INSTITUTE OF NATIONAL HISTORY

Biljana Ristovska-Josifovska, Dragi Ǵorgiev (eds.)

THE BEGINNINGS OF MACEDONIAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND INSTITUTION BUILDING (19TH ‒ EARLY 20TH CENTURY)

Skopje 2018 Funded by the Horizon 2020 Research and innovation Programme of the European Union

This publication is a result of the project “Knowledge Exchange and Academic Cultures in the Humanities: Europe and the Black Sea Region, late 18th – 21st Centuries.” This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 734645. CONTENTS

Introduction: the Beginnings of Macedonian Academic Research and Institution Building Biljana Ristovska-Josifovska 5 The First Cultural-Educational Institutions in as the Basis for Future Academic Culture (from the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century) Silvana Sidorovska-Čupovska 23

Secular Versus Religious: the Education of in in the End of the 19th Century Dragi Ǵorgiev 35

The Beginnings of Macedonian Linguistic Research in the European Context (from the end of the 19th to the early 20th century) Liljana Guševska 49

Attempts to Establish a Macedonian School with a Boarding House in the Žitoše Monastery and an Academy for Teathers in Skopje Blaže Ristovski 67

The -Mijak School of Zografs in the 19th Century and the Transfer of Knowledge in Regional Context Sašo Cvetkovski 89

The Beginnings of Folkloristic-Ethnographic Research in Macedonia Katerina Petrovska-Kuzmanova 111

Atanas Badev: the Beginnings of the Macedonian Musicology Nataša Didenko 125

Macedonian Cultural Associations ‒ The Nucleus of Early Academic Research 139 Biljana Ristovska-Josifovska

Contributors 163

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УДК 001.32:001.891(497.7)“18/19”

INTRODUCTION: THE BEGINNINGS OF MACEDONIAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND INSTITUTION BUILDING

Biljana Ristovska-Josifovska

Speaking of the beginnings of Macedonian academic culture and the building of its national academic institutions in the modern sense means looking at the emergence of the first secular educational institutions in Macedonia (schools, libraries and reading centres), and the achievements of the first researchers of the past, language, culture, folklore and ethnography, including the zografs as the founders of modern Macedonian art. All these developments were an integral part of the process of cultural mobilization in Macedonia, known as the period of national revival, which involved raising awareness of the national character and organizing the creation of a national state. At the same time, literacy and creativity in all forms, which are the basic elements of cultural progress, developed in a long and complex process that continued in various forms from the 19th century until the constitution of the modern Macedonian state and its institutions in 1944. This process can be traced through certain specific phenomena, such as Slavism as an ethnic marker to distinguish Macedonians from , našizam (derived from ‘naš’, meaning ‘ours’, as a way of distinguishing ethnically between ourselves / our people and the others, and Macedonianism as the highest form of national awareness. In this process of self-identification, legitimacy and verification of political demands were sought by means of passionate national mythologizing and celebration of national heroes. A specific phenomenon was unijatstvo (the term was derived from the word ‘unija’, meaning ‘union’), a movement for union with the Roman Catholic Church as a way of achieving recognition of a separate church, language and people (which also contributed to the opening of schools in the mother tongue), as well as the phenomenon of poveḱedomnost (multiple belonging), i.e. crea