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The Routledge History of

Gad Heuman, Trevor Burnard

Slavery In The World

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203840573.ch3 Gwyn Campbell Published online on: 29 Oct 2010

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:46 01 Oct 2021; For: 9780203840573, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203840573.ch3 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:46 01 Oct 2021; For: 9780203840573, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203840573.ch3 l ihsrsre.N ato hsbo a erpitdo erdcdo tlsdin utilised or reproduced or reprinted be may book this of part No reserved. rights All n omo yayeetoi,mcaia,o te en,nwkono hereafter or known now means, other or mechanical, electronic, any by or form any netd nldn htcpigadrcrig ri n nomto trg or storage information any in or recording, and photocopying including invented, h ih fGdHua n rvrBradt eidenti be to Burnard Trevor and Heuman Gad of right The h oteg itr fsaey/eie yGdHua n rvrBurnard. Trevor and Heuman Gad by edited / slavery of history Routledge The okhsbe setdb hmi codnewt etos7 n 8o the of 78 and 77 sections with accordance in them by asserted been has work Routledge isanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,informabusiness 01GdHua n rvrBradfrslcinadeioilmatter; editorial and selection for Burnard Trevor and Heuman Gad 2011 © To purchaseyourowncopyofthisoranyTaylor&FrancisRoutledge’s collection ofthousandseBookspleasegotow.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. .Saey-itr.2 lvr.I emn a .I.Brad rvrG. Trevor Burnard, II. J. Gad Heuman, I. Slavery. 2. Slavery--History. 1. aaou eodfrti oki vial rmteBiihLibrary British the from available is book this for record catalogue A erea ytm ihu emsini rtn rmtepublishers. the from writing in permission without system, retrieval iutnosypbihdi h S n aaab Routledge by and USA the in published Simultaneously This editionpublishedintheTaylor&Francise-Library,2011. akSur,Mlo ak bndn xnO1 4RN OX14 Oxon Abingdon, Park, Milton Square, Park 2 irr fCnrs aao-nPbiainData Catalog-in-Publication Congress of Library rts irr aaoun nPbiainData Publication in Cataloguing Library British (Trevor Graeme)III.Title:Historyofslavery. 7 aio vne e ok Y10016 NY , New Avenue, Madison 270 ISBN 0-203-84057-7Mastere-book oyih,DsgsadPtnsAt1988. Act Patents and Designs Copyright, niiulcatr,tecontributors the chapters, individual .c.- TeRuldehistories) Routledge (The -- cm. p. is ulse 01b Routledge by 2011 published First SN3 7--1-68- (hbk) 978-0-415-46689-9 ISBN13: SN3 7--0-45- (ebk) 978-0-203-84057-3 ISBN13: 306.3'6209--dc22 T6.6 2010 HT861.R68 2010017402 fi da uhr fthis of authors as ed Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:46 01 Oct 2021; For: 9780203840573, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203840573.ch3 ae fteIda ca rn Wlesen 94.Ised sacnrchistorians -centric Instead, the 1974). of (Wallerstein, centre arena the Ocean as Eurocentric Asia Indian posited counter the the to of of centre order lanes the in as historians the from Asia-centric emphasised signi by that historical 1980s and the meaning from the introduced establish to vital is it World, slavery. and trade slave the of history IOW oaino the of location ocp udmnal di fundamentally concept i-ihenhcnuy oehsoin ol ru trmie oiatuntil dominant remained it argue would century. historians nineteenth early Some the century. mid-eighteenth de h ot14 r,age htcnetoa rmwrsfrhsoia analysis, inade- historical were continents, for and human frameworks ignored states, conventional largely nation they as that because such quate argued entities territorial era, notably post-1945 the of AD IOW. the to indigenous slavery of forms other of o studies the is few contribution notably the This of IOW, even under- the true labour generally chattel in imported enclaves have destinations, European model, these and At to Atlantic Cape. Europeans to the pinned the by and by by Islands and Africans inspired Mascarene Gulf, East Studies, essential of Persian same export system. the the the slave shared on slavery Atlantic overwhelmingly (IOW) concentrated the World Ocean as Indian features view, conventional the In h ie nsuhr rnehdmr ncmo ihohrihbtnsof inhabitants the other by with shaped common largely in being , more people northern had of including existence littoral, material southern the Mediterranean in France, the southern lived over who dominance political exercised fi nodrt itnus om fsriuei h O rmtoei h Atlantic the in those from IOW the in servitude of forms distinguish to order In hti isn rmtebl fteesuisi natetcIWdmnin hsis This dimension. IOW authentic an is studies these of bulk the from missing is What hs historians These “ e h term the nes 1000 oceanic “ lv oe fproduction of modes slave – “ g fDiscoveries of Age ” osbymc earlier much possibly pc oteAinrgo.FradBadl ao rnhhsoinin historian French major a Braudel, Fernand region. Asian the to space fi rst LVR NTEINDIAN THE IN SLAVERY “ ninOenWorld Ocean Indian ’ “ lbleconomy global rueti ae nteaatto fBadla concepts Braudelian of adaptation the on based is argument ff rda orciet ovninlveso O lvr.It slavery. IOW of views conventional to corrective a as ered ff rn rmta fthe of that from erent CA WORLD OCEAN 2 ” uoendmnto ftemjrcmoiisadsea and commodities major the of domination European , wnCampbell Gwyn fi ” – s lbleooy n htdvlpdb tleast at by developed that one , global rst . ” Introduction n hc eanddmnn ni tlatthe least at until dominant remained which and tte nlsstemaigadsigni and meaning the analyses then It . ” n icse t itrcsigni historic its discusses and 52 – 3 niomn neato.Tu,wieParis while Thus, interaction. environment “ Atlantic ” or fi s lbleooyand, economy global rst fi “ ac fteIOW the of cance Paci fi c ” ol.I was It World. fi ac sthe as cance fi ac in cance fi – rst a 1 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:46 01 Oct 2021; For: 9780203840573, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203840573.ch3 htscsi h i rmteoen raigtesuhetmnon uigthe During monsoon. southwest the vacuum creating a ocean, producing the rises air from hot air up, six heats the mass From other in land exchange. Asian trans-oceanic sucks the of that as rise September, the to promoted April monsoons the fundamentally, More animals. and and irrigation, crops and food techniques wild conservation of water domestication of the development the population, of tion w-a rn-cai rd mre uigtecus fthe of purposeful course result, a the As during oceans. emerged other o intra- trade in winds, trans-oceanic, unparalleled trans-oceanic equatorial trade of commerce of two-way southeast system and development perennial southwest sail hemisphere early a the trans-oceanic by southern from the supplemented and and monsoons, permitting year the winds strong the months, addition, of of In six months sail. system six Asian other alternating for an northeast the the comprise for from thus blow monsoons that The winds monsoon. northeast the utrso otes n ot sa(n ae fMdgsa)(huhr,18:23). based 1985: the with (Chaudhuri, during associated ) techniques emerged some of storage irrigation and where later on control (and , water Asia northern insu of South technology and proved The and Asia rains Southeast Central winter of India, if North required East, was Middle irrigation the of tures France northern of residents with than climate, its and 1996). (Braudel, Sea Mediterranean ceie ymratls rcps re precepts, mercantilist by acterised vresrgos hywr locoeycnetdwt ieieadoeln trade overland and and riverine neighbouring with of connected coastlines closely networks the also such were along oriented, arteries. protect externally They diaspora were to regions. and communities tried overseas mercantile networks cases These of trading power. many advantages state the developing in that of realised and use was, land- nevertheless, the communities societies, centralised through polities, economy the mercantile These mercantile from global strong hinterland. independence littoral having the juridical IOW and in the by political polities of based in degree dominated large exchange a macro-region, retained maritime the contrast, the throughout By from class. developed merchant that economy global European the in asi uoe u lotenwAi-eti colo itras h ihihe the highlighted who historians, of school monsoons Asia-centric Asian new the the of also role but Europe, in ians etro h O.Tems ai iiinwsbtenwinter between was division basic most The IOW. the of sector trade. China production trans-oceanic East agricultural of and regulated development South both early the monsoons the and the facilitated Sea, macro-region, and Indonesian this the to Ocean, Unique Indian Seas. northern the of waters fln-itnemrtm xhneo omdte,mny ehooy da and ideas de network technology, durable money, and commodities, sophisticated 78 of economy. a China, 1993: Asia, exchange in (Abu-Lughod, of maritime people areas ) productive long-distance (present-day major the of connected and century tenth India the about by which fi hsarclua pcaiainhle a h ai o ne-einltrade. inter-regional for basis the lay helped specialisation agricultural This Braudel h ososwr rtclt h mrec fseils rpznsi h northern the in zones crop specialist of emergence the to critical were monsoons The h O stu e ocpulfaeok hra h tatcWrdis World Atlantic the Whereas framework. conceptual new a thus is IOW The e yoen n admse,teIWi de is IOW the masses, land and oceans by ned ’ hoisisie o nytedvlpeto the of development the only not inspired theories s “ winter ” LVR NTEIDA CA WORLD OCEAN INDIAN THE IN SLAVERY otso h er h poierato cus creating occurs, reaction opposite the year, the of months – – ope ytmo id n urnsgvrigthe governing currents and winds of system complex a 9.I sti ytmta osiue the constituted that system this is It 79). “ elti Revolution Neolithic fl ce na linebtentesaeadthe and state the between alliance an in ected 53 fi e ytemnon.Oenctrade Oceanic monsoons. the by ned ffi in,adtesummer the and cient, ” hrceie yaconcentra- a by characterised , ff fi raptnilfrregular for potential a er tet etr a char- was century fteenth Annales “ dry fi s millennium rst ” colo histor- of School rpwetcul- wheat crop fi rst “ wet “ global ” rice AD ” , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:46 01 Oct 2021; For: 9780203840573, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203840573.ch3 irrhclplte yaon 2500 around by polities hierarchical h iln fml atvswslreymtvtdb h xes fesaigmen, enslaving of expense sold. the and by centre, motivated imperial to the largely likely to was more back captives were taken male who while enslaved, of executed, were killing were captives societies The child hunter-gatherer and and pastoralists female from captives male adult apel 91.Ti ytmwsterptdoii fsaeyi eooai nthe in Mesopotamia in slavery of origin reputed the millennia was third system This 1991). Campbell, eurdt anantesse,ldt h mrec fhgl strati highly of resources emergence human the and to natural led of the system, control by capture the their The and maintain needed. output, they to gen- labour agricultural production required the surplus rivers. agricultural acquire of easily greater major agricultural to by elite alongside owners enhanced stimulated located slave growth allowed the societies erally demographic in transport the notably time, and force, Over store labour coerced harvest, channel concentrated water to enslave- maintain of and of and forms output create systems, to to storage reference inputs without and labour IOW unprecedented the required in agriculture tra bondage discuss and to ment impossible is It atvs hsrsle ntobodsseso nlvmn htwr maintained the were In with that century. do nineteenth enslavement the to of of what end systems of the broad to problem neigh- up powerful two the IOW less with in they the of faced As throughout conquest resulted expansion. were the This military through armies captives. state in these the engage populations, of and bouring frontiers armies and the powerful forward in form Kingdom pushed growth, Middle to demographic the as Mesopotamia, and such output in states, agricultural centralised major in the increases enabled associated with along nology, tt fcmuiybnae oeshlr eiv hst aebe h rgn of origins the been have to this the believe in scholars India in Some servitude bondage. praedial community of maintained state commonly were regions 2004). (Boomgaard, century nineteenth the to down Pnig 93 43 1993: (Ponting, emnn giutrlwrfrei etl,cnurdrgos(apel 1985: (Campbell, regions conquered Imerina fertile, and in India ensured in thus workforce and as agricultural 112 mobility that, geographical permanent curtail regulations to a -like served of Madagascar), highland emergence (central the motivated have h edr fsc oiispae ao etitoso h egahclmblt of mobility agriculture. geographical into the input labour on vital restrictions ensure major to order placed in polities populations such subject of leaders The a fe nurdi o-ahfrssc sfo rtos sesae etr were debtors enslaved status As higher a tools. enjoyed or it generally food they although as however, terms, society, such monetary slave-owning forms dominant in non-cash the expressed from in normally incurred was often Indebtedness was 10). 1983: (Reid, 21 1980: (Goody, n hi eaie nmn O ein.I diin h uihetfrcertain for punishment the addition, In regions. debtors IOW defaulting many for in enforced exacted in legally was relatives was Enslavement their debt. and through so did probably ntescn ytm dl aecpie rmavne n ete agricultural settled and advanced from captives male adult system, second the In rmaon 2000 around From eetees vrteln em h aoiyo epeetrn lvr nteIOW the in slavery entering people of majority the term, long the over Nevertheless, – 3.Sc atr aeval h nlvmn n uvilneo aecaptives male of surveillance and enslavement the viable made factors Such 33). “ wet ffi kn nhmn.Sceista eeoe cnme ae nirrigated on based economies developed that Societies humans. in cking ” BC – – giutrlsses tas eurda xrml ag n highly and large extremely an required also It systems. agricultural 22). 4 55 44, Goy 90 8,adwswdl rcie hogotteIOW the throughout practised widely was and 18), 1980: (Goody, nlvmn nteIda ca World Ocean Indian the in Enslavement BC fi e,wihotnldt netdesadsbeun enslavement subsequent and indebtedness to led often which nes, – h elhgnrtdb h ae trg n oto tech- control and storage water the by generated wealth the , 6 0,adsprtl nCiab bu 1750 about by China in separately and 60), 56, fl eo ee hnwmno hlrn(od,18:32 1980: (Goody, children or women than rebel or ee WNCAMPBELL GWYN fi s millennia rst nsitu in BC nMsptma gp n h nu Valley Indus the and Egypt Mesopotamia, in 54 lnsd atv oe n hlrni a in children and women captive alongside BC Ptak 95 ) tas em to seems also It 3). 1985: (Patnaik, fi s ytm most system, rst BC fi dcentralised ed ( ibid ,4,61). 49, ., – 34; Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:46 01 Oct 2021; For: 9780203840573, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203840573.ch3 odadtermiigfml ebr.I fia ntmso aie isi group kinship a , of times individual in the Africa, both In of survival members. of family chances remaining the the enhance and to order sold in bondage into members hyfre pt 0prcn ftettlpplto.Tersriuewsgenerally was servitude Their population. total the of centuries cent nineteenth and per in o eighteenth categories 50 paying the social as to the in taken up of numerous central formed most in they the while were , bondage in debt Majapahit, in people enslaved ple, om fpwsi eedvlpdweeycide,epcal il,were girls, especially children, whereby included developed others were to pawnship transferred of or forms from sold bondage were debt who distinguish to hereditary little became was sometimes there and invariably point permanent, indebtedness which became their at often Consequently, servitude clothing. Their and increased. food accommodation, their of eunfrmnyo neuvln au ngos hybecame They goods. in value equivalent an or money for return ni,teMdl atadArc ikdt rn-sa omrilrue (Ponting, routes commercial trans-Asian those to cent of per linked 50 cent Africa some per and killed 90 It 228 East Europe. 1993: estimated Middle in an than the IOW of killing India, the routes 1346, in caravan China impact in main greater the of Europe far along and a spread that had and infected, plague 1331 reach in bubonic to China the in Asia example, form For epidemic consequences. in erupted catastrophic have e could the pendently 1641, Niña in La as or volcanism, El-Niño rich When depressed sulphur beyond. of with and years macro-region coincided temperatures, the immediate lower across both veil-induced productivity wreak cloud could Moreover, agricultural that through cyclones. activity and, volcanic and destruction of centres monsoons local were accompanied Asia 39 East frequently and 2001: Southeast also (Atwell, harvests and Niña rain La property by heavy years consecutive unusually in followed causes be to tends it Moreover, Paci the across gradient e Niño crim- El . by or Oscillation for kidnapping enslavement through imposed were legally bondage permanent through and into and temporary entry gangs into of members inal . forms family or common sold tribute Other people as slavery. markets, transferred private were and Some open period. In time established an within reclaimed dit nnntet-etr hn Bogad 04 eae 04.Toesbetto as described subject Those conventionally those 2004). outnumbered small Delaye, often 2004; to farmers bondage (Boomgaard, price, debt from short-term China into nineteenth-century IOW, bride getting in the a addicts Asia in borrowing East credit-securing and people grooms a Southeast o of potential as range living and voluntarily vast traders harvests bondage invo- a future was debt embraced indebtedness mortgaging entered bondage for Debt Enslavement people overlap. strategy. most could whereas enslavement of luntary, systems both if o paid had they Once status. slaves. imported than o-lv evl aori h O a losl rtaserdivlnaiy People involuntarily. transferred or sold also was IOW the in labour servile Non-slave aua iatr ol oipvrs oshlsthat households impoverish so could disasters Natural inde- which disease, and famine by accompanied frequently were disasters Natural Southern The disasters. natural to due notably voluntarily, slavery entered people Some ee nlvmn o netdesnest edsigihdfo etbnae even bondage, debt from distinguished be to needs indebtedness for enslavement Here, ’ – ouain n a rbbya eattn ncnrso ouainin population of centres in devastating as probably was and population, s 29). ff ff rdtfo agrmrhns oteuiutu ua abe of gambler rural ubiquitous the to merchants, larger from credit neeto h onte a otatd owihwsaddtecost the added was which to contracted, had they loan the on interest LVR NTEIDA CA WORLD OCEAN INDIAN THE IN SLAVERY ff fi c,poue vr ee otnyasb hne ntepressure the in changes by years ten to seven every produced ect, ca,otnpooe eeedogt hogotteIOW. the throughout droughts severe provokes often Ocean, c 55 ff – hi et hycudrgi non-slave regain could they debt, their 0.Fodn htwsdsrcieto destructive was that Flooding 40). fi “ aca rul,adicuigopium including and trouble, nancial serfs ” ff c ol ecatastrophic. be could ect nAi n fia nAfrica, In Africa. and Asia in nextremis in “ slaves – “ slavery ete ytmthat system weather a “ slaves ” hysl family sold they fte eenot were they if ” Re 2004). (Rae, ” “ o exam- For . pawned ” in – Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:46 01 Oct 2021; For: 9780203840573, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203840573.ch3 h iie aueo xatrcrs n h atta,i otatt h tatcsystem, Atlantic the to contrast in that, fact the and records, extant of nature limited the ol fe,btntncsaiy overlap. necessarily, not but often, could etr eti iiiogrsbcm ocbnso ihsau uumls(Warren, males Sulu high-status of nineteenth a 227 the concubines of 1980: in slave Watson, that became the also example, as girls see for status reasons, 2004; higher Filipino these a for and certain poor was living times It century of master. standard prosperous wealthy higher relatively while or a powerful of in money, promise Even the for of of donation. exchange part o because monastery as occasionally in people a non-slaves servile adoption or other low-status for could dowry as the out marriage exchanged, Throughout be children a sons. sometimes their selling could bondspeople let against debt also the parents broke IOW, households non-elite only though 10 afr,saeriigadkdapn,ntrldsses n indebtedness chie and of disasters, varied side, natural because supply labour kidnapping, the servile bankrupt and On raiding of bondspeople. went slave unproductive quality labour. warfare, of consumption and retinue servile conspicuous vast quantity of a the in maintain entirely to engaged desire themselves their owners divest elite eventually Some and schemes, joint-ownership aua iatr,fmnsadeiei ies.Ln-emeooi ylsappear cycles economic Long-term generally disease. major labour from with peaks epidemic servile associated sustained the for and mortality with of high Demand clear, both with context disasters. and disasters, the cycles natural natural in economic of considered with and be directly correlated thus economy should global trades IOW slave World Ocean Indian these redeemed, not or If goods for marketable. return most in the lineage being another adults to member young transferred kinship and a children in money, rights its transfer might aorwsiiilymr akdi o-lt ice,weemsesmight masters where circles, servile non-elite imported in for marked demand in more fall initially The grooms, was labour. of labour as forms favoured, non-productive employed particularly and were or productive talented boys if while advisers. boys, or enslaved roles, bureaucrats circles, ser- become similar royal sexual could In for and soldiers. domestics, entertainment groomed and as childcare, guards were deployed of Girls were providers chil- Women and vices. and consumption. wives, women conspicuous secondary especially of wet-nurses, chie demographic bondspeople, items met imported and became many was dren, output Consequently, labour agricultural labour. productive with periods servile for As directly services). demand correlated sexual non-productive growth, prosperity entertainment, and labour, economic transport) domestic of commerce, guards, and craft, (military (agriculture, regional work work intra-IOW productive and directly disasters. mortality, natural high and performance of economic periods both in other variations cycles, economic short-term 90 eod lal lutaetedssru mato aua iatr ntemid- the in disasters natural to required of is impact research more disastrous much the However, century. illustrate seventeenth clearly Records 1910. – opeieetmtseito h ubro lvstae nteIW chie IOW, the in traded slaves of number the of exist estimates precise No ttmso cnmcsodw,santo rrgeso,dmn elndfrboth for declined demand regression, or stagnation slowdown, economic of times At both for labour servile for existed demand high booms, economic sustained During 1.I hn,i a ie,ftesotnsl hi agtr rscnaywives, secondary or daughters their sold often fathers times, bad in China, In 11). “ pawns ” ninOenWrdsaetae vrtime over trades slave World Ocean Indian eertie yteceio ieg (Kopyto lineage creditor the by retained were – 6 omar,2004). Boomgaard, 36; c WNCAMPBELL GWYN .200 ff rdtesle o aet ebro h elite the of member a to sale for themselves ered BC 56 to AD 200 AD; fl fl codn oteicdneof incidence the to according y ytaiinlfrso local of forms traditional by y c . AD 800 fl s u eim and medium- out esh – ff 30 and 1300; n ir,1977: Miers, and – atr that factors fi fl s enter rst u to due y c 1780 . – Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:46 01 Oct 2021; For: 9780203840573, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203840573.ch3 oue teto ntal nArcnsae,adicesnl,a rts anti-slave British as increasingly, and have slaves, scholars Western African labour. on of input initially associated huge IOW a attention the required in focused economy activity commercial international growing the the with Thus distribution. and transport aoiyo h evl ouaini ot sawr flcloii Kda,86 (Kidwai, the origin Nevertheless, local 1997). of were Alpers, Asia 1971; South (Harris, in literature population the servile Miller in the nineteenth of bias the majority Atlantic in Francisco. an while San to and Town, Singapore Cape to and sent a Asia were attacks further slaves Southeast and from Chinese IOW to slaves century western shipped the eastern their to were the eastern of Indonesians the In many from exported 200). obtained also states were 1995: hill centralised (Arasaratnam, decentralised other regions against and distant China more IOW, from slaves transport otdt ok,lae novses n hpe oIWadetra markets, external and IOW to shipped and vessels, onto return loaded co the trophies. tea, while docks, animal as and to such feathers crops exotic ported ivory, cash as for rubber, such and generalized luxuries wax the tropical taste; oils, indus- bourgeois Western during the vegetable and by and expanding sugar; disrupted levels animal mid- an higher copra, demand, the by ever as from at such This and sustained products produce IOW. was of tropical and consumption the for 1815 trial after from West of revived the supplied , commercialisation in Napoleonic growing was demand a indigenous century growing by of the eighteenth attempts shaped and the were of imperialism, by slavery Much secondary IOW economy, labour. by in international changes modernise, the The of to IOW. forces states the new in the labour by servile primarily for demand in ence loipre noteMdl atfo h arncato rn etr India, Western , of coast Makran the were from slaves 120 East century, (Miers, twentieth Middle China have early and the slaves the may of In into numbers majority 1990). imported absolute (Lewis, their an century also when formed nineteenth centuries, possibly and the who in thirteenth Africans, there to imported by Indonesia, tenth equalled the Japan, been until Indians, Macao, slaves bondspeople: to imported exported slaves also as Asia exported South Town. origin. were Cape Slavic example, and for Turk of probably raetIWsaetra slave IOW greatest ein,bcuelclsae eeceprt atr n rnpr.Cneunl,mer- Consequently, transport. and su capture slaves to such 1865. cheaper in shipping were States chants United slaves million the local in nine because slaves to regions, black million of eight over 474 number estimated to 1988: the an double (Campbell, rising were 1841, there ports in societies, alone, slaves Indonesian IOW India indigenous in In many East. and of Far comprised Africa Confucian population Slaves of the parts Africa. of in East trade cent cent slave from per IOW per exported to 30 the 50 10 were when and the century, slaves exceeded 20 nineteenth far million between the centuries 1.5 In the . possibly over cumulative the IOW peaked, the the in that across landed likely and million is in 12 it traded However, slaves cargo. of specialist number a constituted rarely slaves IOW h uko tde fsaeyi ot safcso motdArcn,mil due mainly Africans, imported on focus Asia South in slavery of studies of bulk The l hs omdte eddt epoue rcletd oeie rae,trans- treated, sometimes collected, or produced be to needed commodities these All nteMdl at icsin n eta sasfre la aoiyof majority clear a formed Asians Central and Circassians East, Middle the In hogotteIW akt eesple ihsae chie slaves with supplied were markets IOW, the Throughout h ognntet etr inse nrosqatttv n ulttv di qualitative and quantitative enormous witnessed century nineteenth long The 25 .Mroe,ms lvsipre noIda tlati eivltms were times, medieval in least at India, into imported slaves most Moreover, ). fl wo od necag eurdsipn,o shipping, required exchange in goods of ow LVR NTEIDA CA WORLD OCEAN INDIAN THE IN SLAVERY ffi a rbbyoeln,ntbyi fia id ni n the and India Hindu Africa, in notably overland, probably was c “ tribes ff rdfwrlosses fewer ered – ” 36). and “ maritime 57 nroute en ” omnte.Nvrhls,slaves Nevertheless, communities. hnte i hntyn to trying when did they than ffl fl aig n overland and oading, rmneighbouring from y fi l.Frexample, For eld. – 5.The 75). ff eand ee ff – er- 8; Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:46 01 Oct 2021; For: 9780203840573, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203840573.ch3 hns netrdlbu a rae hnErpa-eeae ead fthe Asia Southeast Of for to demand. China demand was South IOW European-generated century 1851 from indigenous than nineteenth emigrated period Thus who the the greater tropical IOW. people in in million was for the IOW 6.7 the within particularly labour approximately However, in demand East, West. indentured slavery the increased Far of in Chinese for the that increase than cater and an dynamic to Asia and for varied reason South more another much East, was Middle products, animal the in market uoenestates. European lnain costeIW y10,teewr bu n ilo Indians Often pro also 11). million elites 1993: one IOW (Chandra, indigenous about two that pro 1920, were fact overseas a and the opportunities to there commercial 1834 is shipped crop Between however, 1900, on cash India. were overlooked, century, work By in Indians nineteenth to plantations IOW. early recruited million European-managed labourers the on the indentured in indentured Chinese waters across and African Indian plantations East of millions in the increased pressure trade ota nteIW ndrc otatt h tatcsaesse,tepooto of for indigen- proportion demand including the the situations, and to system, soldiers unbalanced due traders, slave sexually often long-distance in was Atlantic European This men and the ous era. by to modern established contrast the services in direct sexual increased in servitude IOW, in the females in that so beyond. and IOW the throughout also rts nIdaicesnl tepe orcutfo h ih,Grhs n other and Gurkhas, the Sikhs, Thus the from replacements. recruit IOW to indigenous attempted for increasingly seamen so-called and demand India troops in growing European among British in zones tropical resulted in sickness inevitably and mortality High IOW. O lvr osiue htAtoyRi em large-scale a terms of Reid aspect partners, this Anthony century, sexual what nineteenth as hired early constituted traders in the European slavery By and agents. considerable IOW Chinese commercial a serve and the created servants to in century, domestic slaves outposts seventeenth female British early and purchased Dutch and the French, from Portuguese, had, of creation IOW the and Asia Southeast Ri,18:26 1983: (Reid, ntenme fmltr,bt nieosadfrin cdmcrsac a con- stimulated further has which research IOW, Academic the 150 foreign. traders in (Chatterjee, growth garrisoned females and single in Europeans massive indigenous trade of of a the both impact was numbers the military, there on increased Second, of centrated IOW. of to number the expansion the leading the in with in operating thus associated indigenous) boom and and commercial (European economy the to international due was the this part, In century. fipvrse hns e h,btente14sad19s mgae otenew the were women to Chinese emigrated since 1890s, Asia Southeast and and 1840s Africa o Americas, the the millions between in the centres who, of commercial sexually case men the generally Chinese in of impoverished pronounced was concentrations particularly of to was labour led This overall workers. indentured IOW male predominantly the Indian in Although migration labour nineteenth-century labour. balanced, indentured of tion ffi eadfrfml evl aoras nrae rmtclyi h ieenhcentury nineteenth the in dramatically increased also labour servile female for Demand uoenwraeadipraimas e oicesddmnsfrlbu nthe in labour for demands increased to led also imperialism and warfare European hsdmn o nlvdlbuesicesddaaial uigtenineteenth the during dramatically increased labourers enslaved for demand This nrae eadfrfml rsiue loeaae rmters fms migra- mass of rise the from emanated also prostitutes female for demand Increased ilyfridnt rvlara.Frisac,btente14sad19s millions 1890s, and 1840s the between instance, For abroad. travel to forbidden cially fi e rmsaeydsge ome einldmn.Freape h luxury the example, For demand. regional meet to designed slavery from ted “ ata races martial – 27). 3 – 91 nyaot4prcn ne pas up ended cent per 4 about only 1901, ” oscr n xadteritrssntol nSuhAi but Asia South in only not interests their expand and secure to ff re ya xadn nentoa cnm.I at they part, In economy. international expanding an by orded WNCAMPBELL GWYN – 68). 58 ’ rw.Cieeeirto to emigration Chinese crews. “ indentured “ araemarket marriage fi e rmthe from ted ” aoron labour ” Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:46 01 Oct 2021; For: 9780203840573, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203840573.ch3 stetaehsfle nraigyit h ad fml-oiae,ma male-dominated, of hands the into increasingly fallen closed has been largely trade rapid have independence of the economic decades gaining as as few of possibilities past endemic, are girls traditional the becomes 400,000 while estimated over insecurity An Moreover, commercial. in or brutally expanded. more tra trade war become has also IOW and Wherever has it the it , day. globalisation, bondage, involuntary the this debt increased in to with to recently continued Overlapping led females. has turn young females in of which exploitation services, the their sexual out traders. of hired foreign sation commonly of agents parents and Madagascar, concubines in as Thus serve basis. to seasonal daughters a on often ders, Gulf the seeking slaves into of imported quarter slaves one o only consular of British comprised 1983: three-quarters from women Reid, around e.g. female, (see were although peasants region that, female of meant majority society the than lifestyle 25 better to a Most response enjoyed traders. a vile, from as and marked markets most Muslim was trend This prostitution. tutrs h eyhg iko otatn I n yn on fAD a further women. has such AIDS of of standards young living and dying expectancy and life HIV the contracting reduced sharply of and risk stigmatised high very The structures. hr,a lehr nteIW esn lv wesgnrlywre lnsd their alongside worked generally owners slave peasant IOW, the the by most in encompassed performed those elsewhere than have as functions, wider may there, of much range Slaves were vast model. which a of in Atlantic responsibilities employed and were range slaves Moreover, the communities. system. large the in lived to intrinsic was them against violence Moreover, tary. ceitc fIWsaeycnrse hrl ihtoeo h mrcs nthe In Americas. the of char- those the with Mauritius, and trades, sharply Réunion these contrasted as of slavery such all excep- settlements the IOW American In European with maintained. of Thus, of still considerably. and minority acteristics into varied are complex a vigorous functions areas IOW of remained slave the tion some Era, and in Common routes in the markets, existed and sources, before there century, well that twentieth started evident the that is trades it slave analysis, shifting foregoing the From indigenous by voluntarily regions 1842, and 1821 in in rule men British Chinese poor under 19 Singapore of falling 1994: China, groups Miers, places Amer- south-eastern large and the both was (Jaschok in Kong, result centres respectively Hong The commercial Asia. and new Southeast the Singapore and to Africa emigrated males icas, Chinese impoverished of uesxa maac ffute ae o vr female. every for males fourteen of imbalance sexual huge lnain n nmns hyfre ag ocnrtdcmuiiso iil servile visibly of communities concentrated large formed they “ mines; in and plantations foreigners – ntenntet etr,hwvr hr a akdices ntecommerciali- the in increase marked a was there however, century, nineteenth the In nteIW usd h e lnaineooissc sMuiis lvsrarely slaves Mauritius, as such economies few the outside IOW, the In eadfo rdr,adocsoal rmErpa iios a e nsome in met was visitors, European from occasionally and traders, from Demand h eadfrsxa evcsaogesae epewsi atmtby met part in was people enslaved among services sexual for demand The ffi 6.Aoeal h rae siiaino eaesae notelclslave-holding local the into slaves female of assimilation greater the all, Above 26). kdec eri ni ln.Peiu itepoeto so is protection little Precious alone. India in year each cked “ ” model fArcndset ervdo ii ihs n hs ttswsheredi- was status whose and rights, civil of deprived descent, African of ” fsaey 10 slavery, of LVR NTEIDA CA WORLD OCEAN INDIAN THE IN SLAVERY ffi evtd nteIda ca World Ocean Indian the in Servitude cials. ’ ouainqarpe rmte18s eutn na in resulting 1880s, the from quadrupled population s – 2mlinArcnsae eeptt okmsl on mostly work to put were slaves African million 12 “ entrepreneurs “ – concubines 59 0.Chie 20). ” fi h ie u hi evcst tra- to services their out hired who l aori fiaadIda but India, and Africa in labour eld fl ” u oml mirto from immigration male to due y nteMdl at readser- and free East, Middle the in “ traditional ff rdt uhfemales, such to ered ” ead from demand, “ voluntary fi a-type ” 4 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:46 01 Oct 2021; For: 9780203840573, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203840573.ch3 oe.Teslave The model. and slave between slaves. than expectancy ice gis hto lvr nywe l te om fsriueaesbue into subsumed are servitude of forms other all when de only clearly slavery a of that against pitched te ttsadcag oiini h irrh fsaue,This statuses, with of overlap hierarchy also could the which car- in “ but that position status obligations, allotted and change concept di an rights and This had of status person liberty. multiplicity each individual other a where of it societies, possession with IOW or ried in absence absent the largely of was notion the on premised aaacr oesae vnrfsdfedmt vi en ujc oacré system corvée a to subject being female avoid and mem- to reduced slaves family freedom for refused male that sending even both East slaves of Middle some Madagascar, that the them probably to in join slaves concubines superior to female of bers often instances most respect are Again, a There non-slaves. peasants. and as lifestyle early terms and a eighteenth- same late enjoyed the in on example, For functions IOW. ranging the across law arc Sulu, wide in nineteenth-century a upheld in were ran that that societies many rights, some possessed h seta uaiyo lvs(li,19:11 1993: acknowledging enhan- (Klein, through even only slaves achieved or of be maintaining humanity could worth essential productivity asset the slave capital maximum substantial while a cing, to represented consumption, Slaves the conspicuous slaves. in of However, symbols livelihoods. as seek acquired to free probably sustain to left were re resources or slaves the out obtain most rented to owners; IOW expected were their were from others they clothing Yet which and craft- themselves. from food land, shelter, mines, given received in were slaves others Some laboured 32). 21, also 1980: Slaves (Goody, production. porterage, subsistence work, predominantly in slaves vra,te a oeu n oni h irrh fsaue,adsm fthose of some and statuses, of hierarchy the in down and up as 83 described move (Eno, conventionally time can and they place overlap, to according vary which aeycrytecnetoa tatccnoain ftetr.Teeeit vnwithin even di exist, signifying There terms as of term. translated variety the conventionally a of cultures, are connotations same Atlantic the which conventional and the carry IOW, rarely terms the The nonsensical. to become their indigenous “ studies languages and slavery IOW in corvées, in used model state Atlantic from the prac- of immune dichotomies were were slavery and hereditary the of status rights respected. systems legal generally outside Even prescribed extreme were a forces. settlements, marriages most and political possessed the European and traditional slaves where economic in tised, China, of local and by Even array tempered plantations. in was an treatment American enjoyed their the Mascarenes, generally on IOW unknown the in slaves slave slave ffi fl hsrnesirlvn h plcto oteIWo h ovninldichotomy conventional the of IOW the to application the irrelevant renders This usd uoenmngdpattos ilnewsrrl sdetnieyagainst extensively used rarely was violence plantations, European-managed Outside ti tti on htteapiaino h ipitc ieal black-and-white literally simplistic, the of application the that point this at is It c h oe n elho hi owners. their of wealth and power the ect utt og adadfs itntosbtentpso evtd,o ocontrast to or servitude, of types between distinctions hard-and-fast forge to cult ” ” ontdrv rmacmo ot si otErpa agae ( languages European most in as root, common a from derive not do , with fi e aeoyof category ned “ “ free free ” – – fi ” sAtoyRi nelns h ocp fproa reo a be can freedom personal of concept the underlines, Reid Anthony As . “ redcooyta hrceie e ol lv oite was societies slave World New characterised that dichotomy free hn,cmec,ad fte eefml,i etl production textile in female, were they if and, commerce, shing, leta o-lvs nsm ae,a nnntet-etr imperial nineteenth-century in as cases, some In non-slaves. as albeit free ujcst oprtvl os iigsadrsadalwrlife lower a and standards living worse comparatively to subjects ” banyaga hti eta oayaayi fsaeybsdo h Atlantic the on based slavery of analysis any to central is that “ slaves “ slaves lvsmrid we rpryadpromdwide- performed and property owned married, slaves ” WNCAMPBELL GWYN ” eesmtmsas wesof owners also sometimes were Ri,18:21). 1983: (Reid, 60 ff – – rn eeso evlt,temaig of meanings the servility, of levels erent 3.Ntol osriesaue often statuses servile do only Not 93). 2 elasu,19:9 1991: Meillassoux, 12; – si h iebn fIslamic of band wide the in as “ slaves fl iiymksit makes uidity ” – .Mostslaves 0.Indeed, 10). slav ,and ), Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:46 01 Oct 2021; For: 9780203840573, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203840573.ch3 ntr oendb h netr rgd.I sa,freape l ulm were all example, for Islam, In trans- were gods. but bondage or power, of ancestors sacred concept with the statuses, imbued the by overlapping be “ which governed of to considered in hierarchy turn were obligations, giant in Kings the a and life. communities activities temporal into rights most human cended incorporated in associated curse Thus were with or mortals. dead each bless from the could appeasement and and supernatural living respect the required spiritual; so the and and temporal the de lbleooy hc rs uigthe during arose Ocean. which Indian Western economy, slaves the as global in shipped plantations Africans and East settlements of Muslim the Historians experience and which pervasive. the European the is in to by slaves on and on rights, overwhelmingly informed community civil concentrated black and slave-owner of have white distinct inspired deprived the clearly status, been by a slave exercised have is inheritable violence IOW and there permanent which the of in in nity, slavery, slavery of of model studies Atlantic most date, To h iiayadpltclcnus fnihorn epe,btwihas aers to rise di gave many also of which peoples but enslaved peoples, involving neighbouring trades of slave conquest complex political and military the ocp of concept irrh fdpnec nwhich in dependency of hierarchy lvs h efre iteeooial rdcielbu,ejydasau n stan- and con- status nominally a conspicuous most enjoyed than of higher labour, living objects productive of economically probably dard minority little slaves a were performed more formed who slaves many Africans slaves, elites most black probably overall, by trade, Moreover, and, sumption slave traded. system IOW Atlantic slaves the the of in of than history traded the were During colours. skin ogdsac xhneta ikdCiat otes n ot sa h ideEast Middle the di Asia, of for South system demand and a durable Southeast established and to It sophisticated Africa. China a and embraced linked was that increasingly economy economy exchange global international long-distance IOW the The of macro-region. forces the the when century, nineteenth osbyms iil ihcré aoripsdo ujcswo nms O coun- centralised IOW in most in and who, elders, subjects on of individual imposed crown group considered labour an were corvée a tries, to with highest by The visible theoretically servitude protection. most societies who for possibly implied return sovereign acephelous in a obligation crown in by the societies which to enjoyed or in group was kin status a system to status, reciprocal superior with a was It slaves auayecpini ila evs lrneSih h,hwvr ocnrtso an on concentrates however, who, Clarence-Smith, Gervase William is exception salutary A 1 fi oevr ntewrdiwo r-nutilsceis hr a odvso between division no was there societies, pre-industrial of worldview the in Moreover, oee,saeyi h O antb nesodotietecneto h IOW the of context the outside understood be cannot IOW the in slavery However, h enn fIWsseso odg eoe lae fcnetaie ihna within conceptualised if clearer becomes bondage of systems IOW of meaning The nlsso h ninOensaetaewti h otx ftebrenn international burgeoning (Clarence- the economy of global pre-1800 context the the within within than rather trade 1989). century, Smith, slave nineteenth Ocean the of Indian economy the of analysis igcaatrsi fsaey(e asn 90 7). 1980: Watson, (see slavery of characteristic ning ” fAllah. of “ property – LVR NTEIDA CA WORLD OCEAN INDIAN THE IN SLAVERY ” hs elhadpwrte eeprhsdt re to purchased were they power and wealth whose performing “ property “ slaves “ oploylabour compulsory Conclusion ” nti es,i ol eage,corvée argued, be could it sense, this In . ” Notes ff “ osiue n fanme fsriegroups. servile of number a of one constituted rn ye fsrielbu,piaiymtby met primarily labour, servile of types erent “ 61 owned free fi s millennium rst ” e tl evl,peasants. servile, still yet , ” l hs fifro tts hswas this status: inferior of those all ” sdb oeatosa a as authors some by used ff rn rgn,clue and cultures origins, erent AD n atdit the into lasted and “ foreigner fl c.These ect. ” commu- fi sthe ts Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:46 01 Oct 2021; For: 9780203840573, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203840573.ch3 hteje Indrani, Chatterjee, hnr,Bipan, Chandra, —— —— —— le,RcadB., Richard Allen, b-uhd ae Lippman, Janet Abu-Lughod, eae Karine, Delaye, Frederick, Cooper, ed., Gervase, William Clarence-Smith, huhr,K N., K. Chaudhuri, apel Gwyn, Campbell, Peter, Boomgaard, Fernand, Braudel, S., William Atwell, Suzanne A., Edward Alpers, rsrta,S., Arasaratnam, i Stuart, Liz 4 ytak oJseSye o hscluainbsdo nomto rmAa McKeown, Adam from information on based calculation this for Sayles Jesse to thanks My 3 ae b-uhdcniesta acn lbleooyeitdb h eodcentury second the by existed economy global nascent a that considers Abu-Lughod Janet 2 Perspectives 1790 gascar Order Precursor nIda ca fiaadAsia and Africa Ocean Indian Centuries Twentieth in Early the to Nineteenth 1977). Press, University Century Nineteenth 1985). Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: 150 ed., nIln Island an 1600 Indonesia, in fiaadAsia and Africa 1996). Press, California of University (Berkeley: 1200 c. ed., rs,1975). Press, 1999). Press, University Cambridge ideEast Middle rbe,NwDrcin o Research for Directions New Problem, 03 21. 2003, nentoa oit o h td fCieeOesa) esgo,Dnak a 10 May Denmark, Helsignor, Overseas), Chinese of Study the 2004. for Society International aldt uvv h olpeo h atri h hr etr AuLgo,19:80). 1993: (Abu-Lughod, it century that third and the Empire, in Roman latter the “ the but economies of Asian collapse not the was survive core to its failed that argues she However, lblCieeMgain 1850 Migration, Chinese Global ed., , , , – “ Mariners “ blto n t femt nIda ca fiaadAsia and Africa Ocean Indian in Aftermath its and Abolition – 68. h tt n r-ooilDmgahcHsoy h aeo ieenhCnuyMada- Century Nineteenth of Case The History: Demographic Pre-colonial and State The lvr n aopaa h tutr fFre aori mrn (Madagascar), Imerina in Labour Forced of Structure The Fanompoana: and Slavery 1861 ” “ Piaepi,P:Tml nvriyPes 1993). Press, University Temple PA: (Philadelphia, – , h fia isoai h otwsenIda ca:Rcnieaino nOld an of Reconsideration Ocean: Indian Northwestern the in Diaspora African The 1699 h tutr fSaeyi ninOenArc n Asia and Africa Ocean Indian in Slavery of Structure The ora fArcnHistory African of Journal ” ” nMcalAa,ed., Adas, Michael in , ora fArcnHistory African of Journal NwDli egi,1993). Penguin, : (New ” 7(97,62 (1997), 17 , , “ “ ecat n cas tde nMrtm History Maritime in Studies Oceans. and Merchants “ “ Journey lvr n ooilRpeettosi nohn rmteScn afo the of half Second the from Indochina in Representations Colonial and Slavery ora fWrdHistory World of Journal h ooilLegacy Colonial The nEooi itr fIpra Madagascar Imperial of History Economic An lv rd nteIda ca nteSvnenhCentury Seventeenth the in Ocean Indian the in Trade Slave Lno:FakCs,20) 83 2004), Cass, Frank (London: Slaves “ h eierna n h eierna ol nteAeo hlpII Philip of Age the in World Mediterranean the and Mediterranean The “ rd n iiiaini h ninOcean Indian the in Civilisation and Trade Cmrde abig nvriyPes 1985). Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: ua aia,SaeyadLwRtso cnmcadPplto Growth Population and Economic of Rates Low and Slavery Capital, Human “ lnainSaeyo h atCato Africa of Coast East the on Slavery Plantation vr n lvr nEs eta Africa Central East in Slavery and Ivory ocns n hr-enCiai hnei atAinadWrdHistory, World and Asian East in Change Climatic Short-tern and Volcanism – blto yDna?Saeyi ot saatr1843 after Asia South in Slavery Denial? by Abolition 1910 Lno:FakCs,1989). Cass, Frank (London: , ’ n o Tra for End s Freedmen ” nGy apel ed., Campbell, Gwyn in , – 81. “ h ol ytmi h hrenhCnuy edEdor Dead-End Century: Thirteenth the in System World The Lno:FakCs,20) 129 2004), Cass, Frank (London: , – n netrdLbrr nClna Mauritius Colonial in Laborers Indentured and sai n uoenEpnin h ogn faGlobal a of Forging The Expansion. 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K. in , ,13 , fiaadthe and Africa – 9February 19 NwYork: (New – AD 13, . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 04:46 01 Oct 2021; For: 9780203840573, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203840573.ch3 ir,Suzanne, Miers, Claude, Meillassoux, Edwin, John Mason, Bernard, Lewis, Kopyto a,KmBok, Kim Rae, A., Omar Eno, ed., A., Martin Klein, Suzanne, Miers, and Maria Jaschok, E., Joseph Harris, Jack, Goody, ed Anthony, Reid, otn,Clive, Ponting, ani,Us n igae,Mnai eds, Manjari, Dingwaney, and Utsa Patnaik, Utsa, Patnaik, aga,Megan, Vaughan, —— asn ae . ed., L., James Watson, Immanuel, Wallerstein, Sheri arn ae Francis, James Warren, odn Nigel, Worden, nvriyo hcg rs/odn tln rs,1991). Press, Athlone Press/London: Chicago of University 2003). Press, Virginia of University (Charlottesville: 1990). Press, University 1977). Press, Wisconsin of University (Madison: Kopyto uf 1921 Gulf, n Asia and 1994). 1971). 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Press, Wisconsin of University (Madison: Lno:Rulde 05,120 2005), Routledge, (London: Lno:FakCs,20) 111 2004), Cass, Frank (London: – “ , 63 “ lvr nTm n Space and Time in Slavery Slaves re itr fteWorld the of History Green A “ odg n eednyi otes Asia Southeast in Dependency and Bondage “ Introduction lvr nDthSuhAfrica South Dutch in Slavery “ ” aeadSaeyi h ideEs:A itrclEnquiry Historical An East: Middle the in Slavery and Race “ h blto fSaeyadteAtrahSim:teCs fteBantu/Jareer the of Case the Stigma: Aftermath the and Slavery of Abolition The nrdcin lvr n odg nSuhatAinHistory Asian Southeast in Bondage and Slavery Introduction: oi oenSse fSlavery of System Korean A Nobi: , nGy,Cmbl,ed., Campbell, Gwyn, in , lvr n h lv rd nSuiAai n h rbSae ntePersian the on States Arab the and Arabia Saudi in Trade Slave the and Slavery raigteCel sad lvr nEgtet etr Mauritius Century Eighteenth in Slavery Island: Creole the Creating odg n eednei otes Asia Southeast in Dependence and Bondage h fia rsnei sa osqecso h atArcnSaeTrade Slave African East the of Consequences Asia: in Presence African The , oilDahadRsreto:SaeyadEacpto nSuhAfrica South in Emancipation and Slavery Resurrection: and Death Social raigteCan:Slavery Chains: the Breaking ” Spices h nhoooyo lvr.TeWm fIo n Gold and Iron of Womb The Slavery. of Anthropology The LVR NTEIDA CA WORLD OCEAN INDIAN THE IN SLAVERY nGy apel ed., Campbell, Gwyn in , h oenWrdSse.Cptls giutr n h rgn fthe of Origins the and Agriculture Capitalist World-System. 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Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: Slavery 63 h tutr fSaeyi ninOenAfrica Ocean Indian in Slavery of Structure The , Bondage ” ” Lno:JmsCre,1897). Currey, James (London: nGy,Cmbl,ed., Campbell, Gwyn, in , nGy apel ed., Campbell, Gwyn in , ’ NwYr:Aaei rs,1974). Press, Academic York: (New sa nttto fMarginality of Institution an as Lno n e esy e Books, Zed Jersey: New and (London , – S ui:Uiest fQueensland of University Lucia: (St n mniaini oenAfrica Modern in Emancipation and 42. S ui:Uiest fQueensland of University Lucia: (St Bree:Uiest fCalifornia of University (Berkeley: , odg n lvr nIndia in Slavery and Bondage sa n fia ytm of Systems African and Asian – – 68. hiso Servitude of Chains NwYr:Oxford York: (New 93. ” nAtoyReid, Anthony in , blto n its and Abolition h tutr of Structure The oe and Women ” (Durham, (Chicago: nIgor in , ,