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116 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA Volume 8, Nomor 1, Juni 2020 E-ISSN: 2621-5101 P-ISSN:2354-7294

THE REALITY OF AMERICAN NATION IN THE NOVEL INCIDENTS IN THE LIFE OF A SLAVE GIRL BY HARRIET ANN JACOBS

Abbas The Science Faculty of Hasanuddin University [email protected]

Abstract This article discusses the social facts experienced by Americans in literature, especially novel. Literary work as a social documentation imagined by the author is a reflection of the values of a nation or ethnicity. The main objective of research is to trace the reality of slavery that occurred in America as a social fact in literary works. This research is useful in strengthening the sociological aspects of literary works as well as proving that literary works save a social reality at the time so that readers are able to judge literary works not merely as fiction, but also as social documentation. The writer in this study uses one of the literary research methods, namely Genetic Structuralism Approach. This method emphasizes three main aspects, namely literary work, the background of the author's life, and social reality. Novel Incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl written by Harriet Ann Jacobs in 1858 was used as primary research data, then a number of references about the author's social background and the reality of slavery in the history of the American nation became secondary data. Primary and secondary research data obtained through literature study. Based on the results of this study found the events of slavery in the history of the American nation. Slavery was the act of white Americans forcibly employing black Negroes on the lands of and agricultural also mining areas. Slavery is a valuable lesson for Americans in protecting today as well as a historic lesson in building the American national spirit, namely freedom, independence, and democracy. The reality of slavery is reflected in the novel Incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl as well as the life experience of its author, Harriet Ann Jacobs. Keywords: Slavery, America, Structuralism Genetic, Novel Incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl

INTRODUCTION home country and built a civilization as part of American history and eventually The American nation is a nation that is became the identity of the American unique compared to other nations. The nation. uniqueness includes the diversity of social Nations in America since the era of and cultural background, the acculturation by Britain, , , of various ethnicities and nations, the first Dutch, and Germany until the current time democratic country that stands on the have kept their identity as part of the constitution, and the history journey that history of the American people. One of the holds some important events. The social realities that became the identity of American nation is a gathering place for the American nation was slavery as various ethnicities and nations in the world reflected in the novel Incidents In The Life ranging from the European continent to Of A Slave Girl written by Harriet Ann America, including Anglo-Saxon, French, Jacobs for five years from 1853 to 1858. Dutch, Spanish, Swedish, German, Italian, Slavery was the act of white people who Russian, African nations, Asian nations, traded people black Negroes to be owned and Latin American nations. All of these and forced to work on the lands of nations have been emigrated from their 117 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA Volume 8, Nomor 1, Juni 2020 E-ISSN: 2621-5101 P-ISSN:2354-7294

plantation and agricultural lands also conclusion that the author's social mining. background naturally influences the facts The identity of the American Nation is of her imagination in literary works. Then, an important issue to be investigated as Sugihasturi and Suharto (2016) in their part of the ethno-social description of book export the thoughts, attitudes, society traced in literary works. The actions, physical depictions, and social condition of society as part of social reality environments of traditional Indonesian is seen as a fact in the history of that women as played by a fictional character society. This fact has universal values of Sitti Nurbaya in the novel which which are known in the study of literary concluded that the role of religion and sociology as vision dumonde or tradition was very strong in building a worldview. This research is important in tradition of subordination towards women. exploring vision dumonde on literary Furthermore, Rahmah (2017) in his thesis works that can be absorbed as lessons of described the poverty that plagued human life throughout the ages in the form European society in the twentieth century of universal values. These values become as a result of the events of the First World the historical reality of a nation as a is a social fact in the novel Down and universal worldview. Out in Paris and London which concluded The worldview as universal values in that people in big cities like London in literary works has been extensively studied England and Paris in France suffered great beforehand in various forms of scientific suffering from disease, hunger, writing such as dissertations, books, discrimination, fraud, and robbery. Abbas theses, articles, and others. Some of the (2018) in his article discusses the reality of results of literary sociology-based research British society about the social life, that can be mentioned here are a mindset, and character of British women in dissertation by Sumarwati Kramadibrata the nineteenth century in a literary work with the title Citra Wanita Amerika Dalam entitled Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice Beberapa Karya Sastra Pilihan Sinclair which emphasizes that which Lewis or The Image of American Women removes inheritance rights for girls makes in Selected Literary Works by Sinclair parents trying to marry their daughter to a Lewis, Book of Kritik Sastra Feminis: rich man of high social status. Teori dan Aplikasinya or Feminist Literary The relevance of this research to all Criticism: Theory and Its Application by the previous studies that have been Sugihasturi and Suharto with the title of explained is to explore universal values in the Chapters of Pokok-Pokok Pikiran literary works as a social reality in society. Feminis Novel Sitti Nurbaya or Feminist In literature, these universal values are Thought Novels Sitti Nurbaya, Thesis by seen as sociological elements of literature. Muawinatul Rahmah with the title Social Although there are similarities in Criticism in Orwell 'Down and Out in exploratory sociology in literature, but this Paris and London, and an article by Abbas study has differences with a number of entitled The Portrayed British Women in previous studies. Differences can be found Austen's Pride and Prejudice. in the object of study and issues explored. Kramadibrata (1995) in her The object of this study is a novel written dissertation described the existence of by an American author, Harriet Ann American women and feminist thoughts Jacobs. The issue explored as a social fact reflected in five American literary works is slavery in America which is different written by Sinclair Lewis with a from the previously mentioned research 118 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA Volume 8, Nomor 1, Juni 2020 E-ISSN: 2621-5101 P-ISSN:2354-7294

that focuses on feminist issues, gender that directs humans to the values that can relations, poverty, and law. be used as guidelines or lessons in life The main objective of this research is The relationship of sociology and seen from the aspects of science and social literature can be seen from the object and pragmatics is to strengthen the scientific its benefits, namely humans. Sociology is theory of literature that high literary works the study of all problems related to humans have sociological elements associated with in a collection or community or society, aspects of human life that have never been while literary works come from social abandoned by time and even able to problems in human life that are processed encourage the birth of a new civilization, by the author's imagination to aware as well prove that literary works are part of humans. Based on this relationship, the the social documentation of a particular writer understands that literary sociology nation or ethnicity. This research is is a study that explores the reflection of expected to be useful for literary reviewers social problems in human life, society, and literary readers. Literature reviewers ethnicity, nation that grows human can make references and comparisons of consciousness collectively on universal information in sociological literature values. research. This research can also enrich the According to Ratna (2013: 3-8), the literary readers' insight that literary works sociology of literature has emerged since are imaginative works that have universal the era of around five values and documentation of social facts centuries BC, which was sparked by Plato that have occurred in the community. and Aristotle in the concept of mimesis Based on all the previous explanations which is said that literary works are that literature is the author's imaginative actually imitations or paintings of the product that seeks to document certain conditions of society that lay behind them. social facts in society by bringing up This concept was later developed in a universal values as worldviews, the writer number of Marxist theories which gave is interested in exploring social reality and rise to various forms of literary sociology universal values of literature in this study. research that Taine coined. Taine's The sociological issue of research is sociological thinking was later developed finding the reality of American slavery in by Lucien Goldmann from France into a the novel. model of literary research under the name Genetic Structuralism Approach (Faruk, METHOD 2014: 56-62). Referring to the relationship of This research is a literary study based sociology with literature, then literature on sociological elements of literary works. can be seen as not autonomous because Sociology comes from , literary works do not appear suddenly, but namely socius and logos. Socius means through a sociological process. The view collection together in English means that literature is social documentation is society, while logos means knowledge that the basis of the thought of literary experts is empirical and rational. Literature is such as Goldmann (1981: 10-15) on taken from , namely sas means to literary genetics. He thought that the origin direct or teach and tra means a tool. So, of literary works came from the structure literature in general can be understood as of society and the results of human the work of the author's imaginative work adaptation to the environment. Based on this thinking, the writer concludes that 119 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA Volume 8, Nomor 1, Juni 2020 E-ISSN: 2621-5101 P-ISSN:2354-7294

there are three main elements in the until the tangible form of high-quality Genetic Structuralism research method, literary works. namely the literary structure, the author's The issue in this literary sociology social background in the work, and the research is slavery so the writer needs to social reality absorbed by the author. establish theories or limits on the concepts The process of literary creation starts of slaves and slavery used by experts. from social reality that is permeated by the According to Hille (2020), a slave is a author, then the reality is processed person who is owned by a free person according to the imagination of the author, based on the law and becomes part of the then the author produces creativity in the owner's property. Then, slavery according form of literary works, and finally to Widyaningrum (2019) referred to the transforms into a worldview that carries notion of the United Nations is the status universal values. It can be described this or condition in which a person has power process in the form of a flow as follows: and ownership over another person, slaves are defined as people who are controlled Soc ial Worldview/ and owned to be employed. Based on these Author Literary Universal Reality Work Values two opinions, the writer limits the notion of slavery in relation to this research is an Some problems that arise in human act of forcibly employing black Negroes as life as a social reality that takes place in a part of private property of white people. society in a certain period of time. This This action is an important event that has reality can take the form of human action occurred in the history of the American in various forms such as slavery, nation because it has a wide impact on colonialism, oppression, religious conflict, various aspects of social life and has resistance, adventure, and others. Massive received global attention as a universal human action has the potential to become issue. an issue in aspects of culture, politics, The data source of this study refers to economics, religion, education, and others, the data emphasized in the Genetic which become the historical documents of Structuralism Approach method, namely group, ethnic, and nation. It is considered primary and secondary data. Primary data as a social fact attached to a particular is the object of study in the form of literary society and then documented by the author works as in general literary research, while in literary works. secondary data is a number of information Literary works are created through an that includes the author's social imaginative process by the author who background and social reality as the geniusly processes facts into fiction. The genetics of the literary work under study. author consciously creates literary works The primary data of this study is the novel and even requires years of reflection to Incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl by permeate a reality that occurs in him or in Harriet Ann Jacobs. Then, secondary data society. This reality is seen by the author is a number of references that describe the as an aspiration that grows and develops in background of the author's social life society as Goldmann once said (1977: 15- through an online site written by Nittle 20) that the author is naturally a member (2019), and the social reality of American of the community who has social slavery in An Outline of American History interaction for a long time. Worldview or (1992) and Garis Besar Sejarah Amerika vision dumonde of an author does not (2004). appear suddenly, but takes place slowly 120 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA Volume 8, Nomor 1, Juni 2020 E-ISSN: 2621-5101 P-ISSN:2354-7294

Research data processing refers to the while the discussion is documentation of research formulation of genetic the reality of American slavery in literary structuralism. Endraswara (2013: 62) works as universal values. suggests three steps in genetic 1. Result of The Research structuralism research, namely the first is 1.1 Description of Novel Incidents In The to study literary works intrinsically, the Life Of A Slave Girl second is to explore the background of the This novel describes the life author's social life related to the meaning experiences of slave families and people of the literary works, and the third is to enslaved by whites. Slaves did not have reveal social facts and the history of the freedom, did not have natural rights, and society that is underlying the literary work. had to work all the time in the employer's The writer constructs these steps into the house and on farms and even their children study chart below: were also born slaves. The status of slaves was hereditary and inherited from white Descrip tion Social Reality of Documentation masters. This event occurred around the of Novel Background Slavery in of Universal Incidents In of Harriet the history which in the novel mentioned the Values in the The Life of Ann Jacobs of America time setting of 1813 in the North Carolina Literary Works A Slave nation region where slaves fled to various cities Girl such as Brooklyn, Manhattan, New , In the chart above, the writer adds Massachusetts, and California. documentation of universal values in A slave family with two young literature as a fourth step. The relationship children, a daughter named between universal values that occur in the or her nickname Linda and a son named history of a nation with literary stories is Willie. They lived in a white employer's seen as the ultimate goal of research in house, her father died and followed her sociological literature. The author's mother when Linda was only six years old. imagination creation process is from fact Linda and Willie who are still kids are to fiction, then the scientific study of maintained by Mrs. Nash, who treated him literature through the reverse process from well, taught him how to sew, write and fiction to facts. It shows that the factual read English. A few years later Mrs. Nash documentation in fiction is an important died, Linda and Willie were taken back by relationship spelled out in the sociology of Emily Flint's family, which was her literature as a result of scientific research parents' employer. Linda and Willie were as well as being a scientific responsibility considered to be old enough to be of a researcher towards the reader. employed as slaves and they realized that the status of slaves as their parents and RESULT AND DISCUSSION grandparents had remained hereditary. Dr. Flint and his wife named Mrs. As the literature research procedure on Flint or Cora treated Linda and Willie the Genetic Structuralism Approach has cruelly and was prohibited from been explained, the first step is to describe communicating with outsiders. Dr. Flint the literary work, then the second is to likes Linda and even tries to rape her. This explore author's social background, incident made Mrs. Flint was jealous and afterward the third is to explain the tortured Linda. A white young man named research issue as a social reality. All Mr. Sands felt sorry for Linda's anguish, information obtained from these three who finally had a secret relationship until aspects is categorized as research results, Linda gave birth to a son named Benny 121 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA Volume 8, Nomor 1, Juni 2020 E-ISSN: 2621-5101 P-ISSN:2354-7294

and a daughter named Ellen. Dr. Flint was white people who were descended from angry and then forced Linda to break with European immigrants against black people Mr. Sands and told her to live in a house of Negroes. She experienced and with her children as a mistress. Linda witnessed the lives of slaves who did not refused and chose to be hired on the have social rights, worked around the time plantation with her two children, “I’am except for Christmas and the welcome of ready to go to the plantation, Sir” (Jacobs, the New Year, slaves were made as 2004: 53). property of employers that could be traded Dr. Flint tortured Linda even more or even inherited, they had slave status for and she could no longer bear the pain. generations, and they had to work hard to Linda decided to run away. Dr. Flint satisfy their employers. issued a contest that anyone who found Linda would be given a prize money. Linda kept moving from one house to another, from one city to another to save herself. Linda continued to run north in Philadelphia, Brooklyn, New York, Boston to Manhattan. Linda's escape lasted for decades until she met her daughter, Ellen in New York and gathered with her son, Benny in Boston. Dr. Flint died, but the Flint’s family continued to hunt Linda and her children as runaway slaves. Linda and her two children returned to fugitive then left Manhattan and fled to New Hampshire. They live in a good Bruce family. Mrs. Picture 1. Harriet Ann Jacobs was a slave in America who run away and became an author of Bruce took the initiative to negotiate with literary works. Dr. Flint’s son in law named Mr. Dodge. (Source: Bruce's family managed to buy Linda and https://www.google.com/search?q=harriet+ her two children from the Flint family for ann+jacobs+biography&safe=strict&sa=X&sxsrf= 300 dollars. Bruce's family then frees ALeKk01BsjLh_BK7HelMrYPQFuM7etrR1Q:158 4022471716 accessed on March 12, 2020 at 10.32 Linda and her children from slavery and p.m.) becomes a free human being. As a child, Harriet had the good 1.2 The Social Background of Harriet Ann fortune because she had been taught to Jacobs’ Life read and write English also sew by her In this section, the writer traces the employer named Margaret Horniblow. She background of Harriet Ann Jacobs's life to died when Harriet was twelve years old. the story of slavery of the Negroes in Harriet along with her brother named John America. Harriet Ann Jacobs was born in S. Jacobs later became a slave of her Edenton, North Carolina, in 1813. She was father's employer named Dr. James a black woman who born within a slave Norcom. Not long after, her father passed family in America. She only realized that away. Harriet and her brother suffered she was also a slave when she was 6 years greatly because they were forced to work old, her mother died. The American hard all day and suffered ill treatment from situation at that time, especially in the Dr. James and his family. Harriet secretly south, continued the tradition of slavery by had an affair with a young white man 122 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA Volume 8, Nomor 1, Juni 2020 E-ISSN: 2621-5101 P-ISSN:2354-7294

named Samuel Tredwell Sawyer to give are traded and employed on plantation birth a son named Joseph and a daughter lands. Slave goes to hereditary status. named Louisa Matilda. These two children African Negroes who were made the first were made by Dr. James as his in slaves arrived in Jamestown, Virginia in the form of slaves. 1612. Slaves then became a commodity of The ability to read and write was trade increased since 1660 and reached its Harriet's main asset in voicing her social peak when the Americans underwent awareness in order to free the Negroes in 1790. They were from the slavery of white people. Her generally employed on cotton and sugar brother and uncle were involved in cane in the southern United supporting her struggle. In 1838 at the age States, including Texas, , of 25, Harriet escaped from her employer Missouri, Alabama, South Carolina, North and moved places until she arrived in Carolina, Alabama, and Mississippi. Philadelphia and then New York in 1849. International slave trade was Her awareness of freedom grew stronger abolished in 1808 so that northern regions when she helped in the newspaper office such as New York, Massachusetts, Ohio, of an American anti-slavery figure named , and Pennsylvania shifted the Frederick Douglas. slavery system to the labor system, while According to Nittle (2019), Harriet the southern region maintained the slavery tried to build awareness of Americans on system as an important commodity for the the elimination of slavery practices regional . Conflicts between a through literary works such as the novel number of states in the pro-slavery south Incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl of America and anti-slavery north of which began writing in 1853 and finished America began to emerge as a political in 1858. She also received support from issue since 1830. According to Cineotta anti-slavery writers like Harriet Becher (2004: 167-168), around 46,274 white Stowe. Harriet Ann Jacobs died on March people in the southern region on average 7, 1897 and she still managed to witness have 20 black slaves or a total of more the of 1861-1865 than one million Negroes became slaves. which was won by anti-slavery groups. The practice of slavery in 1840 This war led to the birth of Amendment increasingly developed into newly opened XIII of the American Constitution of 1865 western American regions such as concerning the abolition of slavery, Nebraska, Wyoming, Dakota, and others. Amendment XIV of 1868 concerning the Slaves were forced to work, beaten, sold, granting of for black people, and and separated from their families. In 1850, Amendment XV of 1869 concerning several employers began to teach their granting suffrage without being limited by slaves to read and write English and race and color. sewing skills like in Pennsylvania. John Fremont of the Republican Party 1.3 The Reality of Slavery in American Nation in 1856 urged that slavery be abolished In this section, the writer describes an immediately because it was inhumane and important event in the history of the violated human rights. He then along with American nation, namely slavery as a a number of political figures such as social fact. The in Salmon P. Chase, William Seward, and America began with the arrival of the spoke out loudly wanting to abolish slavery throughout Dutch and British who brought black Negro from Africa around the 1600s. They America. An open conflict arose in 1857 123 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA Volume 8, Nomor 1, Juni 2020 E-ISSN: 2621-5101 P-ISSN:2354-7294

when a number of slaves fled from the commodity to improve the regional south and entered Kansas, Wisconsin, economy. This incident lasted from 1612 Illinois, and were protected. However, the to 1865 which reaped social, political, Supreme Court ruled that these slaves military, and its impacts are still felt today. could not be released because they did not This slavery event was documented in the have citizenship status and had to be novel written by Harriet Ann Jacobs for returned to their employers in the south. five years from 1853 to 1858. The issue of slavery became an The main character in the novel is a important political debate in the 1860 slave girl named Harriet Jacobs called presidential election between Abraham Linda. She and her brother, Willie, were Lincoln of the anti-slavery of the born into a slave family and from the age Republican Party and Stephen A. Douglas of six, her mother died and was cared for of the Democratic Party. Abraham Lincoln by a nice white woman named Mrs. Nash. won and was sworn in as President of the They are taught reading and writing also on March 4, 1861 which sewing skills. Social facts showed that the resulted in eleven states in the southern State of Pennsylvania in the 1800s had region breaking away and forming a self- provided slaves with sewing skills as well government called the American as English reading and writing lessons. Confederation by appointing Jefferson After Mrs. Nash died, Harriet and Davis as its president. This political Willie were taken to be employed as slaves conflict between anti-slavery groups and by their father's employer, Dr. Flint. This pro-slavery groups led America to the situation also happened to the author, Civil War which began on 12 April 1861 Harriet Ann Jacobs who at the age of six until 14 April 1865. years, his mother died. She and her The Civil War claimed the lives of brother, John S. Jacobs, were cared for by millions of Americans who according to the kind-hearted Margaret Horniblow. Olson (1992: 86-91) were the highest They are taught to read, write and sew. number of people killed in American When Margaret Horniblow died, Harriet history. This bloody conflict ended with a and John were taken by their father's number of laws, namely the Enforcement employer, Dr. James Norcom to be slaves. Act of 1870 and the Amnesty Act of 1872. In American history, slaves are inherited Slavery was also abolished constitutionally from generation to generation as through Amendment XIII of the American experienced by Harriet Jacobs or Linda as Constitution of 1865, although sentiment fictional characters and Harriet Ann Jacobs towards black people continued throughout as the author of this fiction. the twenty-first century. Black people suffer from appalling conditions, many of whom are employed 2. Discussion The writer of this section explores the as slaves on cotton plantation and sugar cane fields in southern America, including reflection of social reality or mirror the situation of American society against the Texas, Louisiana, Missouri, Alabama, fiction of the novel Incidents In The Life South Carolina, North Carolina, Alabama, Of A Slave Girl by Harriet Ann Jacobs. and Mississippi. This condition also occurs The Americans have experienced an in a fictional story that describes Linda and important event in history, the act of all her family suffered because of slavery slavery by white Europeans against black in the South American region, especially in North Carolina. This situation is Negro Africans. This action was legalized and institutionalized instead as a trade reflected in the novel's story that describes 124 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA Volume 8, Nomor 1, Juni 2020 E-ISSN: 2621-5101 P-ISSN:2354-7294

the suffering of slaves and their plight in named Dr. James Norcom in 1838. She Edenton, North Carolina in the 1800s. continued to run away to avoid the efforts Background of the life of the author, of her employer to catch her back as a Harriet Ann Jacobs from 1813 to 1850 and slave. In 1849 she arrived in New York her family also experienced the same thing and worked in the newspaper office of an that happened to the poor conditions of life American anti-slavery figure named of slaves in until 1865. Frederick Douglas. Harriet's awareness grew more about freedom, independence and human rights because she read a lot of books and articles in the Frederick Douglas library. The American Civil War that lasted for five years between 11 states in the pro- slavery southern region and 23 states in the anti-slavery northern region ended in 1865. The victory was won by the anti-slavery state group under the leadership of President Abraham Lincoln. The American Congress finally amended the constitution of 1865 which freed all black Negroes in America from slavery. Harriet Ann Jacobs as the author of the novel Incidents In The Picture 2. The condition of Negro black slaves Life Of A Slave Girl also finally enjoyed employed on cotton plantations in Georgia, her freedom as a slave and continued to southern America. (Source: https://cdn.britannica.com/30/138730- write literary works documenting the 050-312CBBAF/Slaves-cotton-Georgia.jpg Negroes as a result of acts of slavery. accessed on March 12, 2020 at 4.10 p.m.) Slave liberation also occurred at the end of North American regions such as New the novel's story, Linda was released from York, Massachusetts, Manhattan, Ohio, Dr. Flint’s family slavery by a nice white Maryland, Pennsylvania, since 1790 family named Mrs. Bruce. abolished the slavery system and liberated Slavery is a valuable lesson for Americans in protecting human rights all Negro slaves. The northern states replaced the slavery forced labor system today as well as a historic lesson in into a labor payroll system in line with the building the American national spirit, abolition of the international slave trade in namely freedom, independence and 1808. The policy of liberation of slaves by democracy. The universal value that can states in the north of America resulted in be drawn from this slavery event is that the many slaves from the southern region state must provide the freedom and independence of each of its citizens to fleeing northward as slaves escaped which occurs in the novel. Linda escaped from ensure the sustainability of their national her employer in North Carolina to the democracy. In harmony with this universal north in Philadelphia, Brooklyn, New value, the worldview or vision dumonde of York, Boston, and Manhattan to New the novel Incidents in The Life of A Slave Hampshire. She ran away to be free from Girl which is associated with Harriet Ann suffering as a slave. The author of this Jacobs’ social background as the author is the liberation of slaves and reconciliation novel, Harriet Ann Jacobs, at the age of 25, also ran away from her employer between whites and blacks is the best way 125 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA Volume 8, Nomor 1, Juni 2020 E-ISSN: 2621-5101 P-ISSN:2354-7294

to sustain the life of the nation and prosper slavery lasted from 1612 to 1865 which the national economy. Martin Luther King reaped social, political, military, and Junior (Cineotta, 2004: 346-349) in 1963 conflict impacts that are still felt today in once said that I had a dream that at one the social life of the American nation. time children of former slaves and children Slavery is a valuable lesson for of former slave employers could sit Americans in protecting human rights together at one table, the fraternity table. today as well as a historic lesson in This dream gradually become a reality building the American national spirit, as the economic conditions of black namely freedom, independence and Americans improve, that is, in 1965 their democracy. The universal value that can average income has reached 60 percent of be taken from this slavery event is that the the income level of white people. state must give freedom and independence to every citizen in order to guarantee the CONCLUSION sustainability of a nation's democracy.

Literary work has a strong historical BIBLIOGRAPHY value in documenting the social facts of a particular society or nation as the facts of Abbas. 2018. The Portrayed British slavery are reflected in the novel Incidents Women In Austen’s Pride and In The Life Of A Slave Girl by Harriet Ann Prejudice. Proceeding International Jacobs. This social fact was successfully Multidisciplinary Academic Conference revealed in this study through the (IMAC) - Ipoh Malaysia, 21-22 March sociological analysis of literature using the 2018. Genetic Structuralism research method. Cineotta, Howard, et al. Tanpa tahun. This sociological analysis scientifically Garis Besar Sejarah Amerika. proves that imaginative works in the form Translated by Yusi A. Pareanom. 2004. of literature have universal values that are Jakarta: Departemen Luar Negeri capable of documenting social facts that Amerika Serikat. have occurred in society so that literary Endraswara, Suwardi. 2013. Metodologi works are part of the social documentation Penelitian Sastra: Epistemologi, Model, of a particular nation or ethnicity such as Teori, dan Aplikasi. Yogyakarta: CAPS America. (Center for Academic Publishing Harriet Ann Jacobs in her novel Service). through a fictional character named Harriet Faruk. 2014. Pengantar Sosiologi Sastra, Jacobs or Linda tells the suffering and dari Strukturalisme Genetik sampai struggle of Negro black people from the Post-modernisme. Yogyakarta: Pustaka slavery of white people as well as Pelajar. documentation of her life experience as a Goldmann, Lucien. 1977. Towards A slave. She ran away from his employer and Sociology of The Novel. London: fought for his release. Slavery of black Tavistock Publications. Negro Africans in America was legalized Goldmann, Lucien. 1981. Method in the and institutionalized and made an Sociology of Literature. London: Basil economic commodity in human Blackwell Oxford. trafficking. They were employed forcibly Hille, Richard. 2020. Slavery. and inhumanely to improve the economy https://www.britannica.com/topic/slaver of the colony, especially in the South y-sociology/Historical-survey. American region. The legalization of 126 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA Volume 8, Nomor 1, Juni 2020 E-ISSN: 2621-5101 P-ISSN:2354-7294

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on March 12, 2020 at 10.18 p.m. Olson, Keith W. 1992. An Outline of American History. USA: University of Maryland. Rahmah, Muawinatul. 2017. “Social Criticism In Orwell’ Down and Out In Paris and London”. Thesis of Undergraduate. Makassar: Jurusan Sastra Inggris FIB Universitas Hasanuddin. Ratna, Nyoman Kutha. 2013. Pengantar Sosiologi Sastra, dari Strukturalisme Genetik sampai Post-modernisme. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Sugihastuti dan Suharto. 2016. Kritik Sastra Feminis, Teori dan Aplikasinya. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Widyaningrum, Gita Laras. 2019. Mengenal empat jenis perbudakan di Afrika. https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read. Accessed on March 12, 2020 at 4.38 pm.