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Sustainable Ecolabelled Seafood from the East China Sea: Regional and General Regulatory Regimes

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Sustainable Ecolabelled Seafood from the East China Sea: Regional and General Regulatory Regimes Penn State Law Penn State Law eLibrary SJD Dissertations 1-2020 Sustainable Ecolabelled Seafood from the East China Sea: Regional and General Regulatory Regimes Platinasoka Lin Follow this and additional works at: https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/sjd Part of the Administrative Law Commons, and the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons The Pennsylvania State University Dickinson Law Sustainable Ecolabelled Seafood from the East China Sea: Regional and General Regulatory Regimes A Dissertation in Law by Platinasoka Lin Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Juridical Science With Supervisor Professor William E. Butler October 2019 The dissertation of Platinasoka Lin was reviewed and approved* by the following: *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. ii Abstract The aim of this work to conduct a systematical review of fisheries management and to be an easy-understood guidebook for building an ecolabelling scheme of fisheries in the East China Sea, and also for Asian countries having plights of lacking good marine scientific research, advanced fisheries management, and public marine conservation awareness. For this purpose, details of ecolabelling mechanism and the definitions of sustainable seafood are explored and a scoring checklist for ecolabelled seafood is created as a check tool, together with a certification standard, named “ProFish”. This work examines multiple types of legal documents, among them international conventions related to fisheries and marine protected area, FAO agreements, WTO fisheries subsidies negotiation history and existing fisheries agreements in East China Sea, Landing Declaration and Sales Notes in the European Union and Norway, to seek legal tools and guidelines that can help Taiwan upgrade fisheries managements and marine health status better. Domestic fisheries regulations of East China Sea littoral countries, including Japan and China, are comprehensively compared. The ownership of and the legal transfer of property in marine life, capital-labor relations in fisheries, input and output controls over fishing capability, and fishery managers identity are illustrated in detail. Furthermore, sharks, crabs, mackerels, neritic squid, and mahi-mahi fishing regulations among Taiwan, Japan and China are reviewed thoroughly. Preliminary assessments of five fisheries in Taiwan are evaluated by ProFish checklist, and mackerel has the highest potential to become the first seafood certified a sustainable ecolabel. This work concludes that a more centralized fisheries management competent authority can resolve most obstacles. A quasi-governmental-based accreditation organization is suggested for the government first in order to promote a seafood ecolabelling scheme smoothly in Taiwan. Establishing a Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries is important. It is vital to introduce AI technologies into fisheries management measures to meet the need of monitoring and surveillance fishing activities at any time. Setting up nanometer-sized marine protected areas first to form a network is the best policy in politically-difficult regions. Reducing the fishboat fuel subsidy and introducing a higher subsidy for mandatory closed fishing seasons is necessary to develop a sustainable fishery industry. iii Table of Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................. iv Abbreviation .......................................................................................................................................... x List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................ xi List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... xii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ xiv PART I. KNOWING THE TOPIC ............................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Introduction................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose of Study............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Methodology and Delimitation ......................................................................... 2 1.3 Structure of Study ............................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Significance of Study ....................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Definitions of Key Terms ................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 2 What is Sustainable Seafood? ...................................................... 9 2.1 Ocean Crisis: Depletion of Marine Life ........................................................................... 9 2.2 Fish Caught by IUU Fishing Are Not Sustainable Seafood ........................................... 12 2.2.1 Illegal ................................................................................................................ 13 2.2.2 Unreported ........................................................................................................ 14 2.2.3 Unregulated ...................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Fish Caught by Destructive Practices Are Not Sustainable Seafood ............................. 19 2.3.1 Poison, Electricity, and Explosive .................................................................... 19 2.3.2 Bottom Trawling .............................................................................................. 22 2.3.3 Improper Use of Gillnet ................................................................................... 26 2.4 Fish Playing Key Ecological Roles Are Not Sustainable Seafood................................. 29 2.4.1 Endangered Species .......................................................................................... 29 2.4.2 Top Predator ..................................................................................................... 33 2.4.3 Coral Reef Fish ................................................................................................. 35 2.5 Other Negative Fishery Practices Impacting Fish Stocks Health ................................... 38 2.5.1 Bycatch ............................................................................................................. 38 2.5.2 Fish Discard ...................................................................................................... 41 2.5.3 Edible Catch Used as Feed ............................................................................... 45 iv 2.6 Proposed Certifications Standard for Sustainable Fisheries: ProFish ............................ 46 2.6.1 Introduction: ProFish Idea ................................................................................ 47 2.6.2 Objective One: Ensuring Fish Stocks Sustainable ........................................... 50 2.6.3 Objective Two: Protecting Marine Environment and Ecosystem .................... 51 2.6.4 Objective Three: Keeping Fisheries Management Effective ........................... 54 2.6.5 Objective Four: Taking Corporate Social Responsibility ................................. 55 Chapter 3 Power of Green Purchasing and Ecolabelling Mechanism .... 57 3.1 Ecolabelling Mechanism ................................................................................................ 57 3.1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 57 3.1.2 ISO 14020 Series .............................................................................................. 59 3.1.3 FAO: Guidelines for Ecolabelling of Fish and Fishery Products from Marine Capture Fisheries ............................................................................................. 62 3.1.4 Global Sustainable Seafood Initiative .............................................................. 63 3.2 Content of Government Green Procurement .................................................................. 64 3.2.1 Definition of Environmental Preference .......................................................... 64 3.2.2 Development of Government Green Procurement ........................................... 65 3.3 Framework for Promoting Government Green Procurement ......................................... 66 3.3.1 Legal Authority: United States, Taiwan, Japan, China ..................................... 67 3.3.2 Price Strategy ................................................................................................... 76 3.3.3 Lead Agency ..................................................................................................... 80 3.4 Participating in Government Green Procurement .......................................................... 82 3.4.1 Vendors ............................................................................................................. 82 3.4.2 Identification of Products ................................................................................
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