and translate them from English into Ukrainian. 1. The data are so fresh that the digital revolution … . 2. What you‘re seeing is the difference in brain activity … .

498

3. I call this building your village, … . 4. Fresh evidence shows that these in-person friendships … . 5. This is your brain on … . 6. This means how much you interact with people … .

Task 5. Write a summary of the text using the following key words: architectural beauty; high-fat ricotta; urban priorities; a gluten-free diet; an extended family; infectious disease; a mountainous zone; social cohesion; emotional reward; a genetic profile; an aerial view; social integration; a whole cascade of neurotransmitters; a dynamic conversation; face-to-face relationships; a digital revolution; a digital technology; to be a matter of life and death; feel-good hormones; a biological force field; a cardiac event.

499

GLOSSARY

500

A abomination something regarded with disgust or

hatred abundance a large quantity of something algorithm a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or

accomplishing some end especially by a compute archive a place where a large number of historical records are

stored, or the records that are stored architecture the style and design of a building or buildings artificial not real or not made of natural things but made to be like

something that is real or natural artisan someone who does skilled work, making things with their

hands artwork paintings and other objects produced by artists askew at an angle aspirin a white crystalline derivative C9H8O4 of salicylic acid

used for relief of pain and fever attraction something interesting or enjoyable to see or do average the average amount is the amount you get when you add

together several quantities and divide this by the total

number of quantities

501

B bedraggled soiled and stained by or as if by trailing

in mud belated existing or appearing past the normal or proper time beneficence the quality or state of doing or producing

good benign showing kindness and gentleness benevolent kind and generous bureaucratic involving a lot of complicated official rules and processes bluish having a tinge of blue breathtaking very impressive, exciting, or surprising bleeding the flow of blood from a ruptured blood vessel brethren used to address or talk about the members of an

organization or group, especially a religious group brewery a place where beer is made, or a company that makes beer brine the salty water of the ocean

C callously feeling or showing no sympathy for others camaraderie a feeling of friendship that a group of people have,

especially when they work together

502 carillon a set of bells in a tower that are controlled from a piano

keyboard, or a tune played on these bells

сardiac of, relating to, situated near, or acting on the heart cascade something arranged or occurring in a series or in a

succession of stages so that each stage derives from or

acts upon the product of the preceding cash-strapped not having enough money centenarian one that is 100 years old or older civilization a society that is well organized and developed, used

especially about a particular society in a particular place or

at a particular time chisel a metal tool with a sharpened edge at one

end used to chip, carve, or cut into a solid material

(such as wood, stone, or metal) clank to make a clank or series of clanks cobblestone a small round stone set in the ground, especially in the past,

to make a hard surface for a road conceal to place out of sight concoction something, especially a drink or food, made by mixing

different things, especially things that are not usually

combined connoisseur someone who knows a lot about something such as art,

503

food, or music consumption the act of eating or drinking contention a point advanced or maintained in a debate or

argument contradictory so related to another that if either of the two is true the

other is false and if either is false the other must be

true crockery cups, dishes, plates etc crouton a small square piece of crisp bread that is served with soup

or on salad cuisine a particular style of cooking culinary relating to cooking cult a fashionable belief, idea, or attitude that influences

people‘s lives

D delicious very pleasant to taste or smell descend v) to move from a higher level to a lower one descent a path or road that goes down a slope desist to cease to proceed or act destination a place worthy of travel or an extended visit

504 dimension a measure of spatial extent, especially width, height, or

length disease a condition of the living animal or plant body or of one

of its parts that impairs normal functioning and is

typically manifested by distinguishing signs and

symptoms don v) to put on a hat, coat etc downcast low in spirit down the hatch something you say before drinking an alcoholic drink

quickly dummy model that is the shape and size of a person, especially

used in order to show clothes in a shop or when you are

making clothes dumpling a round lump of flour and fat mixed with water, cooked in

boiling liquid and served with meat dumpy being short and thick in build

E elite a group of people who have a lot of power and influence

because they have money, knowledge, or special skills embroidery a pattern sewn onto cloth, or cloth with patterns sewn onto

505

it embroider v) to decorate cloth by sewing a pattern, picture, or words

on it with coloured threads ensemble a set of things that go together to form a whole entertainment things such as films, television, performances etc that are

intended to amuse or interest people excursion a short journey arranged so that a group of people can visit

a place, especially while they are on holiday exhibit something, for example a painting, that is put in a public

place so that people can go to see it equinox one of the two times in a year when night and day are of

equal length

F feature a part of something that you notice because it seems

important, interesting, or typical felicitation an expression of good wishes; congratulation festival an occasion when there are performances of many films,

plays, pieces of music etc, usually happening in the same

place every year figurine a small model of a person or animal used as a decoration

506 fracture the act of breaking or the state of being broken food material consisting essentially of protein,

carbohydrate, and fat used in the body of an organism

to sustain growth, repair, and vital processes and to

furnish energy forerunner someone or something that existed before something

similar that developed or came later

gastrointestinal of or relating to the stomach and intestines gastronomic relating to the art of cooking good food or the pleasure of

eating it gazebo a small building with open sides in a garden, where you

can sit and look at the view genuine a genuine feeling, desire etc is one that you really feel, not

one you pretend to feel geothermal of, relating to, or utilizing the heat of the earth‘s interior gluttony the bad habit of eating and drinking too much gourmets producing or relating to very good food and drink gut v) to extract all the essential passages or portions from

507

H habitat the place or environment where a plant or animal

naturally or normally lives and grows hangover a pain in your head and a feeling of sickness that you get

the day after you have drunk too much alcohol heady a heady smell, drink etc is pleasantly strong and seems to

affect you strongly healthy free from disease or pain hedgerow a row of shrubs or trees enclosing or

separating fields heritage the traditional beliefs, values, customs etc of a family,

country, or society hibernation if an animal hibernates, it sleeps for the whole winter hospitable friendly, welcoming, and generous to visitors humankind people in general husbandry farming

I inaudible not loud enough to be heard incombatible incapable of being held by one person at one time −

used of offices that make conflicting demands on the

508

holder indigenous produced, growing, living, or occurring naturally in a

particular region or environment infrastructure the basic systems and structures that a country or

organization needs in order to work properly, for example

roads, railways, banks etc ingredient one of the foods that you use to make a particular food or

dish injury damage or harm done to or suffered by a person or thing invertebrate any animal lacking a backbone, including all species not

classified as vertebrates

J josh v) to engage in banter

L libation a gift of wine to a god lifestyle the way a person or group of people live, including the

place they live in, the things they own, the kind of job they

do, and the activities they enjoy

509

M machinery machines, especially large ones mammal Any of various warm-blooded vertebrate animals of the

class Mammalia, including humans, characterized by a

covering of hair on the skin and, in the female, milk-

producing mammary glands for nourishing the young. manifestation a very clear sign that a particular situation or feeling exists marine of or relating to the sea menial a person doing menial work milieu the things and people that surround you and influence the

way you live and think militant a militant organization or person is willing to use strong or

violent action in order to achieve political or social change mill a building containing a large machine for crushing grain

into flour miraculous a miraculous action or event is believed to be caused by

God, and is impossible according to the ordinary laws of

nature mirth gladness or gaiety as shown by or accompanied with

laughter monastic relating to monks or life in a monastery

510 monolithic a monolithic building is very large, solid, and impressive mournful very sad munificence characterized by great liberality or

generosity

N nationalist someone who is involved in trying to gain or keep political

independence for their country and people neophyte someone who has just started to learn a particular skill, art,

job etc nervous system the bodily system that in vertebrates is made up of the

brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the

receptor organs and that receives and interprets stimuli and

transmits impulses to the effector organs neuroscience a branch of the life sciences that deals with the

anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, or molecular

biology of nerves and nervous tissue and especially

with their relation to behavior and learning niche if you find your niche, you find a job or activity that is very

suitable for you nutritious food that is nutritious is full of the natural substances that

511

your body needs to stay healthy or to grow properly

O obesity a condition characterized by the excessive

accumulation and storage of fat in the body oblivious lacking remembrance, memory, or mindful

attention omnipresent present everywhere at all times outlook a point of view outpost a group of buildings in a place far from cities or towns,

usually established as a military camp or a place for trade on cue at the exact moment one would expect overweight weight over and above what is required or allowed overwhelming having such a great effect on you that you feel confused

and do not know how to react oxytocin a pituitary octapeptide hormone C43H66N12O12S2 that

stimulates especially the contraction of uterine muscle

and the secretion of milk

P paganism someone who believes in a pagan religion

512 pain an unpleasant feeling occurring as a result of injury or

disease, usually localized in some part of the body pancake a thin flat round cake made from flour, milk, and eggs, that

has been cooked in a flat pan and is eaten hot parish priest the main Christian priest in a particular area pastime something that you do because you think it is enjoyable or

interesting perestroika a Russian word meaning ―rebuilding‖, used to describe the

social, political, and economic changes that happened in

the former USSR in the 1980s, just before the end of the

Communist government plethora a very large number of something, usually more than you

need pliable supple enough to bend freely or

repeatedly without breaking popularize to make something well known and liked praline a sweet food made of nuts cooked in boiling sugar prance to walk or move in a spirited manner purchasing power the amount of money that a person or group has available

to spend purification the process of making someone pure by removing evil

from their soul

513

R rafting the activity of travelling on a raft, especially as a sport ramshackle appearing ready to collapse recipe a set of instructions for cooking a particular type of food rebellious fighting against the government of your own country recipe a set of instructions for cooking a particular type of food recoil / /

v) to shrink back physically or emotionally recrimination when you blame or criticize someone for something that

has happened relaxation a way of resting and enjoying yourself relic an old object or custom that reminds people of the past or

that has lived on from a past time residue something that remains after a part is taken,

separated, or designated or after the completion of a

process rustic simple, old-fashioned, and not spoiled by modern

developments, in a way that is typical of the countryside

S slavery the system of having slaves

514 secular not connected with or controlled by a church or other

religious authority shabby ill-kept shaman a priest or priestess who uses magic for the purpose of

curing the sick, divining the hidden, and controlling

events shards piece or fragment of a brittle substance shears a cutting implement similar or identical to a pair of scissors but typically larger shortcoming the quality or state of being flawed or

lacking shudder to tremble convulsively significance the importance of an event, action etc, especially because

of the effects or influence it will have in the future species A group of closely related organisms that are very similar

to each other and are usually capable of interbreeding and

producing fertile offspring. The species is the fundamental

category of taxonomic classification, ranking below a

genus or subgenus. Species names are represented in

binomial nomenclature by an uncapitalized Latin adjective

or noun following a capitalized genus name, as in Ananas

comosus, the pineapple, and Equus caballus, the horse.

515 spiritual relating to your spirit rather than to your body or mind spread a large meal for several guests on a special occasion statue an image of a person or animal that is made in solid

material such as stone or metal and is usually large surpass to do more than or be superior to sustainable of or relating to a lifestyle involving the use of

sustainable methods symbol a picture or shape that has a particular meaning or represents a particular organization or idea

T tangible capable of being perceived especially by the sense of

touch target something that you are trying to achieve, such as a total, an

amount, or a time tedious something that is tedious continues for a long time and is

not interesting thoroughfare the main road through a place such as a city or village traditional being part of the traditions of a country or group of people trekker a traveler who makes a long arduous journey (as hiking

through mountainous country) turned-out good-looking

516 terminal extremely or hopelessly severe thatch a plant material (such as straw) used as a sheltering

cover especially of a house

underwater living, lying, or occurring below the surface of the water unhealthy likely to make you ill untended not managed, minded, or watched over

V vehicle a machine with an engine that is used to take people or

things from one place to another, such as a car, bus, or

truck vendor someone who sells things, especially on the street vista a view of a large area of beautiful scenery

W ward a large room in a hospital where a number of patients often

requiring similar treatment are accommodated widespread existing or happening in many places or situations, or

among many people

517 winery an establishment for making wine wormwood a plant with a bitter taste

Y yeast a type of fungus used for producing alcohol in beer and

wine, and for making bread rise yolk the yellow part in the centre of an egg

518

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Faryna O. The top five dishes every visitor must try // Kyiv Post ‒ 2012. ‒ № 17 (8). – p. 24. 2. Four reasons to learn a new language [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: https://www.ted.com/talks/john_mcwhorter_4_reasons_to_learn_a_new_l anguage – Назва з екрану. 3. Future technologies will give you the benefits of city life anywhere [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: https://www.ted.com/talks/julio_gil_future_tech_will_give_you_the_bene fits_of_city_life_anywhere – Назва з екрану. 4. Heaton J.B., Turton N.D. Longman dictionary of common errors. – Longman: Longman Group UK Limited, 1987. – 297 p. 5. How human noise affects ocean habitats [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: https://www.ted.com/talks/kate_stafford_how_human_noise_affects_ocea n_habitats – Назва з екрану. 6. How to make work-life balance work habitats [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: https://www.ted.com/talks/nigel_marsh_how_to_make_work_life_balanc e_work – Назва з екрану. 7. Merriam-Webster Dictionary [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/neighborhood – Назва з екрану. 8. Michael McCarthy, Felicity O‘Dell English Vocabulary in Use (Upper- intermediate). – Cambridge University Press, 2001. – 307 p.

519

9. Misztal M. Tests in English thematic vocabulary: Intermediate and advanced level. – Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, 1996. – 351 s. 10. Oxford Collocations Dictionary for students of English. – Oxford University Press, 2003. – 897 p. 11. Shkatov O. Ukrainian R&R – [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу: http://eng.weekly.ua/pulse/society/2013/01/18/124433.html – (20.10.2014) – Назва з екрану. 12. Stuart Redman English Vocabulary in Use (Pre-intermediate and Intermediate). – Cambridge University Press, 2004. – 263 p. 13. Teach every child about food [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: https://www.ted.com/talks/jamie_oliver – Назва з екрану. 14. TED / Ideas worth spreading [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: https://www.ted.com/talks – Назва з екрану. 15. The secret to living longer may be your social life [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: https://www.ted.com/talks/susan_pinker_the_secret_to_living_longer_ma y_be_your_social_life – Назва з екрану. 16. TOEFL Writing Topics [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://kazuo.fc2web.com/English/TOEFL-essay.htm – Назва з екрану. 17. Uzvar L. Dreaming of a green vacation – [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу: http://eng.weekly.ua/pulse/society/2012/10/01/114634.html – (20.10.2014) – Назва з екрану. 18. Uzvar L. Feast and fests with fire water – [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу: http://eng.weekly.ua/style/etno/2012/12/07/131628.html – (20.10.2014) – Назва з екрану.

520

19. Uzvar L. Feasting Easter – [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу: http://eng.weekly.ua/pulse/society/2012/04/12/125018.html – (20.10.2014) – Назва з екрану. 20. Uzvar L. Pancake craze – [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу: http://eng.weekly.ua/pulse/society/2013/03/15/142442.html – (20.10.2014) – Назва з екрану. 21. Uzvar L. Red for love, black for sorrow – [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу: http://eng.weekly.ua/style/ lifestyle/2012/12/03/170657.html – (20.10.2014) – Назва з екрану. 22. Uzvar L. 10 km of sightseeing – [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу: http://eng.weekly.ua/style/ lifestyle/2013/04/08/095345.html – (20.10.2014) – Назва з екрану. 23. Vareniki – [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/varenyky – (20.10.2014) – Назва з екрану. 24. Who are you really? The puzzle of personality [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: https://www.ted.com/talks/brian_little_who_are_you_really_the_puzzle_o f_personality – Назва з екрану. 25. Zakonova А. Feasting on food fests – [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу: http://eng.weekly.ua/style/ lifestyle/2012/06/05/103652.html – (20.10.2014) – Назва з екрану. 26. Zakonova А. Kyiv delights – [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу: http://eng.weekly.ua/style/ lifestyle/2012/06/12/141857.html – (20.10.2014) – Назва з екрану.

PHOTOS 1. Borshch – [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу:

521

http://img1.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20050430084424/recipes/images/arch ive/b/bf/20080516004738!Borshch.jpg. – (20.10.2014) – Назва з екрану. 2. Vareniki – [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу: http://fc00.deviantart.net/fs70/i/2013/163/8/8/ukrainian_cuisine__varenyky _with_strawberry_by_atrejane-d68qqfc.jpg. – (20.10.2014) – Назва з екрану.

522

FOR NOTES …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………

523

…………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… ….………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …….……………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… ……….…………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………

524

Навчально-методичне видання

525

View publication stats