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T.C. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Islam Tarihi Ve Sanatlari Anabilim Dali Vii. Haçli Seferi Y

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T.C. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Islam Tarihi Ve Sanatlari Anabilim Dali Vii. Haçli Seferi Y T.C. HİTİT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ İSLAM TARİHİ VE SANATLARI ANABİLİM DALI VII. HAÇLI SEFERİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Kübra Gül ÖZDEMİR Çorum 2020 VII. HAÇLI SEFERİ Kübra Gül ÖZDEMİR Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İslam Tarihi ve Sanatları Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi TEZ DANIŞMANI Prof. Dr. Mehmet AZİMLİ ÇORUM-2020 KABUL VE ONAY Kübra Gül ÖZDEMİR tarafından hazırlanan VII. Haçlı Seferi başlıklı bu çalışma, 11/05/2020 tarihinde yapılan savunma sınavı sonucunda oybirliği ile başarılı bulunarak yüksek lisans tezi olarak kabul edilmiştir. İmza ----------------------------------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Mehmet AZİMLİ (Başkan-Danışman) İmza ----------------------------------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Zekeriya AKMAN İmza ----------------------------------------------------------- Doç. Dr. Nadir KARAKUŞ Yukarıdaki imzaların adı geçen öğretim üyelerine ait olduğunu imzalarım. Prof. Dr. Mehmet EVKURAN Enstitü Müdürü 4 T.C. HİTİT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE Tez içindeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edilerek sunulduğunu, ayrıca tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada bana ait olmayan her türlü ifade ve bilginin kaynağına eksiksiz atıf yaptığımı beyan ederim. (11/05/2020) İmzası Kübra Gül ÖZDEMİR ÖZET ÖZDEMİR, Kübra Gül. Yedinci Haçlı Seferi, (Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Çorum, 2020. Tez konumuzu teşkil eden VII. Haçlı Seferi 1248-1254 yılları arasında gerçekleşmiştir. VII. Haçlı Seferi; doğuda bulunan Haçlıların, Eyyubiler ve Harezmli askerler tarafından La Forbie (El-Harbiya) savaşında (1244), Hittin savaşından (1187) daha ağır bir yenilgiye uğratılmalarının bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu sırada Avrupa; Almanya ve İtalya, II. Friedrich ve Papa arasındaki sorunlarla boğuşuyordu. Aynı zamanda Orta Avrupa’ya kadar ilerlemiş olan Moğolların etkileri de bu dönemde hala hissediliyor ve Moğol istilacılarının geri dönme ihtimalinin tedirginliğini yaşıyorlardı. 1245 yılında Fransa’nın Lyon kentinde bir konsil düzenlendi. Bu konsilde; Kilisenin sorunları, Kudüs’ün Müslümanlar tarafından alınması ve Moğol tehlikesi hakkında bazı kararlar alındı. Alınan kararlardan biri de Fransa kralı IX. Louis’nin önderliğinde İslam dünyasının en önemli merkezlerinden birisi olan Mısır’a düzenlenecek bir Haçlı Seferi olmuştur. Yedinci Haçlı Seferi, İslam dünyasına etkileri bakımından oldukça önemli bir konuma sahiptir. Haçlılar, Dimyat şehrini ele geçirdiklerinde Eyyubi sultanı Salih Necmeddin Eyyub ağır hastaydı ve Dimyat’ın ele geçirildiğini öğrendikten bir süre sonra vefat etmişti. Salih Necmeddin’in hayatta olan tek oğlu Tûrânşâh ise bu sırada Hısn-ı Keyfa’da bulunuyordu. Sultanın eşi Şecerüddür, ordudan ve halktan sultanın ölümünü gizleyerek Tûrânşâh’ı devletin başına geçmesi için haber gönderdi. Haçlıların Dimyat’ı alarak Mansura’ye ilerledikleri kritik bir dönemde bir felaketin önüne geçilmiş oldu. Tûrânşâh’ın Mısır’a geldiğini duyan ordu moral buldu ve Haçlılar’ın ilerleyişi durdurularak yenilgiye uğratıldı. Bu yenilgi sonucunda Haçlılar, 800,000 dinar fidye ödemek ve Dimyat’ı Müslümanlara teslim etmek zorunda kaldı. Savaşın kazanılmasından bir süre sonra Tûrânşâh’ın tavırlarından rahatsız olan Memlük grubu Tûrânşâh’ı öldürerek yerine üvey annesi Şecerüddür’ü sultan ilan etti. Böylece Mısır’da Eyyubi hakimiyetine son verilerek Memlük devri başlamış oldu. Eyyubi devletinin savaşı kazanmasının ardından son sultanları olan Tûrânşâh’ın öldürülmesi ile yerine üvey annesi Şecerüddür geçmiş ve Mısır’da Eyyubi ailesinin hakimiyeti son bularak Türk Memlüklerin hakimiyetinde Memlük Devleti kurulmuştur. Anahtar Kavramlar: Dimyat, IX. Louis, Salih Necmeddin Eyyub, Memlük. i ABSTRACT ÖZDEMİR, Kübra Gül. The Seventh Crusade, (Master Thesis), Çorum, 2020. The Seventh Crusades, Which constitute our thesis topic, took place between 1248-1254 years and emerged as a result of heavy defeat of Crusaders in the east in the battle of La Forbie (El-Harbiya) in 1244 by the Ayyubid and Khawarazm soldiers that was even worse than the Battle of Hattin (1187). In Europe; Germany and Italy were struggling with the problems between Friedrich II. and the Pope. At the same time, the effects of the Mongols, who had already reached Central Europe, were still felt in this period, and the possibility of withdrawal of Mongolian invaders had caused uneasiness. In 1245, a council was held in Lyon, France where some decisions were taken about the problems of the church, the takeover of Jerusalem by Muslims, and the Mongol threat. One of the decisions taken in this council was the crusade to be organized to Egypt, which was one of the most important centers of the Islamic world then, led by Louis IX the King of France. The Seventh Crusade has a very important position in terms of its effects on the Islamic World. The Ayyubid ruler Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub was seriously ill when the Crusaders took over the city of Dimyat, and he died soon after he came to know about the invasion. Salih Najm al-Din’s only surviving son, Turan Shah was in Hisn-keyfa (Hısn-ı Keyfa) at that time. The wife of the sultan, Shajarat al-Durr, sent a message to Turan Shah to enthrone him as a head of the state by hiding the death news of the ruler from the army and the people. In this critical period when the Crusaders had already taken Dimyat and were heading towards Mansura, a disaster was prevented as the army cheered up with the news of arrival of Turan shah to Egypt thereby blocking their progress and crusaders were defeated. As a result of this defeat, the Crusaders were obliged to hand over Dimyat to the Muslims and to pay 800,000 dinars of ransom. The Mamluk group was uncomfortable with the attitude of Turan Shah and they declared his stepmother Shajarat al-Durr as their ruler after killing Turan Shah. Thus, soon after the Ayyubid state won the war, his stepmother, Shajarat al-Durr, was replaced by the death of the last ruler, Turan Shah and the era of Mamluk saltanate started by ending the Ayyubid domination in Egypt. Keywords: Damietta, Louis IX, Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub, Mamluk. ii HARİTALAR DİZİNİ Harita Sayfa Harita 1.1. Outremerdeki Büyük Kaleler ve Diğer Müstahkem Yerler 70 Harita 1.2. Eyyubi Devleti Sınırları 71 Harita 1.3. IX. Louis’nin Haçlı Seferi Yol Güzergahı 72 Harita 1.4. Yedinci Haçlı Seferi 72 Harita 1.5. Haçlı Devletleri. 73 iii RESİMLER DİZİNİ Resim Sayfa Resim 2.1. Papa IV. Innocent 74 Resim 2.2. Fransa Kralı IX. Louis 75 Resim 2.3. Eyyubi Devleti Sultanı Salih Necmeddin’in Eşi Şecerüddür. 76 Resim 2.4. IX. Louis’nin Müslümanlar Tarafından esir alınması 77 Resim 2.5. IX. Louis’nin Haçlı Seferi İçin Gemilerle Ayrılışı . 78 Resim 2.6. Dimyat’ın Ele Geçirilişi 78 Resim 2.7. Haçlıların Dimyat’a Girişi 79 Resim 2.8. Şecerüddür Dönemine Ait Para 79 iv İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa ÖZET ................................................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... ii İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................... v SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR ............................................................................. vii ÖN SÖZ ........................................................................................................................ viii GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM HAÇLI SEFERİ ÖNCESİ 1.1. EYYUBİ DEVLETİ ......................................................................................... 3 1.1.1. Kâmil’in Vefatı ........................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2. Dımaşk Mücadelesi ..................................................................................................... 9 1.2. THİBAUT DE CHAMPAGNE HAÇLI SEFERİ........................................ 13 1.3. SULTAN SALİH NECMEDDİN .................................................................. 14 1.4. MISIR-ŞAM MÜCADELESİ ....................................................................... 16 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM YEDİNCİ HAÇLI SEFERİNE HAZIRLIK 2.1. SEBEPLER ......................................................................................................... 19 2.1.1. Gazze Yenilgisi ........................................................................................................... 19 2.1.2. La Forbie (El-Harbiye) Savaşı .................................................................................. 21 2.2. HAZIRLIK ......................................................................................................... 24 2.2.1. Lyon Konsili ............................................................................................................. 24 2.2.2. Moğollarla İlişkiler.................................................................................................... 25 2.2.3. Fransa Kralı St. IX. Louis ......................................................................................... 26 2.2.4. Sefer Hazırlıkları ....................................................................................................... 27 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM SAVAŞIN BAŞLAMASI VE BİTİŞİ 3.1. LOUİS KIBRIS’TA ........................................................................................... 30 3.1.1. IX. Louis ve Moğol Elçileri .....................................................................................
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