Policy Watch N°1 Urban and Social Innovation Trends from the Global to the Local Level

Policy watch n°1 Urban and social innovation trends from the global to the local level

EUROCITIES

February 2015

Contract N°: 612493

www.seismicproject.eu Table of contents

Introduction 4

PART 1

Global urban watch 5 Global trend: urban acupuncture 5 Global event: COP 21 6 Global policy debate: responsible research and innovation 7

EU status report 8 A new college of Commissioners for 2014-2019 8 A selection of urban and social innovation issues in the new Commission’s plans 10 A selection of inspiring European projects related to SEISMIC 12

Issue tracker 14 More green 15 Better public transport 16 Stronger communities 17

PART 2

Updates from the 10 National Networks 18 Overview of national networks’ outcomes in 2014 18

Understanding current national urban policies in the SEISMIC countries 23 Focus on decentralisation processes and challenges in Italy and the Netherlands 23 Focus on the setting of advisory bodies to inform and improve national urban strategies: examples in Sweden and the United Kingdom 24 Focus on boosting social value in local expenditure procedure: the Social Value Act In the UK 25

Local urban solutions 26 In the Hungarian National Network - Route4U 26 In the Italian National Network – Social Street 26 In the UK National Network - The Goldfinger Factory 27

Aknowledgments 28

References 29

2 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Table of contents

Introduction

PART 1 Global urban watch European Commission Top-down content 2014-2020 Global trend: urban acupunture Selection of inspiring European projects related to Global event: EU status report SEISMIC COP 21

36% Global policy debate: responsible research EU initiative to support and innovation innovation in urban settings

Issue tracker 19%

Local urban solutions • Route4U (Hungary) • Social Street (Italy) Overview of national • The Goldfinger Factory (UK) networks’ outcomes in 2014 45% Differences and common trends

National urban policies updates in • The Netherlands • Italy PART 2 • Sweden Bottom-up content • The United Kingdom

Aknowledgments and references

Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 3 Introduction

The SEISMIC policy watch reports will be published every six month, starting February 2015. They are an update of the initial scoping paper that was published in September 2014.

The policy watch aims to keep participants to the project aware of the state of play of some European and national policies in the urban and social innovation fields. It also relates these policies to the debates taking place within the national networks.

This document will feature a section on global urban trends, a European policy update, as well as a section highlighting good practices in local initiatives. The objective of this document is to show what is being discussed and what is being done in cities to find solutions creatively to societal issues and to bridge science and society.

What is the SEISMIC project ?

1. SEISMIC is about thinking about urban development in Europe in a socially innovative way; i.e. imagining solutions to social challenges at the same time as empowering society to act on them.

2. The two main objectives of SEISMIC are: • To create 10 national networks gathering a large variety of stakeholders working on urban development. • To gather the ideas coming from these networks and feed them back at European level towards the JPI Urban Europe1, among others.

3. SEISMIC is a project funded by the European Commission Directorate General working on Research and Innovation.

4. The 7th Framework Programme for Research (FP7) is the source of funding; its work strand entitled ‘science in society’ inspires the strong link that SEISMIC aims to create between stakeholders of urban development and urban research.

5. The SEISMIC project activities are carried out by a consortium of partners: organisations from different countries that team up and share the tasks planned to achieve the objectives of SEISMIC.

The 10 national networks are established in: Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

1. Joint Programming Initiative Urban Europe: the aim of this initiative is to pool national research efforts and resources and to tackle common issues like, in this case: urbanisation.

4 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Global urban watch

Global trend: urban acupuncture

Urban acupuncture is a city planning theory. It advocates using small- scale interventions in strategic places to improve quality of life in the city as a whole. The former Mayor of Curitiba, Brazil, Jaime Lerner has been considered very successful in applying this theory in his city during his three mandates. He now promotes this approach to urban planning and urban policies in his book, ‘Urban acupuncture, celebrating pinpricks of change that enriches city life’.

The Urban acupuncture approach has also been promoted in the SEISMIC project. In 2014, sketch artists participated to the ten national network launches of the SEISMIC project. They interviewed participants to these meetings as well as passers-by with one question: what is your project for your city? About 400 sketches were drawn from these interviews, visualising people’s projects for their city. People often identified precise spots were improvement was necessary, prioritising nodes of discontent.

This approach whereby positive change in the whole city comes from the release of strategic pressure points is part of the socially innovative solutions to manage and improve cities today. It is designed to bring positive social change and enhance people’s capacity to act. It starts with public consultations and identification of strategic local projects and spreads over the city system as a consequence.

In Brno, Czech republic, the P.A.R.K. project (‘Pozitivní Akce Re-Kultivace’ – Positive Action of Re- Cultivation)1 aims to both develop civic participation to the city life and revitalize selected public spaces that had been neglected. They organise cultural activities and raise awareness on environmental issues in the urban space in these precise places, with the ambition to spread the positive change they achieve in certain neighbourhoods to the overall city.

1. http://www.biourbanism.org/positive-action-re-cultivation-brno/

Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 5 Global event: COP 21 Covenant of Mayors4 The United Nations Climate Change The Covenant of Mayors is the mainstream Conference, COP 21, will be held in Paris in December European movement involving local and 2015. It is the 21st session of the Conference of the regional authorities, voluntarily committing Parties (COP) to the UN framework convention on to increasing energy efficiency and use of Climate Change. The objective of this conference renewable energy sources on their territories. is to achieve a legally binding and universal It was set up in 2008 and its objective is to see agreement on climate policies. Parties to this its signatories meet and exceed the European conference are national governments, but climate Union 20% CO2 reduction objective by 2020. It targets cannot be met without strong involvement was initiated by the European Commission DG from Mayors and local leaders, as cities account Energy and has so far seen over 6000 cities for about 80% of CO2 emissions in Europe alone. commit to achieving its objective by: Cities have been engaged in COP negotiations for years. Local and subnational governments are now recognised as governmental stakeholders of • Preparing a Baseline Emission Inventory the global climate regime. Several initiatives have • Submitting a Sustainable Energy Action been set up by city leaders to tackle this issue and Plan (SEAP) contribute to the COP 21, starting with the Nantes Declaration, which initiated cities’ contribution to • Reporting on the SEAP for evaluation and COP 21. monitoring. 4. http://www.covenantofmayors.eu/index_en.html The Compact of Mayors at international level, the Covenant of Mayors and the Mayors Adapt initiatives at European level, also exemplify this 5 engagement of cities to adapt and mitigate climate Mayors Adapt change. Climate change policies are twofold; they aim to mitigate (make less severe) and to adapt to some climate change consequences. 2 Compact of Mayors Mayors Adapt is an initiative of the European The Compact of Mayors is an international Commission’s DG Climate Action, supported agreement to support the reduction of city- by the European Environment Agency. It is level emissions (CO2 and other pollutants). meant to assist cities to adapt to the climate The idea is to reduce cities’ vulnerability to change generated risks and hazards they climate change (e.g. rising sea levels and face. It aims to: heat waves). The Compact of Mayors aims to boost resilience to climate change challenges • Inform cities and other urban stakeholders in cities. It was signed in June 2014 and of readily available solutions for adapting complements national level climate protection to climate change efforts3. • Support municipalities in setting up and implementing local adaptation plans • Facilitate city-to-city exchanges on 2. http://www.iclei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ICLEI_WS/ successful ways in which similar climate Documents/advocacy/Climate_Summit_2014/Compact_of_ challenges can be tackled Mayors_Doc.pdf 3. http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/ uploads/sites/2/2014/09/CITIES-Mayors-compact.pdf ; the city networks engaged in the Compact of Mayors are ICLEI, C40 and UCLG. 5. http://mayors-adapt.eu/

6 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Global policy debate: responsible research and innovation

What is Responsible Research and Innovation? Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) is a research process that takes into account the potential impacts that innovation can have on society or the environment.

This process is sometimes called ‘anticipatory governance’6. It takes place at an early stage and anticipates the outcomes of innovation in a particular sector, it reflects on them and involves stakeholders to discuss these outcomes and respond to the concerns that are voiced. It can thus be considered in four stages:

include respond and anticipate reﬂect on the Responsible society in a inﬂuence the future motivations & Research and broader research impacts implications Innovation dialogue process

RRI has been defined by the European Commission (DG RTD) as involving all stakeholders involved in the process of research and innovation at an early stage: to be informed about the consequences of their actions, to evaluate these consequences and other options in view of society’s real needs and to use these considerations in the design of new research7.

Although RRI has emerged in Europe first and is mainly considered in European and North American contexts, it is now being taken up as a global debate. Researchers in Brazil pointed out the necessity to adapt the RRI concept to the Global South and highlight the different needs at stake there.8

Linking social innovation and responsible research and innovation In year 1 (2014), SEISMIC focused on developing its process and its networks; social innovation was a core principle in the project’s activities because it focuses on finding new solutions that are good for society and that enhances its capacity to act. It shows that innovation goes beyond businesses, technology and high level research: it also includes the public and voluntary 9 enhance sectors that take part in the SEISMIC national networks . good for society’s society capacity to act

Innovation is multi-faceted and links all the sectors mentioned social above. This is why SEISMIC also dwells on the principle of innovation responsible research and innovation (RRI), as its aim is also

include respond and to build a bridge between high level research, science and anticipate reﬂect on the Responsible society in a inﬂuence the future motivations & Research and broader research impacts implications Innovation society. dialogue process

6. Where are the politics in responsible innovation? European governance, technology assessments, and beyond, Journal of Responsible Innovation, Michiel van Oudheusden, Feb 2014, 7. ‘Options for strengthening RRI’, DG RTD. European Commission, 2013, 8. Responsible innovation across borders: tensions, paradoxes and possibilities, Journal of Responsible Innovation, P. Macnaghtenab, R. Owenc, J. Stilgoed, B. Wynnee, A. Azevedof, A. de Camposb, J. Chilversg, R. Dagninob, G. di Giulioh, E. Frowi, B. Garveyj, C. Grovesk, S. Hartleyl, M. Knobelb, E. Kobayashim, M. Lehtonenn, J. Lezauno, L. Mellop, M. Monteirob, J. Pamplona da Costab, C. Rigolinq, B. Rondanir, M. Staykovas, R. Taddeit, C. Tillu, D. Tyfieldv, S. Wilfordw & L. Velhob, 2014 9. ‘Just as science and technology, innovation in society needs carefully crafted investment and support’, BEPA newsletter, Geoff Mulgan, October 2014

Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 7 EU status reportEU status report

A new college of Commissioners for 2014-2019 The college of European Commissioners was renewed in November 2014 for a 5-year mandate. 28 Commissioners share responsibilities in the different policy areas that the EU works on.

This Commission introduces two major changes:

> Five team leaders among the Commissioners will lead on key areas for the EU’s development: they are Vice-Presidents together with the 1st Vice-President and High Representative.

The first Vice-President leads on Better regulation, inter-institutional relations, rule of law and the Charter of Fundamental Rights.

The High Representative leads the European Union’s foreign policy and security policy.

The five other Vice-Presidents will lead on the following key areas:

• Jobs, gowth, investment and competitiveness • Energy Union • Digital Single Market • Euro & social dialogue • Budget and human resources

> A set of ten priorities will also structure the Commission’s work in the coming years.

10 priorities

1. A new boost for Jobs, Growth and Investment 2. A connected Digital Single Market 3. A resilient Energy Union and a forward-looking Climate Change policy 4. A deeper and fairer Internal Market with a strengthened industrial base 5. A deeper and fairer Economic and Monetary Union 6. A reasonable and balanced free trade agreement with the US 7. An area of Justice and Fundamental Rights based on mutual trust 8. Towards a new policy on Migration 9. EU as a Global Actor 10. A Union of Democratic Change

8 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 President Jean-Claude Juncker

First Vice-President High Representative Frans Timmermans Federica Mogherini Better Regulation, Inter-Institutional High Representative of the Union for Relations, Rule of Law & Charter of Foreign Policy & Security Policy and Fundamental Rights Vice-President

Vice-President Vice-President Kristalina Georgieva Andrus Ansip Budget & Human Resources Digital Single Marlet

Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President Maroš Šefčovič Jyrki Katainen Valdis Dombrovskis Energy Union Jobs, Growth, Investment & Euro & Social Dialogue Competitiveness

Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Günther Oettinger Pierre Moscovici Marianne Thyssen Corina Creţu Věra Jourová Digital Economy & Society Economic and Financial A airs, Employment, Social A airs, Skills & Regional Policy Justice, Consumers & Gender Equality Taxation and Customs Labour Mobility

Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Vytenis Andriukaitis Commissioner Jonathan Hill Elżbieta Bieńkowska Miguel Arias Cañete Health & Food Safety Dimitris Avramopoulos Financial Stability, Financial Services Internal Market, Industry, Climate Action & Energy & Capital Markets Union Entrepreneurship & SMEs Migration & Home A airs

Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Margrethe Vestager Violeta Bulc Cecilia Malmström Karmenu Vella Johannes Hahn Competition Transport Trade Environment, Maritime A airs & European Neighbourhood Policy & Fisheries Enlargement Negotiations

Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Tibor Navracsics Commissioner Carlos Moedas Phil Hogan Christos Stylianides Education, Culture, Youth & Neven Mimica Research, Science & Innovation Agriculture & Rural Development Humanitarian Aid & Crisis Manage- Citizenship International Cooperation & ment Development

Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 9 A selection of urban issues and social innovation in the new Commission’s plans Urban and social innovation issues fall under the responsibility of the following three Commissioners1:

The Commissioner for science, research and innovation’s mission Carlos Moedas (PT) is the new Commissioner for science, research and innovation. His mission letter includes the following priorities:

• Contribute to the jobs, growth and investment package by mobilising innovative financial instruments available under Horizon 2020, and facilitating investment in education, research and innovation infrastructure. • Promote the international excellence of the EU’s research and science and strengthen research capacities and innovation strategies across all Member States. • Focus more on applied research, with a greater participation of the private sector and a special focus on SMEs.

The Commissioner for regional policy’s mission

Corina Crețu (RO) is the new Commissioner for regional policy. Making the best use of the EU Structural and Investment Funds is at the core of her mission letter. It includes the following priorities:

• Propose ways of boosting the absorption of available funds and ensure that the new partnership agreements with the Member States for the 2014-2020 funds can rapidly have an impact. • Pay particular attention to the contribution that these funds can make to establishing a European Energy Union and completing the Digital Single Market. • Monitor the benefit of action at EU level and review the effectiveness of spending programmes.

The Commissioner for employment, social affairs, skills and labour mobility’s mission Marianne Thyssen (BE) is the new Comissioner for employment, social affairs, skills and labour mobility. Her mission letter includes the following priorities:

• Channel funding towards projects that can help get the younger generation back to work in decent jobs. • Mobilise EU instruments (such as policy guidance, social dialogue, financial programmes) to further develop the skills level of the European workforce, by promoting vocational training and lifelong learning. • Ensure that employment and social considerations, including the impact of ageing and skills needs are appropriately taken into account in all Commission proposals and activities.

1 Social innovation and social entrepreneurship in particular could fall under the remit of the Commissioner for internal market, industry, entrepreneruship and SMEs, Elzbieta Bienkowska (PL).

10 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 European Commission work programme 2015 The new Commission’s ambition is to focus on areas where the EU is more effective. Its first work programme for 2015, ‘A New Start’, concentrates on a limited set of initiatives, including:

• € 315 billion Investment Plan (see below) • An ambitious Digital Single Market package • Creating a European Energy Union • A New Policy on Migration On 26 November, the European Commission launched its proposals for a 315 billion euro Investment Package with the aim of boosting investment in the EU to aid economic recovery. The new fund should support strategic investments in infrastructure, notably broadband and energy networks, and transport in industrial centres. It will also support innovative projects in the field of education, R&D, renewable energy and energy efficiency. It should specifically support risk finance for SME and mid-cap companies across Europe.

EU urban agenda The European Commission DG REGIO report on the outcomes of the public consultation on the urban dimension of EU policies, which took place over the summer 2014, is expected for April 2015. The Commission has received some 230 responses, mostly in favour of an urban agenda, but also with a wide variety of messages in terms of what an urban agenda should be. This initiative should be the focus of the Urban Forum, a conference taking place on 2 June 2015 in Brussels (to be confirmed).

EU initiatives to support innovation in urban settings:

• Funding for urban innovative actions The EU budget for the period 2014-2020 includes a plan to support urban innovative actions: 330 million euros will be provided to support studies and pilot projects that test new solutions for sustainable urban development1. These projects should fall under the ERDF2 thematic objectives and will be selected on the basis of calls for proposals. Any local authority or association of local authorities comprising at least 50 000 inhabitants will be able to apply. This process could support innovation in the public sector.

• Quality of life in European cities, perception survey 2015 For the 2013 survey3, 41.000 people were interviewed in 79 cities and four urban agglomerations. Citizens were asked to express their views on various aspects of urban life. Example of the survey questions include: How do they assess the quality of services such as public transport, health care, education, cultural and sport facilities? Do they consider migration as an asset for their city? How do they perceive job availability or affordable housing in their cities?

The 2015 edition of this survey has been commissioned by the European Commission DG REGIO and will be carried out in the Spring 2015. The report is to be expected end 2015.

1. Article 8 of the ERDF regulation. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32013R1301 2. For more information on the ERDF (European Development Fund) refer to SEISMIC scoping paper, EU policies: Urban and social innovation dimension, September 2014, Part 1, p13. 3. http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/studies/pdf/urban/survey2013_en.pdf

Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 11 Selection of inspiring European projects1 related to SEISMIC The list of projects below is not exhaustive; it complements the list already presented in the SEISMIC scoping paper and will be further complemented in the next policy watch papers.

VOICES2, 2013 WILCO3, 2010-2014 VOICES (Views, Opinions and Ideas of Citizens WILCO examined how local welfare systems in Europe on Science) is a consultation that affect social inequalities and how they favour gathered the opinions of 1000 people from social cohesion in cities. It focused in particular across 27 EU countries to shape the future of on the missing link between innovation at European research. It follows the principles of the local level and their successful transfer responsible research and innovation, whereby and implementation to other settings, research has to be adapted to the needs of national level and beyond. The results were people. designed to feed immediately to the needs of practitioners in urban policies and actionable During this one-year project, three-hour on the ground. focus groups were run in science centres and museums to engage citizens and gather opinions and ideas on research and innovation in 2013. The topic of the consultation was “urban waste as a resource”.

The result of these consultations has been documented in an EU report, which confirms a number of the EU’s current research priorities, and proposes a range of new ways to adjust and strengthen the European research 3. http://www.wilcoproject.eu/ agenda.

BENISI4 BENISI aims at identifying 300 of the social innovations that generate the most employment. The project will then try and upscale these promising projects, providing the tools and conditions for these best practices to be transferred in other European settings.

2. http://www.voicesforinnovation.eu/ 4. http://www.benisi.eu/ project-summary

1. A first overview of European funded projects related to social innovation features in the SEISMIC scoping paper, EU policies: Urban and social innovation dimension, September 2014, Part 3, p.17-18. The projects TEPSIE, CITISPYCE and LIPSE are highlighted there.

12 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 URBACT work stream ‘Social TRANSITION4 innovation in cities’1 TRANSITION is a project that supports the URBACT is a European scaling-up of social innovations in Europe. exchange and learning It is developing a network of incubators programme that which brings together established partners promotes sustainable within the fields of social innovation (SI) and urban development. It innovation-based incubation (IBI). The project works with about 500 will also provide learning output on which cities in 29 countries to scaling methodologies are most effective in a share good practices given region and the level of impact of these between peers2. methodologies when transferred between regions. In 2014, URBACT identified cities as important 4. http://transitionproject.eu/ catalysts of social innovation3, which were leaders in the process bridging traditional forms of governance to more participatory ones. Among other things, URBACT mentions that exploring new forms of governance and participation in cities was triggered by the diminishing of public resources. URBACT shows that cities now play a pivotal role tackling the following challenges:

• .the need to support a generation of new SI DRIVE5, 2014-2018 ideas; SI-DRIVE focuses on mapping, analysing and • .the role of co-production; promoting social innovation in Europe and • .the impact of smart finance; other regions of the world. This project aims at improving our knowledge of different social • .the potential of new service co-produced innovation and their capacity for changing delivery models; societies. It will carry out its work through • .the value of unusual suspects; and, seven policy areas: education, employment, • .the prerequisite of a strong evidence base. environment, energy, mobility/transport, health and social care, and poverty and sustainable development.

5. http://www.si-drive.eu/

1. http://www.sustainable-everyday-project.net/ urbact-socialinnovationincities/ 2. For more information refer to SEISMIC scoping paper, Part 1, p.15. 3. Urbact capitalisation report, Cities of tomorrow - action today, Paul Soto, May 2013.

Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 13 Issue tracker

The issue tracker reports on activities carried out within the National Networks in 2014 and links them to current debates at EU level.

Six EU policy areas were highlighted in the SEISMIC scoping paper (September 2014) to reflect on the six largest spending items of sub-national governments in the SEISMIC countries1:

• Education SEISMIC scoping paper • Social protection Education Transport • Health and environment • General public services Social protection Economic development • Economic General public services development Health and environment • Transport

In parallel, the interviews and sketches exercise in the national networks showed that people’s current concerns revolve around three major themes:

• More green • Better public transport More green • Stronger communities Stronger communities Better public transport

Interviews and sketches at the SEISMIC National Networks

Feeds back to the National Networks

1. SEISMIC scoping paper, EU policies: Urban and social innovation dimension, September 2014, part 2, p.6. SEISMIC policy watch

14 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 More green What do we mean by ‘More green’? The need for space and nature lies behind the general desire for ‘more green’. The sketches drafted through the first year of the SEISMIC project show dreams of a greener city where the quietness and nature of the countryside was brought to the city.

The green buildings in the city of Vienna for instance2, are an interesting realisation of these dreams. In this case, the city administration took into account nature, aesthetics and energy- efficiency. Vienna’s ‘greening facades and roofs’ initiative shows that planting on urban surfaces helps regulate the temperature inside houses, as well as improve the overall CO2 balance of a city.

Leading by example, in 2011 the city greened the facades of the building that houses the department for waste management (MA 48 building) in central Vienna. Nearly 3,000 running metres of planters were mounted on 850 m2 of facade, carrying around 17,000 plants, mainly shrubs, grasses and herbs. From spring to autumn they provide an impressive expanse of plants and colours.

Several research projects carried out by the Vienna University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences from 2010- 2013 gave evidence of the positive climate impact of greening facades, both in summer and winter. In summer, evaporation by plants is equivalent to 45 air conditioning units at 3,000 watts running for eight hours. In winter, the building’s heat loss was reduced by up to 50%.

EU related initiative: Nature-based solutions, a new European Commission approach3 The European Commission is developing a new initiative on Nature-Based Solutions to tackle a variety of challenges in cities (mobility and air quality for instance). Nature-based solutions are understood as living solutions inspired by, continuously supported by and using nature, designed to address various societal challenges in a resource efficient and adaptable manner and to provide simultaneously economic, social and environmental benefits.

Small-scale green roofs use opportunities such as bike shelters and bin covers to incorporate green roofs with native and regionally typical planting to maximise benefits for conservation priority insects and urban birds4.

2 http://eurocities.eu/eurocities/publications/Cities-in-action-green-buildings- Vienna-WSPO-9BQD77 3. http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index_en.cfm?pg=nature-based-solutions The objective of the EU Research & Innovation policy on nature-based solutions is to position Europe as a world leader both in Research & Innovation on nature- based solutions and in the global market for nature-based solutions. 4. www.turas-cities.eu

Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 15 Better public transport What do we mean by ‘better public transport’? Improving connections and access to different parts of a city is the rationale behind the desire for ‘better public transport’. Most sketches bringing up these concerns highlight the need to fit the city’s infrastructure to people’s need and scale: a city fit for pedestrians, cyclists as well as children.

An illustration of what this means in European cities can be found in Berlin and its ambition to be a world- class example of a ‘barrier-free city’5. The city has compiled a series of planning guidebooks; developed a tactile scale model of the city for visitors and citizens alike and is spreading the barrier-free culture through a dedicated stakeholder group. The two manuals, ‘Berlin Design for All’, provide experts and planners with a set of requirements and planning principles to help create a barrier-free city. It is now mandatory to use the manuals for the design and construction of all state buildings in Berlin. The team developing the manuals worked closely with a number of affected individuals to ensure they really do provide guidelines which respond to the needs of the visually impaired and less able.

EU-related initiative: the European Commission’s Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) Award 6 The European Commission’s Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) Award was launched in 2012. The aim of the award scheme is to encourage the adoption of Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs).The award concept is in line with the Eltis SUMP guidelines which define a Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan as a ‘strategic plan designed to satisfy the mobility needs of people and businesses in cities and their surroundings for a better quality of life. It builds on existing planning practices and takes due consideration of integration, participation, and evaluation principles’.

The 2012 award focused on stakeholder and citizen participation in the SUMP. The 2013 award rewarded successful territorial and policy integration, while the 2014 edition looked at monitoring the implementation to improve the SUMP.

5 http://eurocities.eu/eurocities/publications/Cities-in-action-grasping-Berlin-shaping-Berlin-WSPO-95XFKW 6. http://www.dotherightmix.eu/2014-sump-award

16 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Stronger communities

What do we mean by ‘stronger communities’? The sketches also relayed people’s desire to ‘downscale the city’. A community is not only about physical proximity, but also about recreating social links in the neighbourhood.

The Sunday Assembly7 is a ‘godless congregation’ that works following the motto ‘ live better, help often and wonder more’. It is similar to a community outreach programme. It is framed around the idea that people have to meet and have fun together to discover their creativity and then achieve their full potential to be active in their neighbourhoods.

As a social enterprise, the Sunday Assembly provides an online platform to connect with people, as well as videos, speakers, marketing support, and all the resources to boost the creative space needed to empower people in their neighbourhoods.

EU-related policy: review of the European citizens initiative in early 2015 Building stronger communities is a very local issue. The European Commission does not have competences related to it.

The European citizens’ initiative (ECI) is a European instrument that has rallied many Europeans to back up the same cause and created communities of purpose across the EU. The European citizens initiative provides citizens with the opportunity to participate directly in the development of EU policies. If the support from one million EU citizens is achieved, they can call on the European Commission to make a legislative proposal. The ECI is enshrined in the Treaties of the Union and is possible in any field where the Commission has the power to propose legislation, for example environment, agriculture, transport or public health. ‘Water is a human right’ is the first successful ECI8; it is now being taken up by the European Commission to propose EU regulation on the subject.

The ECI regulation will be reviewed in 2015 as its procedures are often considered too bureaucratic and burdensome.

7. http://sundayassembly.com/ 8. http://www.right2water.eu/

Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 17 Updates from the 10 National Networks

Overview of the needs for urban research and policies expressed in the National Networks in 2014

New urban governance AT: To encourage participatory city labs, to inform (learning network) and involve (participatory lab)

BE: To foster LIVING STREETS experiments as an innovative urban governance practice

CZ: To include Roma and old people in urban planning projects

DE: To identify the success factors of a sustainable community organisation

DE: To consider local actors and their input as a resource in urban planning strategies

IT: To encourage civic monitoring of public services

IT: To research and analyse collaborative mapping as a tool for governance and participation

UK: To map and describe processes of community-based interventions, in view of making them sustainable

New public space DE: To identify and promote connections between local knowledge and large scale urban processes

HU: To define what is a liveable city

SE: To launch or gather research on the social role of real estate owners in cities and take especially into account small scale developers

TR: To identify the needs of multicultural cities in terms of social bond

TR: To study the impact of social media on city life, especially its negative/adverse effects

TR: To promote intelligent water management design in view of boosting cities’ environmental resilience

New urban economy AT: To identify innovative financial models to fund local urban solutions CZ: To promote alternative urban economic models: social entrepreneurship, volunteering IT: To research and promote a social innovation approach to the urban economy NL: To promote alternative approaches to urban economies and especially considering: reforming urban labour markets to span from volunteering to regular permanent contracts, create a broad level playing field for social innovation, measuring social value, and promoting the sharing economy SE: To promote city resilience; NB: economic, ecological and social resilience UK: To identify to what extent social innovation is used to mitigate the negative effects of cutbacks in cities budgets and their provisioning public services

18 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Where do these topics come from? This list of topics was drafted on the basis of the reports and posters prepared by the National Networks coordinators. These documents sum up the discussions that took place in 2014 within the National Networks. The meetings identified needs for further research and innovation in cities. They especially considered social innovation as a means to tackle some of the most pressing urban issues identified.

Diversity and synergies between the ideas emerging from the National Networks The countries represented in SEISMIC are very diverse1; hence the diversity of needs identified when considering urban development in their countries. The overview of needs identified by the National Networks allows us to draw some first conclusions on common trends and differences worth noticing2. The topics listed above are clustered under three headings:

Common issues identified in the National Networks:

1. New urban governance: assessing how to integrate social innovation knowledge (from experimentation and pilot projects) into formal policies 2. New public space: debating the use of public space (participatory processes) 3. New urban economy: looking for innovative solutions to boost cities’ local economies

Differences between the National Networks

1. Diversity, poverty and migration trends are different in Central and Western European cities 2. Innovation that are novel ideas or being piloted in Central-Eastern European countries might already be at a scaling stage in Western countries. 3. There is a different mix of people participating in the National Networks: In the Central-Eastern European countries NGOs represent the majority of participants and local authorities are often absent. Civil servants have either not been invited or could not commit to participating in the meetings at that point in time. In Western European countries, representatives from local authorities have participated to some National Networks meetings and contributed to the debate; for example by exploring how boosting social innovation can help mitigate the negative impact of budget cuts.

Tailoring transnational exchange One of the conclusions of this overview is that transnational exchange between these countries has to be carefully tailored. If transnational exchanges are to focus on common challenges, clustering countries that face similar issues would be useful.

1. Their urban profiles were outlined in the SEISMIC scoping paper, EU policies: Urban and social innovation dimension, September 2014, page 5 to 14. 2. Education comes up several times in the issues that need to be further researched and invested in in urban contexts. It is one of the largest spending items of sub-national authorities in the 10 SEISMIC countries. SEISMIC scoping paper, part 2, p.6

Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 19 Overview of the needs for urban research and policies identified 1 To launch or gather research on the social 8 To tackle various societal gaps: especially role of real estate owners in cities and take the social and digital gaps, including during the first round of meetings of the National Networks especially into account small scale education and place-based differences. developers. 2 To promote city resilience; NB: economic, 9 To encourage local solutions to energy ecological and social resilience. 1 poverty. To measure the impact of small scale 3 10 To foster LIVING STREETS experiments as grass-root initiatives and experiments in an innovative urban governance practice. urban development. 11 To identify the success factors of a 4 To identify to what extent social innovations 2 are used to mitigate the negative effects of sustainable community organisation. cutbacks in city’s budgets and their 12 To identify and promote connections provisioning public services. between local knowledge and large scale 5 To map and describe processes of urban processes. community-based interventions, in view of 13 To consider local actors and their input as a 3 making them sustainable. resource in urban planning strategies. 4 6 To promote European exchange and 14 To include Roma and old people in urban learning on social innovation processes at planning projects. stake in cities. 15 To include community leadership in To promote alternative approaches to 5 7 education policies. boosting urban economies, namely by using 16 social innovation, and especially considering: To promote alternative urban economic reforming urban labour markets to span models: social entrepreneurship, volunteering. 6 from volunteering to regular permanent 7 contracts, create a broad level playing field 17 To identify innovative financial models to 8 including social innovation, measuring social fund local urban solutions. value, and promoting the sharing economy. 9 18 To encourage participatory city labs, to 12 10 11 inform (learning network) and involve (participatory lab). 14 13 15 16 19 To define what is a liveable city. 20 To assess the East/West differences in 20 European urban development. 17 18 19 21 To boost policies and research on urban 21 poverty and urban mobility. 22 To research and promote a social innovation approach to the urban economy. 22 23 To encourage civic monitoring of public services. 23 24 To research and analyze collaborative mapping as a tool for governance and paticipation New urban governance: integrating 24 25 25 To identify the needs of multicultural cities in knowledge and new participatory process 26 27 terms of social bound. created through informal policies 26 To study the impact of social media on city New public space: debating the use of public life, especially its negative/adverse effects. space 27 To promote intelligent water management New urban economy: looking for innovative design in view of boosting cities’ solutions to boost cities local economies environmental resilience. Other

20 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 1 To launch or gather research on the social 8 To tackle various societal gaps: especially role of real estate owners in cities and take the social and digital gaps, including especially into account small scale education and place-based differences. developers. 2 To promote city resilience; NB: economic, 9 To encourage local solutions to energy ecological and social resilience. 1 poverty. To measure the impact of small scale 3 10 To foster LIVING STREETS experiments as grass-root initiatives and experiments in an innovative urban governance practice. urban development. 11 To identify the success factors of a 4 To identify to what extent social innovations 2 are used to mitigate the negative effects of sustainable community organisation. cutbacks in city’s budgets and their 12 To identify and promote connections provisioning public services. between local knowledge and large scale 5 To map and describe processes of urban processes. community-based interventions, in view of 13 To consider local actors and their input as a 3 making them sustainable. resource in urban planning strategies. 4 6 To promote European exchange and 14 To include Roma and old people in urban learning on social innovation processes at planning projects. stake in cities. 15 To include community leadership in To promote alternative approaches to 5 7 education policies. boosting urban economies, namely by using 16 social innovation, and especially considering: To promote alternative urban economic reforming urban labour markets to span models: social entrepreneurship, volunteering. 6 from volunteering to regular permanent 7 contracts, create a broad level playing field 17 To identify innovative financial models to 8 including social innovation, measuring social fund local urban solutions. value, and promoting the sharing economy. 9 18 To encourage participatory city labs, to 12 10 11 inform (learning network) and involve (participatory lab). 14 13 15 16 19 To define what is a liveable city. 20 To assess the East/West differences in 20 European urban development. 17 18 19 21 To boost policies and research on urban 21 poverty and urban mobility. 22 To research and promote a social innovation approach to the urban economy. 22 23 To encourage civic monitoring of public services. 23 24 To research and analyze collaborative mapping as a tool for governance and paticipation New urban governance: integrating 24 25 25 To identify the needs of multicultural cities in knowledge and new participatory process 26 27 terms of social bound. created through informal policies 26 To study the impact of social media on city New public space: debating the use of public life, especially its negative/adverse effects. space 27 To promote intelligent water management New urban economy: looking for innovative design in view of boosting cities’ solutions to boost cities local economies environmental resilience. Other

Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 21 Common trends identified throughout all the activities of the SEISMIC project In 2014, the three main activities of the SEISMIC project were:

• To launch National Network meetings in 10 countries to identify needs for further research and innovation in cities. • To set up interviews with sketch artists to visualise solutions to urban challenges. • To publish a scoping paper providing information on urban development and social innovation in Europe and in the SEISMIC countries. These activities were coordinated as different processes and were run in parallel. Cross-analysing their results shows a series of consolidated themes to be further discussed during the project’s life:

SEISMIC scoping paper - six largest spending items for sub-national governments Education Social protection Health and environment General public services Economic development Transport

SEISMIC interviews and sketches More green Better public transport Stronger communities

SEISMIC National Networks discussions New public spaces New urban economies New urban governance

22 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Understanding current national urban policies in the SEISMIC countries

Focus on decentralisation processes and challenges in Italy and the Netherlands

The Netherlands: municipalities get Italy: implementing the metropolitan increased responsibilities in social reform affairs • The 2014 law on Metropolitan cities transforms As of 1st January 2015, most national and provincial 10 former provinces into metropolitan cities. As 1 powers in the social domain are decentralised to of January 2015, 8 out of these 10 metropolitan municipalities, but only 75% of the national budget cities have constituted a metropolitan council is re-allocated. By applying more targeted policies, and are elaborating their statutes. citizens’ participation and more generally public sector innovation, municipalities are expected to • Italian metropolitan cities will be beneficiaries compensate for this overall budget cut. of European funding for the 2014-2020 cycle. A specific operational programme for However, disparities between subnational metropolitan cities is dedicated to them. This governments raise some concerns about the programme will finance interventions towards success of this decentralisation reform. Some social inclusion, digital infrastructures, smart provinces and municipalities have to do with fewer city projects in the main Italian urban areas with 4 resources to manage the new decentralised tasks. resources from ERDF and ESF . 4. http://www.dps.gov.it/it/programmazione_1420/PON_ Metro/index.html

Transforming the way in which services are provided: public sector innovation2

The reform is not only about decentralisation, but also about transforming the way in which services are provided. Municipalities are not expected to simply replicate the services provided by the central government and the provincial administration, but rather to reorganise the way in which they deliver them to make them more responsive to the needs of the population.3

One of the prerequesites set by the reform is that local authorities involve citizens in policy making. Previously, an important form of participation was bottom-up campaigning: patients, clients, unemployed people, migrants, or disabled people used this method to draw attention to their situation and their interests. The reform led to the establishment of participatory councils, in which different groups of stakeholders, such as users of services and local councils are represented. For the creation of the participatory councils, local authorities have adopted participation by-laws, which recognise the formal character of the participation. Beside these councils, some local authorities also use other organised and non-organised forms of citizen representation (e.g. platforms of disabled people or organisations of patients). 1. The 1st January 2015 transfer concerns specifically long term care, namely for elderly and disabled people. 2. http://www.stakeholders-socialinclusion.eu/site/en/cs/NL_cs-ssa 3. http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/urban-rural-and-regional-development/ oecd-territorial-reviews-netherlands-2014_9789264209527-en#page249

Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 23 Focus on the setting of advisory bodies to inform and improve national urban strategies: examples in Sweden and the United Kingdom

Sweden: platform for sustainable United Kingdom: what works centres urban development The What Works Network5 is a new initiative to In February 2014 the Swedish government asked improve the use of high quality evidence when five national agencies to establish a platform government makes decisions about public for sustainable urban development. The aim services. of the platform is to increase cooperation and coordination, knowledge development and The What Works Network is made up of six knowledge dissemination between these agencies: independent evidence centres covering:

• National Board of Housing, Building and • Health and social care Planning, • Educational attainment • Swedish Agency for Economic and • Ageing better Regional Growth, • Local growth • Swedish Transport Administration, • Crime reduction • Environmental Protection Agency and • Effective early intervention • Swedish Energy Agency. Their objectives are: The platform will also support processes related to the regional structural funds dedicated to urban • To enable local decision-makers to make sustainable development. decisions about public services which are informed by evidence. • To ensure that policy development and delivery of public services are informed by rigorous and high quality research. • To help decision-makers to invest in services that deliver the best outcomes for citizens and value for money for taxpayers.

The What Works Centre for Local growth has so far carried out reviews over five policy areas: public realm, access to finance, sports and culture, business advise, and employment training.

5. http://whatworksgrowth.org/

24 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Focus on boosting social value in local expenditure procedure: the Social Value Act in the UK Measurement of social impact is being used to award contracts as fulfilment of the Social Value Act 2012. The act imposes a pre-procurement duty on the Council to consider how procurement might improve the economic, social and environmental well-being of the area in which a contract is delivered.

A growing number of case studies show good practices, from both the public and private sectors, as a result of the Social Value Act.

In the public sector, the Birmingham Business Charter for Social Responsibility was drafted to go a step further and boost the local economy through support to the local supply chain, creation of job opportunities and ensuring employees are paid a fair wage. This Charter is a set of guiding principles that the city administration and its contracted suppliers adopt in the procurement procedure. The principles of the charter are:

• Local Employment • Buy Birmingham First • Partners in Communities • Good Employer • Green and Sustainable • Ethical Procurement In the private sector, more social enterprises are measuring the social and environmental value they create (a social enterprise survey shows that 68% of them are now formally measuring their social impact, which rises to 74% in start-ups6).

6 http://www.theguardian.com/social-enterprise-network/2013/sep/24/impact-of-social-value-act

Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 25 Local urban solutions

In the Hungarian National Network - Route4U1 Route4U is a mobile application that helps collect and share information to make the cityscape more accessible to people in wheelchairs.

This app has four different features:

• It provides a map highlighting wheelchair accessibility paths and your position. • It collects data anonymously on routes, bumps or vibrations. • It provides a platform to share information on particular obstacles. • It can generate an itinerary based on your criteria. In August 2014, a mapping party was organised with the Alliance of Disabled Association and the Hungarian OpenStreetMap2 community. 50 volunteers mapped the inner city of Budapest and will allow the release of an accessibility map for the city.

In the Italian National Network – Social Street3 Social Street started with a poster in Via Fondazza in Bologna in 2013. The poster called the inhabitants of this street to register to a Facebook group in order to get to know each other and share general information and tips on living in the neighbourhood. The initiative was very successful and Social Street 1. http://route4u.org/ 2. http://www.openstreetmap.org/about 3. http://www.socialstreet.it/

26 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 has now gone way beyond its initial ambition. There are now 365 social streets in Italy and other European countries.

Its success factors are being studied but some elements have already been highlighted as particularly important for their success:

• The use of a social network, as a free medium, to spread information and facilitate face to face encounters. • Clearly defined and restricted territory: one street. • No predefined structure: following the country, city or street, each group can tailor their encounters and social relations to their context. • Inclusion as a principle: focus on events and issues that bring people together and avoid those that divide them.

In the UK National Network - The Goldfinger Factory

The Goldfinger Factory is a social enterprise based in London. They work as an up-cycling production in furnishings and as a learning hub for the training, support and inspiration of London’s most disadvantaged residents. They provide workshops for the local community in furniture up-cycling (restoration, upholstery etc), DIY and interior design as well as accredited training, work skills experience and ultimately create new job opportunities.

The spaces they create are curated by designers, artists and craftsmen, and are all restored by trainees from socially disadvantaged groups, providing skills, support and ultimately jobs, whilst creating value in London’s rapidly growing re-use sector, and at the same time saving materials from ending up in landfill.

Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 27 Aknowledgments

The next Policy Watch should be published between July and September 2015.

This paper was drafted by Soraya Zanardo, Policy researcher, under the supervision of Dorthe Nielsen, Senior policy advisor; Nathalie Guri, Projects manager; and Vanda Knowles, Policy director at EUROCITIES. All partners in the SEISMIC project contributed with comments and advising.

Design and layout: Wilma Dragonetti

This project receives funding from the European Commission, DG Research & Innovation through the 7th framework programme. The responsibility of ideas or opinions expressed in this publication lies with the partners of the project. The European Commission is not responsible for those ideas or opinions nor for any use that may be made of them.

Images credits

Sketches pp. 5, 15, 16 & 17: SKETCH is coproduced by Company New Heroes and Het Zuidelijk Toneel concept: Lucas De Man, Pascal Leboucq, Kimberly Major performance: Lucas De Man, Tijs Huys, Rosa Boon design: Pascal Leboucq project coordinator/dramaturgy: Kimberly Major producer of Seismic tour: Rosa Boon All the local artists that made SKETCH: Franco Huller Floris Solleveld Cathelijn van Goor Anej Nuhanovic Virág Bogyó Tanja Sap Magda Stanova Csilla Hódi Richtje Reinsma Ľudmila Hrachovinová Mózes Murányi Laura Russell Honza Chabr Balázs Antal Amy Cox Stepanka Jislova Emese Fodo Jodie Drinkwater Mary Cinque Boğaç Oydemir Nadine Lowe Annamaria Iantaffli Gözde Can Köroğlu Anja Ehrenberg Sonia Giambrone Murat Kosif Sonja Augart alessio tommasetti Buse Kökçü Katrin Popken Marco Serra HAKAN FİLİZ Alexandre van Leemput Emma Macintosch Irmak Boycan Olivier Vanden Bussche Cecilia Sebastian Grande Jana Dovbreva Hrönn Hedin Alexandra Parger Aagje Van Damme Linda Andersson Emanuel Leirich Floriaan den Hoed Marthe Roosenboom Mustafa Karadzic Eliena Lebeau Ad Roefs Philipp Froehlich Koen De Gussem Lot Bakker Lot Bakker Cederic Neven Liesbeth Verhoeven Liesje van den Berk Mark Venter

Photo Route4U: Route4U Magyarország Kft.

Photo Social Street: Cezaro De Luca

28 Policy watch n°1 - March 2015 References

General literature Innovation in Europe’s cities, a report by LSE Cities on Bloomberg Philanthropies’ 2014 Mayors Challenge, February 2015 Responses to austerity, how groups across the UK are adapting, challenging and imagining alternatives, New Economics Foundation, February 2015 The wired world in 2015, Wired (magazine), January 2015 SI live 2014, Bringing together social innovation research, incubation and action, a Social Innovation Europe report, December 2014 Governing urban futures, LSE Cities report, November 2014 Where are the politics in responsible innovation? European governance, technology assessments, and beyond, Journal of Responsible Innovation, Michel van Oudheusden, February 2014, Responsible innovation across borders: tensions, paradoxes and possibilities, Journal of Responsible Innovation, P. Macnaghtenab, R. Owenc, J. Stilgoed, B. Wynnee, A. Azevedof, A. de Camposb, J. Chilversg, R. Dagninob, G. di Giulioh, E. Frowi, B. Garveyj, C. Grovesk, S. Hartleyl, M. Knobelb, E. Kobayashim, M. Lehtonenn, J. Lezauno, L. Mellop, M. Monteirob, J. Pamplona da Costab, C. Rigolinq, B. Rondanir, M. Staykovas, R. Taddeit, C. Tillu, D. Tyfieldv, S. Wilfordw & L. Velhob, 2014 I-teams, the teams and funds making innovation happen in governments around the world, Ruth Puttick, Peter Baeck & Philip Colligan, Nesta, Bloomberg Philanthropies, 2014 OECD Territorial reviews: Netherlands, 2014

European documents SEISMIC project National Networks reports 2014 (AT, BE, CZ, DE, HU, IT, NL, SE, TR, UK), November 2014 Just as science and technology, innovation in society needs carefully crafted investment and support’, BEPA newsletter, Geoff Mulgan, October 2014 SEISMIC scoping paper, EU policies: Urban and social innovation dimension, Soraya Zanardo, September 2014 Urbact capitalisation report, Cities of tomorrow - action today, Paul Soto, May 2013 Special Eurobarometer 401, Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI), Science and Technology, November 2013 Quality of life in European Cities, Perception Survey, DG regional and urban policy, October 2013 Options for strengthening (RRI), DG Research and Innovation, European Commission, 2013 Research on social innovation, inventory of projects funded under the EU Research Framework Programmes FP7, FP6 and FP5

European initiatives and projects http://jpi-urbaneurope.eu/ http://www.covenantofmayors.eu/index_en.html http://mayors-adapt.eu/ http://www.voicesforinnovation.eu/ http://www.benisi.eu/project-summary http://www.wilcoproject.eu/ http://www.sustainable-everyday-project.net/urbact-socialinnovationincities/ http://transitionproject.eu/ http://www.si-drive.eu/ http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index_en.cfm?pg=nature-based-solutions http://www.turas-cities.eu http://www.dotherightmix.eu/2014-sump-award http://www.right2water.eu/

Websites http://www.eurocities.eu http://www.biourbanism.org http://www.iclei.org/ http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/09/CITIES-Mayors-compact.pdf http://sundayassembly.com/ http://www.stakeholders-socialinclusion.eu/site/en/cs/NL_cs-ssa http://www.dps.gov.it http://whatworksgrowth.org/ http://www.socialstreet.it/ http://www.openstreetmap.org/about http://route4u.org/ http://www.theguardian.com

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