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Win-Win Bycatch Solutions

A Handbook for Collaboration

gRCULATlwt'COPY

Produced by the National Fisheries Conservation Center

Srad Warren, Editor Forthe production of this handbook and thc associated conference, theDavid and LucilePackard Foundation andthe National Fish and Wildlife Foundation provided generousgrants. National Fisherman hhqpuinc and its ai%hasc, Diversified Expositions, providedseed-funding, office space, logistical support, and other in-kind assistance. The NorthwestRegion ofthc National Marine Fisheries Service provided additional support. Thiswort was funded inpart by a grantftotn the Washington SeaGrunt Program, Univer- sityof Washington, pursuant toNational Oceanographic andAtmospheric Administration AwardNo. NA36RG007l, Project No. M-2. The views expressed herein are those of the authorsand do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any of its sub-agencies.

Editor: Brad Warren ManstgingEditor: Judith Yarrow Associate Editor: Gerald Hadden Assistants:Cha Pope, JiH Danielson Connor, Mary Dempsey ContributingWriters: Yvonne DeReynier, JoelGay, John Grissirn, Krys Holmes, KenKelley, Dave Krapf, Mick Kronman, Mary Sue Lonnevik, Susan Pollack, CharlesSummers, Bob Tkacz.

Printer:Gorham Printing, Rochester. WA Production:Pacific Publication Services, South Bend, WA Cover Photo:Brad Matsen

O NationalFisheries Conservation Center aproject of theFisheries Management Foundation!, l 994

National FisheriesConservation Center Journal Publ ications 4055 2lst Avenue West Seattle, WA 98 I 99 06! 283-l l 50, Fax06! 286-8594 Preface

Thishandbook ismeant as a toolfor problem-solvers. It was prepared tp provid~ guidanceforparticipants ina day-long conference atFISH EXPO Seattle inDecember !994and for other people interested iil the aim suggested bythe title: Win- Win Bycarch Solutions. Theunintentional capture of non-targetorganisms hasbecome a critical issue in wor!d fisheries.Serious questions have been raised about impacts upon many species, including someendangered andprotected marine animals. At thesame time, efforts to address these problemshave often bogged down in blame, rivalry, and inAammatory campaigns to banishfleets sometimes in theface of impressiveimprovements in their bycatch performance.It hasbecome clear that the parties involved must deal with the issue, and each other,before the damage toecosy stems and fishing comuunities becomes irreparab!e. Ouraim is to provide models, strategies and information tohelp stakeholders inthe fisheriesjoin forces to fashion their own bycatch solutions. The problems we face are complexenough torequire a broadly inclusive approach. Fishing people, conservationists, fisherymanagers, scientists, foundations, andmany others have a placeatthe table, The National Fisheries Conservation Center Thishandbook and conference represent the first efforts of the National Fisheries ConservationCenter, a project ofthe Fisheries Management Foundation. Thiswork grew froindiscussions with the owner and editors of National Fisherman, who sought a way to advancesubstantive problem-salving onbycatch issues. Tohelp establish theCenter, they generouslyprovided seed-funding, officespace, and most importantly aforum inthe magazineandatFISH EXPO that has enabled usto dig hard into one ofthe most sensitive anddifficult topics now facing theworld's fisheries. A series ofattic!es inthe magazine during1994 laid the intellectua! groundwork forthis project. Withthe formation ofthe Center, werecruited a board ofadvisors, allrespected scientists,conservationists andfishing leaders, fromthroughout NorthAmerica, The FisheriesManagement Foundation generously donated itsservices asfiscal agent. AboutInpreparing this handbookthishandbook wehave had the opportunity tota!k with and h«e" toal thesides andinterests inthe camp!ex hycatch field.Our files now fill cubic yards ofoffice space.Butwe won't pretend thisisa comprehensiveoverview,We'vehad toleave a lot outWe' ve also focused more heavily onthe West than on the East and Gulf coasts. Nonetheless,wehave included articleson bycatch issuesaround thecountry, fromharbor porpoisesinNew England todolphins inthe Pacific, groundfish inAlaska, and tuit!« in theGulf of Mexico. 'IItebycatches aredifferent, theunderlying issuesare siinilar. The successfulsolutions andthere aresome have almost always resulted froinpeopl~ workingtogether ina win-winframework, Inour survey ofbycatch issues, wefound animpressive arrayofefforts tode» e solutionsandtobuild stronger tietworks forcooperative problein-solving. Onennped'i' " tothis process, however, wasclearly thelack ofaccess tointerested peopleinotherot!i«« fields andregions, Wed ided toinclude inthis handbook a directory tohe!p p ople geiiii touch with each other. Theauthors ofthis haiidbook arejournalists, analysts, aiidcoiisultanis lv!»o«ot Us A HAN08OOKFoi'Coi~ao~ r«' havebeen jnferested jnmarine conservation, fisheriespolicy and fisheries technology for manyyears Ourvpjces andour viewpoints, arediverse. Several ofthe authors havebeen affdjatedwithprganizations mentionedinthis book, Ina fieldassmall asthis, theprice of know]edgejsjnvolvernen Wewe]come ,different viewpoints andwould be glad tohear of approacheswehave not covered. ThanksThanksaredue to scores ofpeople fortheir help in bringing thishandbook intp existence.Amongthem, wewant toexpress special gratitude toour advisory board listed below!andto Martin Hall, Brad Matsen, andThane Tienson. TheNorthwest PolicyCenter atthe University ofWashington provided early help to launch hisproject, Wewant to acknowledgethekind assistance ofGuy Thornburgh atthe Fisheries Management Founda- tion,which hasembraced theNational Fisheries Conservation Centerasa projectand provideda fiscal home. Thestaff ofthe Environmental Grantmakers Association andthe ConsultativeGroupon Biological Diversity provided earlyguidance; CraigSmith of CorporateCitizen offered a valuabe conceptual framework forproblem-solving, NFCCadvtsory board; Dr. Dayton L.Alverson andMark Freeberg, Natural Re- sourcesConsultants; DavidHarrington andDuncan Amos, Georgia Sea Grant; Dr. Brock Bernstein,EcoAnalysis; Capt.R.Barry Fisher, Yankee Fisheries; JimFullilove, National Fisherman;KenHinman, National Coalition forMarine Conservation; Suzanne Iudicello, Centerfor Marine Conservation; Dr.James Joseph, inter-American Tropical Tuna Com- mission;Dr.Jon Lien, Whale Research Group, Memorial Umversity ofNewfoundland; MarySue Lonnevik, Universal Plans; Mark Lundsten, Queen Anne Fisheries; Dr.Ellen Pikitch,Fisheries Research Institute, University ofWashington; PaulSeaton, Alaska MarineConservation Council; Tom Suryan, Skippers for Equitable Access. Fenders:We are grateful forthe support ofthe David and Lucile Packard Foundation, lVationalFishenrrari Magazine, theNorthwest Region ofthe National Marine Fisheries Service,The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, andthe Washington SeaGrant Program. Table of Contents

Introduction Win-Itin Sycatch Solutions

North Pacific Three Roads to Sycatch Control %3 The ferment ol the North Pacific

The "Sycatch Zone" Alaska longlinershope for a way out

Bycatch Guidance Practicalbook written for Alaskalongline fishermen

Proof,Allocation Hurdles for BycatchInnovators 21 Threegear-based approaches in Alaska

Rock Sole Fishery 27 One of the dirtiest, but slowlycleaning up Rock Sole Resources

Ilaming Names NMFSlists bycatchrate, boat by boat

West Coast 33 Mass Marking identificationcan help separate hatchery, wild stock 38 Mass Marking Resources

40 Learning From Other Fleets Hopingtoavoid trouble, Oregon's shrimp fishery takes preventivemeasures on bycatch Oregon Shrimp Resources

Dolphin Protection A skipper'sextraordinary inventions ~ +4408ooKFOR Cori ABoRRTfQA Gulf/SouthAtlantic From TEDI to SR4+ Qu andf gputh Atlantic shrimp fishermen shift bycatch focus

NewEngland A Promlilni Collaboration Agencies,fishermen, and s6entists team up to test devicefor warning porpoises away from gillnets

New meglandOroursdlah Oiacarda 80 A farnilr'arproblem goes cnNcal as stocksdw'ndfe

Natchlny the Pot industryefforts keep New' England lobster populationhealthy

A Sycatch Success Story Nomfmoregrate cuts /VewEngland shnmpers'bycatch

FundingSources Funding Fiaherlea Sycatch Initiatives

ResourceDirectory North Pacific

Northwest 83

California 8$

Oulf /Solath Atlantic

Northeast f01

Fishing Gear IIanufacterera

Oloa Nary Win-Win Bycatch Solutions An Introduction A decadeago, bycatch was a wordknown to hardly anyone but fishermen.Some considered it merely extra fish. For others, who encountereddifferent forms of bycatch, it wasa nuisance:waste and extrawork especially toavoid protected species. They did what they couldand kept fishing. Thosedays are gone. Bycatch has swelled from obscurity toout- rage.Since the late 1980s, impressions ofwanton carnage atsea have triggereda series ofpowerful reactions: a United Nations ban on large high-seasdriftnets, voter initiatives that vanquished a variety offishing iietsfrom inshore waters in several states with more likely to follow!, Sy Srad Warren consumerboycotts and federal laws intended tohalt dolphin kills in the easternPacific tuna fishery, and other dramatic steps. Some groups are pressingCongress toimpose sweeping controls onbycatch and waste in majorU.S. fisheries. Reducingbycatch and waste has become a celebrated cause in marineconservationand a dominant issue in fisheries around the world, Researchandpolicy initiatives onthe topic have pmliferated asfisheries agencies,institutes, andfishermen seekways todeal with hycatch and itsnewfound retinue of politiralconsequences. Thisis not merely a reactiontooutside pressure. Fortheir own reasons,many within the often-insular fisheries community arekeenly concernedabout what fishing fleets catch, and often kilL, "by mistake." Theterms bycatch andwaste have many definitions, Butno matter how theyare understood, theseproblems tapinto powerful aspirations and agendasamong people whocatch, process, studyand manage fish stocks.Many in the fleets see their livelihoods atstake. Thenew urgency overbycatch andwaste isnot mysterious, Itarises fromthe same trend that uuderlies mostenvironmental strifetoday: Theseproblems tap into rapidgrowth inhuman population andtechnological powers.We now powerfulaspirations and havethe appetite andthe tools toempty theocean's larders ofmany agendasamong people who speciesfasterthan they replenish themselves. Thatgenerates pubic catch,process, study and anxietyandsharpens competition forresources puttinga premium on managefish stocks.Many in whatfleets inadvertently catch. the fleets see their livelihoods at stake. Aa importantI992fishmg Leaders atey fromthroughout tileUnited States ga&eMd fora seminaLconference, theNational Industry Bycatch Workshop in ewport,Oregon. Theworkshop wascontroversial evenbefore it started,andnot only because ofits topic. Conservati«groups wer invitedbecause theorganizers wanted anunguarded discuss' "- fishinggroups complained thatthe workshop included tooma" y ir' ers.And afterward, momentum appearedto flag when a series of follow-upsessions andinitiatives driedup because promised «dfederal fundingnever appeared. Nonetheless,theevent marked a watershed inthe hisro 'siorv of hycatch /NTRODUCTION ~~nt lt wasthe first nationwide effort by U S.fishermen io ~~mntthe problem seeksubstantive solution~fore it put morefleets out of business Fof too long fishermen had been ducking, onlyocciLnonally taking part in local efforts toimprove bycatch- ioduclngmethods; most just hoped the storm woiild pass, InNewport, industryleaders agreed this would no longer work. Capt. R. Barry Fisher,a leaderamong trawlers in theNorth Pacific, offered a challeng- ingcredo: "Know the truth and tell it," Thatwould plainly requite research, Atthe time, anyone seeking to tacklebycatch problems could find only piecemeal studies and anec- dotes.A welterof questionsremained unanswered. How serious are the world'sand the nation's bycatch problems? Which ones are most acute? Aresome types of fishinggear really "cleaner" than others? Have some cottntries, states, or fishingfleets developed solutions that can be emulated?What are the tools,institutions, and resources available to addressbycatch problems? TheNewport workshop called for a worldwidestudy that would forma basisfor action.With fundingfrom government and industry Even finn statements about organizations,four independent fisheries scientists from the United popuiationsize, catch, and Statesand England were commissioned to do the work. The result, now the effects of fishing on non- complete,is a soberingand comprehensive book, A G oba Assessment target species are, when of Bycatchand Discards FAO, 1994!,by DaytonL, Alverson,Mark unpacked, usually about as H. Freeberg,Steven A. Murawski,and J,G. Pope, Two of the authors, trustworthy as a bedtime Alversonand Freeberg, were subsequently recruited to theadvisory story. boardof theNational Fisheries Conservation Center, which produced thishandbook, so was Barry Fisher!. Unoarteiety «nd hilh atahea Oneof themost powerf'ul lessons to emerge from that study con- cernsthe tentative, even illusory, character of our"knowledge" about bycatch,discards, and population impacts, It's nosmall feat getting hard datafrom an ocean whose creatures don't raise their hands when you callattendance. Despite citing hundreds ofearlier studies and records, theauthors warn against letting statistics give the illusion of certainty; in fact,some of the data they cited have since been seriously challenged, Evenfinn statements about population size, catch, and the effects of fishingon non-target species are, when unpacked, usually about as trustworthyas a bedtimestory, Butwhat else do we have? The intuition of experiencedfishing peopleand a soupof imperfectstatistics are our besttools for under- standingour own effects upon the sea. Rightnow the picture isn't pretty. Since l980, the nuinber of overexploitedmajor fish resources hastripled; world fish harvests have increasedroughly S0% and appear tohave peaked despite continued hardfishing!. ln l 990,an estimated 27million metric tons, about one thirdof world catches, were tossed overboard, according iothe FAD study;the study's authors note thar this may be an underestimate. Thestudy describes a global problem that is simple only in its broad outhnes.Theworld has overbuilt itsfishing fleets. That excess has produceda Gordian tangle ofbycatch, waste, strained fish stocks, and hardshipamong people who depend onthis resource. With so much competition forresources, it'sno surprise that yciuc»sjealously watched- There is less room for "inistakes" than 2 Wiw-Ww ~rcn Seasons therewas in the days when sail power and oars powered our fishing Unlesswe teamto manage fleets. the affectSof fiahanes On a Fishinggroups see their harvests eroded by the inability oftheir broadspectrum of organ- ownor other fleets to catch only what they can use. Conservationists isms,we may be courting andwildlife advocates see an inadvertent hazard to protectedmarine trouble and unpredictable maminals,birds, turtles, and other species. And some scientists and ChainSOf COnSequenoes, fisheryanalysts worry about our tendency tofocus on just one or two bothecological and social. covetedfish or a speciesof "charismatic megafauna." such as dolphins. Unlesswe learn to managethe effects of fisheries on a broadspectrum of organisins,they note, we may be courting trouble and unpredict- ablechains of consequences,both ecological and social. The case for moderatlors Givenwhat is at stake,the impulse to takedrastic action is under- standable.lt is rarely wise. The reasons lie in theunforeseen consequences, Animportant model of drasticaction is the U.S. response todolphin mortalitiesin theEastern Tropical Pacific. The wave of indignationthat final}yvanquished theU.S. tuna seine fleet took twenty years to reach full force,but when it carnecrashing down it setoff aftershocksthat are stillreverberating through iuany fisheries. The consequences of U.S, dolphin-protectionpolicies, both for dolphins and for people, have swungwell beyond their intended compass. But they have uot achieved theirintended aims. By the early 1990s those policies had put thousands of peopleout of work,defaulted a major fishery to foreign fleets, exposedthe United States to heavy liabilities under international trade law,and failed in theirexplicit purpose to haltthe practice of catching tunaby wrapping nets around the dolphins they foflow. Theearly years of the fishery may have made this reaction inevitable,Purse seines were a newand powerful technology in tunafishing, andfishermen in theSan Diego-based fleet were ill-prepared for the

h TAOOv slaughterthatoccurred whenthey switched from hook-and-linegeartothe big nets. For years they had beenfinding prime yellowfin tunaby se tingtheir gearear wherew ere they saw dolphins- capi alizingonthe tuna'shabit of swimming withthe mammals, possi blytoward shared prey. Thenets made a messofthis practice. During the 1960s,the death toll reached devastating proportions: it isestimated thatU.S, tuna seiners killed several hundredthousand dolphins annually in the Eastern TropicalPacific. The fleet gradually whittled down mortalitiesasskippers and crews learned to handle thenets better and invented techniques torelease dolphinsalive But progress was slow and, even before he public learned of the problem, some tuna skipperswere frankly worried about their unfortunate fish-finder.. In thelate 1960s they sought help from federal fisheriesbiologists. The first scientific assessment of th»problem blew up in their faces, however. Public indignationspurred Congress toenact the Marine MammalProtection Act in 1972,and the emerging environmentalmovement made hay In thetuna industry,activists had found an enemy worthy of a crusade:a Ace that seemed, to many,to embodylife- destroyinggreed, It madelittle difference that tuna skippers.under continued pressure, learned to spare dolphinsmore effec ivelyand eventually ratche edmor alitiesdown to An IATTC aelentla cheeks tuna a frac ionofpast levels. By the spring of l994a concertedcampaign by c,~S~, dolphinmortalities are not as well regulated.The ban on encirclement of dolphinsmay also encourage the use of alternativefishing methods thatrake up multitudesof juveniletuna and increase bycatches of potentiallyvulnerable species: sharks, mahi mahi, wahoo, and others. Onc unintendedconsequence of the tuna embargohas indirectly benefiteddolphiirs, at leastin the short term.Other nations that fish in the EasternTropical Pacific reactedfuriously to whatthey viewedas a unilateralattempt to dictatehow theycatch tuna andsave dolphins; manysuspected an agendato protectU.S. markets, not mammals.They Mexico and other countries set out to destroythe traderestriction by proving, throughtheir own in the eastern Pacific fleet conservationefforts, that its underlying assumptionsare false, have achieved a standard of The embargoagainst these nations flowed from the legal contention technical virtuosity in pro- that their dolphin-protection standardswere not "comparable"to those tecting sea mammals that requiredof the U.S.fleet. Mockingthat notion, Mexico and other few major fisheriesin hlorth countries in the eastern Pacific fleet have achieved a standard of techni- America could meet today. cal virtuosityin protectingsea mammals that few major fisheries in North America could meet today. With scientific guidanceand training fmrn the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission IATI'C!, their fleets releaseruost dolphins alive and fish in ways designedto avoid harm to the mammals.Mortali- ties haveplumrne ed.From 133,000in 1986,the toll fell to 3,600 in 1993,That representsa fractionof onepercent of theregion's dolphin populations approximately 10 million animals whichhave been stable or growing for a decade. James Jospeph, the commission's director, servesas an advisor to the NFCC!, Still, eventsmay snapback dangerously against such conservation gains, dueto yet anotherafter-effect of U.S. policies. By 1994.many in Latin Americasaw the continuedU.S. refusalto lift theembargo as proofof suspicionsthat thenation was protecting something other than dolphins.Several countries weregrumbling loudlyabout withdrawing from the internationaldolphin-conservation effort in theeastern Pacific. Somepessimists feared that the tuna commission itself might be scuttled. This possibilityillustrates a crucialpoint. An incautiouscrusade againstbycatch and waste may temporarilyoverwhelm questions about the soundnessof our actions.But everyaction hasa reaction.When those questionsresurface, they carry a freightof anger,distrust, and cynicism,The backlashcan damagethe institutions of scienceand governancethat makesustainable fisheries possible. The consequencesmay extend to othermatters of sustainabilityand resourceuse as well. It is worthnoting that leadersof the anti-environ- rnental "Wise Use" movement have found some of their most credible ammunitionin the"tuna-dolphin" issue. Their aimsare not monolithic: some seem determined to roll back environrnenrallaw, white others favor milderreforms, Collectively, however, their influencecan be expectedto risein the newRepublican Congress.

What to do The recommendationsthat follow representa view thatsome readerswill recognize:a first stab at severalof these ideasappeared in lilari onal Fishermanmagazine. Yearsof associationwith this magazine,in its muliiplerole as chronicler, critic, and champioriof commercial fisheries,have inlorm'J ourwork. Years of listening hard to fishing people, conservation ists, gear-makers,scientists, managers, andphilanthropists haverevealed a bindingtheme; we share a small ocean, Whether wejust eat fish, or watchthem like a barotneterofocean health, or make a livingby catchingthem, the implication isplain. We must cotne to tertnswith eachother, or wewill nevercome to tertns with the sea. Hereare a fewblueprints to guidethis work: Q Start ttow.The road toward sound, sustainable bycatch solu- Like any community,a fleet tionscan start anywhere, but the longer we wait the less likely we are to is more likely to swallowits makethe journey successfully. own medicinethan any pjll Cl Recognizecommon goals. Fishing people and conservationists shareitnportant aims usually including a thriving future for fisheries thrust at it by bureaucrats, andoceans!, but it's easyto losesight of themwhen the differences rival fishing groups, or con- emerge.Focusing onshared goals, instead of hardeninginto fixed s ervationists. positions,leaves more room to agree on ways to get there. 0 No forcefeeding. To havea prayer,any solution must smell reasonable,both to thosewho are mostdirectly affected fishing people and to conservationists, fisheries managers, and consumers. Otherwisethey' ll spitit out andsend for the lawyers. Q Heed thosewho aim to core thetnselves.Like any community. a fleetis more likely to swallow its own medicine than any pill thrust at it bybureaucrats, rival fishing groups, or conservationists.Theconsent ofthe governed isvaluable: only those who fish can "clean up" fisheries.And fishing people know more than anyone else about what goes on betweentheir gear, the rules and incentives imposed by government. and the creaturesthey encounterat sea. 'I3 Abandonblame. Amongfishing people, thosewho hlaiiie liberal!yare usually trying to tar theirrivals and take their fish. Anivalsof nin Hew I'nglund oi th» South. 2 Team up or bust.Proposing and pr

6 V r«v-pVnv BvcarcH So< unoxis moreof thisleadership within the fleets: that's where workable bycatch solutionsare most likely to behatched, and where they must be carried out. A new problem-aoltfi»y Paradigr» Fortunatelythe resourcesfor this kind of cooperativeproblem- solvingtend to get better as social and environmental problems get worse,The bestmodels of thisprocess are mostlyfound in fieldsof endeavorunrelated to oceanresources; but theyhold powerfullessons for fisheries conservation. The "ThirdSector"~ termencompassing nonprofit organizations andphilanihropies has proliferated during the last decade, growing to more than400,000 organizations in the UnitedStates. A hostof smart nonprofit initiatives now complementthe roles of the othertwo sectors, governmentand business: they shore up society's weak links and improvethe rough fit betweencommerce and nature. Community development,a marginalfield a decadeago, has burgeoned into an economic force: Some 2,000 nonprofit organizations have funneled inore than $6 billion into economicrevitalization and low-income housing. The peoplebehind these efforts are bridge-builders. They bring togetherdisparate players, identify common ground, and build on it. Theycultivate leadership to enablecommunities to solve their own problems,instead of waitingfor governmentto do thejob in itsown clumsyway, They are skilled administrators, able to createcontracts andcarry themout. And they bring in moneythat government can' t provide. Crabbersworry that other fleets There is a vital need for these skills in fisheriesconservation, inadvertentlytake their catch; their own discards are also large. Brad especiallyindealing with bycatch problems, The money and tiine Metsen photo. availablcto solvethese problems is limited. Federal and state fisheries budgets,already strained, are likelyto shrink,They are increas- inglypreoccupied with the resolution of conflicts amongrival fishinggroups, efforts to retire excessfishing capacity, and other chores hat requiregoverninent authority,But many bycatch problemsare susceptible tonon- governmentsolutions, particularly wherenegotiations cansettle mosi seriousquestions before govern- rnentis asked to take action. In thisfield, other stakeholders may needto carrysome of theburden thatgovernment hasborne in the past, Oneimportant step is i»upi' g ettingstoknovi each other Chip Collins.a Ho~ton-bairdci ri~uiiau< 'topl'is ate foundalll !u~ on i isliericw problcniii»Neo I n laud.ha- oiniedo»t that l,icl oi comiiiunI V cationbetween fisheries stakeholders isa inajor obstacle to solutions. Whena challengearises, people who can bring important resources to thejob often don't know each other. This problem isalso chronic in bycatchissues, Without sharing insights, fishing people, gear-makers, conservationists,scientists, and other stakeholders are unable to coordi- nateefforts to preventharm to marine populations and fi shing cornmu- nities.Our response to the resulting crises is alsocompromised: less effective,more reactive, and more likely to trigger unforeseenconse- Conservationleaders could quences. Toooften, promising bycatch approaches that arise within the fleets borrow strategies from die withouta trialrun Few skippershave thecapabilities for analysis, scientists who have learned proof,and advocacy that are required toturn an isolated idea into a to work effectively across fleetwidesolution. And whilemany science, advocacy, and conserva- the culturegap with fishing tiongroups have the skills to fill thatgap, few of thempossess the first people,and fromprofession- prerequisite:the trust of thefleets. als in "change'fields such Thisis startingto change.Some scientific and advocacy organiza- as union organizing. tionshave begun to assumean intermediary role. They include consultants,Sea Grant agents, aquariutns and bird observatories, a few univer- sityscientists, and others. What conaenrsQon leaiera can IIO Thepolicy staff of marineconservation groups could play an importantrole in this process if they developed better relations with fishingpeople. In manycases, they do not know fishing people well enoughtowork with them instead of againstthem, They have tended to fall backon the familiar tactic of pressuringgovernment toprovide solutions often resorting to litigation,legislation, and media cam- paignsthat criticize fishing practices. One unintended result, especially whenthe criticisms are basal on inaccurateinformation, is to alienate membersof thecommunity they seekto change. To do better,conservation leaders could borrow strategies from scientistswho have teamed to work effectivelyacross the culture gap withfishing people, and from professionals in "change" lields such as unionorganizing, Ll Workhard at sea.Fishing people respect scientists who come outandget wei, cold, dirty, tired, and seasick and still keep working. Since countries and cultures They respectconservationists who do the same. ha ve their own values, it is '> I-Lsrenwelk Fishing fleets have traditions. Mark Lundsten,an nearly impossible to craft Alaskalongline skipper and NFCC advisor, views these traditions as and enforce conservati on "long conversations'that date back for generations.They convey the accords based on convic- accumulatedwisdom of skippersand crew, just. as the canons of litera- tions that are not universally tureconvey the accumulated wisdom of authorsthrough the centuries. "Youdon't interrupt," Lundsten says. "You learn how to patticipa e," shared. l-1 Btnldon cornrnon grortrsd. The problems facing fisheries consewat~onare international in scale. Since countries and cultures havetheir own values,it is nearlyimpossible to craftand enforce conservationaccords based on convictionsthat arenot universally sharedRushing for moral"high ground" means forsaking much wider sharedground. Ln the end, this approach provides a brittle and narrow foundationfor a largeand critically needed enterprise: global conservation of livingtnarine resources. vrlthcare. A conservationorganization's credibility amongfishing people depends on consistent, respectful work by every

8 Wtiv-Wttv Bvc~rcH Sactjrtotvs partof theorganizaton. A factua}}y sloppy fundraising letter from headquarters.especially if it subt}yor directlytargets a fishery as an "eneniy,"may discredit years of carefu}work by policyor field staff evenif theyaren't responsible for thes}am. An individual who shows contemptfor differentviews and values will leavebridges burned years after he or shehas left the organization. U Cultivate leadersinside fleets. Fxperienced union organizers areadept practitioners of a principlethat Machiavelli understood: profoundchange requires leadership from withinthe authority structure of a community.They learn which members of a workforceare we}}- respected,then patiently work to win theirhelp before trying to recruit thewhole workforce. Often, they cultivate new leadership skills in these keyplayers in effect,ernpowering them to redefinethe conditions of theiremployment. Cornrnunity organizers in the IndustrialAreas Foundationand its afft}iates use similar strategies to developlocal leaderswho can address a widerange of problemsin theirneighbor- hoods,froin joblessness and housing to environmental concerns. This kindof organizingv orkis provenand effective, }t is alsorare in fisheries conservation.

What fisheries leaders can do To stayin businessavoiding both political and biological calami- ties fishing f}eetswill needleadership capacities that were not as importantin thepast. Most fishing people around the country have until recentlyenjoyed a degreeof freedomand privacy. Nobody watched them.Nobody judged them. They liked it ihat way. Rising pressure on fishery Risingpressure on fishery resources has brought new scrutiny and resources has brought new newplayers into the po}itics of fisheryinanagement, This places new demandson fishing leaders. Their capacity for coalition building, scrutinyand new players particularlywith conservationists, isnow critical to theirsurvival. So is into the politics of fishery theirability to confront bard probletns inbycatch and other conservation management.This places matterswith a creativeand open mind, Present-day fishing leaders can new demands on fishing take severalsteps to meetthis challenge: leaders. Developbycatch-reducing fishing inc thuds. Widespread alartnsabout bycatch and waste bring tnore constraints on fishing. To meetthe new standards,"fishermen v i}] have to leadthe way in the developmentof improvedoralternative ways of fishing," notes Martin Hall, chiefscientist m theIATTC's dolphin conservation program. Somefishing industry groups already fund research and development effortsin thisarea, such as the Sa}mon Research Foundation, North Pacifictrawlers reduce salmon bycatch. U Improveutilization of the catch. Apart from prohibited species,the case for using more of thecatch is strong.That way less getsdiscarded, Some fisheries leaders think even prohibited catch shou}dbe brought in and donated to food banks which is what hap- pensnow to salmon caught by Alaska's major trawl fleets, It's worth exploringwhether and how this might be done e}sewhere without underminingbasic conservation and tnanagernent aims. In addition, new processingand marketing methods could put more wasted fish to use. U CnMvate conservationin thefleet. Taking the helm on this issuefrom within the fi shingfleets is the best way to keepstrangers and governtnentsfrom seizingthe initiative. To stay in chargerequires JNTRoot'crtor' stayingontop of the issue. Q Weieotnethenewcomers. Nothing sharpens theunease of consetvationistslikethe cold shoulder theyoften get in fisheries gtttiterings.Thisvisibly increases acrimony. Mostofthe newcomers onlya few are veterans bere!mean well, even whett they lack the grace andknowledge ofold hands inthe fleet. Most show upbecause they sharethecommon aimof keeping oceans andfisheries ingood shape, Andthey can be valuable allies inother ways, asseverai environmental The future of some organiza- groupshaveshown bystanding upfor the IATTC's successful dolphin- tions andfleets! may de- conservationprogram Under attack by groups that want a banon all pendon revamping their encirclementofthe mammals!. Restructurefishing associations. These days most of themare agendas,seourr'ng nonprofit chronicallyanemic, underfunded, andshort on human resources. status, and raising philan- 9urnoutisendemic, Where catches aredeclining West Coast salmon, thropicfunds explicitly to forexample!, landings-based duesstructures havecollapsed. Insome support resource oonserva- areasold fish-grabbing missions arelapsing, replaced byconservation tion purposes. challenges:avoidbird entanglement, protecthabitat, prevent stock collapse,reduce excess fishing capacity. Thefuture ofsome organizations and fleets! may depend onrevamping theiragendas, securing nonprofitstatus, and raising philanthropic fundsexplicitly tosupport resourceconservation purposes. Forsome of these steps, a fewgood models have begun to appear. ThePacific Coast Federation ofFishermen's Associations PCFFA!, in hiorth Pacfttclongtinere hope a Sausalito,Calif., has cultivated conservation-minded fishingleaders for nawquota system wN curb their years.The organization's quarterback forhabitat issues, Nat B ingham,bycatch.Brad hlateen photo. forinstance, has become adept at buildingcommon groundwith a widevariety ofland-owning and timbercommunities whose activities affect salmon. The Institutefor Fisheries Resource», an off»hoot of PCFFAbased in Fugene,Oregon, is al»oa promismgexample, Glen Spain, an attorney and fisheries»pecialist,hascreated the lFR a» a con»er- vationorganir~tion, nota tradea»sociation, and ha» begunt<>build ties between fishing and conservation groupson»hared concerns, including habitat and byeutch i»»ues. El»ewhere,three model» f'or»uch teamwork focu» directly on hycatch i»sue»: l f TheHarbor Porpoise Working Group, in New England.has provided a forum for conservationi»ts, fisherymanager», and fishermen tv find common ground.This process laid the groundwork that enablednonprofit scientific group~ and a private foundationrecently to breaka deadlockbetween fishermenand the National Marine Fisheries Service overresearch nicthods for deterininingwhether a net- mounted"pinger" can reliably warn porpoises away from gi linets. 2! Negotiationson the Marine Mammal Protec- tionAct brought togethet conservation andfishing leadersfrom acrossthe country to forgea common agendafor amendments in 198S and 1993. Partici-

to WtN-Wav 8rcarcri Sot urtoris pantson both sides say this effort helped take the panic out of their relationsand, despite some rough spots, provided the frameworkfor nearlyall thechanges Congress wrote into the law during 1993. The KeystoneCenter, in Colorado,provided a skilledfacilitator to guide the negotiationsin 1993,enabling participants to stay on topic and avoid needless conflict. 3! Cooperativeefforts by fishermen,federal fishery managers, and conservationgroups in Californiaduring the mid-1980ssharply reduced entanglementof whalesand birds in gillnets,One conservation leader, thePomt Reyes Bird Observatory'sBurr Heneman,was impressedwith advancesmade in thisprocess; he later aidedthe gillnettersin their unsuccessfulfight againsta voterinitiative to banthein, That initiative campaign,which portrayed gillnets as destructive and indiscriminate gear,was promoted by recreationalfishing groups. What private foundations can do Collaborationbetween fishing people, conservationists, and private foundationscan accelerate progress toward durahle hycatch solutions andfill importantgaps in ourcapacity to deal with these problems. ln thisarea, private-sector donors have an influential, if indirect, role to play, Foundationsand othernon-government funders cannot replace governmentasa primarysource of supportfor bycatch-related research. Norcan they take the lead in initiativesthat rightly belong in thehands of thosewhose livelihoods and professional missions are at stake. But theycan maximize the effect of theircontributions in several ways: 0 Eschewbombthrowers. They have done what they usefully can.Now that the problems they have highlighted areon the table. the tintehas pa~sed for groups that rely heavily on attack strategies rather thanfostering cooperation, Thereactive aftermath ofpast confronta- tionsis still withus. The reverberations of those events will continueto impedeprogress toward sustainable bycatch and fisheries management regimesfor years tocome. New groups will continue topur~ue these strategies,huttheir missions willoften veil a deeperagenda tograb fish. Theseattacks breed cynicism and resistance, not real solutions. 2 Backdiplomats, Much depends onconservation leader~ who Novtrthat the problems they conuuittoa long-term,consistent presence inthe nitty-griuy work. of have highlighted are on the fisheriesinanagernent. Onlyby consistently showing upand openly table, the time has passed talkingwith fishing people canthey rebuild thetrust they need inthe for groups that rely heavily fleets, on attack strategies rather SuiMcapacity. Nothing cansubstitute forleadership deselop- than fostering cooperation. mentand organizational strength among fishing people. Programs to cultivateconservation-ininded leaders,ideally including some who are wellrespected intheir fleets, could usefully knittogether fishingand conservationgroups, highlighting common aims. 9

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12 Wav-Ww Bvwrut &x~~~ Three Roads to Bycatch Control The ferment Of the North Pacific

The North PacificFishery Management Council has fielded a nuinberof bycatchproposals in thepast few years.Each one has called thefishing community toward a deeperunderstanding of the implica- tionsof commercialfishing what it meansto ouroceans, to our economy,to ourvalues. Bycatch occurs for a numberof different reasons,but the biggestreason is you can't separateone strand of the foodweb from everythingelse. Drop some gear in thewater, and you' re going to harvesta lot of life. ln the late 1980sa controversyignited over pollock roe stripping: IIV Krys Holmes the practiceof fishingjust to keepthe lucrative eggs, or roe.This meant discardingthe carcasses of femalepollock, and all themales. The uproar forcedthe industry to considerwaste as an ethical and social problem as wellas a biologicaland economic one, The concept of bycatchwas hookedto theconcept of full utilization the imperativeto usewhat youkill andin the major Alaska fisheries the two have been entwined ever since. Thebycatch problem has generated a clutch of solutions.Three of them,however, involve particularly far-reaching change. Individual FishingQuotas, Harvest Priority, and the Full RetentioihtFull Utilization program. Individual Sshing quotas Oneapproach is to eliminatethe open-access race for fishthat drivesevery participant tohaste and waste. An Individual Fishing Quota IFQ!system would eliminate the race for fish, it's genera/ly agreed, by parcelingout individual catch limits to each vessel, based on its historic activityin thefishery. Under an IFQ system, fishermen must own quota sharestofish, and those quota shares determine the percentage of the totalallowable catch that each fisherman may harvest each year. The sharescould be bought and sold, with limitations. Each shareholder wouldhave most of theyear. about eight months, tofish his or her qiiola, Theoretically,a vessel owner xsould have to owii quota share-hares for eachspecies harvested during a fishingouting. both target and d bybycatch ' species:skippers would be required iodeliver the whole v.v orks, ork-. discard- »g nothing.The economic! of theIFQ system and the inoremore relaxedr 7~rresRoAus roBvcprc> Co rrioi 13

A Tangle of Questions It seemssimple, at first, to design an mcentive program that rewards fistula fordecruasmg hycatch,and that ratchets down acaqxabie ~h hrvelseach year until the problem issolved. But the twoproposals under consideration Harvest Priority and Full Retention/MI Utilizatio~ke alIthe proposalsbefore them, raise a tangleof questions. TheHarvest Priority program would ~ 6shennen mightilyfor meetingor beating setof industrystandatds, But which fisheries should be included in the HP programsHow should the totalcatch limit of eachspecies be apportioned between the two acme andainong aII thedifferen fisheriesthat take that species? How would bycatch be measured aboard catcher vessels that don't even bringtheir catch on board, but instead transfer the full end of the trawl to a mcehexshipforprocessutg at sea?And how can the program be designed tocompensate foruncertainties inour knowledge? Until a technologyisdeveloped for measuring every smgle fish that coines aboard a boat,fishery managers haveto usea combinationof data gathered by on-boardobservers and data extrapolated ftom observers'information. Could any fishing company legally be excluded from the rewand fishery based on extrapolateddata'? Vessel incentive programs have crumbled under this problem alone, At whatpoint would the increased costs of totalobserver coverage and no single on-board ob- servercould possibly sort and document every haul! destroy any ~ve to participatein thereward program'7The Magnuson Act requires that managers conserve marine xmaurces, and that they manalp: eachfishery to returnthe greatest benefit to thenation. If a programdecreases bycatch but becomes too expensiveto enforceor to complywith, does it benefitthe nation'i TheHarvest Priority proposal su8ers an additional handicap. It was proposed by a couamvation group,and its prime champions are not in themainstteatn trawl or longline fleets. Iluikhng consensus outon the grounds could be difficult if theproposal doesn't win the help of thesefisherinen in crafhng it into a wotkableprogram. TheFR/FU program is a simpleconcept, but it requiresthat the industry think hMd about what fuU utilizationreally means, It alsowouki require that we reorganize our ideas about some fisheries salmonand halibut, for example. Should trawhrs be allow~ requinxl to landthe sahnon and halibutthey catch? Rather than creating an incentive todecrease bycatch ofthese species, critics say the programwould simply hand over a portionof those fisheries tonon-traditional geargroups. Is thisfair tothe coastal communities that depend on salmon'? How valuable tothe nation is our traditional way of conductingour fisheries' Theconcept of "fullretention" would have to be defmed, and perhaps those dehnitious would be differentfor a catchervessel, a factory ship, a mothership,a shore plant. How should arrowtooth flounderor other underdeveloped fisheries be ~? ShouklGishermen berequited tote4a44 and processorstoprocess, species for which there isn't a readymarket? What constitutes a "product for humanconsumption" 7 Andwhat if nobodywants to buy thatproduct7 Thewarp and weft of bycatchissues tangle the community of seafoodproducers. conservation'+ andscientists in themany meanings of stewardship,What is theideal bycatch level~ How can a pro- gramthat reduces bycatch but ignores other kinds of waste fue1, labor, and so on! hope «return the maximumbene6t to the nation'i How should the value of onefish to a targetfishery be compared to~ valueof thatsame fish as a bycatchspecies> Each question leads back to one main question How, on thisPacific edge of therichest biomass on the globe, are we to live? K. H.

otherspecies that have a catchlimit but are under exploited. TheFR/FU program would also require some percentage ofthe total catch0, 70.or 90%are suggested! to be processed for 'humancon- surnption.This means, forexample, that S0% of the gross mix of catch deliveredto processors would have to go into food products, not that 50%of eachfish roustend up in edibles. The~ program wouldchange fishing rules in a radicalwawaY. .h v ouldtell fishertnen,"lf vou'recoing to catchit, Youhave t«« use it."it. lt T~ReEAo~os ro Bvcw,c~ CovrRot 15 wouldtell processors "lf you wattt desirable species delivered to your plant,you' ll haveto figure out a wayto use the under-utilimd spcies as well" Theprogram would put a regulatoryend to discards, would ffectivelyerase the line between target catch and bycatch, and would challengefishermen and processors tobe creative, both in avoiding undesirablespecies and in making use of the fish that are landed. In thosefisheries where bycatch can exceed target catch, this program mightredefine the fishery altogether. The hallbastlblackcod 40+9>+ Thehalibut/blackcod IFQ programfor the waters off Alaskaad- dressestwo major bycatch problems: halibut bycatch in theblackcod fishery,and demersal shelf bottomdwellers on the continentalshelf! rockfishin thehalibut fishery. Under the IFQ program,vessel owners will haveto own halibut quota shares to retainhalibut and can only throwhalibut back after their IFQ is fulfilled,Most blackcod IFQ holdersalso have halibut IFQs anyway, which simply means that longlinerswon't have to discard as much halibut as they do under open access. Halibutfishermen, likewise, would be required to retainPacific cod anddemersal shelf rockfish until the catch limit for those species is taken. They can keep rockfish now, under open access, but few want to spe.ndhold space an rockfish during a 24-hourhalibut opener, so a lotof rockfishget discarded inthe open access halibut fishery.! Since these areall longline fisheries, the fleet would be taking its own fish as bycatch,which means there are built-in incentives to practice careful fishingand tender handling, 0

t6 Wnv-Wix BvcA Tchl Sot Uriovs ~ o~ THpwca>c The "Bycatch Zone" Alaskalongliners hope for a wayout

This illustration showswhat its creator, longline skipper and fisheriesgraduate student Dean Adams, calls the "bycatch zone:" the depthrange where North Pacific hook-and-line fleets chasing sablefjsh blackcod! inadvertentlyhaul up mostha! ibut. The criticalarea is the upperflank of whatfishermen often call "the edge," where the continen- tal shelf drops intodeep water. The edgeseparates the comparatively shallowv,ater less than 100 fathoms!,where halibut tend to concen- trate,froin thedepths where sablefish lurk. On theshallow end of this steepunderwater hi!lside the two species mix it up,and longliners By Brad Warren danglingbaited hooks meant for blackcod often catch tons of halibut,In 1994,sablefish longliners racked up a halibutbycatch of around9 million lbs. Fortunatelythe fish aretough, and most of themsurvive beinghooked, yanked free and returned to thesea. But the dead add up: about 1,3 inillion lbs.of perfectly goodfish dressedand headed weight!. Standardregulations have long required blackcod fishermen to throw thehalibut overboard, dead or alive.This measureis meantto preventthem from profiting andthus slyly targeting on halibut. Thisprized species isalready fully exploited inits own directed fishery. Howevervital itsaims, this policy creates huge amounts of waste.Both speciesare caught wiih the same gear, and many boats fish for both participatingintwo separate fisheries, ineach of whichthey toss out the fishthey aren't supposed to be catching at the time. In effect, today' s bycatchcould be tomorrow's legal catch, but the law is plain: over the side with it It getsworse. These longline fisheries have become socrowded in

The Bycatch Zone; charting where fish bite helps fishermen to reduce halibut bycateh. Diagramby Dean Adams

BVCATCHZOP'E f7 recentyears that many blackcod fishermen say it's difficult to stayout of thebycatch zone, The burgeoning fleet sizehas prompted government fisheriesmanagers to restrictfishing time to onlya few daysa yearfor halibut,and only a few weeks for blackcod, The result,in both fisheries, is a mad scrambleto catch fish before the short seasonends, This is dangerousto skippers and crew Stormblowing? Tough luck: fish or go broke.!,bad for theirearnings Youwant a hi gherprice? Fine.Find a buyer whosefreezers areri 't plugged.!, and an obstacleto their efforts to Skepticsalso fear wide- trimhalibut bycatclt and discards Sorry, Charlie...I'rn in a hurry.Next spreadcheating and loss of time dort't bite the hook.!. public control over the re- Many Asherinenhave embraced a controversialsolution which,if it source. But proponents survivesa legalchallenge, will transformthese fisheries in 1995,The reckonthe quotas will shrink newregime institutes Individual Fishing Quotas IFQs!. Under this the fleet sharply,moderate systemeach quota holder gets a fixedshare of theyear's allowable harvestof blackcodand/or halibut, depending upon his or hercatch the race for fish, and give historyin pastyears. Not everyone welcomes this prospect,largely ffshermen a chance to avoid becausenot everyonegets as big a pieceof thepie as they wouldlike. a lot of bycatch. Skepticsalso fear widespread cheating and loss of publiccontrol over theresource. But proponents reckon the quotas will shrinkthe fleet sharply,moderate the racefor fish,and give fishermen a chance to avoid a lot of bycatch. Thehopeful scenario behind these predictions goes like this: C3Fewer boats. IFQ systems typically provoke a waveof consolida- tion: successfulfishermen buy up quotashares from others, Q No moreshort seasons, Since quota owners can catch their share wheneverthey want to, manywill spreadit out over monthsto maximize theprice theyearn. Q Lessmandatory waste. Fishermen will beallowed, and even encouraged,to combine their blackcodand halibut fisheries.Those who ownquota for bothwill berequired to retainboth kinds of fishuntil they havecaught their predeterminedshare. 8 Lesscrowding-induced halibut bycatch. Free from the madding hordeof boats, skipperstargeting blackcod alone will be able to avoid the"bycatch roue," They managed to avoid halibut almost completely until 1985;then partlydue to hard timesin other fisheries!the fleet swelled,the gounds crew crainped,and bycatchclimbed as boatsshifted into shallower water. 'Whetherthis scenario plays out as hoped is a rnatterof sharpinterest throughoutthe NorthPacific. Skeptics and enthusiasts v ithin thefisher- iesand conservation communities are watching closely to secwhat happens.2

t8 Wwi-WiwBvcarcH S ~ni PACIFic Bycatch Guidance Practicalbookwritten forAlaska longline fishermen JanetSmoker's Fishermen's GuidetoCatch andBycatch, wrinenin a practicalnotebookform, showslongliners whereandhow toavoid bycatch.Itincludes week-by-week dataonpas seasons, showinghalibut bycatchlevelscompared withsablefish andGreenland turbotharvest in theGulfA formerof Alaska Nationaland MarineBering Sea.Fisheries Servicegroundfish manager, Smokercompiled theFishenuen 'sGuide with a 1993 federal Saltonstall-Kennedygrantof$37,500. Nowanindependent consultant specializinginbycatch reduction, Smoker worksthrough her Juneau, home-basedcompany,Fisheries Information Service. Sy SobTkacz Shehatched theplan as a waytohelp fishermen takeadvantage of bycatch-avoidanceopportunitiesunderthenew individual fishing quota system,scheduledtotake effectfor sablefish alsocalledblackcod! and halibutin1995, Thespecies thathasprompted mostbycatch concernis halibut,whichisoften caught incidentally bylongliners seeking sable- The halibut tleet has long fishandturbot. "Oneofthe things thatwasin my mind isthat when the demandedthat others curb byeateh sablefishseasongetsextended becauseofthe quota system, fishemien oftheir target species. Brad willhave theability tofish outside ofthe traditional Matsen photo. timeframes thatthey were used to,"Smoker said shortlyafter receiving thegrant, TheFiskermeii 'sGuide show s insimple «hatt! andgraphs theharvest levelof the two target!pecie! andof halibut inone half by one degree squares Startingwiththe vast Norpac database «outa

Someof the highbycatch is probablythe result of fishermen setting their hooks in an availablearea j ust because betterspots have already been taken. Proof, Allocation are Hurclles for Sycatch Innovators Threegear-based approaches inAlaska Inventor promotes Iow-byoatoQ scNIIop harvester Ken Kirkman Jr.'sPatented scalloP dredge is an idea ~ ose time, dependingon whom one asks, can' t yet affordto come ~bb d h "SeafoodHarvester," Kirktnan's l2-foot-wide rig wejghs Just pounds,according to datahe submitted for his U,S. pn en weight,it usesa divingplane, hke an airplane wing {lap ~gled for' descent,to holdit on the seafloor. Therig rides a setof shortskids along the bottotn, and a ~it ~,- By Bob Tkacz betweenthe skids holds a rowof shorttines that rake scallops that are largeenough uP and into thenet, The result is a dredgetltat Kirkinan saysis virtuallyfree ofbycatch, orbycatch mortality, and does far t«q damageto thesea bottom than conven ionalscallop gear. Hehopes o gethis invention approved bythe Sta eof A}askaso he can marketor leaseit for widespreaduse. But the inventor and the state areat oddson several points about this p! an. The state says before ihe gearcan be approved it must be proven. That, in turn, rne trisKirkman inusthire an observer o scrutinizewhat the device catches, a stephe Kirfrmansays he catches no contends is too costly. more than three dungeness In the meantime,he's been authorized to fish with the gearon hi» crab per hour while fishing own, without an observer. Datafrom heWoods Hole Oceanographic Institute, in Massachu- the Seafood Harvester, and setts,says a traditionalNew Bedford-type dredge kills one pound of those can be returned to the shellfishforevery pound caught, with most ofthe mortality caused hy water alive. itscrushing weight of4,000 pounds ormore. Because theSeat'ood Harvesterisso much lighter, itcan be hauled bya smallerboat than is neededtohaul aNew England dredge. andcan be used by both small andlarge boats with greater fuel efficiency. Kirkrnan,now working asa certifiedelectrician in J»eUneau w liitc liningup financing fora nevboat, says he catches no mo"more than three dungenesscrabper hour while fishing theSeaf~ H arvester, and tho.c can be returned~"' to the dredgewater alive.byresearchingequipment t UsedU- around dihc h. worldand watching theoperation oftraditional rigs. vvhile~'hil crev ing on

Alaskanvessels. Ridinga satot<~o sid d s, ha "S foodHame~er" r" isheidtolh bottombya di~ringP rane angl Kannethn G. descent. Diagram Kirkman Kirkman says e usedus the Harvester for over sevenyears, and d th h I itcatches scallops. He claims haulsof upto 3,w3 ~ poununds-' per day off Yakutatin theGulfG lf of f AlaskaAl . k during uringthe 1985-86 season. The 7" web in the net an d c}elachablee codend allow small scallopsto a out,ut increasingin his meatyield pcr haul. In 1990Kirkrnan received a Canadianpatent for hisdredge. A U.S. patent followed in 1991. Yet the onlytwo Seafood Harvester prototypes inexistence «rein storage. Also in waiting is anexperiinental fishingpermit from the Alaska Department ofFish andGame ADFRG!. The gapbetween the gear and thepaperwork is why the Seafood Harvester is not in Alaskanwaters today, "I knowthey' re fightingme. Theyhave to be," Kirkman says of ADF&G. Departmentofficials saythey' ve bent the rules for Kirkman,including bowing to pressurefrom state legislatorsto let him use his drag, but he won' t do what'snecessary Io allow the SeafoodHarvester to becomelegal gear open for useby anyone, Kirkmancomplains he can't afford the $200 per day for an observerrequired by ADFEcGfor an experimentalgear permit to observehis dredge in action,The certified observer's report would provide thedata necessary for the department to supporta regulatoryamendinent by the stateBoard of Fisheries to includethe SeafoodHarvester in thedefinition of a legalscallop dredge. lna letterto the board last March, Kirkrnan say» h»received a statepermit in 1985,and because he useditover seven years his dredge should no longer heviewed as experimental, "He mentioned that Io us beforeand we just kind of ignoreit. He'» never had a permitto legally fish that gear," says Doug Meacultt, Al!I-'AGSoutheast management biologist. "He's also saidhe's diine this before andhe's sold fish, but sve've never seen any fish tickets" The Seafood Harvester'a lightweightdesign la said to reduce Stateregulations require anobserver onall scallop boats, but includ bycatch. DormLi eton photo. provisionsforvessels under 6S feet to receive exemptions, whichare reviewedandgranted ona case.-by-casebasis."He has never really asked tn dn thai.t»I.He has asked tobe able to go wherever hewants togo andl'ish his gear," Ivleacum says Kirkmanwants ' "I' "a permitto fishan area of southernSoutheast Alaska al toscallopers. Dredging in ' vir gin n Ieterritory will lel him prove hi» crab/undersized scallopbycatch is low, areasthat haven't had,tow, But Meacum says there won't be any fishing in fundsfor the field hadwork stock assessments, andIhe department hasno in exisungscallo rourk Healso says Kirkman has been offered pernuts betweenCapes Fairweathp groundsoff Y&utatand the District 16 area, offshore er andSpencer. Hecail have aileXp rimental'mental permit, which requires an observer, if K;rkmarl says h, egaize his dredge, Meacum says, But 22 Wiiv-Wnv8yc rc~g theobserver cost anyway, and couldn' t ~~ioNs: NosrrripecrFrc pay the professionalwatcher while sittingin port waiting out bad weatherin thestormy Yakutat/District16 region. Apparentlyin responseto lettersfrotn a dozenlegislators, Kirkinan'scase was elevated to thetop of thedepartment, Fish and GatneCommissioner Carl Rosier approved a permitto allowKirkman to fishcommercially with his dredge without an observer, Without an observer,however, that still doesn'I give him the proof to makethe gear marketable. That'sthe storyas of early November,1994. Meacuinsays the next step is up to Kirkman. Kirkmansays he'» looking for grant moneyto pay for an observer, pot innovator hopes for bycatch boos't Ed Wyman, presidentof NeptuneMarine Products,reckons modi- fiedcrab pots could do a lotto reducethe controversialhalibut bycatch in Alaska'scod fishery. His company stands to seesales increase sharplyif pots becomea major harvestinginethod for cod and other groundfish. The cod fishery is now dominatedby trawlers, who fish hard on the Onthe left, triggers, with their iong bottoin to catch this .species.Because halibut live on the bottom too. plasticfingers, keep caught fish theyare hard to avoid.But trav lersarefoibidden to keepthem. That fromswimming back out of the pot. prohibitionwa» instituted decades ago to protectinfluentiaI longline On the right, an excluderbar fishermenwho feared the newcomers with their big nets might compete mountedover the mouth of the pot for or evenruin thehalibut stocks, Longliners have long foughtto keepsout larger fish. Photo courtesy of Neptune Marina restrainthe trawlers' halibut bycatch. Products, inc. Lately, though, somefishermen and gear makers are betting that pots can provide a Iow-bycatch alternativefor catchinggroundfish, possibly becom- ing a major contenderin the scramblefor cod and other species. Two neptuneMarine innovations,the "Alaska codtrigger," and the "excluder"are already widely usedin the small pot groundfish fleet, and some observerssay they have made pots the cleanest gear in the Gulf of Alaska cod fishery. A studyof l 993harvest data. completed by PacificAssociates consultants for the Alaska Depart- mentof Fish8c Garne, shows the ratio of codcaught to halibutbycatch and mortality, in metrictons. The ratio was84: I for deepsea and shoreside trawlers; 97:I forshoreside and catcher/processor Iongliners; and,4,112: I for pots. Wytnansays cod pots are so clean because triggersand excluders keep large halibut out, and becausethey don't kill theircatch, That allows the liverelease of anysmall halibut that get in. Triggersare sets of long plasticfingers fitted aroundthe entrance to a standardpot, Mounted pointingtoward the interior of the pot at a slight angle,the fingers converge to keepfish thathave enteredthe pot from swimmingout. Excludersare bars mounted vertically along the 3S-inchlength of thcpot tnouth to divideit into sexieropenings. Wy~ recommendsuse of threeexcluders leavtng 9" x 9" entryways. Neptune,otic of severalcompeting firms has been offering the pot modifiersfor the past five years. Their current price tn Alaska ka is S4$45 p pairof triggers,plus $1.05 each for excluders P gsare highwfftciency codcatchers, according toWyman "I' ve heardof catches of600 ro '700 pounds per pot, but a morerealistic average,depending onwhere you put the pot, is 250pounds. "e says. ~re's nolimit on the number of potsthat can be fished, but Skeptics wondered whether Wymansays "they fish fast;" they seem to stop fishing after about six square mesh, for instance, hourssoak time. "h seemslike some signal goes out from caught fish would really'stay open and thatthey' re trapped" after six hours. Wyman says. release small fish under the NeptuneMarine recommends using 80 to 100pots that are pulled extraordinary strains of twoor three times a day.Using bait bags instead of standardplastic heavy fishingin the Bering containers«lso has its advantages, hesuggests. Asfish in the pot tear at Sea, where 50 tons of fish a bagof chopped herring, bits of bait float off creating a trail that draws riewfish to thepot, might crowdinto the codend Wymanexpects «n increase inthe groundfish potfleet because of on a single tow. theshutdown ofthe Bering Sea crab fishery in 1994.Crabbers are lookingfor something elseto catch. "With this king crab fishery being cancelled,we' re getting a lotof orders,"he said. Trawl Inoahchanloa, provenat last, may curb juvonll ~ pollock bye ate h SomeAlaska trawlers have long wanted to reducethe tncidental catchand discard ofjuvenile pollock, their most important target species.Theusual strategy fordoing this is to increase thesize or shape of meshtn the back of the trawl net thecodend!, The idea is to find a me»hconfiguration ihatcatches aduh fish while letting immature ones wriggle free. Inthe face of increasing cnticism and their own misgivings! about discardingmillions ofpounds ofjuvenile pollock, some trawlers have pressedtheNorth Pacif'ic Fishery Management Council topass a regulationrequiring theuse of larger mesh and/or square mesh. Others, however,have resisted theidea, citing the cost of new codends and doubtsabout whether they ciiuld effectively release undersized fish whileretaining adult fish. In general. square mesh isthought toretain it> shapebetter than traditii»ial diat»ond-shaped nettingand thus to allow moresmall tish ui escape. Thepokunt oftttaking ita regulation isto create a"!ei el playing field."

NesoIIrCes

l'isherles lnfarmation Services,20007 Cohen Drive, Juneau,AK 99801,Phone/Fax 907! 789-5%80,Contact: Janet Smoker. Former National Marine Fishery Service in-seasonfishery manager and data analyst. Smoker launched her own consulting companyseveral years ago; specializes in bycatch reduction; recently comp]eted the"Fisherman's Guide to Catchand Bycatch," a notebook-styletime andarea niappingof the BeringSea and Gull' of Alaska.It lists harvestrates for sablefish andGreenland turbot and theaccotnp«nying bycatch of halibut for areasof one- half by «medegree. KennethG. Klrkrna, POBox 20423, Juneau, AK 99802, 907! 586-5693.Skipper, deckhand,welder, electrician, and creator of the "SeafoodHarvester," a scallop dredgeusing a diveplane instead of weightto hold it to thesea floor. The dredge hasnot yet been approved by the Alaska Board of Fisheriesaslegal gear. NepttxneMarine products, lne., PO Box l74 I 7, Seattle,WA 98107,5330 Ballard Ave, NW,06! 789-3790.06! 789-1795,Contact: Edward Wyinan, President. ummercialge«rdesign and supply company founded byRobert Wyman, who continuestomanage theoutfit with his son, Edward; originated the"Alaska cod trigger«nd excluders. The triggers areplastic devices mounted on gales of stand«rd7 x7' kingcrab pots toallow their use for Pacific cod tishing, permit- tingfish to enter hut not escape, Excludcrs divide the mouth of the gate into smaller«q~nings toprevent entry hy legal-size halibut J

26 Wc

A popular argument against Syc etch Aswith most Bering Sea fisheries, bycatch rules the rock so e IFQs is that even if boats son.Although thefishery has drawn tremendous publicscrutiny o had all year to fish for, say, itshigh bycatch and discard rate Alverson calls it "an" embarrassment pacific cod, boats would still « theindustry the companies thatfish for rock sole roe say they are have to race to catch their sensitivetothe problems andare actively working on solu«ons. quota before the bycatch Lastyear, said one skipper who asked toremain anonymous, the caps were hit. lectfound high crab bycatch and too many male rock sole in one area anddecided~n thegrounds, overthe radio to leavethose grounds for10 days, When they returned. bycatch rates were down to acceptable levels, he said, Laterin the season the skippers began totalk about the mesh size of theircodends andagreed totry a larger mesh size in hopes ofreducing thecatch and discard of unwanted rock sole, priinarily males. They eventuallyconvinced the NPFMC to increase the mesh size of top panelsto six inches. Now they are asking for certain grounds to be closeddue to highcrab catches. "We're makingprogress voluntarily," the skippersaid, "because we realizethere's a problem,"They also know that without such actions, "somebodywould want to shutus out." To helpeach other identify bycatch "hot spots" on thegrounds, the Aeethas agreed to poolits catch and observer information daily in the nextwinter fi~hery. Federally mandated onboard observers have long providedthe sameinformation to NationalMarine Fisheries Service

AmericanFactory Trawler Association, AFTA! too,t applaudsthe 28 Wm-Wrv Bvmrcir Socurexrs: Noire PxcrRc fishermen'sefforts to cleanup theirfishery, said Executive DirectorJoe Blurn."But all thosemeasures would havebeen unnecessary if we had IFQs," A popularargument against IFQs is thateven if boatshad all year to fish for. say,pacific cod, boatswould still haveto raceto catch theirquota before the bycatch capswere hit. AFTA suggeststhat a combinationof IFQs plusindividual bycatch quotas IBQs! wouldgive fishermenthe time plus the financialincen iveto fishcleanly, "You needIFQs to stopthe race far fish, and the bycatchquotas to s opthe racefor bycatch,"Blum said, As AFTA envisionsit, such a syste ncould also be used o reduce bycatch levels, Blurn said.A boator companythat fished cleanly could sellor leaseits unusedIBQs, but eachsale would lower that quotaby 10 percent. An IFQ/IBQ systemmight work well in the future, saidScot Highleyman,Executive Director af the Alaska Marine Conservation Council AMCC!. But rather thanbase quota shareson thecurrent high bycatch levels, those levels should be cut first, he said. Tohelp each other identify Harvest Priority bycatch "hot spots" on the To achieve that, AMCC proposesa harvestpriority system.It would grounds, the fleet has split eachfishery's ta alallowable catch TAC! inta anearly and a late agreed to pool its catch and season.The first seasonwould be open to all; the secondseason open only to thosewho achievedspecific low bycatchrates. "It would drive observerinformationdaily in the dirty guys out of it," Highleymansaid. "Nobody knowshow clean the next winter fishery. these fisheries can be because no one's tried it before." Federally mandated Fishermenshould find their own v aysout of thebycatch dilemma, onboard observers have he said,because government regulations have done little to reduce long provided the same overall hycatch and discardslevels. Fishermensiinply usetheir rreativ- information to National ity to find waysaround the regulations, Highleyman said. Marine Fisheries Service Gear Modification hlMFS!, but the agency ChrisBublitz, program coordinator at the FisheryIndustrial Tech- takes weeks to scrutinizeif nologyCenter in Kodiak,is anotherwho helieves cleaner fishing is and report back the results passible.There has been little faith in gearmodification in thepast, he to the fleet. said,because the modifications were done without considering fish behavior. Those efforts "were doomedto failure," Bublitz said. Bublitz studieclfish behaviorfor eightyears and applied his findings ta trawl gearmodification. In oneexperiment, conducted during a pacificcod opening, he cut halibutbycatch 41 percentwhile reducing thetarget species, Pacific cod, less than 6 percent,In anotherfishery, his modificationreduced the catchaf undersizedpollack by 73 percent."If you use hecorrect approach, you canmodify gearand be successful," he said. Bublitz believesit maybe possibleta reducehalibut mortality in flatfishtrawling, and hatpat gear might be used successfully for flatfish,but said well-planned experiments arerequired in each case. Anothermodification that holds potential for decreasing halibut bycatchmortality is grid sorting, Fishermen found that putting a metal grateover the hold openings slowed the process of dumpinga codend, allowingthe deck crew to sortthrough the ca chand pitch halibut overboard in better condition. Bob Trumble, the International Pacific HalibutCominission biologis along an the trip, saidhe beliei ed halibut mortalitymight eventually be cut hy ~0percent. Nobodyknows iFsimilar savings are possible - in t he rock sole spec eswas roundfish inlast year 's. expe rimeots,and veragedabout four pounds were fairairl y, eas y o spot 'd Inthe i'ock sole Fishery, average halibut size is W""«andwhen mixed with adeckful ofone-pound fla f sh,he k crewwill haveto be morewatchfu pe"I hatgrid sorting might eventually beapplied o will akeadditional experimen to knows ow for sure,he ntthat ifyou give fishermen theincentt ve,e the y' 'll g ys tosolve their problems. 1'vealways been impresse ressed with '"e+ey are They come up with ideas us biologists wouwould never think of," CFRb Sy~gcg » - o«h crabbycatch abyss may be orestric~ the fishinggrounds, ln 1993 the rock sole fleet killed 225,000 king crab, plus440,000 bairdi, and 2.4 million opilio crab. ln l 994,the king crab catchhit 340,000. That bycatch has always been a sorepoint for crabbers,but the issue exploded this year when the State of Alaskaclosed theBristol Bay mf kingcrab fishery due to inadequate numbers of femalecrab on the grounds. And ihe bairdi quota fell by more than SO percentbecause biologists were afraid o setthe bairdi fleet loose on red king crab grounds, fn response.the crab industryhas asked the NorthPacific Fishery ManagementCouncil to closeall waterseas of 163degrees west longitude basically all of BristolBay to trawling, Theflatfish fisherieswould be amongthose hit hardesthy theclosure. The council netby teleconferencein mid-Novemberto consideran emergencyrule- rnaking, The rocksole Accthas also suggested closing parts of' Bristol Bay, butonly certainhot spots.They warn heflexibility to move into an area, andif crabbycatch is too high.they will moveon, they say. lt remainsto beseen whether the council will givethem that leeway. 2

Mass Marking Identificationofsalmon can help separate hatchery from wild stocks Background Foryears fisheries managers and conservationists have sought a practicalmeans of easilydistinguishing hatchery-bred salmon from wild,or naturally spawning, stock. This would allow steps to betaken to preventharvesting or over-harvesting!of wild stockswho~e survival maybe endangered. One widely discussed system of identiftcationis theinass marking of younghatchery salmon before their releaseinto the wildso that fishermen could easily identify them on the fishinggrounds andthus select them for harvest.In principlethe idea could have a By John Grissim revolutionaryimpact on fisheriesmanagement, creatmg so-called selectivefisheries. But theconcept has its skepticsin thecommercial fishingand fisheries management communities.

What is it? Massmarking is a processof makinga visiblemark on large numbersof younghatchery salmon by clippingoff a portionof the adtpose.fin thefin onthe back!. The adipose clip has been used for a decadein theColumbia River basin to markall hatchery-rearedsteel- headthat have been implanted with a stainlesssteel coded v iretag CWT! onemillimeter long that carries identifying information. Mass markingprovides a meansof easilydistinguishing hatchery stock from wild stockswithin a mixed-stockfishery. In principle, allowing only the harvestof hatcheryfish or a selectivefishery! ensures better escape- ment of wild stocksthat are declining and threatened. What fisheries and regions would it impact? Coho and chinook salmon fisheries in the coastal waters of the Pacificnorthwest, "coastwide," from Alaska. through BritishColumbia south to northern California. ls mass marking on the scale heing proposed technicaHy feasible. Yes, but no machinesor methodologiesare on line y«i. '4 ith ' X> million young hatcherysalmon in the Columbia River alone.«Itppuig theadipose fin by handwould take 27.000 person-days. Hov «s or, NorthwestMarine Technology, Inc,. a Washingtonstate company that haspioneered implant techniques. is prepared.if the fundingbecoriics Mass lVIArtvi~o available,lo deveiopan automatedmechanical systein lo accomplish thistask. The designunder consideration involves inoving hatcheryfish througha system of tanksand troughs, using water current and light lo orientthem physically so that their adipose fins canbe clipped using lasers,water jets, or mechanicalclippers. The company estimates that about20 of theserobotic systeins installed coastwide could probably handle the task. Now effective cioea it promise to be? In principle,very effective. But while it holdsgreat promise, it's not a panaceato a complexbiological issue involving many fishery man- agementproblems such as inainlaining genetic diversity, disease prevention,habitat protection and restora ion,even water quality. Whotn will it help? Massmarkin g couldhelp the trollers, especially in northern Cal i for- nia,who are curren prohibitedly from fishing north coast waters. With thecreation ofa selectivesalmon fishery, they could be given limited accessto harvesthatchery stock, or beallowed to fishbo hstocks for a limitedtime. Improved fishery manage nentcouldgive resource manag- ersa chanceto designfisheries around marked fish and allow both recreationalandcommercial fishers to harvest more hatchery stock, Whom wlil it hort? Manybelieve, if done correctly, no one. But some fisheries special- Maae markingcould transform salmon fishing. Brad Mataen istssay that releasing millions ofhatchery stock with clipped fins photo. renderingthem indistinguishable from thosewith CWTimplants! will seriously compromise theen ire CWTsampling program by making it almost impos- sibleto identify CWT specimens easily. Tribalfishermen, gillnetters, purse seiners, and reeffisher nencould also lose, because they employ harvestingmethods hat don't allow for theun- harmedrelease of capturedwild stock. Tribal fisher- menalso worry about a re-aHocationimbalance, fearingthat sponi lishermen would be f'reeto take g eaternumbers of hatcherystock while the tribes would noi, Proponentscounter hat if giline errwere aisignediimei and harvei areas close io ihehaicher- iei .iocalled erminzil fisheries!. the hycatch of wild s ockicould be greatly limited. Elsewhere, on the Klama Riier.h for example, gillnct ting could be replacedby a weiriystem ha would allow he identifica ion and releasenf wild stocks. What are the other concerns? 0 Computermodeling nightmare. Sonic fisheriesipecialiiti suggest hat, from a managemen perspective,thecurrent cornpu er-genera nodeli ed beingused to test the program's I'easibili for y example,multiple, mixed, and selective fisheries! are alreadya nigh maand e, that developing new models iomake possible coherent management decisions 34 Wr~-WiN&vcr re~ Soi. rriolsiWEsr Cmsr will be an even morc formidable undertaking. I3 Hooking rnrtaaliy. Hook-and-linefishermen trollers! worry they'll begiven reduced quotas becauseof the perceivedhigh rate of' hooking mortality.The figureoften used in thepast is around 20 percent compared to 7'7cfor recreatiorialfishing!, but there have been no stijdies conducted since the advent of mooching shallow-water salmon fishing with a fixed rod thatdepends on the movementof the boator waterto jiggle thebait! and the mandatory use of barblesshooks. If studies are conducted,they could showthat the sinallcrbarbless hooks preferred for tnooching may actuallyresult in a greaterhooking mortality.In anycase, trollers argue the old dataare nogood and that for yearsthey' ve beenreleasing undersizedcoho with excellent results,Lastly, many trollersseriously doubt that under actual fishing conditions for example,viewing a fish fromthe vessel's ~ternin roiling waters! a clippedadipose fin wouldbe visibleuntil after a fish was gaffedand on board. Q Quota reallocations.Other commercial groups worry that some fisheries managerswho haveop- posedthem may use the massmarking programas an excuseto reduce their quotasand gear groups seiners,trollers, gillnetters under the guiseof prudentreal location. Selnere brall aalmon trorrr net. With rnaaemarking, wild stockscauld be IIow much will it cost? returnedeasily to the water. Brad Hardto say.One estimate is $3 million - $4million alonejust to Mateen photo. expandCoho marking coastwide. Marking Chinook hatchery stock svouldbe an additionalexpense. Millions more may be required over timeto foal/yimplement the program including tracking and sampling!. Somecritics privatelyargue the program would be prohibitively expensive and a wasteof taxpayers'money. Many trollersseriously doubt Who will pay for itV that under actual fishing Stateand Federal general revenues are currently being used. But if conditions for example, fisheries mitigation hatcheriessuch as thoseof the Bonneville Power viewinga fish from the Administrationadopt the program, eventually rate payers could see a vessel's stem in roiling few cents extra per month on their bills to cover the cost. waters! that a clippedadi- Is a mass marking program inevitable. posefin wouldbe visible Yes, in some form, Both critics and proponentsseem in agreemeiit until after a fish was gaffed thatif thefishing communityand fisheries resource managers don' t and on board. adoptmass marking voluntarily, the politicalmomentuin of themany interestgroups supporting the idea notably,sportsfishing groups! will ensureits implementation. What can we expect in the future? Congresshas voted funds in the CommerceDepartment's appropria- tion directing the National Marine FisheriesService to conduct a pilot study. Washington State fisherieswill spend$900.000 of that apprvpria- tion to massmark spring 1995 hatcherycoho that would be harvestedin lVl~ss M4R<'« 1 997 in GeorgiaStrait and Pugct Sound, Additional programs. in pregonp and ail Ca]ifomia,for exainple, will beincre mentally added oepend ing ng on the results of plannedstudies and technology development. yirtuaiiyall theplayers are actively addressing the issue with studiesor planned workshops. Ail assessmentof selective fisheries by thepacific Salinon Corniniss ion is nearingcoinpletion. The Pacific StatesMarine Fisheries Commission wi ll presentthe resultsof a study at workshopsin Oregonand California. A joint US-Canadaasses sinent will be availablein early 1995.J

~o +.tch or sot to catch: FiahIny selectIvely for salmon ""e ts»ngtn the salinon fishery is a trickybusiness. It is alsoincr~mg[y n~s~ now p puh ionaae in crine condition.Because of thefrequent mixing of stocksbo th in oyenwaters and in rivers,fishermen and biologists are exploring ways to targeton abundant fish whileminimizing impacts on waning populations, Listed below are several methods of selective taltltonfishing, sotste proven, some under exploration. Q Barbie'HooltL In fishingmethods using hooks and lines, salinon of non-targetspecies and juvenilesalnton often die when fishermen tryto release them back to thewater. According toIudy Grahartt,executive director of theWashington Trollers Association, barbless hooks do less damage to thefish and make it easierfor fishermen torelease them without having to bring them on deck where extensivedarrtage ohen occurs. Trollers in her organization have been using barbless hooks voluntarily since the mid-l980a. C}IMNeretst Lore@ Steve Spleen ofthe Washington Trollers Association alsosees gear modifica- tionsaa helpful inreducing coho bycatch. Staying a jump ahead ofregulators, trollers have been using luresthat don' t attract coho salmon while fishing forchinook. "We' re trying toavoid catching coho by usingfewer flashers coho-attractive lures!,"says Spleen. "We can get kings chinook! byusmg the largeplug lures that coho ignore." 9 Decreaaea1»Set Tlitte. Net-based lisheries arealso making changes toimprove thesurvival rateof the non-target salmon theycatch. Don Stuart, Executive Director ofSalmon for%'ashington, tracksefforts tomfuce bycatch ofweak-run salmonids. "Driftnetters onthe Columbia have cut the timethat their nets are in the water to20 to 30 minutes, which raises thesurvival rateon released fish," hesays. Salmon held too long in netswill suffocate, IJ MeshSIae lstcreaaek Altering themesh size ina netcan help separate catchfrom bycatch wheresize isa crucialdifference between thetwo species. Stuart says ofrequired mesh size alter- ations."For gillnetters whoare focusing onchum, the coho catch isminimal, since coho are smaller thanchum and can just slip through themesh, purse seiners havealso been effective atsorting outand releasinglivecoho from the chum fishery." Unfortunately, meshsize changes cannot beused for sockeyesalmon fisheries thatthreaten weakened cohostocks, because sockeye andcoho aretoo close ln size Q 'WeedllsteLSome British Columbia lumbiagill netters have made some interesting gearmodifications to avoidcatch fram weakened steelhead runs. Those cchan angesinclude "weedlines," which drop the top edgeorgignets toa leve!lnthe water column thata aallow ows Iht em to avoid dsteelhead. t lh d GregG gTaylor,T yl,ChairCh ' of theNorth Coast Advisory Board, a no"pronon rofiit organizationrepresentirtg north coast commercial fisheries,hasbeen involved inseveral experiments tot Taylor,thework with weedltnes beganin the memslate 19gpsto test whbycatch-reducing strategies, According to

etspe tes, sockeye andp~ salmon,were@so ~uce4~y up to 30%. gfQf-~IN8vcs res Srxurioivs;+assr Qogsr s apart of theB.C. weedline experiment, captuied steelhead were brought on boiuti ~ m"ived in wetRxes Taylor describes wetboxes, "Every gillnetter hadto keep steelhead ina tank l~g witha darkenedlidand phnnbed withfresh-wafer tocirculate fleshwater past «>~y ~ emarkablesuccess inreviving those beasts. They were tagging theteleiued 'bernmaking itup the river," Taylor says. Tagged fishwere caught upriver bysport ~g e and'epo~ tothe Department ofFisheries andOceans DFO!. Preventingsteelhead bycatch upriver ismore complicated thaninthe ocean fisheries. A fish might bea ghtand re'eaMd fromseveral diffeient nets atdifferent locations inthe river, decreasing its chancesofsurvival. Toavoid this, the DFQ experimented witha barge carrying a large, onboard revival unikfor the steeihead where they would beheld for one to four days during the fishery. Taylor says the bargerelease 320 steelhead inl992 and 270 steelhesd in1993. 'nie agency discontinued thepiogram, however,sincethe barge cost about $130,000 eachyear, and the success ratewas estimated atonly a 5% reduction in catch of steelhead. 0 IndttatryOrgsudaatlon. InWashington State,commercial fbhermen havegone togreat lengths toprotect weakened salmon stocks. Salmon for Washington, thePuget Sound Gillnetters Association, aiidthe Purse Seine Vessel Owners Association havejoined together tocreate a set of"Best Fishing Practices,"which has the support ofthe Washington State Depsrtment af Fish k Wildhfe.Jn addition to someof thebycatch reduction methods mentioned above, "Best Fishing Practices" advocates educa- tionalefforts to save weakened sahnon stocks, Kxperienced fishermen areasked toedna' younger fleetmembers about the best methods toieduce the catch of non-targetsalmon, snd aU fishermen axe encouragedto use positive peer pressure toimprove adherence tobycatch-teducing fishing practices. 'Aegroups behind "Best Fishmg Practices" have also joined together tosupport research onreducing bycatchof non-targetspecies and the survival rate of f ishthat aie caught and released. -- YvonneDeReynier and Getty Hadden

ass IHARKIhG IIass-IIarking Resources NntiunsriMarine Fisheries Service, Northwest Regional Office, NOAA, NMFS, F/NWO, 7600Sand Point Way NE, BIN CI 5700Bldg. I, Seattle,WA 98115. Contact: BjjlRobinson, Fisheries Management Division, {206! 526-6 I 40, NMFSregional officejs involved intechnical issues in fisheriesmanagement, including mass markingselective fisheries, and associated data collection and interpretation. NprtltwestMlrjne Technology, Inc., PO Box 427 BenNevis Road, Shaw Island, WA 98286,Contact: Guy Thornburgh, General Manager, 06! 468-3375;fax 06! 4683844. NorthwestMarine Technology pioneered thc development and adoptionof thecoded wire tagging CWT! system, now used worldwide. Firm worksclosely with management agencies, sells and rents CWT equipment, includingsample detectors, handheld wand detectors, andtagging equipment. Latestproducts include tiny CWT implants with binary numbering, and florescent elastomervisible irnplants. Currently designing prototype machinery for use in massmarking. Company owners created Fisheries Management Foundation, whichacts as nonprofit home to NFCC. PtrrcificStates Marine Fisheries Corntnission, 45S.E. 82ND Drive, Suite 100, Gladstone, OR97027-2522, 03!650-5400; fax03! 650-5426.Contact: Randy Fisher, DaveHanson. Commission comprises two representatives from each of five Pacificstates idaho. Oregon, Alaska, Washington, andCalifornia!. Coordinates research,monitoring, andother programs topromote conservation, development, andimproved fisheries management; closelyinvolved inthe mass-tnarking issue; planninginformational workshops forcommercial fishing community and other interestedparties! inearly 1995 in Portland and San Francisco, thelatter to coincidewiththe Pacific Fishery Management Council's March meeting during the weekof March6th. ThePrsclhc Fishery Managemerst Council,200 SW 1st. Avenue, Suite420, Portland, OR97201, 03! 326-6352, Contact: Lawrence Six,Director. Primary authority forregulating fisheries infederal waters offCalifornia, Oregon, Washington. lvlembersinclude government, academic, andprivate sectors, andfisheries user groups.Thisis the place the accumulated technical wisdom meets politics. The PFMCwillplay key role inhow mass marking andother tools for selectivity are apphedin salmonfisheries. ThePacific Salmon Commission, 600-I 155 Robson Street, Vancouver, B.C,V6E IB5 Canada,U.S,Chair: JohnClark, Canadian Chair:lan Todd, Contact: JohnClair, AlaskaDept. ofFish & Game,POBox 240020, Douglas, AK99824, 907! 465- 4256.Established bytreaty in1985; oversees US-Canada treatyon salmon. Missiontoensure prudent management andharvesting ofsalmon stocks, Recently conductedafull assessment ofselective fisheries limited tocoho stock!; results duein a seriesof workshops onWest Coast. NorthwestIndianFisheries Commission, 6730Martin Way Fast, Olympia. WA98506. ContactTerry Wright, 06! 438-1180. Oversees management, resourcemonitor- »gan««earch activities fortribal fisheries; staff'has closely monitored mass- m '«ngissue, with special attention othe potential effect ontribal fisheries. »ctfl«oat Federation ofFishermen's Associations, P.O.box 989. Fort Cronkite, Sausalito,CA94965, I5! 332-5080;faxl5! 331-2722.Contact: Zeke Grder Represents 24fishermen's associations alongtheI;.S, Pacific coast. An Portantlobby forcommercial fishing, leading advocate forhabitat protecrion 38 pViN-AhaBvcarcrr SatUrrorvs: WssrCwsr salm»a"«th«species!; active inmost legislative andpolicy issues affecting theeconortuc ~welfare ofWest Coast commercial fisheries. Supports mass inariiing asa salmonmanagement strategy.

M~ss MAqx~sG39 I.earning from Other Fleets Hopingto avoid troubIe, Oregon's shrimp fisherV takes preventivemeasures on bycatc~ "We don'I havea seriousbycatch problem," says Bob Hannah,a biologistwho works on sllrimp issues for theOregon Department of Fish+ Wild!ife."Given the mix of bycatchspecies, we maynever have a seriousproblem. Certainly in comparisonto the Gulf of Mexicoand Northeasternfisheries, ours is a veryclean fishery." Butlessons from bycatch troubles in othershrimp f!eets have not beenlost on Oregon.An informal coalition of fishermen,net makers, andstate agency biologists is working to deve!opmethods for reducing bycatchon the WestCoast. By actingbefore the issue becomes contro- Sy Charles SMmmera versial,they hope to avoidregulation. Netmakers!ike BobDriscoll and GeorgeMcMurrick, bothof Astoria.Oregon, have taken the lead in developingexcluders to elimi- nateunwanted fish species from shrimpers' nets without reducing their marketablecatch or costing them tiine and hassle.Hannah and fellow biologistSteve Jones have received $!49,000 in Saltonstall-Kennedy fundsthrough the National Marine Fisheries Service to conduct studies ofalternative bycatch reduction methods using underwater video camerasand comparison tests with double-rigged two nets towed side- by-side!shrimp trawls,

SobItenneh pictured betow! entt The Fishery 8teve Jonee,blologt etc wtththe "Onthis coast," says Peter Leipzig, Executive Director of the Orelon Deportmentof F !ehend Wlttttltehove teken e epeolel Fishermen'sMarketing Association inEureka, -we don't have a turt!e IntereetIn ehrtmpbycetch entl problemorany endangered species issues, It's more of aneconomic obtetned!!rent nioney for reeeereh problemofhow inuch time you want to spend sorting fish, or a social on ttlfferentttipee of exctudere. problemofcatching thefish that somebody elsemay be trying tocatch. CherteeSummere photo. Wehave the luxury out here to tinker and experiment with different arrangementsand setups, as opposedto the Gulf whereNational Marine Fisheries stepped in andsaid 'thisis the device you are going to use.' " BothWashington and Oregon have a!ready institutedlimited entry policies and California has a moratoriumon new permits. An estimated 300 shrimptraw!ers operate along the West Coast. Some havepermits to fishshrimp, as well as groundfish, in morethan one state, Although the fishery stretches fromSouthern Washington to Northern California, thebulk of thefishery is centered in Oregon. "lt'sa deepwater fishery in 60to 5 fathoms," explainsJoe Easley, Administrator of theOregon TrawlCoinmission, anorganization representing Oregonshrimp and groundfish trawlers, "generally pursuedby double-riggedshrimp trawlers. The productthey' re producing is cocktail shrimp, which ismachine cooked and peeled. For that reason it has wr-MlwBrcxrm SaLincidental catch, while further north fishermen inter- goes over the side." mittentlyencounter non-marketable species such as dog sharks. smelt, smallrockfish, flatfish, sablefish, and recent increases in hake.Pro- tectedspecies occasionally caught but illegal to landinclude crab, sole, andhalibut, Not only doessorting and discardingthese fish taketime, but largenumbers of fishpack% in thecodend can damage the shrimp. "Mostfishermen hate waste," says Hannah,"It really goesagainst theirgrain. But, when you don't havea marketfor a fishand you' re out thereto makea livingshrirnping, that stuff goes over the side." On the otherhand, incidental catchesof saleablefish are more than welcome.For example, yellowtail rockfish often called greens or greenies!help to paya fisherman'sice andfuel bills, Those of market- ablesize may be retained within trip limits of I,500pounds per day; however,a federalregulation further restrains shrimp fishermen to 6,000pounds every two weeks. Unlike bycatch limits in someother fisheries,so far theserules haven'tshut down shrimpersbefore they' ve takenthe allowable total harvestof shrimp.However, if theselimits are everreduced to a pointbelow what shrimp fishermen normally catch, The advantage is that it can thefishermen might lose a lotof fishingopportunity, and the incidental catchof rockfishcould become another bycatch issue. be easily opened or closed," In theWest Coast shrimp fishery, bycatch management is compli- says McMurrick. "When cated by several factors: you're in the greenies, you IJ Geographicvariation, There is virtually no incidetttal catch in leave it open and catch someregions and varying amountsin others. them. LVhenyou' re in the 3 Uncertaindefinition. What's bycatch? Some incidental catch is hake or dog sharks, you unmarketableand thrown overboard, while otherspecies are keptand close it." sold. 3 I ear.Fishermen haven't wanted to talk muchabout bycatch problems.worrying thatgovernment might force mandatory and probablycostly andcumbersome! measures on them. 0 Uncertainstandards. How tnuch bycatch is too much?How much is acceptable?Thequantity of fmfishdestroyed by West Coast shrimp fishertnenisconsidered minor compared tothat of some groundfish and shrimpfisheries. lt has not been targeted asa majorbycaich problem by government,environmental groups or otherfishermen who in many regionsclamor to reducebycatch when it affectstheir targetspecies.

Experiment tests finfish exeluders on Nest Coast shrimp fleet "Fishermenknow they want an excluder when there's no commercially viable bycatch and they' re havinguouble with hake," says Oregon fish biologist Bob Hannah. "But they don't have information on howinucb shrimp they would lose if theyroutinely usean excluder, They don't have any information onhow well the excluder isgoing towork with hake or with Dover sole, or if it willhelp with dogfish, orif there wN be gilling problems withyellowtail rockftsh. Plus, nobody hasdone any work on these excludersina double-rig situation, which ishandled verydifferently fromsingle riggers, Sowe pro- posedIodo a rigorousscientific assessment ofthe lsiordmore Grateand the 5" and 8" soft panels to providethat information to the Acct," Duringthe first phase conducted inearly October, Craig Rose from the National Marine Fisheries ServiceResource Assessment andConservation Engineering RACE! Division accompanied Hannah andfellow biologist SteveJones withunderwater videoequipment fora week aboard a chartered shrimp boat.Scott McMullin's Prospecror outof Astoria was chosen for thetests and equipped with a NordmoreGrate and two soft exclud- erssupplied bynetmaker George McMurrick. Thedouble-rigged setupwas a goodplatform for testing an excluderonone side againrt anopen net on the other, but they had diff'icultypositioning thecamera properly at70 fathoms, They also discoveredtheNordmore Grates were installed atthe wrong angle andhad to changethem, "Butthat's what the trip was about," says Hannah, "calibrating thegear. On a coupleoftows vve saw shrimp going right through theNordmore grate real well and fish going up. But v e were surprisedtosee the 5" meshes were more closed onthe soft panel thatwe had thought, and a tremendousamount of waterflow was comingout of the exit hole. We actually aimed the camera down theexcluder andaaw a goodnumber ofshrimp coming outthat way too many. But l've shown the video ta toMrMurrick, and he'salready working outnodMcations tosolve thatproblem." theandtots,attttme Charisaup antsSummereout the hole IshotoIn or c d, ~ ~ oor'awu~~Ha . 4p ww-WfhJ8vcArcfc ~ElrK7hls VVKsr ~sr Ilycatch aoIIstiona However,the concern for increasednumbers of hake, the influx of Gulffishermen already familiar with turtle-excluding devices TEDs!, anda generalsense of concernfor the industry prompted fishermen and netmakersto investigate the use of excluders.They knew about the NordmoreGrate, which had already been successful and made manda- toryin Norwegian and Northeastern American shrimp fisheries. A mesh funnelsewn into the "intermediate," themiddle section of the net, directsthe catch toward the bottom of a rigidpaiiel of metalor hard plastic,which is positioned infront of thecodend. This grating awows

Usinginfcemtfion frotnthe ~ Hannithand Jones will five tune the exctudets sntheir desjgncd operatingspecifications before testing them next year. "I dunkwe'te gomg to learn ~ devices interferewith fishing the Ieiuit don't clog, flip over, ar cause a lost tow, and which ones perform best in excludingGsh. We' re going to IaIt in some selectivity curves tolook «t the siae nsngru that are excluded ascompared tothe xiae rnagn that men't. B~y, we'll searchfor what ftsliernaat canuse to hnprove excludersand look at atharways to reducebycatA." If time«nd money peitnit, Hannah hopes to test 3" mesh exctudetx andBob Dnsco8's "6idt-eye" device simplya boletoo far for ivardin thecodend for shrimp to bufeasily found by fmflsh- whichhas been very successful in the prawn fishery. "We' re alsoplanrnng to submit anoffier proposal to lookspeci6caRy atthe~ of different-foot ropes o» bycatdi," hesays. "Them issome controversy amongfishnrnen asfo whethertickler or roler gear 6shes cleaner.We want to fishthem head-tn- headand see which one catches more shrimp and whichone 6shes cbenm. It's anotherexample of trying to providesome information to thefishery, solvethe controversy, and get people movmg in n gooddirection." McMullin thinks this shift in focus may lead to a bettermethod than the separator panels tested so far. "I still havedoubts that you' re goingto find a perfect, faultless excluder there's going to be a trade-off.But I urgedthe scientistson theboat to let us takethe samevideo camera aud put it on the mouthof thetrawl at the foot rope.Let ftshmnen seewhat's really goingon there,nnd maybewe' d havesome fresh ideas on waysto handleit." Regardlessof whatthe best solution turns out to be or whodevelops it,McMutTick believes the projectcan only serveto benefitfisbmen in their effortsto preventunnecessary government regulation "It's not like a bunch of scientists out there on a boatwho don't havea clue,"he says."Bob is worfringwith a good6shertnan. And the more data thatir, gathered, the more informed ftslsmoen wiII bewhen they get interviewed snd go to council meetings.They can say 'here's what we vebeen A hakeia prevented from entering the ~d bya doingand we know what we're talking about. "soft"excluder panei and forced up to the s at s going to mentiont k th holein the top of the net CharlesSuinrnera p to fisheriescouncil from making a mistake," C. S-, of ODFSW underwater video. QriEgpwSwale' F' s+Eer 48 s rimp to passtthrough roug narTow slots and deflects unwanted species upwardand out a hole at the top of the net But many West Coast shfiinfjshefrnen have rejected the Nordmore grate on the grounds that it istoo cumbersome toinstall and remove, it cantwist and foul the nets indouble-rjg operations, theadditional drag requires more power and fuel,ar d thelack of flexibilitycreates problems when rolling the nct on a reel. As analternative, McMurrick says a formerGulf fisherinannick- "We want to work in part- named"Wicho" first gave him the idea of makinga "soft"exc]uding nership with the fishermen to panelby sewing a pieceof meshacross the opening of thecodend at make this a model fishery," abouta 45-degreeangle. He calls his product the "Wicho Tongue" and confirms Hannah, "Not by hassold them to about30 fishermenfor $250a piece,complete with the regulation, but by informa- promiseof free upgrades asways are found to make them more effec- tion, because information is tive. powerful to fishermen." "Theadvantage isthat it canbe easily opened or closed,"says McMurrick,"When you' re in thegreenies, you leave it openand catch them.When you' re in thehake or dogsharks, you closeit." Driscoll,a nearbycompetitor, sells a similarexcluder in meshsizes varyingfrom 3" to 8", "If it'stoo big.the fish go throughit," he says, "and if it's too small, the shrimp don't go through it, The effectiveness of theseseparating devices depends a great deal upon the operator,and as far as the optimumsize is concerned,your guessis asgood as mine," To illustrate Driscoll's point, McMurrick has a Westport,Washing- ton, customerwho swearsby 8" mesh.while two othersthink 5" mesh is best one positionsthe excluderat a very flat angle,the other much steeper.An Astoriafisherman also askedhim to replacea 5" excluder with 3' mesh because he'd heard one of Driscoll's customers had done so weil with the smalleropening, However, it didn't work for him, and he was backthe following week for the5". RonnieRucker operate» out of South Bend, Washington,and has NetmelterOeortie NcMurrlctt left! and hl ~ eon Tlrndleptey e 5" reach beenusing Driscoll's soft panel ercluders consistently for two years. ~ xcluder eewn ln the Intermediate "Themain reason I use them," he says,"is becauseof the largevolume cacti on ot ~ ehrimp Ireerl. Cherlee of hake.I wasmaking 45 minuteto I-hourtows and have so much hake Surnrnerephoto. I couldn't get it up, so I would loseeverything." Ruckeralso experimented by leaving one panel open and the other closed to see how much shrimp he was losing with the excluder, After a series of comparison tests, he concluded his nets were catching the same amountof shrimpeither way. On the other hand, another fisherman tried an excluder for two trips and took it off, claiming he lost 75% of his shrimp. KxclLtder pros and cons McMurrick admits .some fiSherrnenget leSS Shrimp with excluders, but they don't have to 44 Wnv-trtrNvBrCArcrr RXVnorvS: WEST~sr sort thecatch and can have their nets back in the water much quicker.Furthermore, one fisherman told him excluderswould eliminatehis needfor a $20,000 separatingrnachine, while Driscoll believesan excluder can cut costs by reducingthe required number of crew. "Onthe otherband, if we were required to use excluders,"ob- servesAstoria fishermanScott lVIcMullin,"we'4 be facedwith the losson anon-going basis, even in areaswhere there is absolutelyno needfor excluders,So, shrirnpers arereal leeryof havingthis forced on us,and I think rightly so." Nick Rusinovich,who used oneof Driscoll's3" panelsfor the first timethis yearand thinks it' s great, expresses another concern widely sharedamong shrimp fishermen. "l'm fearful that the excludermight be usedagainst us," he says,"so that we can' t

retainour incidental catch of' bottom fish, which is a fairpart of our Bob Discroli right!, Aatortearea gross incoine," netrnaker,shows his "ftsh~e" The coinplaints from Gulf of Mexico fishermen forced to use turtle excluder which allows finfish to excludershave convinced Oregon shrimpers that they want no part of a escape from the cond. The similarregulation, but Hannah doesn't foresee that kind of problem, excludingdevice has provenvery eNective in prawn nets, but may "We don't haveany intentionat this pointof makingfish excluders not work as weil with pink shrimp. inandatory," he explains. "For one reason,we don't haveone that's Charles Summersphoto. provento be reallyefficient, considering how people fish withdouble riggers.For another, we don't have a pressingconservation problem. Butwe' re getting a lotof voluntaryuse of thesethings, and whenever they' re in use, they save a kot of stuff.So, l think we can make the fisheryan even cleaner fishery without forcing anything down anybody's throat," Furthermore,any mandatoryrestriction would have to bepart of a consistent,tri-state policy, accordingto Hannah.However, he notes that Oregonis the only one maintaining anactive shrimp fishery manage- rnentoffice, and any mandatory fish excluder regulation would require agreementwith no in~gerexisting entities in the otherstates. Oregon'sgoal is to contirlueencouraging voluiltary bycatch reduc- "We don't have any intention tion by providingthe industrywith scientificallygathered data on at this point of making fish excludersand their relative effectiveness. "We want to workin partner excluders mandatory," says ship with thefishertnen to makethis a modelfishery," confirins Hannah. Hannah."Not by regulation,but by information.because inforinat ion is powerfulto fishermen.They don' t wantto wasteanything out thcie but they have to makea living. %'e're Justtryiiig to add sometool% to tool chest." Cl

FlsherlesResearch g Development PacificFisheries R &D Ltd1406660 Graybar Road, Richmond, B,C. V6%' l H9, 04!270-6387, Fax:04! 270-2527, Contact: Roti DeSilva. Has beeri involved intesting and underwater videoresearch ofa fiexiblegrid excluder foruse in Canada'sWest Coast shrimp fishery, and has conduct& similar research on halibutexcluders incollaboration withCraig Rose. Dolphin protection A skipper'sinventions are an "extraordinarycontributiann ln 1945,when 21-year-old Harold Medina first took the helm of his father'stuna boat, little did he know that somedayhis technicalinnova- tionswould help steer the fleet through a stormydolphin-bycatch crisis. TodayMedina is offthe ocean but stillinventing ways to reduce dolphindeaths. He hopescontinued progress in dolphinconservation will oneday enable U.S, seiners to returnto the groundsthey pioneered 30 yearsago; the yellowfin-richwaters of theFastern Tropical Pacific ETP!, Since1990, "dolphin-safe" policies have driven the U,S, fleet out of Sy Nick Kronman these waters.~here prime adult tuna closely follow groups of dolphins. Someof theboats have moved into the western Pacific, some have gone out of business.Foreign vessels, mainly from Mexico andother Latin Americannations, have moved into the void left by the U.S. fishermen. Beyondthe reach ol' strict U.S. laws.the international fleet has beenable to keepfishing while skippershone their skill in dolphin protection. Medinaand other California captains are credited with inventing ruost of the techniquesand tools that enablethis fleet to avoid damageto dolphin populations, "Bycatchproblems started when the fleet convertedfroin pole-and- line to purseseine nets in the late 50s," Medina recalls. "That's when skippersbegan setting on schools of porpoiseto catchthe tunabeneath thein.Ii wusmore productive than bait fishing. but manydolphins died." Backdownprocedure with the Harold Carey,former headof the AmericanTunaboat Association INedinepanel eilowe doiphine to ATAh remembersthose days, when up to 50 dolphins perished in a eecepe over the top af the net. Drawingcourteey ot the Inter- sitigleset. "We hatedkilling them,especially since they guided us to the AmerfcenTropicet Tuna fish,"he laments. "Besides, porpoise mortalities meant lost fishing Commieefon. time.

48 WiN-Wiiv Bvw rm Sn.UAcws: Wssr Caasr Adds Augie Felando another formerATA chief "No skipper liked catchingdolphins, but crews werejust learninghow to use purseseines, and they were unskilledin dolphin-release techniques." One important step came in l960, when Anton Meizitich. skipperof a small SanPedro purse seiner,introduced a techniquethat alloweddolphins to escapea fully-pursednet, -Anton developedthe 'backdown procedure'. Every- thing followed from that," Felandosays. The backdovn, he Underwaterphoto of new panel explains,works like this:After a seinenet is wrappedaround a school modification. A'ltaches to the of tuna and the porpoiseabove them!, half the netis pulled aboardand existing Medina Panel in the cinched off. The skipperthen reversesthe boat's main engine and backs backdown channel. Photo taken up. This distendsthe net into anelliptical shape like thatof a rhumb during net trial prior to actual parallelto the vessel.As theboat ugson the gear, water flowing fishingtrip. Photocourtesy of Inter-AmericanTropical Tuna throughthe mesh sinks the corkline on the"thumbnail" apex i end of Commission. the netslightly, allowing dolphins to escape.Tuna, meanwhile, remain captureddeep in the net, In I 961.another tuna. skipper, Manuel Neves, demonstrated the backdowntechnique to hiscrew, and it soonbecame standard procedure throughoutthe fleet, based mostly in San Diego. "The backdownreduced dolphin deaths, but we werestill killing toomany," Medina says. "That's when I noticedthat dolphins fleeing thenet often snagged their snouts in the4,25" webbing lust beneath the corklme.I suggestedwe change to 2" webbingin thatpart of thenel. ro prevententanglernent andcreate a slidethe animals could swim over io escape." ln l97l Medinatested his theory, which proved successfuk "After "Medi'na's contribution was myexperimenr, wecalled a meetingwithseveral skippers, fiveof extraordinary,"says Martin whomthen tried it themselves,"hesays. "Soon, many captains wer e Hall. "He paid for the using it." experiementhimself, seek- "Harold'scontribution was extraordinary." notes Martin Hall. chief ing no grants, patents, or scientistfor the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, a rnulti- awards. He simply wanted nationalbody that moniters the fishery and coordinates effons ro to do what was best for conservedolphins and the tuna resource inthe ETP. "I lepaid f< r ihe experimenthimself, seeking nogrants, patents, orawards. And when ii dolphins and for the tuna worked,hefreely shared with others the exact design and method for industry. " constructingthepanel. Hehad no interest inpersonal gain. and no cia»ri tohis discoveries. Hesimply v'anted to do what was best foi dolphins andfor thetuna industry," says Hall. ByI973, 60% of the 142-boat li.S.tuna fleer emplo!ed theso- calledMedina Panel, and dolphin mortalities dropped to I 5per set. Eventually,folloving exhaustive. tests,the federal "ovcrnment require~ meshsize in thepanel to bereduced to .25".! "Furtherhycatch reductions werethen achieved byeducation. Plu' OgtprrrrPRgriEcno+ 49 fine-tuningof the backdownprocedure and Medina Panel," notes the "Even today,"says Harold IATTC'sHalt, By 1977,he says, dolphin deaths dwindled to three per Qarey, Harold Medfna! set. enjoyssuch standing in the Criticsof thetuna fleet weren'tsatisfied, and neither was Medina. "In1980 I triedsomething new a differentway of hangingcorks in the industry that when he offers apexof the net, where dolphins escape during backdown," heexplains. an idea, everyone listens. "I designeda method of attaching corks with a loopto thepart of the net Theyknow he's bri//iant an takingmost of the strain. This way, instead ofsitting in tight bunches, engineerin fi'sherman's thecorks folded over like hinges, allowing dolphins toescape more clothes." easily." Today,the entire Mexican tuna fleet the largest in the ETP employsboth the Medina Panel and the Medina double-corkline. And dolphindeaths in the10-million-square-mile regionhave dwindled to,5 perset. "Many Mexican tuna fishermen, some of whomare two genera- tionsyounger than Harold Medina, revere him for his technical ad- vancesand sharing of knowledge,"says Martfn Hall, "Eventoday," adds Harold Carey, "Harold enjoys such standing in theindustry thatwhen he offers anidea, everyone listens, They know he'sbrilliant an engineer infisherman's clothes," Inde',Medina i»still drumming upways toreduce dolphin deaths inthe ETP. -We' ve had no major technological breakthroughs inthe past10 years we' ve concentrated mostlyon education andgear HerofttMedfna preparing the panel refinements butrecently webegan experiments witha new dolphin- Ior Inatafletfeninto the test veeaei's sevingdevice," notes Martin Hall. "Again the idea came frotn Harold net. PhotoCourtesy of fnter- Medina." AmerfeenTroplcef Tune "Iwas considering waystoescort dolphins outof the net when it Comm faafon. occurredtom» we could sew a canvaspanel into the apex ofthe backdownchannel.about a foot below thecorkline. Itwould layagainst thewebbing likea solid paneldunng backdown, keepingthe net open "canopies" andcollapses inthe net an'. primary waysdolphins become trappedanddrown!. ltwoufd also force the corkline down and with thehelp of up-wcffing water help usher dolphtns overthe net," 1-'indinganaudience forMcdina's latestcreation wasn'I difficult, "Weliked Harold's ideabecause itwas plausible andinexpensive," says f!aveBratten, anIATI'C senior scientist. "Sowe went toa sailmaker andhad hiin construct a prototype withrip-slop nylon, like the material raincoatsare nude from." IwstAugust, scientists lusted thcnylon p;inel aboard theboat ofan eager!Vfcxican sktppc.'r. "Wecan't claiin success yet.hut initial trials wereenciiuraging," Brattcn says among other things, researchers learnedthatdofphtns shyaway from sonic ciifors hunot others, like hlackl."With fine tuning andpersistence, itniight work." ffit docs, Medina willagain havehelped reduce mammal bycatch in th»3 X!, ton-per-yearXX! ETPtuna fishery. "He'sthekind ofperson who'scapable ofthat," says !faf!. "He knowseveryaspect ofthe fishing operation themast, hespeedboat, thehelm, theengine room. lntuinvely. heunderstands howa nctwil! reacttothe forces ofwind, water, andwaves. To'see' all this without able."complicated IJ equationsand graphs is,like the man himself, remark-

50 Nav-IVevBvcArcN Socvrews: 14'ssrCoxsr From TEDs To BRDs Gulfand Sooth Atlantic shrimp fishermen shift bycatch focus In the-Gulf of Mexico andSouth Atlantic shrintp fisheries, federal andstate officials are trying to avoid a repeatof theacrimonious battle thatresulted over the irnplementatiottof turtle excluder devices TEDs! a fewyears ago. Officials have been moving slowly on bycatch, encour- agingparticipation and making sure shrimpers inthese two regions are informed.For their part, the industry has been working with the scientific andrrtanagement community to develop bycatch reduction devices RD!, Thoughprogress has been made in BRDresearch and development, Sy David Krapf shrimpersare wary of any hingthat will furtherreduce their catch and income.The industryis worriedthat conservationists attdrecreational interestswill pushto closeshrimpittg areas and seasons if fish papula- tiortsdo not rebound,This could lead to pressureto increasebycatch reductionrates percentage of fish released!, It could also lead to more complicatedand expensive BRD requirements, Some background Concernabout bycatch in the shrimpfishery began to gathersteam in the1970s Severalgroups, including conservationists, recreational "There has to be some kind fishermen,and the governmettt, stepped up scrutiny of theshritnp of limited entry," says Ken fishery.Sea turtle bycatch was targeted first and led to TED require- Hinman of the National mentsfor shrimpers.Now it'sfinfish bycatch and BRD rcquiremeiits. Coalition for Marine Conser- Conservationistssaybycatch is oneof theGulf shriinp fishery's vafion. "Bring the fleet more biggestproblems, in partcaused by thefishery's open access that has into line with what the re- led to overcapacityand overcapitalization. Having fewer shrirriperi. source can produce." they say,would leadto reducedbycatch. "Therehas to be somekind of limitedentry," saysKen Hinmaiiof theNational Coalitiott for Marine Conservation."Bring thefleet iuorc into line with whatthe resourcecan produce." Bob Jonesof the SoutheasternFisheries Association says the conservationgroups are just usingbycatch as a rriembershilitool. -A coupleof conservationgroups are credible, but inostarc noi.good." he says."Most just wantto beefup their oigaitirzlionsand don t practice whatthey preach Thev are horrible " The world's shrimperswere ciied asthe top bycatchoffenders in .4 C~lrib

GucF Si,~:Mr 5t publishedbythe1:'' h; ' food' andAgriculture fd pr ardper rganization.l kg Theof target 1 ..S. Southeastwasran k ed ,nth"' with 8 kg 3 o l Aieccn NationalMarine catch.Gulf s"rimp rs' were. lifthat 103lo G lff fish iec bycatch atabout 1 FisheriesService NMF FSt! estimate ' put ' Gu ' ' nilercd snapper, the billionIb,. a y' ' »eludes .1 34 themillionSouth juve»Atlantic, e " th«argeted finfishfi'rre u« o G if&South Atlantic Fisheries Devel- Buta recen.'n indicates y h- that bycatch-to-cate - -tch ratios inthe shrimp opinciltF udat ' crated.. Ratios o f l0 lbsof fish to l lb.of shrim areoften reported by conservation groups. owever, e

Southeast.'o e .. waters revealed a ra 'tioof ' 4 3 to 4 slb . of f, h to I lb. of shrimp ln May1994 NMFS estimated the Gulf ratio at 3.5.. to 1. Some io o- gis'tssay there s riotreii ll y a redfe snapper problem in theGulf andits ,. copulationhasbeen increasing. Another indication th a h yca t ch may be declining are reports that lish diinationsto lood banksfrom shrimpersappear to be down in south Texas."Skippers used to give sacksof fish to poor people,' says Gary

Yllrtlo tteuheo: OleheIIef, conflict a@4 improvement Rebringthe rake of tun]ca in shrimp trawling has been one of the most contentious problems in Pimtatrleartfbherlea. Ftem the Start. the issue has sparked anattitude ofmutual incredulit: fisherruen havehend lt hardto believe the they kill inany turtles; scientists andconservationists havefound it heedto bOQOve artyone could doubt their data. Suchbattle dNerenees overwhat constitures afact permeate thisissue. Shrimpers saythey scarcely eversee tnrthis. rttstch lesscatch and drown them. Scientists saythere are so many shrimp trawlers that, cntrnilaUvaty,theirmilhons ofhours towing nets«re enough tomake even rare encounters addup. In 1990a NationalAcademy ofScienoe studyconcluded thatshrimp trawling inthe southeastern U.S.and theGulf ofMexico is"the major cause ofmorta!ity associated withhuman activities." ThetoO, accordingto the study', armany as50,000 loggerhead turtlesand 5,000 Kemp's ridley turtles drowned annu- «lly.All five species ofsea turtle that occur inU,S. waters arelisted asendangered orthreatened. Monalitieshavefallen dramatically sincethen. For that gain, conservationists credita federal regulationtharbegan requiring shrimpers touse Turtle Excluder Devices TEDs! in1990. Fishermen hadfought tharrulc for years. because theearly devices, designedby the governrtsent, werebulky, potentiallyhammersto deck crews, andletsome shrimp escapefrom the net. Bytheir lights, itseemed a lotoftn+ble iosolve a problem thateven conscientious, conserva shrimpers ion-mindedconsidered overblown.BuiinIhe cnd most accepted theuse ofTEDs asa costofdoing business. Somesetto work improvmg the dcvices. ServiceBynow,have fishermendevclapcd andTEDsgearthat specialistswork reasonably inseveral well:universitiesthey free andthe thereptiles National efficiently, Marinekeep Fisberies most of natctheshrimp,a lot of andun wanteddon't endangerlish from crews.the n«ts. 'Reyare used fromNorth Carolina toTexas, They also elirni- placesTroublethatappearedflared againtoimplicate in Texas shrimp in1994, trawling.when hundreds Authorities ofdeadspeculated turtlesthatwashed a ashore few shrimpers attimes wereand defyingW thelaw.either refusing touse 'KDsor fastening themshutsothe reptiles couldnotescape. the~ever fleet, thecase, sevendenvironmental groupsfiledlawsuits toforce NMFS to crack down harder on eotddestablish, ~~~L 1shtndthatthcinstitutefishery soughtwon't jeopardizea court injunction the turtles, to prohibit B.W.shrimping until thegovernment SZ A'w-WaHrcarm So>.orews: GocwtSourH Amebic The questionis how to solve GrahamofTexas A&M Sea Grant. "From reports I'm getting, there are the bycatch problem without nowcomplaints they don't give the fish away." severelyhampering this QIIgp 4C,'opo~lcimpact valuable fishery. As pave Shrirnpershavea reasonforconcern, Theshrimp fishery isone of Harrington of Universityof thecountry's most valuable. Among U.S, fisheries, shrimp areusually Georgia Sea Grant puts it, firstor secondin value and among the top 10 in volume. The Gulf and the key elements in the SouthAtlantic typically account forover 80% of the U.S. shrimp bycatch solution are "finfish industry'slandings and more than 90% of itsvalue. rieduction,shrimp retention, The$400 million Gulf shrimp fishery accounts for about 75% of all U.S,shrimp landings and 8G% of itsvalue. The South Atlantic's total simple gear, and establish- landingsand value are just a fractionof the Gulf's, For the January- ing industryinvolvement," Septernber1992period, total Gulf landings were over 95 million lbs. comparedtothe South Atlantic's I 1.8 million lbs. The South Atlantic's total value is usually around $40 million. Thequestion ishow to solve the bycatch problem without severely hamperingthis valuable lishery, As Dave Harrington ofUniversity of GeorgiaSeaGrant puts it, the key elements inthe bycatch solution are "finfishreduction, shrimp retention, simple gear, and establishing industryinvolvement." A simple, efficient, and inexpensive BRD that will enablethe shriinp fishery to reduce bycatch by 50% is the Gulf of MexicoFishery Management Council's goal. The objective is to reduce unwantedbycatch while allowing recovery of reeffish, mackerel and groundfishstocks without adversely effecting the Gulf shrimp fishery. Gulfshrimpers will resist any measures that will significantly reducetheir catch and add to theirrecent economic woes, They have beentaking numerous hits in recent years due to adverse weather, regulations,and increased costs. Gulf landings have been dropping everyyear since 1990, and the 1994 take will beworse than 1993's dismal 125 million lbs. Oneway to avoid another TEDs-type conflict is to followNorth Carolina's lead,The stategave its shrimpers plenty of latitudein developingBRDs. As a result,fishermen were more receptive to the devices,especially after they realized they worked. In theGulf and SouthAtlantic, all of theTEDs currently in useand some of thebest- Although conservation engineeredBRDs are based on designs from shrimpers. groups feel 8Rp require- "It proveswhat can happen when there's a cooperative approach." ments should have beenin saysJerry Schill, executive director of theNorth Carolina Fisheries place by now', most are Association."It's the direct opposite of whathappened with TEDs." satisfied with how the re- "TheNorth Carolina plan gave fishermen maximum flexibility to search and developmenthas developFEDs ftnftsh excluder devices!," says Bob Mahood, executive progressed."Everyone is directorof theSouth Atlantic Fishery Management Council. "Nothing being given the opportunity was forced on them," to be part of the solution," Snapper targeted »ys Suzanneludicello of In 1990,the Gulf Councilalso expressed its intentionto reducethe the Center for Marine Con- bycatchmortality of juvenilered snapper by SO'7iby 1993.The three- servation, year delay was to allow the developmentof methodology in co<>perative studieswith industry.The moratorium wa> then extended to 199-1.In a 199l amendmentto the Gulf ReefFish F;shcryManagement Pl:in. the Gulf Co~neiladi>pted a priiposalto reducered snapper hi catchin shrimptrawls by CO~cin 1994,through niandatov usc of BRDi- reductionsin shrimpfishery effort, areaor seasonclosures, or a combi- nation of all three. Harringtonwarms that if thesemandatory reductions inbycatch do notlead to populationrebounds by a prescribedyear, then harsher measuresmay be imposedon shrimpers, Addingto shrimpers woes has been the perception among recre- ationalfishermen that their catches will improveif shrimpbycatch was reduced.Also, conservationists don't wantany moredelays in BRD implementation."We' ve beenconcerned and heard things corning out of theGulf thatthey wantto extendthe exemption moratorium! on bycatch," saysNational Coalition for Marine Conservation'sHinrnan. "I thinkfor theGulf Council to drag their feet on this would be a big mistake." Hinmansays he gets the feeling that Gulf shrirnpers are resistant to theBRDs. "They' ve been supportive of research,but you could look at it asstalling for time." Nycatch Reaearch Program A programto studythe effects of bycatchin theshriinp fisheries of theGulf and South Atlantic and develop methods to reducebycatch was mandatedby a l990amendment to theMagnuson Act. Since 1992, the GulfFoundation hasconducted a shrimp fishery bycatch reduction program to addressthis mandate, Thecooperative four-year program places industry observers aboard fishingvessels to accumulatebycatch characterization data what' s beingcaught! and conduct BRD evaluation and testing. The program involvescommercial shrimp vessels in the Gulf and South Atlantic, coordinatedthrough Texas AAM and University of Georgia Sea Grant, Theprogram has six contractedobservers four in theGulf and two in theSouth Atlantic. As of Nov.I, I 994,the Foundation had logged an estimated950 sea days in conjunction with the observer prograin. Inthe Gulf, the Texas Shrimp Association hasbeen working closely withNMFS and the Foundation onbycatch characterization research andBRD testing. Cooperation hasreportedly been good, Althoughconservation groups feel BRD requirements should have beenin place by now, most are satisfied with how the research and "The possibility of a techno- developmenthasprogressed. "Everyone isbeing given the opportunity logical fixis a lot better in tobe part of the solution," says Suzanne Iudicello of theCenter for MarineConservation. "Rolling up the sleeves i»more important than the shrimp fishery! than a lot pointingfingers. Maybe it's not happening asfast as we like, but I think, of other fisheries." says overall,the notion that you put your best minds and technology to- Hinman. "A/hat'spositive is gether"is workingin theshrintp fishery. the potential to do some- SaysHinman, "The possibility of a technologicalfix is a lotbetter thing to solve the bycatch ,finthe shrimp fisheryj than a ]otof other fisheries. What's posirivc is problem without substan- thepotential todo something to solve the bycatch problein without tially changing the way substantiallychanging the way shrimpers fish." shrimpers fish," Thereis room for improvement, however. Dr. Steven Branstetter, theFoundation's bycatch research program director, says more involve- mentisnecessary. "Onedrawback, onthe fisherman level, is they need a lotbetter education onwhere weare, We are obviously notreaching a largenumber ofvessels. Weneed better outreach andmust get these BRDs on moreboats." Branstettersaysa largeportion ofthe shrirnpers don't even know 54 WvV-WuvBvmrCH SOrirnrXvS; QiaF~rri Armrrno theprogram exists. "A moreintensive effort to reach down at that level is needed." Since1990, NMFS has evaluated S2 BRD designs frotn commercia1 fishermen,net shops, gear technicians, and engineers, And, according to testingdata, several have niet the 50% target with minitnal shrimp loss, Gear mustmeet threecriteria before it will be approved:it must reducebycatch by 50%, shrimp retention must be at least 97%, and it mustnot increase overa11 gear cost by morethan 10%. The two BRDs withthe best potential for reducing juvenile red snapper mortality inthe Gulfare the extended funnel design and the top-position fisheye. Tohelp meet the 50% target, many are pushing for a bycatch reductioncredit for TEDs,Georgia and South Carolina are giving the industrya 23% credit for TEDs. Harrington says it wouldbe a "great disservice"to the fishing industry not to therecognize the finfish exclusionrates of TEDs howeach can be tnodified to increaseor decreasesuch rates and allowan exclusion credit for TEDs,"lt would bean even greater disservice not to letthe general public know of this contribution," As for theprocess, both councils expect to spendall of 1995on the bycatchamendmcnts to their shrimp fishery management plans, Imple- mentationof BRD requirements is expected in 1996.2

Goi.F SrRtMe 55 A PyQrnising CollabQyatiQQ Teamworkenables test of devicefor warningporpoises awayfrom gillnets Fishermen, scientists, conservationists, foundations, and the Na- tionalMarine FisheriesService NMFS! are working togetherto solve one of New England's most glaring bycatchproblems: the entanglement of harborporpoise in Gulf of Mainegroundfish gillnets. This fall, they launchedan extensive$550,000 experiment to documentthe effective- nessof outfittingsink gillnets with acoustic"pingers." Thesealarms are supposed to warn harbor porpoise to stayclear of gillnets.The pingers einit a beeper-likesound siinilar to the one that goesoff whena truckbacks up. By Susan Poltack Background For a decade,scientists have documented a significant incidental takeof harborporpoise, a small marine mammal, in Gulfof Maine gillnets.ln 1990,the kill wasestimated at2,900 animals. Gillnetters havesince cut thi» bycatch in half, but it still exceedsthe limit percentof the population! that, in the absence of definitive research, NMFS considersacceptable for cetaceans. TheMarine Mammal Protection Act calls for reducing bycatch to levels"approaching zero." At press time, NMFS was considering a petitiontohave the harbor porpoise listed as a threatened species. Meanwhile.gillnetters say that new fishing restrictions aimed at cutting downmarine mammal interaction with Gulf of Mainegillnets threaten theirlivelihoods, To make matters worse, from Florida to California gillnettershavecoine under increasing fire;rival sportfishing activists, whocovet their catch, have found it easyto portraythem as the embodi- mentof destructivefishing practices. Gillnettersin NewFngland reckoned they had better prove otherwise,Ted Ames, president ofthe Maine Gillnettcrs As»ociation, says "Either we reduce our harbor heand other fishermen saw little choice; "Either we reduce our harbor porpoise bycatch, or we'I/ be porpoisebycatch, orwe' ll beforced outof business." Withthis in mind, forced out of business, says Amesapproached theNational Fish and Wildlife Foundation for Ted Ames, Maine Gillnetters fundingto put pingers on every Maine gillnet. Association, Ame»'sinitial discussions with Whit Foshurgh, the Foundation s directorof fisheries.was one strand of thisfall's unique collaborative venture.The venture also arose out of di»cussionsamong Maine, Massachusett»,andNew Hampshire gillnetiers, and from the work of PRoMisiivaCoi.~aa~ria~ 57 theHarbor Porpoise Working Group, which comprises fishermen, scientists,conservationists, andrepresentatives of NMFS and the New EnglartdFishery Management Council, PlaQora artive oa tho Icoho New Englandgillnetters did not need to be convinced that pingers areeffective. They had seen the devices used during fall 1992, and faII 1993,at JeffreysLedge in the Gulf of Maine. Those two years, the pmger'sinventor. Ion Lienof Newfoundland'sMemorial University, volunteetedhis time working on a shoestringexperiment with four New Hampshiregillnetters. Lien originally invented the pinger to keep whalesaway from Newfoundland codtraps.! Thechallenge was convincing NMFS that the pingers worked, since thefederal agency, with its responsibility oenforce the Marine Mam- malProtection Act, needed proof that they could be a viablesubstitute forproven measures such as fishtng closures. Explains the Fish and WildlifeFoundation's Fosburgh, "Unless NMFS bought off onthe pingers.we were wasting time and money." The trouble was, Lien's "Fishermenare doing stuff twoNew Englandexperiments were considered statistically insignifi- for us that! they wouldn't cantbecause the sample size was so small. ln addition,NMFS found do for IVMFS,"says Scott faultwith the design of one of theexperiments. Kraus, New England To complicatematters, one of hebest-known early experiments Aquanurn, "We' re in a with a pinger-likedevice was a dismalfailure. In the 1970sthe device wasused to scareaway sealsfrom salmon nets in the PacificNorthwest. relatively good position with Butit didjust the opposite. "ltacted like a dinnerbell," according to regard to both sides to get matrtrnalogistScott Kraus of theNew England Aquarium. Kraus is the this experiment done, and coordinatorof this fall'» collaborative pinger experiment. Like to make sure the results are Fosburgh,Kraus has also served as a bul'ferbetween fishermen and as clean as possible so they NMFS,As outsiders, thetwo nien have helped make possible a venturestand on their own. thatmight not otherwise have gotten off the ground because ofmistrust betweenfishermen and the government. "Fishermenare doing stuff for us that!they wouldn't do for NMFS,"admits Kraus. "We' re in a relativelygood posilion with regard to bothsides to get this experiment done, and to inakesure the results areas cleanas possibleso they stand on theirown," Krausand two other scientists, Dr. AndrewSolow and Andrew Readof theWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, will collect and analyzeall data. NMFS signed off on the design of theexperiment. The experiment'sinvestigative team includes Eric Anderson, president of the Ncw ffampshireCoinrnercial 1'isherrnen's Association, Rollie Bamabyof the Universityof blewHanipshtre Cooperative Extension Service,both of whomwere active in the earlier work with Lien, Also involvedis Dr, Ken Baldwin of theUniversity ofNew Hampshire's Departmentof Engineering. The axperlment TheFish and Wildlife Foundation hasallocated $~~0,000 for the experiment;the money comes from some 530 million in federaleco- nornicassistance toNew England's hard-pressed fishing industry, pyer $Itl0,000of the grant goes toward the purchase ofpingers. ln addiiion tocompensating researchers, thegrant covers a $1,000fuel allowance toeach of the15 boats participating inthe pinger experiment. NMFS hascontributed another $360,000 to cover the cost~ of Idiopercent ttvihl-wiQ BYC4 rett SQLVochls,'ht&V EHGCAND observercoverage onthe 15 boats, Coverage isprovided bythe ManornetObservatory. Dave Potter is the NMFS project liaison. Theexperiment uses what is known as a double-blindapproach, meaningthat neither fishermen nor observers know which nets are alarmedwith active pingers and which ones have dummies. This at first proveda sticking point, says the Wildlife Foundation' s jerry Clark. "Theindustry immediately said'you don't trust us, ' andNMFS was sayingthis was the way things were done." After the fishing industry agreedto the double-blind approach, there were other hurdles toover- coineconcerning the size and placement ofnets. NMFS wanted the nets laidout in a grid,like New York City streets, Kraus recalls. Fishermen strenuouslyobjected. Inthe end, fishermen were allowed toplace the netswhere they chose, but they agreed to spacethem all thesame distanceapart. They also agreed touse groupings oftwelve 10O-foot- longnets hooked together what fishermen call 12-net strings. The pingersareattached inmesh lobster bait bags tothe headropes ofeach net,The pingers themselves arehoused inwhite PVC pipe two inches in diameterand four incheslong. Hope for the feature Forindustry leader Eric Ander»on, this fall's experitnent represents theculmination of several years of persistentefforts to get pingers acceptedfleetwide inNew England. Ever since he first heard about pingersfrom Kollie Bamahy ata HarbourPorpoise Working Group meetingand tried them out himself as a participantinLien's experiment,Anderson haspromoted useof thisgear to reduce marine mammal bycatch. FromOctober 15through December 15, Anderson's boatand the 14 othersin the experiment planned to set pingered nets and have their catchesmonitored at Jeffrey's Ledge, a populargillnetting ground. The experimenttakesplace during the height ofthe fall cod and pollock gillnettingseason, which isalso the period when incidental takes of harborporpoise have been heaviest. Andersonis already convinced ofthe effectiveness of pingers, but hesays this year's experiment could prove once and for alI that pingers are"doing what they are supposed todo." Since gillnets "are the most commonfi»hing gear in the world, the success of hi»experiment has worldwideimplications," saysAnderson. Theproblem ofmarine mammalbycatch isnot unique toNew England, Anderson adds. "It happensallover the world. Togillnetters everywhere, thisexperiment is a rayof hope."Cl New England Groundfish Discards A familiarproblem goes critical as stocks dwindle Likefltshennen elsewhere, New England groundfishermen have thrownaway millions of dollarsof potentialprofits because of high discardsof undersizedfish. Lately, this troubling economic waste has becomea conservationissue as well. High discardsof juvenile cod, haddock.and yellowtail flounder, often before they have spawned, have lessenedtheopportunities forre-building depleted groundfish stocks, accordingto Steven Murawski, head of theNational Marine Fisheries Service'spopulation dynamics branch. TheI 987year class of southern New England yellowtail flounder is Qy $uasrl Pollac'k a casein point.The landed value of thecatch was estiinated at $31 million.Scientist~ estimate that trawlersdiscardedup to 60 percentof whatthey caught that year.Another $52 million worthof fish could havecome out of the l 987 yearclass had it beenhusbanded more carefully.What's more, says Murawski, "a lot of yellowtailwere caught before hey hadspawned even once; it wasdoubly wasteful." The Gulf of Maine's strong I987 year class of cod was also sub- jectedto signiflicantdiscards, particularly at Jeffrey'sLedge and StellwagonBank, The dockside value was approximately $90 million, It wouldhave been double that if notfor discards,calculates Murawski. Discardsalso took a tollon thelast strong year classes of haddock,in 1915 and I978. Rycatchof undersizedtarget species is muchinore of a problemin thetrawl fishery than in thegillnet fishery. Gillnets tend to be more "sizeselective" than trawls. catching fish much closer to targetsize. Thetrawl fishery generates the bulk of theNew England groundfish haul about80 percent, To reducethe waste of undersizedtarget speciesfurther. scientists and fishery managers arenow looking at such thingsas readjusting the relation between minimum fish and mesh size, Forexample, inthe yellowtail flounder fishery, scientists have recotn- meiideddropping heminimum fishsize from 13" to I 2" and requiring theuse of CI /2" or 6" diamondmesh, since diainond mesh allows for hetterescapement ofundersized flatfish than does square mesh. Thediscard prohleni isnot new to the New England groundfish fishery.It hasex»ted for over 60 years, The difference is thatback in I 930,the spawrt tagstock biomass v aslarge enough tosustain high levelsot discards, v bile now "the population isso low that every fish is unportanl, su! s Muraw4 I. Watching the Pot Industryefforts keep New England lobster population healthy Fishermenandconservation groups have locked horns in many areas.but the New England lobster industry isn't one of them. This fisheryoffers animportant !esson inhow fishermen, giventime and the rightcircuinstances, canresolve their own sustainability probleins. Decadesago, long before powerful environmental organizations caineon the scene, far-sighted lobstermen recognized theneed to curb theirjuvenile catch, orelse face dwindling stocks inthe future. One spur toaction was a longperiod during the 1940s when stocks dwind!ed dramaticallyfrom overfishing. Thekey to their success wasthe development andinstal!ation of By GeraldHadder escapebatches forthe lobster traps, which allows young lobsters to coineand go at wil! while retaining theadults. Lobstermen themselves arecredited with inventing and perfecting thedevices. Used voluntarily throughouttheindustry sincethe !950s, escape hatches became manda- toryfifteen years ago under federal regulations. Inshorefisherinen's organizations, suchas the Maine Lobstermen's Association MLA!, played a key role in makmg escape hatches manda- toryby arguing their case tothe New England Fisheries Council, AccordingtoPat White, a long-time lobsterman andexecutive director ofthe MLA, the inshore industry began reforming itself entirely on its own.Lobstermen, hesays, have never had conf!ic with s the environ- mentalcoinmunity. Infact, the MLA and other indu stry orgamzations haveon their own initiative inade efforts toopen lines ol communica- tion withmany conservation organizations. Currentlytheyare in contact with the Conservation LawFounda- tion,keeping thatorganization informedon the work they are doing to sustainstocks byreduc ingfishing, or"effort," inthe region, TheCLF isimpressed. EllieDarsey, staffscientist atthe CLF, says shefirst heardfrom the lobstermen aroundthe time her organization wasgoing afterNew England' s groundfishermen. "Theycalled us up just to !et us knov'what a great jobthey were domg inprotecting theirown stocks," shesaid, "Though wedidn't have any plane whatsoever tocome down onthe lobster industry, itmade a!ot of sense forthem toopen upthese linesofcormnunication. We're not doing any specific work «ith bern atthe moment, butwe sympathize withmany oftheir issues, andat least we're in touch.There is a senseofopenness." Inother bridge-building effort»,lobsterrnen haveworked v ith The inshor eon dustry began MaineAudubon insupport ofthe Clean Water Act. and have h«!ped to refo rrr!ing it self entirely on its make"V-notching" ofpregnant females a federal ! aw.ln V-no ching,a own. smallVis cu into the right back fhpper ofpregnant lohstcr. toalert otherfisher man to return them to the water if rccaught.White csturia«> t»tthere are nov betw«en 8 and 10million V-not«hed "«gger~' inNew England waters. outtive sears ago. Maine fisherman successfu!I> fc gh mandatoryonall lobster traps at i

62 Vkv-Ww Bru ra< Se.tlnows;IttIsw Eiva~o A Bycatch Success Story Nordmoregrate cuts New England shriepers' fish bycatch TheNordmore grate, a finfishexcluder device, is one of thefew virtuallyunqualified successes inthe field of bycatch reduction, The gratehas reduced Gulf of Maine shrirnpers' finfish bycatches by95% withoutsignificantly reducing shrimp catches, according tothe National MarineFisheries Service's fisheries engineering group. This is critical at a timewhen severely depleted New England groundfish stocks are on theverge of collapse. Originallydeveloped inNorway, the Nordmore grate consis of sa rigidpanel of parallel bars consttucted outof either aluminum orhard plastic polye leuc!.hy Working inconjunction witha meshfunnel, the By Susan Pollack grateprevents any hingtoolarge from passing into the codend. Currentregulations mandate that the bars be spaced nomore than oneinch apart, This filters out millions ofpounds ofsmall flounders, cod,and haddock while Pandalus borealis, the small shrimp found in northernwaters, en erthe codend relatively unimpeded. Northern shrimpfishermen havebeen required touse the grate since April, l 992. Likemany of his colleagues, Maine fisherman Charles Saunders, presidentofthe Maine Fishermen's Cooperative Association, wasat firstskeptical ofthe Nordmore gra Todaye. Saunders andmost other shrirnperssupport thedevice, with some reservations, "I think it's a goodthing," says Saunders. "Everybody's working wi hit. We sec the wisdomof usingit," Becausemany shiimpers alsofish groundfish, theyrecognize tha by usingthe grate "we' resaving our future," says Saunders. "Instead of stressingorkilling the future of our groundfish fishery," shrirnpers are allowinggroundfish toescape and grow, he says. Saunderstookpart in NMFS'soriginal l990 and 199 I seatrials withthe Yordmore grate. He found that even small changes inthe positioningofthe funnel andgrate cut down onthe loss ol shrimp. But hesays, fishermen arestill losing some shrimp, a iewv that is widely heldin the fishingindustry. Somefishermen, likeBob Tetrauli of Portland, Maine, another participantinthe sea trials, also report thatthe grate seems tofilter ou thelargest shrimp, causing their catch toconsist ofrnos smaller.lv and lessvaluable, shrimp. Even so, Tetrault suppor the s Nordmore grate. Apartfrom its conservation benefits, thegrate produces better qualt y shrimp,since they' reiiot crushed bygroundfish, hesays. Concerning the "instead of stressing or lossof shrimp, Tetrault isphilosophic. Aslong as everyone elseinust killing the future of our usethe grate, and sacrifice a cer percentageain ofthc catch, hcsays he groundfishfishery," shrimp- has"no problem. It's a levelplaying field." ers are allowing groundfish IohnKenney, AlBlott, and V.E. Volk of the NMFS fisheries to escape and grow, says e~g~neeringgroupconducted thesea trials at th» request ofthe New Maine Ashemtan Charles Engla idFishery Management Council. Arthur Odlin. a councilmember Saunders. andretired fisherman. heard about he u>e of the gra ine Canada and urgedthat it bcbrought toNev, England. Both Canadian andNorwegian BYGATGHSLJccEss SroRv 63 studiesfound a 5% reductionin shnmpcatch with the grate. »t the NMFS studyfound no reduction,reports Kenney. Meanwhile,hydrodynamic work done on the grate by JoeDeAlteris ~ a Universityof Rhodeisland gear specialist,reveals that an adjustme« in thewidth of thebars could result in greatershrimp retention. Since thewater carries the shrimp with it, increasingwater flow through the grateinto the codend could resvh in greaterretention of shrimp,says De Alteris. Sincethe maximum one-inch spacing between the bars is fixed by law,one way to increasewater flowing through the grate is to reducethe diameterof the barsthemselves. says DeAlteris. Reducing the bars from theircurrent hall'-tnch diameter to evena quarterof aninch would allow a greateramount of waterto passthrough the grate rather than pass out overthe top of the net. ln orderto keepthe grate stiff and strong, a reductionin the diarn- eterof thebars would require creating additional reinforcements in the grate.It mightalso be possible to constrtict the grate out of stainless steel,which is stronger than either the aluminum or polyethyleneused today. Makingthe grate work in NewEngland has required work from a lot of players.The fisheries service, conservation engineers, the regional fisherycouncil, fishermen, and the AtlanticStates Marine Fisheries Commission,which regulates Northern shrimp, have all beeninvolved. Althoughthe conservation community was not directly involved in bringingthe Nordmore grate to New England,groups like the Conserva- tionLaw Foundation of New England support the concept of inaking gearmore selective, says Eleanor Dorsey. CLF' s 1isheries scientist. CLF hasbeen actively involved inconserving New England groundfish and is"very pleased to see the success of the grate." says Dorsey, 0

64 W'tv-WiuBvmrc~ Soi.unaws:N~ Evo~o Funding for Fisheries Bycatch Initiatives As fishermen,scientists and conservationists search for newmeth- odsto reducebycatch, the question of howto finance their efforts inevitablyarises. To date, funding for such initiatives hascome largely fromthe federal government, particularly the National Marine Fisheries Service.However, competition for federal funds has become s ifferand thedeficit is bearingdown on nearly all federalprograms. Atthe »arne time,fisheries problems have grown more acute, further outstripping thefederal government's capacity torespond, Fisheries initiatives now requirealternative orsupplemental support. Theseare largely unchartered waters, but the need to enterthem is By Gerald Hadden genuine.Thissection ofthe handbook presents a brief overview of potentialfunding sources and how to approachthem. Theessential steps are easier said than done: develop sound ideas, presentthem professionally, andshow that they have real-world benefits.lt alsohelps to show funders that an idea enjoys broad support amongthe often contentious fi»hing, scientific and conservation com- rnunities.Coali ion-building,agood idea anyv ay, brings more clou to thefunding table. For example, fishermen whocan team up with the scientificcommunity, which already has the personnel tocollec and processdata,and the experience ofworking withgrants, will havea greaterchance ofconvincing afunder thattheir effort» will produce accurate,measurable results. Saltonstall-Kennedy Funds TheSaltonstall-Kennedy Actprovides for a portionot thedu ieson importedseafoods, coral», andpearls tobe allocated forfi»herie» researchgrants. Themoney isappropriated annually byCongre»». and thegrants budget ranges from about $7to lo rnilhon. Ii i» di» rihuted throughtheNational Marine Fisheries Service inthe Departmeiit of Commerce,Propo»als areaccepted from indiv idual citizen». nonprol'its, stateagencies, universities, andother group» intere»ted infi»herics initiatives.Historically, most of the S-K support ha»gone to hefii e regionalfisherie» foundations. butin recent years hi» i.rend has» opped. inpart because allhui two of ihe»e foundation» havefor various rea»ons disappeared.andbecause coinpetition forthe limited funds has grown fierce. FUhlOIIVGBYCArCH IAtrlArtVES 65 Thereis widespread agreement within the fishing and scient'f'c Thereis widespreadagree- communitiesthatgetting S-K funding isa hard, uncertai n prospec s ect.. That rnent withinthe fishingand hurdle,and the memory ofbureaucratic foul-ups thathurt soine recipi- entsin the past, have made many researchers shyof the program scientific communities that Nonetheless,it isthe backbone offederal support fornongovernment gettingS-K fundingisa work in fisheries. hard, uncertainprospect. proposalsshould beconcise, havea specific, focused program that willdeliver good value for the money, and outline a clearvision of the real-worldbenefits ofthe research. Otherwise theyprobably willbe turneddown. Fishing people with ideas topropose canstrengthen thetr handbyteaming upwith university researchers; manyhave experience inworking withgrants andalready have the personnel forgrants administrationand research, Despttethe hurdles, funding for bycatch initiatives does occur, In 1993the Oregon Department ofFish and Wildlife received $149,000 in S-Kmoney torun experiments usingtheNorwegian-developed Nordmoregrateand three other excluder devices inthe West Coast pink shrimpfishery seeCharles Summers' «rticfe."Learning fromother fleets"!.S-Kfunds have also supported studieson methods ofreducing groundfishtrawlbycatch andimproving survival ofincidentally caught fish. Forinfortnation onapplying forSaltonstal1-Kennedy grants,contact thenearest regional office ofthe National Marine Fisheries Service. Smalleuaineaa Innovation Roaearcltt Grants SBIRgrants areadministered throughthe Department ofCommerce andare available annually, Themoney represents a percentage ofthe 1 I federalagencies' extramural researchbudgets workdone byoutside SBIR grants were created organizations,SBIRgrants were created whenthe department decided when the departmentde- thatsome ofthe federal money thatwas going tononprofit foundations cided that some of the shouldgodirectly tosmall businesses, Manyfeltsmall businesses had federal money that was theinost innovative ideas, Thesegrantssupport a longItst oftopics, oneolwhich is:"reducing going to nonprofit founda- oreliminating bycatchfrom net ftsheries." Grantsunder this topic must tionsshould go directlyto beused toreduce mortality ofbycatch, removeby catch from gear, or smallbusinesses. Many felt avoiditaltogether. Thereisabout I lOmillion inthe SBIR pool, butthe small businesses had the moneyis allocated f'or a variety ofdifferent issues,and competition is most inno vafi ve ideas. intense.Nonetheless «llideas are welcome, according tothe SBIR manageratthe Impart incntof' Commerce inMaryland, LeanLaporte. Thepr

70 VV'-LVnv Brow rCH Sm.unatvS' .Fuivaiiva SOuRCES Thisdirectory includes individuals andorganizations whoseknowledge andcornmit- mentare significant inbycatch issues. Theyrepresent sourcesof insight, leadership, scientificassessment, andinfluence. Tlteyinclude fishermen, gearmakers, fisheries managementgroupsandagencies, conservationists, scientists,andscholars. Thislisting doesDirectorynot pretend sectionstobe complete,were compiled byseverai authors; theyhave usually supplied commentaryonthe focus, interests, andbiases ofthe people andgroups listed.As with all opinions,theseserve onlyas reference points.They should betaken asthe opinion ofthe writer,nonecessarily ofthe NFCC, A note onlanguage::"politician" isused toindicate skillin pubhc discourse, notelectoral experience. We've done our best todouble check names, addresses, andphone numbers. But peopledomove, andorganizations dofold. Wewelcoine updatesand wil'1 pass them on. Changes,corrections oradditions may besent toNFCC, Journal Publications, 40%521st Ave.W,, SeattleWA 98199.

Ilorth Pacific IadaastryOroLsys AlaskaseelCrab Individuals Coalition, 3901Leary Way NW, Ste6, Seattle, WA98107, 06!~47-7560. Fax06! 547-0130. Contact;Ami Thompson. Thebigvoice forcrab fisherie! in theNorth Pacific; coalition represents Seattle-based crabboats. Aforce behind shuttingdowntrawl fisheries thisfallin Bristol Bayredking crabareas; generally participatespushestominimizein debates kingovercrabcrab bycatch management in groundfish plans, flsheries.seasonsandACC regulations actively intbe Complied hy NorthPacific Fishery Management CouncilandAlaska's BoardofFish. Attimes a Kryo Nolsnoa keenalliance builderwith conservation groups.A goodresource forcrab info. an importantpartofthe coalition-building process. AhaskaDraggersAssociation, P.O.Box991, Kodiak, AK996 lS, 907! 486-39 I 0,Fa> 907!486-6292. Contact:Al Burch. The Kodiak dragger fleet including!orne potfishermen! carnebackfighting, afterthecrab collapse ofthe late 1970!, for developmentofshore-based groundfish trawling. Waryof anti-trawl mentality.. they'rethe ones whobrought homethebacon toSouthcentral Alaska.Workingto protecttheirfisheries fromthemuch largerfac tory trawler!; closelyallied with AlaskaGroundfish DataBank, Burch also isa long-tiinedirectorvfAlaska FishericsDevelopment Foundation,has been onthe North Pacific Fisheries ManagementCouncil'sAdvisory Panel; considered a deanofthe Alaska drag AittskaGrouadfishfleet. DataBank, P.O. Box 948, Kodiak, AK99615, 907!486-3033, Fax 907!486-3461. Contact:Chris Blackhiir. ChrisBlackburn hasheragenda- a fierceadvocate ofKodiak-based groundfishtrav1 fleet butshe's always gotsolid Nonm Pxciec 7t oodnumbers, and a well-thaughtprogram. Data-gatherer, advocate, hardballplayer for shore-based interests in tthe e cornpecorn titioni ' with at-seaprocessors andfactory trawlers, Deep e l y involvedinvo v ini .; Council process; if ' anyou want i s rt, starthere. Suspicious of environmenn ists and d theirh num rs; ists'word for it either.Fierce opponent of IFQs; fought f or r "Inshore/Offshore," s ore, an allocationplan that reserves a share o e arves shorebasedgroups. Helping coordinate a 1995 bycatch con ference,

AttsericanFactory Trawlers Association, 4039 2l stAvenu venueW, Ste.400, Seattle,WA 98199,, 206!285-5139 Fax 06! 285-l84L Contact:Joe Blum, John Gauvin, . AFTA bea politicalpowerhouse. Focusing thisyear ear onbon y catch inthe rock sole fishery, which has high discard rate; aim to increase retention o h.C t aninformation clearing house tofax hotspot data to vessels on e grounds;working forfleetwide voluntary closure ofhistorically ighyc areas.Also looking atwhat drives discards regulations vs.economic gain!in each fishery,Strong advocates ofan ITQ system forgroundflish, inc' cludinu i g tradeable bycatchquotas, AFl'Aisalso looking intopotential forvisual monitoring equipment toassess ath volumemoteaccurately andquickly thanscales. Works with consultants, otherindustry groups, gearsuppliers, andthe scientific coinmunity. Ti takingtherap for all the evils committed inthe North Pacific. industry-funded by l2factory-trawler membercompanies. Willshare technical information; staffis opentodiscussion andcooperation withother organizations, AlaskaLoagHne Fisheratett'a Aissoclatioa, P,O.Box l 229, Sitka, AK99835, 907! 747- 3400,Fax 907! 757-3462. Contact: LindaBehnken, Thisgroup ofAlaska-based smalllongliners funder60'! pushed forownership capsand minimuin quotasize in theJFQ program; hascampaigned hardtoevict trawlers fromsome rockfish areas. Themain mouthpiece forsmall fixed-gear vessels;not always allied with other longlinegroupsin Kodiak, Petersburg, etc.Often pitted against trawlers inthe bycatchdatawars; al»oworking toimprove dataandreduce bycatch inits own fleet,Opposes proposalsto let trawl boats keephalibut bycatch anddonate itto f'oodbanks;also opposes 1FQpropo»al» thatwould allow trawlcrs abycatch quota forhalibut, Sometiines contentious,can bea force forchange. DirectorLinda Behnkensitson the North Pacific Council, BerltigSeaFlshermett's Association,725Christensen Dr.,Anchorage, AK9950l, 907! 279-65l9,l'ax 907! 258-6688. Contact:Henry Mitchell. Thevoice forsmall- boatfi»hermcn incoastal Western Alaska; helps Western Alaskacommunities fightfortheir»hare ofthe fisheries. Now monitoring salmonbycatchin CDQ fishcrie».Scrappypublic advocate survivingonless andless state funding. Active inlocal andfederal politicsand management process;conservation-oriented. onBSFAinteractioni» ihe authoritybetween oncoastalandWestern Alaskahigh-seas small-boatfisheries fisheries; and effects also ofknowledgeablemanagement cate»prograinsforWesternon coa»ia! Alaska.villages. MitchellPolitically wa» adeft; Councilnot afraidmember ofcritics;until 1992;tireless a advo-primary architectofthe Community DevelopmentQuota CDQ!program CDQsareset- salmonasidesofinterceptionfish l'orAlaska and, Nativelater,saimon communities!; and hemngan earlybycatch warriorby trawl against fleet. high-seas; DemittgCowles,l050Thomas Jefferson St.NW, 6thBoor, Washington, D.C.20007, North02!333-lPacific 617,fisheries Fax 02!issues; 342-5703. strong onAWestern D.C.lobbyist/attorneyAlaska perspective; active activeinnumerous in 72 LVvv-H/evever~ Sot oTlolvs:Magnuson REsovRcksAct reauthorir~ion, Marine MammalProtection Act, etc, Works with severalindustry groups and Alaskan cornmunitrnmuni ies; g ood sourceof information aboutthe politics and process onthe federal level. DeepSea Fishermen's Unionof the Pacific, 5215 Ballard AveNW, Seattie, WA98107, 06!783-2922, Fax06! 783-5811.Contact; John B . Th U halibutcrewman, primarily, andnegotiates forthetn with owners; also works closelywith Fishing Vessel Owners' Association {thee owners'owners group!ro !on mutual issues.Cooperated withFVOA inapproaching thequestion ofhow the halibut/ lackcodIFQprogram should address crewmembers' eligibility. Bruce ischair- manofthe Advisory Panelto the North Pacifltc Council; hasbeen involved and fairlyinfluential inmany fishery management issues. DeepSeaTravriers Association ofBritish Coltnubia, Umt2,11771 Horseshoe Way, Richmond,B.C, V7A 4V4, 04! 275-6944, Fax04! 275-6949. Contart: Doug March.Represents 53trawl vessel owners average 70',largest is152'!. Used to workoften with trawlers inAlaska, Washington, andOregon, until200-mile limit established;notmuch contact since.Frequently cooperates withInternational PaciflcHalibut Commission andCanada's Department ofFisheries andOc s 0! conductingon-boardresearch of harvest techniques andgear modific lion.. DFesignedtoreduce halibut bycatch. Cooperative spiritisstatting tolose steam, dthough,asissue becomes morecontentious. Reluctanttohelp researchers collect informationthatwill later beused against theirown group; fearhalibut bycatch caps.Wantto be part ofsolution; veryinvolved; consuuctive; theplace tostart in buildingB.C. trawl fleet consensus. FisheriesConservation ActionGroup, P.O. Box 135, Kodiak, AK99615, 907}486- 3781,Fax 907! 486-2470. Contact:Linda Kozak. A coalition ofabout 15fisher- iesassociations gearandprocessor associations, CDQgroups, etc.! formed to keepindustry movingonthe bycatch issue,Members conveneatNPFMC meetings,chartprogress ofbycatch-related programs,sometitnes testify asa group, urgeCouncil topursue bycatch measures, Coalition provides anopportunity for cooperationwithin the industry. FishingVesselOwners Assoc., 232, WestWall Bldg., 400520th Ave W, Seattle, WA 98199-1290,06!2844720, Fax06! 283-3341. Contact:Bob Alverson. Alversonisformer NPFMC member; currentlychair ofthe committee analyzing HarvestPriorityand FullRetention/Full Utilizationproposals. Sharp, respected, fairlyinfluential representativeof Seattle-based longliners mostlycatcher boats; somelonghistory;freezer/longiners isone ofthethat moretarget reasonable, halibut, blackcod, even-handed gray organizations.cod!.The FVOA Alverson has a haschampioned a numberofallocation and bycatch-reducing effortsthathave survivedtheCouncil process andbecome policy. Halibut3413,AssociationFax06! of North324-7590. America,Contact; P.O, ShariBox Gross.20717, OneSeattle, oftheWA few98102.coastwide {206!{U.S.325 andB.C,! industry groups.Hands-on group workingeffectively to generate good science,on-the-grounds experiencereducingtrawl bycatch of halibut, Goal:reduce bycatchniquestobyreduce50%. halibutHelped mortality; IPHC studyGross aboard wenttrawlersaboard testingthe F/Tgrid-sorting!Vnrthern Claci tech-erto studyhandling/sorting technique~andhelpfigure ways handling requirementscan halibut;bewriuen workforistrawlersbased onofdifferentgood science, configurations, solidexperience, Strong andforcerealisticforprotection goals; goodof depthIPHC,ofNMFS,understanding Fisheries ofConservat.ion industry, WorksAction oftenGroup, with Greenpeace,other fixed-gear other groups.organizations, /}/otterP~ciie 73 RonHegge, 2431 Seabring Circle, Anchorage, AK99516, 907! 345-8212/8213. North PacificCouncil member, longline fisherman. Known for rating reason over rheto- ric.Supportive of IFQs for blackcod/halibut. Conservation-minded; anindepen- dentthinker; good source of informationarid ideas, KodiakLongline Vessel Owrters Association, P.O. Box 135, Kodiak, AK 99615, 907! 486-3781,Fax 907!486-2470. Contact: Linda Kozak. A groupof 17mid- to large-sizedIougliners and crab boats that fish the Gulf and Bering Sea. Active in MagnusonAct reauthorization hearings, pushing programs before the Council; an importantgear group to consider when building consensus. Also can be helpful in gatheringinfo about the fleet. KLVOA's primary focus is political/management; alsogathering information for members.Some members also active in theAlaska CrabCoalition. Kozak is 1994president of FisheriesConservation Action Group. LGL ResearchAssociates, 4175 TudorCentre Drive, Ste. 101, AnchorageAK 99508, 907! 562-3339, Fax 907! 562-7223. Contact:Steve Davis. LGL is involved in GeographicInformation Systems/computer mapping research with potential applicationto fisheries:identifying bycatchhotspots, etc. Hasconducted other fisheries-relatedresearch. Davis was deputy director of theNorth Pacific Fishery ManagementCouricil for ten years; works with the Universityof AlaskaAnchor- ageobserver training program; wrote a runningcolutnn oti bycatchissues for PacificFishing for a while,Contributes a grand historical knowledge of the industry.Was involved infisheries management during development andAmeri- caniza ionofgroundfish industry; very articulate. In a goodposition to lead/ administerresearch work, coordinate interdisciplinary efforts, guide conferences, A valuable resource, RickLauber, 321 Highland Dr., Juneau, A K 9980], 907! 586-6366, Fax 907! 463-5298, ConsultanttoPacific Seafood Processors' Association andchairman of the North PacificFishery Management Council. Experienced, professional, usually a voice ofreason onthe Council. A good resource or' information andconsensus-buildittg. NaturalResources Consttltants, 405521st Avenue W,Seattle, WA98199, 06! 285- 3480,Fax 0683-8263. Contact: LeeAlverson, MarkFreeburg, SteveHughes, Theseguys are information onwheels. Private consultants; they'vebeen research- ingthe North Pacific fisheries forlonger thanmost companies havebeen fishing. NRChas published a library ofreports, analyses andstudies, inostavailable tothe public.Authors ofGtnhal Assessment ofFis/ieriesBycarch andDiscards, pub- lishedthisyear by the Food and Agriculture Organization FAO!ofthe United Nations,iiicluding coniprehensive information onworld 'd b h 1 i 'erent methods ofreducing diicards, asectoral analysis ofdiscards withcase .ituiei, impacti fromecological/biological/economic andsocio-cultural perspectives,and an outline ofthe evolution offish policy relating tob c h dd vai a eas r/t 9 V »R Alioaiialyzed different technologies audmethod f ed eringAlioSea;uid- .. Gulfof Alaska fisheries. NRC ie ok sp orreducing ' bycatchin the wor s wi h pprivate clie - rygroups, researcli organizations, universities, and individuals.Alvcrson, whobriefly headed thepredcce" ssort ot h e Vi atiouaI MarineFish ish Serviceiian mflueuttul igurein ivor ' Id f is h eries .'science aitd oolic,ic con governmentsaud entrep u s H. wa a k Fh -sM, . F North P aclficFIsherles Associatiott, P.O.Boxox 796 6,Homer,H AK, 99603, 907! 235-6359. Contact:Drew Scalzi. Thee NNPFAs rnernbershipisa cross-section ofthe local Homer-basedfisheries:primarily fixed gear and pots; s, haven't aven t beenn bi big players la in managementissues, but do oco contributeina constructive way,Su pport iveo f IFQ wou s ut out or disadvantage sy stem alibut/blackcod; for h wary ofprogratns thatwould shut thelocal small-boatfleet. NorthPacifk l.ongline Association, 42092ls .t ve,.A,. S te., .300, . Seattle, WA 98199, 06! 282-4639,06!282-4684. Contact: ThornSmith, Association forinedabout 991for freezer longliners whoprimarily targetcod; with a shorthistory inthe fishery,theseboats hopeto protect theirfuture access. Propo t f ll a uti ycatch socod fishermen canstay active: waryof programs designedto shutgroundfish fishermenout ofthe picture. Politically active,fair'ly effective. NorthwestFoodStrategies, 600Erickson AveSte.395, Bainbridge island.WA98110, 06!842-3609, Fax06! 842-5058, Contact:Tuck Donnelly, Donnelly, a formertrawlfleet manager, hasestablished thefirst program thatpicki up bycatch salmonfromtrawlers anddistributes itto food banks, Thefuture ofthis project i» uncertain,butDonnelly continuesto contribute a conitructive voicetothe queiiion ofhow bycatch fishshould beused. Reasonable, creative,coniervation-minded. doesa good jobofreminding theNorth Pacific fisheriescommunity that iti primaryservice isfeeding thenation. PacifkAssOciates, 234Gold Street,Juneau, AK 99801, 907! 586-3107. Fax19071 5ttti Pribilof1001.Contact;island CommunityLarry Cotter. Development Fisheries consultant,Assoc, CDQmanager group!. of theAuthor Aleutian of Dist «r.ti inthe Groundfish Fisheriesofthe Bering Sea/Aletitiart IslancfsandthrGulf httca! fiih for probo;iti e.i. thatfromdeliveredtheviewpoint to shore-based offull utihzation.processing Often plants;alliedactivewith incatcher-boat hycatch iiiueigniupi;indeipcci;illi coastalpolitical,communities;legislative,and usuallymanagement-oriented. pitted againstfactory Funded trawlhyfleet. processorI-ocui iimemheri.priniari'Ii someregulationsdata-gatheringthat endupresearchbecoming relatingallocaiioni toconstituenti' to at-gaea intereiti.operatori, Warytough offlghteri1'iihery 1'iir PeninsulaonshoreMarketinginterests. Assodatton, P,O.Box 248,Sandpoint, AK 99661, 907i 31!3-36tyt!. Faxsula communities907!383-5618. KingContact:Cove,BarbaraSand Point,Wilion. th» A'leutiani Wilion repreicntiBait Borough! Alaska and Penin-their fishermen,Activeinbattlemost'ly overseiners FalsewhoPaii also i;timonuie jig!, fisheriei poti. and which thc intercept iiccaii, Fax06! 632-6762. Contact:Wally Pereyra. Pereyraisa Ph.D.in fishery management,formerbiologist for National MarineFisheries Service;now owns a forfactoryreason trawlingandgoodcompany science activeon theinNorth Bering Pacific SeaandCouncil, international contributing fisheries.to theA voice rationality,searchforsolutionswell respected. thatwon't bankrupt thefleet. Consistent inhis logic and QueenAnneFisheries, Inc.,l 9398th W,Seattle, WA98l 19, 06! 284-9158, Fax06! 282-6l75.Contact:Mark Lundsten, Lundstenownsand operates thelongliner F/VAfasoriic, andison the Advisory Boardofthe NFCC. Hewas an architect of buildingtheblackcodfleet andconsensus.halibut IFQCoodprogram, forideas, Respected, action, perspective, smart, a helpfulness.greatresource Conser-ifyou' re invation-minded goodscience. andwilling totalk, but wary ofenvironmental crusades;interested SabnonResearchFoundation, 8005th AveSte. 131, Seattle, WA 98l04, 06! 624- track5950,fleetwideFax06! reduction 624-5469, ofContact:salmon bycatchJoeSullivan. among Industry trawl catchergroup boatswascreatedinthe to time/areaBeringSea,closures.withaTheir focus onl individual994projects include:vessel!accountabilityFeedback program rather thanworkedfleetwide with programmerstodesign softwareto track tow-by-tow bycatchlevelsand alert trackskippersbycatchofhotspotslevels andonthefax grounds; them to thecompiled fleet; heldprocessors'town-hall deliverymeetings datawithtohelp focusskippersontosalinoneducate stocktheidentificationfleet and facilitate todetermine better communications.originof the bycatchFuture harvest.workwill levelsSRF $20isf'undedper Chiiiook by self-assessmentsharvested; $5perpaid churn!, bytrawlers Board accordingincludes fishermen,io their bycatch tives.biologists,industrygroups,Community Development Quota COQ!representa- HaroldSpark,Box267, Bethel, AK 995S9, 907! 543-3409, Sparkisa Western Alaskan Panelfisheriesroihcconsultant, North Pacificpart-timeCouncil. commercialChampion fisherman.of salmon andbycatchmember reduction, oF the Advisory conservationissuesimportant io loca! Natives; usuallyvalues environmental over economicconcerns.Known as;ibull-terrier f'or issues important tohim andhis f'ighterWesternespeciallyAlaska region;when he'sdefinitely thc underdog. a force,soinctimes extreme, butastalwart UnitedCatcherBoats, 1900W Emerson, Ste212,Seattle, WA 98l99, 06! 282-2599, basedFax282-2414.trawlers, aboutContact: 50members,Brent Paine, ledDaveby aFraser. reasonable Shore-based directorwhoand wasmothership-a fortner 75 lttriiv-t%aBvc~rceSotvrioNs: North PacificRFsoviicssFishery Management Council NPFMC!staff member and bycatch pointinan,These are thesmaller catcherboats; theywant individual vessel incentives,favorIFQsystem ardprograms thathold individuals accountablefor cieanfishing. Activein fishery manageinent andpolicy processes, waryofthe trawl-bashingtrend;veryactive with Sahnon ResearchFoundation, a trawl industrygrouptoreduce salmonbycatch, UCB canprovide information onthe effectwillingoftofishing share information,practices, workablegivetalks,gear andmodificatiotls,work withotherpolicy groupsdevelopment;or individuals. FundedFraser,bymembership UCB's president, dues. is a trawler,former chairman ofthe Advisory Panel tothe NPFMC. Hassponsored anddeveloped several approaches tobycatch issues:Firsttopropose individualbycatch accounts; help d develop "pnalty b.x" conceptforindividual incentiveprogram; strong advocate foi IFQs. Works hard isrespected throughouttheindustry. A talented leader,goodresource forcpnsen sus-building;definitelya contact point fortrawl-related bycatchproposals. UniversalPlans,Inc.,2839 14th Street W, If401, Seattle, WA98119, 06!281-8643, Faxbycatch06!as 282-9824.one ofthe pivotalContact: issuesMary inSuethe Lonnevik.survival ofAthe fisheries;geardesigner decided whoseestodo whatshecould toresearch availableinformation worldwideonbycatch prevention,gearmodifications, fishingtechniques. A goodresourcefor international technicalinformation onbycatch issues; can share international research. Lonnevikisprimary orgamzer of the "Bycatch Reductionand Environmental ImpactWorkshop," scheduledforSeptember 1995 inSeattle, WA, a conference focusingongear modifications andfishing techniques toreduce bycatch. Also an advisorto NFCC. WesternAKAlaska99501, Fisheries 907! 279-6519,Development Fax Association,907! 258-6688. 725Contact:Christensen Karl Dr.,Ohls.Anchorage An asso- ciationofWestern AlaskaCDQ groups working tohelp assess anddecrease bycatchNowcompilingainong CDQdocumentationfishing companiesof the bycatchcatching recordgroundfish allbycatch in the speciesBering includ-Sea. ingNMFShalibut,extrapolated herring, salmon,bycatch data,redking and crab'!identifying of the CDQproblem fleet,areascorrelating and potentia'I it io solutions,Cooperateswith stateand federal agencie~,other industry groups, and cornmuintiesofWestern Alaska.Funded primarily by self-assessment paidby YankeeCDQFisheries, groups.6988 SWAbalone, SouthBeach,OR 97366, 03! 867-6143I265- 9317,andguidingFax 03'!light 265-4557.tothe seafood Contact; industry.Barry He'sFisher. an amazingFisher issourcea retiredof fishermaninformation ideas,perspective, energy,andgoodsense. He represents MidwaierTrawlers Cooperative,1992,andisanwas advisor a co-sponsor to the NFCC;ofthe Nationalwidely activeIndustry infisheries Bycatch managementWorkshop in and conservationproblems,Helpeddraft legislation, designfisheryrnanageinent p'lans. andwrite Magnuson Actlanguage, has advocated fornumerous programs and planamendments. ReaearcWNanalesnentlOevemmentAiaskaDepartment ofI'ish & Game, p.O.Box25526, 3uneauAK 99802-5526, Com- rnercialFisheriesManagement & Development, 907!465-6112. Fax 907! 4"- 2604.Contact: EarlKrygier. Managesal} near-water fisheriesandimplements the commercialcrabfisheries management programfornear-shore andoffshore wa'ers offAlaska, Participant inthe Council process, auihors ofihe Full Retention/Full lite PAcJFt Utilizationproposal now before the Council. They publish bycatch/discard reports compiledfrom NMFS observer data, focusing ondiscards oftarget species, Currentagenda: Protecting red king crab in Bering Sea from groundfish fisheries; settingbycatch caps for churn and chinook salmon in groundfish trawl s. Also pushedfor requiring trawlers to ineasuretotal catch weight, rather than just back- calculatingfrom products produced; pushed for minimummesh size for codendsin Pacificcod, rock sole, and pollock fisheries. ADFkG Conunissioner Carl Rosier sits on the North Pacific Council. ADFkGbeginning to chart data on marine inammal and seabird interaction andhow high-seas fisheries affect them; also manage the state's subsistence fishingand huntmg activities a resourceuse extremely valuable to thepeople of Alaska,Primary objective is long-terinmaintenance of resources for continueduse by Alaskaresidents. AlaskaDepartment of Fish dkGame, interltational Fisheries, 907! 465-6135, Fax 907! 465-20l4. Contact:Dave Benton, Bentonis the state'spoint man on the NorthPacific Anadromous Fish Commission, the internationalauthority respon- siblefor anadromousfish protection on thehigh seas. !ncludesU.S,, Russia, Canada,Japan, and other Pacific Rim countries,!He' s alsoworking on other internationalfisheries issues, such as agreements to controlpollock fishing in watersoutside national jurisdiction. AlaskaFisheries Development Foundation, 508 W SecondAveSte. 212, Anchorage, AK 99501, 901! 276-7315, Fax 907! 271-3450. Contact: Chris Mitchell, Paula Cullenberg,One of thefew fundinginstitutions in thecountry skilled at identifying promisingapproaches to fisheries problems, including bycatch. AFDF admin- istersfederal research dollars and money froin other donors to developnew technologies,seafood products, markets. Has sponsored trawl meshtests to minimizeundersized pollock catches; gear-related halibut bycatch tests, On l 995 agendais study of survivalof undersizedpollock that slip throughtrawl mesh, tf NMFSdoesn't shut off Saltonstall-Kennedyfunding first. Buildsnetworks be- tweenpeople, companies, agencies, labs, equipment makers. and government, Fundedprimarily by Saltonstall-Kennedy program, periodically by Alaska Science8r. Technology Foundation and other grantors. A SOl c nonprofit,the foundationwas created to serveas fiscal agent/administrator for fisheriesrelated R&D.Also has capacity to administerprojects for otherdonors. Board of directors includesNorth Pacific lishermen, processors, and two at-large members. DepartmentofFisheries andOceans, Offshore Division, 555W HastingsSt., Vancouver,BC V6B 503, 04! 666-9033,Fax 04! 666-8525,Contact: Bruce Turris,Barry Ackerman. Control central for groundlish management off British Columbia.Turris is overall groundfish coordinator, anarchitect of B.C.'s halibut IndividualTransferable Quota ITQ! program, and the man in charge ofbycatch controlmeasures in groundtish t isheries. Ackerrnan oversees the nn-board observerprogram Bycatch caps on trawl fisheries start phasing innex year. Turris overseestrawl and longline advisory groups put in place to keep industry involved in capsand other measures. InternationalPacificHalibut Commission, P.O.Box 95009. Seattle. WA98145-2009, 06! 634-183g,Fax06! 632-29g3.Contact: Steve Hoag, Bob Trurnbie. The halibutclearinghouse forthe North Pacific. Sets policy for and oversees commer cial,sport, and ceremonial halibut fisheries coastwide inboth U.S. and Canadian waters.Has been writing fisheries management policyand conducting marine researchinthe North Pacific since the 1920s,' every year conducts numerous ?8 Wiv-Wis B~cATCH Sol.UTlolvs: REsoURcEs projectsrelating to habitat, biolo ogy,fish behavior, population dynam i cs, .and b ycatch-relatedissues.. OneOneOne: recent project: grid-sorting - uce tored hal tb utmortality on trawls,lPHCscientists haveworked closely withfishermen, manaement and f havior,bycatch mortality levelsin the different fisheries'es, gear mod'f i ications, yzingobserver datatohelp determine bycatchpa t erns erns and inter-species anal zin es i tt cn relationshis ips,s, anand hei ping in fishermen improvethe survival chances ofhal bu ak as bycatch.Thecommission fundsoutside research too:supported ilotobserver a erso as a andBC;often works withuniversity researchers tutic s iesconducted bymany other agencies andorganizations. Fundedjointlyby the studiesU,S.and conCanadian governments; dedicatedtoconserving Pacifichalibut stocki and maintainingthehealth ofhalibut fisheries. itsmanagement policieshelped resur. recthalibut stocksafter collapse inthe 1930s. TheCommission itselfhassix members,threefromeach country. Annualreports, research paperi, andscientilic reportsareavailable. Callforhistttricai andcurrent information, science,manage- mentpolicy, andperspective onhalibut bycatch issues. NationalMarineFisheries Service, P,O,Box 21668, Juneau,AK 99802-1668. 907!sttf- 7228,Fax 907! 5S6-7131. Contact:SallyBibb. Bibb, an economist inAlaska regionalFisheryManagementoffice,analyzes Council programs counterpartproposed to orJoepromulgated Terry at N'MFS by North inSeanle!, Pacilic Part ofthe team analyzing HarvestPriority and FullRetention/Full Utilizationpro- grams,whichthey'dCangivebehelpful;economic hasperspectiveaccess tomound» on how programsof mformation would aboutwork,Council-degree to generatedbycatchprograms. Fair, intelligent, a realcontributor. NationalMarineFisheries Service, AlaskaFisheries Science Center,76 Sand NPoint Terry.Way,Seattle,Terry,WAan NMFS 98115-0070. economist, 06! plays526-4253,an integralFax role06! in 526-6723, omit ofthe Contact analyvei Joe andNorthimplementationPacilic Fishery proceisesManagement offishery Council. managementDeeply involvedproposals inthai limned gothroughentry the programdiscussionanalypaperssesandonbothallbycatch Harvest proposaliPriority andputFullforward Retention/Full by theCt>unc Utilizattonil, Wr

eamanis ana a's scientific advisor tothe In ernationalPacl 'I Ic a i ut Conirnission;in char gee o of researchingre . halibut bycatch and m rt I . trawl fishenes. eo re o aityin 80 Wiv- Pl i B!'"~iB>OA' n SoLonoAS:REsovRCES PacificStates Marine Fisheries Commission, 45Southeast 82nd Dr., Ste. 100. Gladstone,OR97027, 03! 650-5400,Fax %0t! 6CO-5426. Contacts: Dave anson,Randy Fisher. The PSMFC hasa non-votingseaton the North Pacific Council.One of theregional commissions setup p pprimari 'marily asa centerfor fisheries dataand statistics, ThePSMFC publishes thePacFin in reportsre .' 1ong bltables . of catch data,by species andfishery, used inmanagement andresearch!, fundssoine researchprojects; canprovide goodinformation aboutfisheries levels, interactionv. etc.Staff was active ina seriesofmeetings toidentify shared goals offishing and conservationgroupsfor the recently reauthorized MarineMammal Protection Act SenatorTedStevens, U.S.Senate, Washington, D.C,20510, 02! 224-3004. Faxt202! 224-2354.Contact: Trevor McCabe. Sen.Stevens isa senior member ofthe CommerceCorrunittee andakey player indebate overreform andreauthortzation ofthe Magnuson Act;co-sponsor ofreauthorizat ionbill that includes aHarvest Prioritysection withspecific datesfor meeting bycatchgoal»; would givealloca- tionpreference tovessels that demonstrate "clean"fishing. Thebill would make harvest-priorityanoption inmost fishing region~ butmandatory inthe North Pacific,Contact McCabe formore information abouttheMagnuson reauthoriza- tionprocess and status ofrelated bills. ClemTNion, P.O.Box 6409, Halibut Cove,AK 99603, 907!296-2207, Fax 907l 296 2203/2261,Tillionisfishery advisor toAlaska's Governor Hickel,pundit tothe seafoodindustry, andaninfluential member ofthe North Pacif~c FisheryManage. mentCouncil, He'salong-time Alaskafisherman andaforce to be reckoned with infishery management issues,A potent advocate forIFQs. Pro-Alaskan, pro- longlinegear;notafraid tosay what hethinks. Politically irrepressible. certainin hisviews. Highlyrespected thoughnot always popular! amongallies and foes alike.Creative, radical, wise, tough. UniversityofAlaska, Fishery Indttstriai Teehttology Center, 900Trident Way,Kwfiak AK99615, 907]4g6-1500, Fax 907! 486-1540. Contact:Chris 8ublitz. The UniversityofA'laska's fishR&D center. Conducts technologydevelopment, productdevelopment, qualityandmicrobiological researchprojects.Bublitz ivan authorityonway s decreaseto flatfishbycatch intrawl gear and to reduce catches physiologicalofunder-sized studiespollock;tofocusenhance has fish/gear been fishinteractions,behavior inundresponse tests to determinetrav 1 gear.t'Iie effectivenessFITCproducesof trawl a gear lotofmodifications.information ona smallbudget funded by various Sa!tonsta}l-Kennedygrants,SeaGrant programs, andfoundation pro~cutstgei. withverylittleindustry,funding other fromuniversities.University SeaGrant,itself!.StalfNMFS,ol' scientists and Alaska works FisherievextensivelyDevehip- FisheriesinentResearchFoundation. Institute, University ofWashington SchoolofFisheries. %'ll-1 ! DanSeattle,Erickson.WA 98195,A 06!majorresearch543-4650, group Faxin06!the North 685-7471. PacificCand act:, Box 101 145, Anchorage, AK 9951 0, 907! 277- 5357,Fax 907!277-5975, E-mail:[email protected]. Contact: Scott Highleyman.A statewide marine conservation group; bycatch is a topconcern. Membersare coastal residents, traditional i.onservationists, fishermen. Only recentlyformed, A

8E W s-A'4 BY 1 '' e Sc'LJTiovs: ResoDRCES Horthwest

Conservation Groups Adopt-A-Beach,P.O.Box 21486, Seaule, WA98111-3486 06!6'>4-b013. en riteard, Executive Director. All-volunteer organization activesince 1985, involvedindozens ofprojects along beaches, riverbanks, streams andntarshes, keepsrecords ofthe count ofdeadbirds thatwash upon shores; doesbeach clean- upand various other chores; surveys stream» andwetlands. provided observers to monitorbird entanglement inPuget Sound purse seine fishery during 1993. FisheriesManagement Foundation, P.o.5427, Shaw Island, WA98286. 12 %!46tt- 3375,Fax06! 468-3844. Contact: GuyThornburgh, GeneralManager. F«unda- tionestablished inmid-1980s byowners ofNorthwest Marine Technology with specificpurpose ofimproving management ofocean's living resources, seeksio educatemanagers, politicians, andgeneral publicon problems impeding rational useofocean resources; effortsconcentrated onpublication anddistri'bution of papersdeaiing withfisheries andfisheries management issues;reportsdissemi- Compiled by natedwidely toU.S. andinternational professionalmanagers; in 1992 one -e.iii ecologycampaign; herfocus ison Oregon fisheries;an ll«r92 jl«ri Iiiirn,'d WA9tt115.Marnie i 1 2t!ri iiihi inuchiesServiceof West responsible Coast;over for«llees federalobserver researchprorpaper arg g f b t h proportions, setsunsustainable precedent i.e.. based on ex a gg erations o yca c creatingstandards that could affect legal status oof i-oastalfisheries!. Rtt Nlborn,University ofWashington, 06!54~-9026- 26. Co-authorof a groundbreaking x recentpaper on incorporating uncertainty into' to fishefisheries . inanagement' g a bedrock issuein manybycatch prob!eras, DattHuppert, School ofMarine Affairs, University of' Was Washiri on. 06! 543-o! 1 ! Economistwell versed in bycatchissues and fisherie s' mana' g ement; a co-convener «Junel 994 symposium, GlobalTrends inFisheries Managenient, atUniversity OfWashington. F4 Melvin,Marine Advisory Services, !s!orth Sound Office, 1801 01 Roeder Ave., Ste. 1 28, Be!!ingham,WA9822

Natiuna! Marirtc Fisheries 'Service,Resource Assessmentand Conservation Dis ision. 76f SandPoint Way N!.:,Seattle, WA 98! 15,06! 526-4!76. Contact: Gary Stauffer,l!irect<>r. RACE DivcstonS26-4170. RACE divisionworking to develop video techno!iigyto observegear and fish behaviorduring capture;data usedto help identify gearmodifications to reducebycatch; NMFS working m Kodiak, AK, on hioliigy of Alaskaut which projects, if anv it will support muslbe top-notch, and NMFS must t'ee! sure that participating fishermen are coking 1'or a wavto extend their fishing tiine. CraigRose, Research Fisheries Bto!ogist, 06! 5264 !76 Worksunder Stauffur, focuses ond» c!opinent ofmore eff'icient commercia! fishing gear anti equipment:w l}ngi! Ivt, liecchl! iqu<'8;J»i«i giiarg< c.ii r successinlingcod androckfivh fishencs,wherebycatch» veryl«w Washington902-2200.DePt.Contacts:ofFish 8sDennisWildlife, Austin. 600CaPital Anadruinouv WayN,Div ivilymlii'i, Manager, WAunsteel involvedwork focusesinselective on detectivefishing fiihuiu.lor vCrav etci-

Institutefor FisheriesResourceslPaciTtc Coast Federation of Fishermen'sAssocia- tions,P.O. Box 11170, Eugene, OR 97440-3370,03! 689-2000.Contact: Glen Spain,Northwest Regional Director, PClFA, PrograinDirector, IFR. Keen bridge-builderbetween industry and conservation groups; strong on environment andhabitat issues, and on bycatch;promotes conservation awareness in fleet; workswith Save Our Wild Salmon and Western Ancient Forest Campaign. IFR is scientific,educational, and charitable affiliate largely grant-funded! of PCFFA, whichis fundedentirely through fishing revenues; PCFFA was a sponsorof 1992 Newportbycatch workshop. With Pacific States Marine Fisheries Coinmission and MarineMammal Center, association sponsored a brochure on sea lions and rnes- sage:it's notOK to kill them.Spain is anassociate of theNFCC. NaturalResources Consultants, 4055 21st Avenue VU, Seattle, WA 98199, 06! 285- 3480,Fax 06! 283-8263.Contacts; l.eeAlverson, Mark Freeberg, JeffJune, SteveHughes, Greg Ruggerone, others. Alverson and Freeberg. two of thefour authorsof A GlobalAssessmerir uf Bycarch and Discards FAO, 994! are advisors toNFCC. Steve Hughes has been involved invarious bycatch studies, including recentlyone on a methodof improving survival of incidentallycaught halibut on largetrawlers; Jeff June, technical consultant o PurseSeine Vessel Owners Association,helped seiners develop observer program todocuinent bird entanglement,including bringing involunteer observers from conservation group Adopt-A- Beach,ofwhich he is president; NRC is one the inost active players inbycaich work:a treasuretrove of knowledgeand expertise. Oceanand Coastal Lass Center, University ofOregon, Eugene, OR97403. Contact: GlenBoledovich, 03!346-3845. Tracking major legislation andlegal issues relevantto fisheries. aciTicFishery Management Council, 2130 SW 5th Ave.. Ste 224, Portland, OR97201. f503!326-6352. Contact: Larry Six, Executive Director; Jnn Seger, econoinist; JohnCoon, salmon. PFMC crafts regulations tooversee salmon, groundfish fisheiiesinfederal waters offlower-48 westcoast; strong interest indocumenting 86 Wir»-W.v Bvc~rcH Soturioivs Resources andobserving bycatch; working onbroad-based observerprogram forwest coast, butfacing financia! andlogistical problems relatingto Magnuson Actlack of authoritytocharge feesto iridustry; enacted someregulations onwhiting fishery forsalmon bycatch; working onhalibut bycatch reduction. PSMFCF.15.H. Habitat Education Program,P.O. 221, Depoe Bay,OR 97341, Phone/ Fax03! 765-2229, Contact;Fran Recht. Recht's anenthusiastic bridge-builder workingonhabitat education forPacific StatesMarine Fisheries Commission; runsF,l.S.H, Habitat Education Program, providing toolsthat aliow fishermen and otherstobecome community educators onhabitat protection issues;sees coalition- buildingaskey to heightening awareness;produced No Safe Harbor video tobe usedinschools andcominunity groups;forming working alliance withLighthav k, theaerial conservation group,tostrengthen coinrnunication betweenfishing industryandenvironinental groups;publishes HabirarHotline Stephen Phillips, editor!,keeping people updated onregional, state,and federal habitat issues; one ofher goals: tomake public awarethat fishermen areconcerned withhabitat conservation.Fishertnenwith habitat concerns shouldcontact Rechtfor lead~ on othergroups with similar interests, PugetSoundGillnetters Association,1402 W Marine View Drive, Ste. C,Everett. WA 98201,06!252-6699. Contact:Lanny Pillatos, President. PeteKnutson, Envi- ronrnentalCoordinator. A gifteddockside diplomat, Pillatoshelped fleetconfront prob!emsandstay fishing, particularly byinstituting observerprogram and nei modificationexperiments tocope with crisis over bird entanglement thatmight otherwisehaveshut the fleet dov n insummer 1994.Knutson isknowledgeable on selectivesalmonfishing strategies withgiilnets, experimental gearmodification» toreduce birdentanglement; hasreached out toorganizations suchasGreenpeace. PurseSeineVessel Owners Association, 420921stAve. W, 430L Seattle, WA98! 99 06!283-7733. Contact:Rob Zuanich, ExecutiveDirector. Veteran salmon hand. versedinU.S.-Canada treatyissues, widerange ofsalmon management concerns inWashington andAlaska, where much of fleet operates. Developed effective programtoinonitor bird mortalities andtofield-test inethodofmodifying netand operatingitto allow birds to escape, muchasporpoises dofrom tunaseines; alii> gearmodifications forselective salmon fishing. Technica! consultant:Jeff June, NaturalResources Consultants. SalmonforAll, P.O. Box 56,Astoria. OR97103, 03!32'i-383!, Fax503-325-27 i Contact:BobEaton. Group representing ColuinbiaRiver comtnercial salmon fishery gi!!netters, processors.others!. Eatonis an energetic advocate;SFA has schemeinwork~ todevelop selective termina!area salrniin fishenes onlower Columbiabyseeding fishinto streams andtributary riverswhere native salmon havegoneextinct. Defeated ban-the-nets referenduminOregon, partly hyproving topublic thatgillnetters couldflshselectively; sometimesinvolved inlawsuits overColumbia Riverdarns destroying salmon.Thane Tienson, 03!224-4100, Port!andsword-swingingattorney forforSFA;SFA c!obberedand severa! industrialconservation concerns group»,over doestheir courtroom attempt toshift blameforruin ofColumbia sa!monfrom dains tofiihermcn. Widelyknow ledge- ableinfiiheries, conservation, andrelated poliucs, Ticnson isan NFCC associate. SkippersforEquitable Access,15!C IvfW S st Street,1 Seaulc,W 98107, A 06!782- 4454.Fax06! 783 4342. Contact: TomSuryan, Advocacv groupfor non- vessel-owningskippersinthe debates overlimiting entryin the North Pacific. Suryan,a crab skipper, isan advisor ioNFCC. %08TH'ivEST87 WashingtonTroBers Association, P,O,Box 7431, Bellevue, WA 98008, 06! 747-9287, Fax06! 747-2568. Contact: 3udie Graham, Executive Director. Sharp on salmon selectivity,comparative mortality rates ofreleased fish, and all issues affecting trollers'capacity tostay in business. Trollers are eager to showthat they can releasenon-target salmon with comparatively lowmortality rate, a matterthat helpsdetermine howmuch fishing opportunity theirfleet gets in mixed-stock areas offWashing on,Oregon, and California coast, WillapaBay GNneNers Association, P.O,Box 26, Grayland, WA,98547. 06! 267- 5244,Contact; Bob Lake. Until l 993association hadmarine marnrnal observer programforseveral years; itcleared fleet of concern over impacts upon tnarnmals, birds;toavoid catching coastal coho and chinook, Wi!lapa gillnet ershave quit summerfishing, a step they suggested themse]ves fallfi shery targets local runs andhatchery fish that are in good shape!; active in developing localbroodstocking efforts. 0 California

Fishing Industry AmericanTnnaboat Assn.,1050 Rosecrans, Ste.E,San Diego, CA92106. 19! 233- 6405,Fax 19! 223-6761, Contact: JuliusZolessi. Been fighting dolphin/tuna bycatchwarsfor years; knowledgeable butwary; familiar withconfusion between moral/emotionalissuesandpopulation/biology issues,Consult onall tuna-related bycatchissuesaffecting U.S.-flag tunaboats. Former fisherman; patientnegotia- tor,determined tore-open theeastern Pacific toU.S. tuna purse seiners. CaliforniaFisheries andSeafood Institute, 1100K St., Suite 200, Sacramento, CA 95814, 916! 447-4068, Fax447-0552, Contact: RobRoss. Ross, professional lobbyist,primarily represents fishprocessors atstate capita!; alsoworks with CaliforniaGillnet Assnvery knowledgeable aboutCalifornia fishlaws and policies;goodnegotiator; excellentpolitician; abletostrike compromise onwide rangeot'issues, including bycatchin commercial fisheries;has long problem- solvingrecord ingillnet bycatch matters; CFSIurges fullutilization ofbycatch Cosnyiled by whenpossible, andreduction ofunmarketable bycatchtogreatest extentfeasible. Mick Kronman CaliforniaGillnetters Assn.,P,O. Box, 2729, SanPedro CA90733, ]0! 832-8143,; Fax10! 514-2193, Contact: TonyWest West's a gillnet warvet; expert politician;able towork with other user groups; helped draftbycatch-related legislation: understandsneedfor conservation, valueofcompromise; hashelped driftnet swordfishfishery survive since1979; respected atstate capital, PFMC, andCal Fishand Garne Commission; studentof process andprotocol. CaliforniaSharkDriftline Association, 253Highland Dr., Channel islands.CA 9303'. 805!984-5338, Fax984-3474, Contact:Tim Athens. Organization inactive; Athenswasheavily involved inexperimental makoshark driftline fi~hery; well schooledinbycatch issuesrelated tohook-and-line operationstargeting sharks, swordfish,tuna; has become savvy politician in recent years. t entralCoast Hook-and-Line Association,14212 Alta,Westminster, CA92683, 1714! 898-7825,Contact: PhilSchenck. Heavyinvolvement withoilfield/fisheries matters,though maybe a valuablesourceif bycatch issues emerge inshallow- waterlive-fish fishery; Schenck a reasonable negotiator; forthright; distrusts governmentregulators butable to work with them. Fishermen'sMarketingAssociation, 3202nd Street, Suite2B, Eureka, CA95501, t70"i 442-3789,Fax07! 442-9166, Contact: PeteLeipzig. Represents trawlets from MorroBay, California, toilwaco, Washington; workswith regulators andre- searcherstohelp craft policies thatreduce bycatch v'hilekeeping fisheries afloat. FMAistrawlers' priinary vehicle forassisting andcommenting onfisheries research;Leipzigis vice chair ofPacific Fishery Management Council;enurely familiarwith regulatory/policy-making process. Fisbertnen'sCoalition,826 Orange Ave.¹504, Coronado, CA92'I 18. 19i t75-4664, Fax575-5578, Contact; TeresaPlatt. A leading voicefor U.S. tuna seincrs inthe easternPacific; known v.orldwide forparticipation indolphin bycatch issues; tirelessresearcher; unflappable politician; respected hyscientists; distrusted and/or dislikedbyanimal rights groups; v illing tocompromise, hutdemands good science;anavowed "Wise-User" whofavors utilization an~/conservatio«f marineresources; undauntedby activistswho lay claim tohivh moral gr»« ColdenGateFishermen's Assn.,P.O Box 40, Sausaliio, CA94966. L! 34" 10'' CmiFoii<'iA Contact:Roger Thomas. Speaks for sportparty boats from MorroBay to Crescent City.Thotnas has served on several councils and advisory group» that address marinemammal bycatch in salmontroll fishery;not unreasonably anti-commercial;able to compromisewhere sport and commercial fisheries enjoy common interests;works closely with PCFFAon many issues. Half Moon8ay Fishermen'sMarketing Assn., P.O, Box 340, El Granada,CA 94018, 15! 726-l607. Contact: Pietro Parravano, Group represents salmon trollers/ crabbers;smart politicians and industry spokesmen; knowledgeable andarticulate; expertson salmon-related bycatch issues; able to work toward comprotnise based ongood science. Paravanno, strong-willed anddirect, brings hefty academic backgroundtofisheries politics; serves as president of PCFFA; good negotiator; personable, HumboldtF}shermen's Marketing Assn., 216 H. Street, Eureka, CA 95501, 07! 443- 0537,Fax 443-1724, Contact: Dave Bitt», Jimmy Smith. Smith and Bitts are veteranfish pols and data-rich sources' both are experts on salmon bycatch in midwaterwhiting trawl fishery; Smith adept atbehind-the-scenes compromise; bothquite articulate. LosAngeles Commercial Fishermen's Assn., Harbor Bldg., Rrn, ¹22 I, 1300Beacon Street,San Pedro, CA 90731, 10! 831-5467,Fax 1O! 831-9283,Contact: DonnaPanto. Represents many small-boat gillnetters inSan Pedro; has fought vigorouslytodefeat Proposition 132, an ant t- gillnetvoter initiative that alleged bycatchabuses; good data source for bycatch issues in southern California gillnet fisheries;Panto apassi onate, dedicated teamplayer; hard worker; deplores emo- tionsdisplacing science in fisheries management. MidwaterTrawlers Cooperative, 6988 Southwest Abalone St., South Beach, OR 97366. S03!867-6143, Contact: Barry Fisher. Involved deeply in midwater trawl fisherie»,Fisher pioneered several midwater and bottom species inOregon and Alaska; knowledgeable,well-respected politician not afraid to speak his mind on difficult issues;looks out for fish and li»herrnen alike;scrappy, hard-nosed industry rep whoI'aces bycatch issue» with an eye toward productive, balanced resolution. Bridgebuilderwithconservation group»,Fisher has spurred industry initiatives to understandandreduce bycatch, marine debris, habitat protection. An advisor to NFCC. MorroBay Commercial Fishermen's Organization, 436Fresno, Morro Bay, CA 93442, NOR!772-4893, 805! 772-8094, Fax 805! 772-9499, Contact: Cathy Novak. Novakadiligent worker experienced ingillnet bycatch issues incentral California; anion!ateand dependable; goodambassador forfishing interests; also serves as v ice-chair,California Seafood Council and Secretary, PCFFA. OregonTrawl Commission, P.O.Box 569, Astoria, OR 97103, 03! 325-3384, Fax 325-4416,Contact: JoeEasley. Priniarily a commodities association, though involvedinre»earching waysto reduce bycatch ofprohibited species salmon and halibut!ingroundfish andshrimp trawl fisheries; Fa»ley, retired dragger, has »ervedon several councils and advi»ory boards, including PFMC; should be includedindiscussion of all trawl-re]ated bycatch issues. PacificCoast Federation ofFishermen's Associations, P.O,Box 989. Sau»alito. CA '94966,15! 332-508Fax !,331-2722, Contact: 7

Conservations Groups AmericanCetacean Society, 1'.O. Box 2639, Sari Pedro- C A90731 + /Ac JFOR% '4 9 i Fax 13101548 6950 Contact;Katv Castagna.One of the oldest cetacean- prot~tion groupsin U.S.;ACS literature says, "If enoughpeople become alarmed changeswill be made." However, organization seems to be dwindling, held togetherby volunteer staff; nonetheless, should be consulted on bycatchissues involvingwhales, dolphins, sea lions, and seals. A+,erieanOceans Carnirajgn, 725 Arizona Ave., Suite 102, Santa Monica, CA 90401, 10! 576-6162,Fax 576-6170, Contact: Robert Fulnick, Multi-faceted conservationorganization whose projects range from habitat restoration to vigorousanti- gillnetendeavors especially high-seas driftnets!; heavily involved in reauthoriza- tionof U,S.Qean Water Act; advocates strong public policy to protectmarine resources;aninfluential organization, must be included inall high-impactbycatch issues. CaliforniaWIIdlife Federation, 6239 Marlborough Dr., Goleta, CA 93117, Phone/Fax gp5!964-5097, Contact, John Barthel, Statewide umbrella group for hunting, trapping,andsportfishing interests; active in atteinpts toblock anti-gillnet carn- paigns;Barthel, a researcher ableto excavate valuable minutia oi'resource managementissues; decidedly pro-utilization; advocates inanagement plan for marine mammalswhere they are abundant oroverpopulated; CWF willing to address and resolvebycatch problems, but remains dedicated to sustainableutilization of living,wild resources. Centerfor Marine Conservation, 580Market StSte 550, San Francisco, CA,941P4, 15!391-6204, Fax15! 956-7441, Contact: Warner Chabot. Heavily involved infisheries management issues,especially groundfish; rational, solution-oriented onbycatch and related policy issues; sponsored white shark protection billin California in 1993. EarthIsland institute, 3POBroadway, Suite28, San Francisco, CA94133, 15! 788- 3666,Fax 15! 788-7324. Contact: DavidPhillips, Spearheaded dolphin-safe campaignaimedat tuna seiners ineastern Pacific; powerful activists; tough negotiatorswhostand firm on "zero-kill" bycatch philosophy; should beincluded indiscussion ofbycatch among fisheries targeting pelagic species, ortrawl fisher- ieswhere tunles are taken. Friendsofthe Sea Otter, 2150 Garden RdSuite B-4,Monterey, CA93940, 08! 373- 2747.Fax08! 373-2749, Contact;Ellen Faurot-Daniels. Spearheadedcampaig~ toban gillnets insea otters' central Ca]ifomia habitat;animal protectionist but claimsinteres inkeeping fishermen fishing; must bepart ofbycatch discussions affectingseaotters; little knowledge orexperience inother marine matters; in- creasinglyinvolved however, inissues surrounding reauthorization ofthe U.S MarineMammal Protection Act. 'reaterLosAngeies Councilof Divers, P.O.Box 1533, Beverly Hills,CA 90213, w"' 13!272-3456, hm: 805! 647-5141, Contact:Lockey Brown. Represents dozens ofSo. Calif. sport dive clubs.'assails gillnetbycatch butshares commercial fishermen'sviewoncontainment ofsea otters; fisheries knowledge limited,though divers.GLCD'sinterest inbycatch issuesishigh, especially forspecies huntedby sport NationalAudubon Society,555 Audubon Place,Sacrainento, CA95825, 916! 481-5332, Fax 916! 481-6228, Contact:Dan Taylor. Nevada, California., andregional office forOregon andWashington; involvedwherever bycatchofbirds isan issue; reasonablenegotiators, willingto seek viable solutions andcornproinise; also activein salmonhabitat issues. 9p W

California Fish and Game Commission, 1416 9th St., Box 944209, Sacramento, CA 94244-2090, 916! 653-4899.Fax 9! 61653-1856,Contact: Robert Treanor I.ive embers,appointed by the governor not necessarilyaware ot t»heriesisiuesi promulgatessportfishing arid hunting regs, controls permits for Calit'orniafisher- ies,and rules on policiesrelated to thosepermits; acts swiftly whenit helieveia resourceis endangered often onpolitical input.not icieilce I. importantto keep cornrnissionersinformed, since they are a powerful.unpredictable body. CaliforniaSea Grant FxtensionAgency, Dept. of ~<'ild!it- andFi-herie Biology. Universityof California Davis,CA 95616-8,51, 916i, i2 i497 Fax 916! 752- 4154, Contact: Chris Dev ees Dtiseminatesint'oiinaticm «bout marine-related issues.including commercial f»hing; excellcittresouice tor investigatingsolutions to b catchproblems; not a po1itica ' . 1 bod y; has as accumulated research and contacts ini a academia ' ' and applied .;science; extension ' entsagen whow work with fishermen have hands-onknowledge d f or boycatc h '..issues in regionalreg' offices. Contact Davis headquarters for field office information, ChannelIslands National Marine Sanctuary, 1 3l HarborWa ', SantaBarbara, CA 93109, 805! 966-7107, Fax 805!568-1582, Contact: Lt. Crndr,John Miller, Charge d withprotecting resources in multi-island sanctuary; not norrnall y involved in bycatchissues, but potentially very powerful player; should be inf<>rme'nf<>rmed ofo bycatch-relatedmatters in its jurisdiction, especially since its mandateincludes policycoordination with all levels of government. Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, 2595 Ingram St., San Diego, CA, 2109, 19! 226- 3870,Fax 19! 226-.'l944,Contact: Katy Koster. Applied science regarding Interartion of humanand marine populations; sponsored studies of bio-acoustic devicestoreduce mammaVfishing conflicts; should be consulted forexperimenta al modelsaimed atreducing bycatch andhigh-tech means oftracking orseparating! target/non-targetspecies;wide range of scientificapplications in bycatch arena mammals, turtle»,birds!. ImpactAssessment, Inc..2160 Avenida dela Playa, SteA, La Jolla, CA 92037, 19! 459-0142,Fax19! 459-946!, Contact: John Pctterson. Firm does fisheries and statisticalanalysis; could be u»eful inbycatch modeling and impact assessment. InterAmerican Tropical Tuna Commission, 8604LaJolla Shores Dr.,La Jolla, CA 92037, I 9! %46-7100, Fax19! 546-7133, Contact; Dr.James Joseph, Multi- nationalscientific bodywhose tuna-dolphin program monitors populations and mortalitiesofdolphins intuna purse seine fisherie» ineastern Pacific; drafts conservationmeasures aimedat reducing dolphin kills, including avoidance techniquesandworkshop» fortuna skippers; earnest, dependable scientists;strong proponent»ofapplied research; programs ioeli pletedconsider«Ilework onbyc«tch issuesin the sardine andtuna fisheries; hadreputation a»industry apologist butcurrently enjoysrespect forsound science «ndralional m«nagen>ent perspectives;valuable source for scientific/economic analy»i»ofbycatch issues, «item«lives, andstrategies. NationalMarineFisheries Service. Fisheries/Marine MammalInteraction Division, SouthwestFisheriesScience Center, P.O. Box271, LaJolla. CA92038, ! 9! S46-7t0,FaxS46-7 C<>ntact: X,Bob Brov nelJ. Provides scientific datafor .'VMFSProtectedSpecies Program popo!ation surveys,stock structures, reproduc- tiverates>; inl'i>rrnation usedtoestablish quotasor"biologically allowable"takes ofreasonablemarine mamtnals;mumm«l bycatch networking regulations. with these NMFS»cientists crucialtoestablishing 94 A'iv-OVAL»8>cAr'>-< Si>oh's-' REsolJRcFs NationalMarine Fisheries Service, Protected Species Management D>vision, Sout"- westRegion, 501 W OceanBlvd., Ste. 4200, Long Beach CA 908o2,10! 980- 4000,Fax 10! 980-4047,Contact: 3irn Lecky, Responsible forconservation and managementprograms involving marine mammals and endange««pecies, includingprotected salmon populations, sea turtles. and Hawaiian monk seals- This branchof NMFSmust b includedIn ~] relevantbycatch and policy discusiuons PacificFishery Managetnent Council, 2130 SW 5thAve.Suite 224, Portl»d.

Additional ResoLIrces Dr. Iwrry Allen,biology professor, Cal State Northridge, wk: 818! 885-3340.hm: t8! 8! 222-2473,White seabassexpert; savvy v ithpopulation dynamics; able to separate utilization/conservationissues from politics and user-group squabbles.

California Seafood Council. P O. Box 91540, Santa Barbara, CA 93190, 805! 568-3811, Fax 805! 965-5840,Contact: Diane Pleschner. Manager, Mandate to promote Californiafisheries, though education programs often aim to erasemisconceptions aboutbycatch; delicate balance between education and politics. EJL & Associates,P O. Box 162696,Sacrartiento, CA 95816, 916! 444-2161. Fax t 9161 444-2162,Contact: Eugenia Laychak. Fisheries-oriented consulting group w ith unbiasedapproach to problematicissues, including bycatch: trained facilttators whospecialize in forgingcompromise out of conflict; strongbackground in fisheriesdevelopment and environmental analysis; E'IL hasKIanaged over 5p projects:maintains comprehensive fishing niaps and database. useful consuhanls on generalbycatch issues. Peter Flournoy,attorney, 94! Fourth Avenue. S;in Diego, CA9'10 t6191 232 0954 Fax 19! 696-9476.Former State Dept. ol'licial insoI> ed in tuna-dolphinissue... Hournoynow represents variety of fishingindustry clients. Active in fishermen's appealof Proposition132, California's anti-gillnet initiative; knowledgeable on fisheriesstatistics and bycatch issues. Dr, WalterHoward, wildlife biology professor, University of California,Davis, CA 95616-8751, 916! 756-1509, Fax 752-4154. Professor emeritus, expert on utilization/conservationmatters; doesn't shy from tough questions about the namre of nature red in tooth and claw; valuable resource on gritty biological matters. OsonNew, attorney, 1275 Columbus Ave., Second Floor, San Francisco, CA94133, wk 15! 567-7595,hm 15! 441433!,Fax 567-7594. Experienced inseveral fields offisheries law, including issues related tobycatch; demands good science: scrutinizesfisheries data in detail; good track record in courtand with Cal Fish andGame Commission; helpedmako shark driftliners winexperimental permits thisinvolved negotiating andcompromising onissues involving thebycatch of bluesharks!. Q

o PVnv-VisBvc~ re~ Soir'/ohms; REsouRccs

educationaland research organization. Goal: to advancethe interests of thecoin- mercialfishing industry andaid fishermen inproviding quality seafood toU.S. consumers;alsoconducts market and scientific research andproduct and gear development,Since 1976, the foundation hasadministered closeto $15 million in grants,funding approximately 600projects, Instrumental indeveloping thefirst comprehensivebycatchresearch program forGulf and South Atlantic; program placesindustry observers aboard fishing vessels toaccumulate bycatch "characterization"data and conduct bycatch reduction device evaluation andtesting; involvescommercial shrimp vessels inthe Gulf and South Atlantic, coordinated throughTexas A&M and University of Georgia Sea Grant; has six contracted observers four in the Gulf and two in the South Atlantic, Foundation hasa BycatchSteering Comrruttee madeup of industry, scientific, inanagement, and recreationalinterests; hassponsored numerous bycatch workshops. Funded by commercialfishermen, federal grants; currently funded tocontinue bycatch observerprogram through April 1996. LouisianaDepartment ofWiidlife and Fisheries, Marine Fisheries Division, P.O. Box 98000,Baton Rouge. LA 70898-9000,04! 765-2384, Fax04! 765-2489. Contact:William S. Perret. Perret isadministrator of the LDWF's Marine Fisher- iesDivision, a Gulf Council member, and sits on the Gulf & SouthAtlantic FisheriesDevelopment Foundation's Shrimp Bycatch Steering Committee. LouisianaSeafood Promotion andMarketing Board, 400 Royal St., New Orleans, LA 70l30,04! 568-5693.Contact: Karl Turner. Affiliated with the Louisiana DepartmentofWildlife andFisheries; funded mainly through asurcharge on commercialfishing licenses; rnernbers aremainly from the seaf'ood industry; primarymission todevelop existing and new markets forLouisiana seafood. The boardalso awards grants tofurther this effort and contributed tothe University of SouthwesternLouisiana's BRD development workin 1992, LouisianaShrimp Association, RouteI, Box 241, Lockport, LA70374, 04! 532-3635, Fax04! 532-3634,Contact. Darcy Kiffe. Represents Louisiana's commercial shrimpers,Kiffeis on the Gulf & South Atlantic Fisheries Development Foundation'sboard and its Bycatch Steering Con"t tee. LouisianaStateUniversity, Cooperative ExtensionService, Knapp Ha!l,Baton Rouge, LA70803, 04! 388-2l45, Contact: Ken Roberts. LSU has conducted several bycatchresearch projects funded through federal grants, Currently hasseveral underway,including "Bycatch inthe U.S. Gulf of Mexico Menhaden Fishery," and "TheBehavior ofFish and Shrimp in Relation toTrawl Modifications toReduce ShriinpTrawler Bycatch." NationalCoalition forMarine Conservation, 3West Market St.,Leesburg, VA22075, 03! 777-0037,Fax03! 777-1107.Contact: Ken Hinman. Small conservation group;has attempted tokeep the bycatch issue inthe forefront since the bycatch moratoriuinwasimplemented; willingto promote dialogue and cooperate with commercialfishermen onbye atch issues. Membership mostly recreational fisher- rnen;roughly half its funding from membership, halffrom foundations inrnan is an advisor to NFCC.. NationalMarine Fisheries Service Southeast Regionaj OtTice, 972l Executive Center Dr.,St. Petersburg FL33702, 813! 570-5301, Fax 813!570-5300, Contact; AndrewKemmerer. Commcrce Department agency responsible foriinplementa- iionand enforcement offisherv inanagement plans; assists inbycatch characteriza- tionstudies and gear research through itslabs and research facilities. Kemmerer is t4'<~-W<~ Elva rCH SLx JTJOIVS:RESOURCES on Gulf& SouthAtlantic Fisheries Development Founda ion'sBycatch Steering Committee. National Marine FisheriesService Galveston Laboratory, 4700 AvenueU. Galveston, TX 77551.09! 766-3507,Fax 09! 766-3508.Contact: Dr. JimNance, Dr. RogerZimmermann. Accumulating "effort" data used to estimate fish bycatch in shrimptrawls. Lab has conducted bycatch characterization research and observer programsand BRD operational testing on vessels. NationalMarine Fisheries Service Pascagoula Laboratory, Gear Research Facility, P.O.Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, MS 39568-1207,0]! 762-4591,Fax 0] ! 769- 8699. Contact:John Watson, John Mitchell, Wil Seidel,Scott Nichols. Lab has performedmost of theBRD testing and engineering work in the Gulf for NMFS; hasproduced and presented anunderwater video of BRDs in use. Watson and Seidelare on theGulf & SouthAtlantic FisheriesDevelopment Foundation's BycatchSteering Cornrnittee, Seidel is alsoon the foundation's Gear Review Panel. NorthCaroUina Fishenes Association, P.O, Box 12303, New Bern, NC 2856], 919! 633-2288,Fax 9]9! 633-9616.Contact: Jerry Schill. Private non-profit trade grouprepresenting commercial fishermen, seafood dealers, and processors in NorthCarolina. The 42-year-old organization is funded mainly from dues front its 1,000members. Several members were involved inBRD development inNiorth Carolina,which is currentlythe only state that requires BRDs. OrgattizedFishermen ofF]orida, P.O. Box 740, Melbourne, FL32901, 07! 773-0212, Fax07! 779-4884.Contact: Jerry Sansom. Represents Horida commercial fishetmen.Fought losing battle against the state's anti-net initiative in1994. Sansomis on theboard of theGulf & SouthAtlantic Fisheries Development Foundation. SouthAtlantic Fishery Management Council, 1 South Park Circle, Ste 306. Charleston, SC29407-4699, 803! 571-4366, Fax 803!769-4520. Contact: Bob Mahood, RogerPugliese. Responsible forfisheries management infederal waters off the Southeastcoast. The council wi]l likelyspend inost of 1995working on the bycatcharnendrnent tothe shrimp fishery management plan,and is targeting early 1996for imp]ementationof BRDrequirements. 'EValterShaffer, 803! 88]-6206, Fax 803!88]-8891, Shaffer isformer director of the SouthCarolina Shriinpers Association andstill chairman oi the Gulf & South AtlanticFisheries Development Foundation's Shrimp Bycatch Steeritig Cornmit- tee. SouthCarolina Departtnent ofNatttral Resources, Office of Fishc ries ]vianagcmcnt. Divisionof MarineResources, P.O. Box 12559, Charleston, SC 29422, 1803 1 76Z- 5010.Contact David Cupka, David Whitaker. State agency that oversees South Carolina'smarine fisheries; conducting bycatch research funded by federalgrant., Cupkaand Whitaker have cottducted andpublished research ouby catch iii the state. SoutheasternFisheries Associa0on, inc., 31" E Georgia,Tallahassee, 1 L 3230], 904! 224-0612,Fax 904!222-3663. Contact: Robert P. ] oiies.Commercial fishing industrygroup with 25f! member companies: established 1952.x,]embcrship from NorthCarolina to Louisiana,includes commercial fisherman from all fisheries. seafooddealers, processors. Florida has provided approximately 80'~of member shipand funding. Fought Florida s atit t-oct init i~tii e: feels fishing industry has GI i p$i-ieivi 99 beentreated unfairly by conservationists; pessimistic about teaming up withthem on bycatch issues. TexasAgzM University, Sea Grant Marine Extension Service, P.O. Box 1675,Gaiveston, Tx 77553,09! 762-9800,Fax 09! 762-8276.Contact: Gary Graham; also, ResearchFourtdation. 09! 845-4291. Contact:Dr. Wade Griffin. Conducts bycatchresearch and gear testing, Graham is Gulfcoordinator for the Gulf & SouthAtlantic Fisheries Development Foundation's Shrimp Bycatch Research Program;also on its GearReview Panel. The university's research foundation has receivedfederal grantsfor numerousbycatch studies. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department,4200 SmithSchool Rd., Austin, TX 78744, i 2! 389-4801, 389-4849, Fax 12! 389-4383, 389-4814. Contact; Ralph Raybum, Andrew Sansom.Oversees the state'smarine fisheries; also assistedin bycatch research,currently conductinga shrimpbycatch research project under a MARF ls' MarineFisheries Initiative! grant. Rayburn is on the Gulf & South Atlantic FisheriesDevelopment Foundation's Bycatch Steering Committee. TexasShrimp Association,P.O. Box 1020,Aransas Pass, TX 78335, 12! 758-5024, Fax 12! 758-5853. Contact:Wilrna Anderson, Association representingTexas shrirnpers;has 385 memberswith about 700 boats,members are on the Gulf Council'sShrimp AdvisoryPanel and havemade their vesselsavailable for BRD testing;supportive of Sea Grant BRD-research efforts. Along with NMFS andthe GSAFDF,TSA hasbeen conducting studies to characterizeshrimp bycatch and analyzeBRDs. Anderson is on the board of thc Gulf & SouthAtlantic Fisheries DevelopmentFoundation and its Bycatch Steering Committee. UniversitynfGeorgia, Sea Grant Marine Extension Service, 715 Bay St., Brunswick, GA 31520, 912! 264-7268, Fax 912!264-7312. Contact: David Harrington, Duncan Amos.Conducts testing on fishing gear, including BRDs; can test innovative gear ideason its vessels, was instrumental in TED testing, Harrington is the South Atlanticcoordinator for the Gulf & SouthAtlantic Fisheries Development Foundation'sBycatch Research Program; is also on itsGear Review Panel. Vnlversityof SouthwesternLouisian», Y.O. Box 44509, Lafayette, LA 70509.Contact: Dr.]ay Huner;also, P.O. Box 115, Milton, LA 70558, 18! 856-7313.Contact: GregFaulkner. USL began developing finfish bycatch reduction devices BRDs! in i 989.A grantin 1992 led to the development of the USL Spider Web Exc!uder andthe USL Canopy Excluder. ln 1993, the Pipeline Excluder was developed. USLis seeking additional funding to conduct more testing. U

r00 14tiv-Ne 8vc'A>cHSot.oriolvs: RfsoURces Northeast f jsltiagIndustry Dirigo Instruments.14 Industria!Parkwarkway, Brunswick,ME 04011,07! 721-1044. Contact:Chris Tupper. Engineer involved with severalfisherine f 'lln etf' is h erybe ing manufacturedby SaundersElectronics,

Maine Gillnetters Association,P.O, Box 306 or 188, Stonin ton ontact: Ames, President. Active in tud' in u o aine sink gillnet fishery throughthe useof net pingersp'n e d an ot h er devices.

N.H. Commercial Fisherman's Association' n, 38th 6 eorgesT errace,Portsmouth, VM 03801, 03! 431-1779. Contact:Eric Anderson,Involved for threeyears on studiesassessing the feasibility of pingerss onon gi 'll netsto d'iscourageporpoise bycatch. Camplletl by ONshoreMariners Association, 114 MacCarthur Dr, Ste3, New Bedford, MA 02740, Kaa Kelley 08! 990-1377.Contact: Howard Nickerson, Organization has been involved in developingmarkets for various species caught by New Bedford fishing fleet, includinginonkfish, skate, and dogfish. PointJu4ith Fishermen's Co-op, Box 730, 75 State St., Narragansett, Rl02882, 01! 782-1500.Contact: Jim McCauley. Poin Judith Co-op was one of the earliest in tryingto develop use of underutilized species andbycatch insouthern New Englandfishery hy not targeting groundfish. Primarily has worked todevelop marketsfor squid, butterfish, andmackerel caught byco-op members. PortlandTrawler Supply, 260Cotnrnercial Street,Portland, ME04011, 07! 772-3275. Contact:Jeffrey I.lagg. A trawltechnician whohas worked with and sells the Nordmoregrate toprevent juvenile groundfish bycatch inthe northern shrimp fishery. SaundersElectronics, 82Industrial ParkDr, Saco, ME 04072, 07! 283-9106. Contact: DavidSaunders. Manufacturers ofnet pingers foruse in gillnet fishery, prototype wasshown atFish Expo-Boston. Unitisin custom-molded enclosurespecifically madeforgillnet deployment, withbatteries thatlast four months. RonaldSmolowitz, Coonainessett Farm,277Hatchville Rd,East Falmouth, VIA02536. 08!564-5516, Fax08! 564-5003. Formerly a NMFS gearspecialist, nowa privateconsultant, hasbeen involved instudying gearmodifications toreduce fish hycatchinNew England andelsewhere for25 years. Worked ondeveloping and testinglargemesh codends andlarger rings in scallop dredgesto reduce by<;atch ot' juvenilegroundfish. Alsoinvolved intesting pingers ongillneis ioreduce porpoisebycatch. Lastyear completed projectforGreenpeace!nternational on bycatchinfisheries worldwide, JoeTestaverde, Gloucester,MA, 08! 283-2976. Ownerof70-loot dragger. alsochair ofrhe G}oucevter FisheriesCommission anddirector of the Gloucesier Inshore grateFisheriesinshrimpAssociation. fishery. ActivelyAlso activeinvolved intrying inb! tocatchreduce issues, bycatch hasofused jui Nordmoreenile fish in thesmall-mesh v hitingfishery; favors enacting minimum meshsize, "+rnmentAgencies and Research Scientists CenterforCoastal Studies,P.O. Box1036. Proiitlcelow n,MA 02657, 08!487-3622. h/oRiiiE

Department of Fisheries and Ocean, Scotia-Fundy Region, P.O. Box 550, Halifax, Nova Scotia,Canada, 902! 426-7239. Contact:Chris Cooper. Hasstudied thc use of horizontal panelsin groundfishtrawls to separatecod and haddock, for use in groundfisheryso fishermencould selectivelyfish for either species.Sea trials showedtrawls caught90% ol' the haddockin the top, with 60~reof the cod in the bottom,It alsoworked to separatehalibut and other flatfish speciesfrom codand haddock. MaineDivision of iMarineResources, P.O. Box 8, WestBoothbay Harbor, lVIE 04575, 07! 633-9528.Contact: Mike Brown. Work includeslooking at modificationin orientationand angle of Nordrnoregrate, and use of meshpanels to sort out and preventbycatch of lobsters,fish, and other species in Gulf of Maineshritnp fishery. MaineDivision of MarineResources, P.O. Box 8, WestBoothbay Harbor, ME 04575, 07! 633-9528.Contact: Dan Schick. Working on study to deterniine whether useof squaremesh behind Nordmore grate in NewEngland shrimp fishery, will helpreiease sinall finfish such as whiting, which are still retainedin catch. Also studiedfish behavior with different net designs to reduce hycatch, versus use of mechanicalseparators likeNordrnore grate. ManometObservatory, P.O.Box 1770, Manornet, MA 02345, 800! 621-0000. Contact: SteveDrew. Director of fisheriesobserver program, which among other things monitorsbycatch infisheries, including Northeast groundfishery. MassachusettsDivision ofMarine Fisheries, 18Route 6A, Sandwich, MA 02563, 08! 888-1155.Contact: Arnold Carr. Work includes study and developinent of selectivegear to reduce gri>undfish bycatch, including sea trials of separator travel forthe small-inrsh whiting fishery. Test trawls on a fishingboat showed gear dramaticallyreduced groundfish bycatch, but at present isnot commercially viable.Also has worked cooperatively with the Conservation Law Foundation to testcommercial trawls that could separate haddock from cod. MassachusettsInstitute ofTechnology SeaGrant, MIT Bldg. F.-38-372, 292Main St, Cambridge,MA02139, 17! 253-7041. Contact: Cliff Goudey. Since thc 1980s hastested various net mode!s atDavid Taylor Underwater Model Basin in Marv- land,tostudy gear performance andimprove selectivity. Also has helped devel- opedlowed underwater remote sensing system fortrawls tostudy species behavior foruse in reducing bycatch, Currently involved intesting gear in experimental midwaterpair trawl for tuna, which would reduce bycatch ofmarine mammals and turtles. 702 Vlltv-AleBYCATCH SOLL'T>oivs: RESOuRCES Memorial University,Whale Research Group, St.John's, Ness foundland. Canada, 09! 753-5495,Contact: Jon Lien. Hasdeveloped pingers for useon gillnets and otherfishing gear to preventmarme mammal hycatch. Working with ftsherinen from Newfoundlandto New Englandto experimentwith pingerr that show promisein reducingporpoise hvcatch in giilnel». National Marine FisheriesService, Fisheries Fngineering Group, Box 2282, Kingston, Rl 02881,01! 782-3345. Contact:Alan Blott. Hasworked on various projects includingdevelopment of separatortravel to reducejuvenile finf'ish bycatch in Gulf of Maineshrinip fishery. Also looked at lossescaused by ghostgillnets in the inshorewaters of southernNew England.

National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water St., Woods Hole, MA 02543,08! ~~ Contact.Steve Murawski. Directoroi' PopulationDynamics Studies at the NMFS Northeast Fisheries Center. Involved in samplingand analyzing historical changes in New England groundfishery. includingrecent shifts in biomasson Georges Bank from traditional groundfish speciesto skateand dogfish. Co-author of Bycarcharid Discards in Wnrlrt Fisheries:Qaanti ies,Impacts and the Phtk>sv>phic Bases fnr theirhfanagemenr, National Marine FisheriesService, Northeast Fisheries Center, WoodsHole. MA 02543,08! 548-5123.Contact: Dave Potter. The NMFS coordinator on gillnet pingerproject to reduce harbor porpoise bycatch. NMFS has an advisory ro1» in theproject. Potter is thecontact point for specimensthat are collected. NewEngland Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02810,17! 973-SZ53,Fax 17! 367-6615. Contact:Scott Kraus. Chief investigatorfor Gulf of Maine study of usingpinger on commercial gillnets to discourageand reduce harbor porpoise bycatchin NewEngland groundfishery. NewEngland Fishery Management Council, SBroadway. Saugus, MA 01906. 1731-0422. Contact:Philip Iiaring. ln thepast when the Council funded gearmodif'ication studies for New England groundfishery. Haring administered projectsorl gearand technical issues. Universityof New Hampshire, Cooperative Extension Service, 113 North Rd., Brentwood,NH 08333-6623,031 679-5616.Contact: Rollie Barnaby. One of thefive principal investigators forgillnet pinger project to reduce take of por- poisesin Gulf of Maine. Universityof Rhode island, Department ofFisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, Kin ston,Rl 02881,01! 752-t333.Contact: Kathleen Castro. Has worked to perfecta video system tostudy fish behavior intrawls, tohelp develop gear that wouldreduce hycatch in northeast groundfishery. Besides traditional groundtish. haslooked at behaviorof whiting,dogfish, and skates. UniversityofRhode Island, Department ofFisheries, Animal and Veteninary Sci- ence,Kingston, RI02881, 01! 792-5333.Contact: Chris Gagnon Involved in bycatchstudies; organizer ofconference tobe held in Newport, Rl, in late March- earlyApril, 1995, that will deal with bycatch inthe Northeast andmid-Atlaiuic fisheries.

Foundations ConservationLawFoundation, 62Summer St.. Boston, MA 0'110-i 008.171 350- 0990.Contact: Eleanor Dorsey. Staff scientist. w:ho ha> worked on ground undfishis issues,including bycatch and v aysto eliminate ii. CLFhas non-profit status; IVonnreAsr f03 partiallyfunded studies by MA DMF researchersto tes a coinmercialtrawl to separatehaddock from cod. Nstior alFish a d Wildlife Foundation,1120 Connecticut Ave., NW, Ste. 900, Washing- ton,D.C, 20036,02! S57-0166.Contact: Whit Fosburgh.Foundation is the funding sourcefor the Gulf of Maine gillne pinger project, Also funded industry bycatchworkshop in Oregonseveral years ago, and provided funding for Alaskan projectfor incentive-basedprogram to encourage clean fishing techniques. Conservation GtotIps FisheriesProgram Specialist, Center for Marine Conservation,1725 De Sales StNW, Washington,D,C, 20036, 02! 429-5609. Contact.Sonja V. Fordham. Primary concernsinclude depletion of Northeastgroundfish stocks. Haspushed for intro- ductionof he Nordmoregrate in thenorthern shrimp fishery to preventjuvenile groundfishbycatch. Greenpeace,155 Massachusetts Ave., Boston,MA 02115, 17! 266-2505,Fax 17! 266-1311,Contact: Niaz Dory.Dory, who lives in Gloucester,isfocusing on listeningto the concernsof the fishing community there and elsewhereas they deal withnew groundfish regula ions.Among other things, she is addressingbycatch issuesin the small-meshwhiting fishery. Greenpeace,1436 U, St., NW, Washington,D.C. 20009,02! 462-1177. Corttact: GeraldLeape. Works on legislative issues: seeking out allies in the fishing indus- tryto comeup with solutionsfor particularbycatch issues in New England groundfishery. NationalCoalition for Marine Conservation, 3 W MarketSt., Leesburg, VA 22075, 03! 777-0037.Contact: Ken Hinman. involved in supportingmanageinent decisionsfor NewEngland groundfishery, with an interest in findingbycatch solutions. Ck

~~"-<'v f3~'cAi "8 S;,'i.o+~G vs:Rsspgqces Fishing Gear IIanufactgrers

Ii is alwaysin the manufacturer'sbes interest to providethe mostefficient gear for0 t{]~L t~ job. Forfishermen, the most efficient gear means equipment that catches the highest volume,targets the desired species. is easyfor theboat and crew o handle,has the least amount of down tiine, and is cost effective to operateand buy. Researchand developinent is a necessarycost of doingbusiness if productmanu fac >r ersare going to stayon the !eading edge of technology.Many coinmercial fishing gear manufacturersspend thousands of dollarseach year for theirown and government-funded projectsfor gearmodification and fish selectivity. Many ideas for newconcepts, modif{c ~ tions,and fishing techniques come from thefishermen themselves. They incorporate id~ - ~ into the gearwhile they are fishing, or producedesigns to be built by gearcompanies, Oncea newdesign or modificationhas been agreed on by thefishermen and gear company,a nuinberof stepsoccur before it is considereda proven design. First, the con{-; >t mustbe drawnup either on paper or draftedon the computer. Forinulas are then used o Complied by calculatethc possible performance ol' thegear, Once the designer is confidentthat the g{-iir Mary Sue will performits task,a modelis madeand tested in a flumetank, wind tunnel, or other Lonnevik testing faci!ity, Basedon thetest results, any necessary changes are made to theoriginal drawing ot h{. gear.Then full-scale gear is built and put through at-sea trials. This part of the testing is usuallythe most expensive and unpredictable. Even though the design looked good on paper,calculated perfectly <>n the computer, and heat al! the records at the testing facility, ii still couldbomb on the fishing grounds. Many factors can effect the gear, and unexpcct{:.6 situationscan occur. The weather, currents, water temperature and clarity, fishing grouric3 habitat.fish behavior,unforeseen handling prob!ems, and lack of targetspecies can all play a partin increasingcosts and !imiting research productivity. Al! inall, coming up with h{: mostefficient, selective, and habi at-sensitivegear can be a costlyproject. Becauseof the costand risks involved, the fishing industry. government agencies. academia,nonprofit associations, andother interested parties inust band together tocomp it~- heirknowledge, funds, and time to providethe most selective gear possible while main- taininga profitable,viable and stable fishery. Thefollowing are some gear manufacturers interesied inparticipating inhycatch reductionprojects. The *! asteriskbefore a productsignifies that the manufacturer has donebycatch research in thepast on thisgear. CantrawlPacific Fishing Services, L d.,0 6660 Graybar Road, Richmond, British ColumbiaV6W 1H9 Canada, 041 270-6387, 800! 656-1468, Fax 1604! -7<>- 2527.Contac Bob : McIlwaine. products: *bottom trav !, midwatertravv!, shri{I'Ii uawls, ~shrirripgrid, and doors. Dantrawl,Inc.,4776 Shilshole Ave.VW, Seattle, WA98107, 061789-8840. Faxt --~ 789-8973.Contact: Ehas Olafsson. Produc bot s: ointrawls, midwater trawls- doors, and codends. DiricoInstruments, 14Indu stria! Park Way, Brunswick ME 04011, 071 721-1044- 07! 798-5060.Contact: Chris Tupper. Products: pingers for sinking gi!>r{«. trawl net instrumen ation. DorianMetal Fabricating Co., Inc., 3950 6th Ave. %%. Seanle, 'A'A 98107, -06! .<47- 8585,Fax 06! 547-6553.Contact: Bob Scofield, Products: 'crab pots. pots. DriscollNet Service, P,O. Box 326, Wane nton. OR 97146.1503! 738-9296 ,~~c105 FISHWGGEAR IHAh UFACrt Bob Driscoll. Products:bottom trawls, *prawn netswith fish eyes, *shrimptrawls, hearn trawls, and codends, DungenessGear Works, inc., 12800 Hwy 99 So, Everett,WA 98204, 06! 742-4327, 800! 548-9743, Fax 06! 745-2009, Contact: LanceNylander, Products: 'crab pots, *fish pots,and 'flatfish pots, Eagle Claw Fishing Tackle, Wright McGfll Co., P.O. Box 16011, DenverCO 80216- 0011, 03! 321-1481, Fax 03! 321-4750. Contact: Gene Wilson. Products: longlin.efishing hooks. Electra-Dyne Co., P.O, Box 3545, Plymouth,MA 02361, 0S! 747-4017, Fax 08! 746- 5225. Contact: PeterMaccaferri. Products:electric haulingsystems which pull traps,nets, anddredges for lobster,crab, and shrimp!. Fathoms Plus, Inc., P.O.Box 6307, SanDiego, CA 92166, 19! 222-8385, Fax 19! 222-S247. Contact:Victor Da Rosa,John Tarantino. Products: plastic shellfish traps lobster,crab, shrimp, andspot prawns!. Fife Forge, Inc., P.O. Box 3896, Seattle,WA 98124, 06! 937-2533. Contact: Lee Cooper. Products:Fishing gear andforged steel products. FoulweatherTrawl, P.O.Box 311, Newport, OR 97365,03! 867-4975,Fax 03! 867- 4975, Contact:Sara Witalison. Product»: bottoin trawls, rnidwater trawls, shrimp trawls, codends, and doors. GourockTrawls, 2600 West Comtnodore Way, Seanle, WA 98119,06! 282-8066,Fax 06! 284-0394. Contact:Jon Jonsson. Products: *bottom trawls, *midwater trawls, shriinptrawls, doors,and codends. GunnarElectronics, 5801 14th Ave,NW, Seattle, WA 98107,06! 781-7234,Fax 06! 781-8657.Contact; Birger Johannesson. Products: jigging machinery bottom fish!. Hi SeasIndustries, inc 1 8-22Minetta Lane, New York, NY 10012,12! 979-8989,Fax 12! 979-9306.Contact; John Kaiser. Products: longline equipment, LFS, INC., 9thk. Harris,Bldg, 2, Bellingham,WA 98225U.S.A., 06! 734-3336,Fax 06! 738-9601.Contact: Dick Schleitweiler, Trawl Div. Manager, Products: «bottomtrawls, rnidwater trawls, shritnp trawls, ~giLLnet, *long!ine, pots, «purse seine, doors. and codends. Lindgren-Pitman,Inc., 2615 N.F, 5th Ave,Pompano Beach, FL 33064,05! 943-4243 Fax05! 943-7877,Contact: Walter Flanagan. Products: longline monofilament line, reels, and spools!, l.onglineMarine Systems,Inc., 1220West Nickerson, Seattle, WA 98119,06! 284- 9670,Fax 06! 284-9686.Contact: John Andrews. Products: ~long!ine equip- rnen , pots crab and fish!. MarcoSeattle, 2300 West Coinrnodore Way, Seattle. WA 98199,06! 285-3200,f' ax 06! 285-8486.Contact. Hal Cook. Products: longline equipment. NeptuneTrap k Trigger.5330 Ballard Ave. NW, Seattle, WA 98107,06! 789-3790, Fax06! 789-1795.Contact: Ed Wyrnan.Products: crabtriggers. NET Systetns,lnc., 7910NE Day Rd W, Bainbridgeisland, WA 98110,06! 842-5623. Fax 06! 842-6832. Contact: Lori Swanson. Products: *bottom trawls, midwater trawls. 'codends, and *doors. 6 +',q-+!.v grcarcij Sol Ilnolvs: HEscxJRcEs Norsol,inc., 1220SOth Southwest, Everett, WA 98203,06! 743-4428, 800! 752-0202, Fax00! 743-5578,Contact: Dennis Johnson. Products: «crab pots, "fish pots, baitproducts, *galvanized time release to preventpots from fishing, and cod triggers. PacificOcean Producers, 965B-N Nirnitz, Honolulu, Hl 96817, 808!537-2905, Fax 808! 536-3225. Contact: JimCook or SeanMartin, Products:monofilainent longlineequipment, PaciTicTrawl Co.,Inc., P.O. Box 6353, Eureka, CA 95502.07! 444-0431,Fax 07! 444-2751. Contact:Liam Massey, Products:«bottom trawls, midwater trawls, «shrimptrawls, *prawn trawls, cucumber trawls, "codends, and doors. Pfister Nets,P.O. Box 548, SouthBeach, OR 97366, 03! 867-S234, Contact:Tom Pfister. Products:*shrimp trawls RiverdaleMills Corp.,P.O. Box 200, 130Riverdale StNorthbridge, MA 01534,08! 234-8715, Fax 08! 234-9595. Contact: Andre.w Knott. Products:welded wire meshfor lobster and crab pots. SaundersElectronics, 82 IndustrialPark Drive, Saco,ME 04072, 07! 283-9106,Fax 07! 282-8832. Contact: Paul Meserve, Products:pingers for sinking gillnets, Seattle Marine & Fishing Supply Co., 2121 WestCommodore Way, Seattle,WA 98199, 06! 285-5010,Fax G6! 285-7925, Contact:Dan Farrow.Trawl Dept. Prod- ucts:«bottom trawls, longline, gillnet,purse seines, crab supplies, codends, midwater trawls, doors, and shrimp trawls. SwanNet USA!, fnc.,4802 Airport WaySouth, Seattle. WA 98108,06! 382-0795,Fax 06! 625-9805, Contact:Jesse C. Furnival. Products:midwater trawls. Tintothy'sNets, 5105 Troller Rd, P.O. Box 5560, Charlston, OR 9742G. 03! 888-6513. Fax 03! 888-6838, Contact. Tom Timothy. Products:shrimp trawls, bottom trawls, codends,doors, and prawn trawls. Trawland Repair Service, P.O, Box 115, Milton, LA 70558,18! 856-731'I,Fax 18! 856-7313.Contact: Greg Faulkner. Products: trawls, beam trawls, and skimmer nets. Troyer'sMarine Supply, Inc., 1244 Yaqutna Bay Rd., Newport, OR 97365, {503! 265- 6653, 800! 772-4772, Fax {503! 265-5489. Contact: Dave Thalman. Products: marinegear, longline, trawl equipment, crab gear, and doors. Unicrab,Inc., 310 VW 40th St, Seattle, WA 98107, 06! 789-1899,Fax 06! 789-1899. Contact:Koll Hagen.Products; crab pots. VictoryFishing Gear International, Ltd., 3412 16th W, P.O, Box 7! 069, Seattle, WA 98107,06! 706-0789,Fax 06! 706-0790.Contact: Mike Stone. Products: *bottomtrawls, «midwater trawls, "shrimp trawls, "codends, *doors. and longhne equipment. VikingNet Supply, 1507 Brunswick, P.O. Box 1233, Mount Vcrtton, WA 98273. {206! 428-7879, 800! 553-8601, I'ax {206! 466-212'. Contact- Olaf Gildnes. Prod- ucts:purse seines k gillnetfor herringand salmon. WilcoxMarine Supply, inc., P.O. Box 99, Mystic CT 06355, {'03! 536-4206. Fax{203! 536-8326.Contact: Jonathan Gibson, Barbara Gay. Product to bottomtrawl«. shrimptrawls, squid trails. pair trawls, codcnds. doors. monk fish nets. p«se seines,gillnets. and «environmental survey cqu>pment Fisc SGGC>R M

108 Wiv-IVis' Bvcc>c~ SoLUTlolvs: REsoURGEs Glossary of terms

Someof the key termsused to discussbycatch are often glibly interchanged.In theinterest of clearing muddywaters, here are short definitions for someof the importantconcep s. Conservation: An ethic focused on sustainability;holds that use of renewableresources should not threaten viability of populations; in principle basedin biology, taking whole populationsand ecosysterns into consideration,not elevatingcertain speciesabove others on moral or aestheticgrounds. Term is distinct from protection,which setsa tougher standard:eliinination of threatsto individual animals, rather thanto whole populations. Environlttentalism; Catch-all term for concern about earth, ocean, and natural resources,including a broadspectrum of ideologies: from mainstreamsustainable use to radical opposition to most forms of resourceexploitation. Management:Regulation of fisheries.In principle,management aimsto promotesustainable production, avoid overfishing and increa»- ingly,ecosystem damage!, allow reasonable economic opportunity for fisheryparticipants, and mediate between competing interests. Deci- sionsand debates are supposed to be based on science, not merely greed andguesswork; but nobody is perfect.Management is unavoidably political.Decision makers are frequently poiitical appointees, suscep- tibleto externalpressures; when assembled in councils and commissions,they often act like legislatures horsetrading toward policy. l3u! I. difficult,frequently discouraging, this work is alsonecessary. Nonethe- less,underpinning the idea of rnanagernenti» an assumption that humansare in charge;not everyone believes we are up to thejob, but we try, Protection:An ethic opposing harm to individualcreatures, not just wholepopulations, Crucial term in U.S. marine manimal polic> and anima!-rightsconcerns, Frequently a moral view, not a biologicalone establishescode of "right"and "wrong" action with regard to certain species but generally ignoring others!, Principal legal expre»»ioii ofthi» philosophyis Marine Mammal Protection Act. Hov ever, MMPA does notstrictly require -zero mortality;" it call» for "insignifi -ant mortality approachingzero," a conceptusually defined in termsof mortalityrates insteadof absolutenumbers. A volatile,passionatelv argued topic, Sustainability:Principle that use oi natureshould not mean wearingit out.Cornerst.one of con»ervation ethic. In bscatch is!ue>, includeseffect on non-target organisms along w i hintended catch. Focusi» generally on keeping ti!hing pres»ure and method! from underminingviability of marinepopulation! WiseUse: A termoriginally nieaning u!c ni accordancewith soun" conservationprinciple». Recently, and c

Anactonyrns ACCA AtlanticCoast Conservation Association ADFkG AlaskDepartment of Fishand Garne AFDF AlaskaFisheries Development Foundation AFTA AmericanFactory Trawler Association AMCC AlaskaMarine Conservation Council ATA AmericanTunaboat Association BRD BycatchReduction Device CDQ CommunityDevelopment Quota CFEC CommercialFishing Entry Commission CLF Conservationlaw Foundation CWT CodedWire Tagging ETP EasternTropical Pacific FAO Foodand Agriculture Organization FED Fish Excluder Device FITC FisheryIndustrial Technology Center FMP FisheryManagement Plan FR/FU FulI Retention/FullUtilization FVOA FishingVessel Owners' Association GOMFMC Gulfof MexicoFishery Management Council GSAFDF Gulf and SouthAtlantic Fisheries Foundation

HAG Head-and-Gut HP HarvestPriority IATI'C Inter-AmericanTropical Tuna Commission IBQ IndividualBycatch Quota IFQ Individual FishingQuota IPHC International Pacific Halibut Coinmission ITQ IndividualTransferable Quota IVQ IndividualVessel Quota MLA Maine Lobstermen's Association NWIFC NorthwestIndian Fisheries Coinmiss ion NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service NPFMCNorth PacificFishery Management Council OH. OrganizedFishermen of Florida PCFFA PacificCoast Federation of Fishermen'sAssociations PFM Pacific Fishery ManagementCouncil

110 I/t/!e-Wi,vBvC47C~ Sni L'rloivS: RESOUACE$ TAC Total Allowable Catch TED Turtle Vxcloder Device TSA TexasShrimp Association

G oss~zv 1 11 The National FisheriesConservation Center. established in l994, promotescollaboration between the fishing industry, conservation groups,and private-sector grantmakers inaddressing problems associ- atedwith fisheries bycatch and waste. The Center provides tools and strategiestohelp donors, conservationists, andfisherinen join forces to dealwith bycatch probleins. By sharingresources and skills, leaders from thesethree communities can accelerate the process of finding solutions,