Crusader Art in the Holy Land, from the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre, 1187 -- 1291

General Subject Index

Note: A manuscript index arranged by repository name is to be found at the end of the printed work

Abbasid caliphate, 366 Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 7 Acre aerial photo, fig. 61 architectural studies of, 523 artistic production at, lxv, lxvii, 303–4 (See also Acre, manuscripts; Acre, scriptorium) baillage of, 160–61 banners of, 38, 569n141 Baybars’s attack on, 262, 264, 266, 267 Béguines in, 275 Benedictines in, 400 Burchard of Mount Sion on, 388, 399, 400 Carmelites in, 400 cemeteries of, 247, 274, 356, 564n168 Christian schools of, 400 churches of, 38, 60, 61, 182, 183–84, 274–75, 388, 604n377, 605n403, 622n395 Gothic, 8, 279–80 Templar, 183 Cistercians in, 400 coinage of, 48, 205, 258, 316, 505, 514, 677n152, figs 12-16, fig. 36–38, fig. 111–12, fig. 163, plate 7 coin hoard, 505, 677n152 commerce of, 60, 61, 62, 397, 398, 632n660, 652n283 commune end of, 169 formation of, 158, 227 impact on artistic activity, 174, 227 John of Ibelin’s mayorality of, 161 2 confraternities of, 61, 633n685 convents of, 183, 362 Crusader reconquest of, 30, 48, 53, 60, 515 cultural life of, 274, 400 destruction of art at, 38, 469, 569n144 distance from Safed, 621n336 Dominicans in, 183, 296, 630n591, 653n314 in earthquake of 1202, 125, 184 Eastern Christians of, 183, 398, 574n46 Arabs, 627n501 economy of, 394, 397 effect of mercantile conflict on, 255 emergency coinage of, 145 excavation of, 15, 183, 227, 275, 280, 359, 404, 504, 605n378, 670n635, 674n91 fall of (1291), 183, 274, 340, 403, 482–91, 525 aftermath, 506–7 captives from, 489–90 clergy after, 491, 511 Crusader art following, 507–10, 525 Crusaders following, 507 defenders in, 485–86 Henry II in, 486 Hospitallers in, 485, 486, 487 Jacques de Vitry on, 480 mourning for, 489 in pilgrims’ accounts, 488–91 public opinion on, 507 razing of, 489 siege, 484–89 spolia from, 489, 491, 673n70 St. Catherine’s Monastery following, 525 Templars in, 485, 486–88 Venetians in, 487 in Fifth Crusade, 110, 112 figural sculpture of, 282, fig. 144 following truce of 1272, 383–84 fortifications of, 38–39, 76, 124–25, 248, 254, 271, 273–74, 399, 564n163, 575n69, 617n154 founding of, 399 Franciscans in, 183, 296, 435, 653n314 Franco-Byzantine style at, 310, 317, 324–31, 350, 367 Gothic church portal, 491, fig. 334 Greeks in, 413 Guy’s attack on, 37, 568n127 head of St. John at, 623n438 Hospitallers at, 61, 76, 102, 168, 399, 580n285 Hospitallers compound, 491, 501, map 8B icon painting at, 61, 282, 324–31 (See also Icons, Crusader: Franco-Byzantine Acre style) importance in Crusader States, 269, 271 3 institutions of, 274–75 as intellectual center, 398–404 Jacques de Vitry on, 109 Jewish community of, 400 and Latin Empire, 271 libraries of, 403 literary activity in, 400 Louis IX at, 243–54, 284 Louis IX’s chancery at, 247, 269 manuscripts Arabic, 407 illuminated, 345–50, 404–35, 477–78, 654n349 (See also Acre, scriptoria) maps, 490–91, 653n305, 672n23, 674n84, map 8A maritime powers at, 60, 61, 618n232 Marseillaise quarter, 575n53 mint of, 205, 227, 258 Montmusard suburb, 39, 62, 125, 399, map 8A fortification of, 134, 274 mosques, 184 multiculturalism of, 274, 293, 324, 366, 400, 484 name of, 653n305 New Courthouse site, 504 painting in, 14, 61, 282, 324–31, 350–56, 366 papal interdict on, 161 passage from, 565n13 patriarchs of Jerusalem at, 60, 399 in Pelrinages et Pardouns de Acre, 388 in Perugia Missal, 295–96 Pisans at, 632n660, 633n689 plague in, 577nn171,176 population of, 62, 575n68 port of, 15, 399, 564nn163,168 pottery of, 504–5, 592n292, fig. 345–49 rebellion against Frederick II, 601n222 rebuilding of, 67 refugee clergy in, 2, 60, 271 religious administration at, 399 reputation of, 244 Richard I at, 38–39, 40–41 sacred spaces of, 399 Saladin’s siege of, 36, 37, 38, 45 scriptoria, 13, 61, 92, 213, 214, 226, 251, 290, 400–404, 403, 423, 477, 630n614 (See also Acre, manuscripts; Acre, icon painting at) during 1250-1254, 282–99 Byzantine elements of, 303 commercial operation of, 408 Franco-Byzantine style at, 345–50 French influence on, 303 4

location of, 304 Louis IX’s commissions to, 269 of Naples Missal, 95 patriarch of Jerusalem’s, 435 secular books of, 626n489 St. Petersburg-Lyon Master at, 407 seal of cour bourgeois, 499, fig. 349 size of, 273–74 Templar church, 183 Templar headquarters, 488, 673n52 Teutonic Knights in, 183, 491, 647n44 in Thibaut’s Crusade, 163, 165 Thietmar at, 121 in Third Crusade, 29, 38 ties with Monastery of St. Catherine, 275, 622n401 Tower of the King, 486 towers of, 591nn257,259 travel from Damascus to, 121 True Cross cult at, 48–49, 572n292 Tuscan commerce in, 632n660 urban culture of, 400 Venetian artists at, 344–45, 367, 368, 628n546 Venetians in, 633n689 view from east, fig. 335 Wall of the King, 486 in War of St. Sabas, 255, 256–57, 367, 619n254 Western artists in, 19 Wilbrand von Oldenburg at, 119, 125 workshops of, 303–8, 336, 342 see of, 271 “Acre Archive,” 45–46 Acre Triptych, 310–18, 324, 352, 353, 514, 629n569, 631n625 and Agnus Dei bezant, 359 angels of, 631n640, 632n650, 633n688 Apulian connection of, 313, 314, 315, 316 artists of, 315, 509 backgrounds of, 314 Byzantine models for, 313, 317 central panel, 313, 315, 632n650, fig. 155–56 Christ and elders on, 311, fig. 157 chrysography on, 455, 456 commission of, 317 date of, 317, 318, 635n726 and Deësis panel, 326 Dormition in, 311, 312, 440, 441, 442, fig. 160 East-West synthesis in, 316–17 eye treatment of, 312, 337 floor depiction, 632n649 5

Franco-Byzantine Acre Crusader style of, 310, 317, 324–31 French Gothic elements in, 312 function of, 317, 325 incised decoration of, 314 lamb imagery, 316 multiculturalism of, 312, 426 pastiglia of, 314 patron of, 318 repainting of, 632n649 sources of, 311 St. John the Baptist in, 314, 316–17, fig. 161 St. Nicholas in, 34, 314, 315, 316–17, 632n669, fig. 162 and St. Francis Chapel frescoes, 300–301 Threnos, 311, fig. 158 Tuscan background of, 315, 317, 632n650 Veneto-Byzantine elements of, 317 Virgin and Child in, 313 Virgin in, 310–11, fig. 155–56 volumetric faces of, 312 and War of St. Sabas, 317 wings, 632n654 inner, 305, 311, 317, 329, 334, fig. 155, fig. 157 outer, 314, 315, 317, 336, 344, 440, 634n703, fig. 162 workshop of, 305, 354 Agridi Ibelin victory at, 160 Aigues-Mortes, port of, 233–34, 235, 240 Ain Jalud, battle of, 260, 261, 271, 379 Aleppo following, 365 Damascus following, 276 Albistan, battle of, 377, 379 Aldrevandini Beaker, 363, 471–72, 478, 645n1016, fig. 327–28 place of origin, 671n656 Aleppo, 365 al-Ashraf’s renovation of, 489 capture by Mongols, 365 coin hoard of, 505 glass from, 364 Khwarismian raid on, 167 Mongol assault on, 171 palaces of, 637n801 Alexandria pottery of, 592n280 strategic value of, 111 Thietmar at, 123, 590n233 Altarpieces French Gothic, 631n627 Italian, 306, 630n606 6

patronage of, 398, 653n289 Amazons, 383, 650n157 in Histoire Universelle, 401, 409, 410–11, 432, 433 as turcopoles, 411 Amiens Cathedral, 195 Ampullae, pilgrims’, 362, 470, 645n1011 Annales de Terre Sainte, 240–41, 264, 602n250 fall of Antioch in, 267 on loss of Templum Domini, 170 Annunciation icons of, 139, 301, 327, fig. 180, fig. 306, fig. 353 Annunciation, Church of (Nazareth) capitals of, 7, 17, 35, 52, 508, 514, 567n57 destruction of, 27–28, 249 façade of, 9 Louis IX at, 249 under Saladin, 42 sculpture of, 27–28, 510, 617n174 Templars at, 651n212 Annunciation and six Stylites icons of, fig. 353 Antioch, 562n42 Armenian ties of, 117 artistic production at, lxvii, 61 Assizes of, 585n28 Ayyubid threat to, 118 Baybars at, 261, 265, 267, 268, 369 booty from, 268 churches of, 120 church inventories from, 5, 27, 29, 138, 145 coinage of, 47, 49, 203, 349, 360, fig. 21, fig. 42, fig. 221 commune of, 158, 243 ecclesiastical treasury of, 86–87, 567n69 fall to Mamluks, 132, 267, 366, 393 following battle of La Forbie, 172 fortification of, 5 German presence in, 226 Greek population of, 108 in History of Outremer, 348, 406, 425, 428, 499, fig. 250 Levon II’s conflict with, 67 manuscripts from, 350, 642nn890–91 Orthodox prelates at, 635n723 patriarchal treasury of, 79, 550n279 pottery of, 132 refugees in, 51 Saladin’s capture of, 22, 24 Seljuk threat to, 118 succession problems at, 62, 63, 75, 76, 108, 575n79 7

textiles of, 87, 575n51 in Third Crusade, lxv, 29 under Treaty of Jaffa, 55, 57 treaty with Kitbogha, 321 Wilbrand at, 119 Aqsa Mosque pulpit of, 607n507 restoration of, 25 treasures from, 566n44 See also Templum Domini Arab Republic, 513 Arabs Christian, 627n501 Archaeologists, 15–16, 563n144 French, 6 Arches of Crusader churches, 2–3, 9 in Crusader icons, 463–64, 670n609, fig. 304 twelfth-century, 278 Architecture Arab, 2 of Christian settlers, 2, 5 Architecture, Byzantine church, 2 influence on Crusader architecture, 3 Architecture, Crusader, 595n15 after reestablishment of Latin Kingdom, 76–83 arabesque ornamentation in, 2 Byzantine influences on, 3 decoration in, 9 destruction of, 280 de Vogüé on, 1–3 ecclesiastical, 80, 82, 202, 227–28, 523 (See also Churches, Crusader) during 1244-1268, 279–82 de Vogüé on, 2–3 Enlart on, 7–8, 10 during Fourth Crusade, 82 glacis construction in, 202 Gothic elements in, 194–200, 202, 203 identification of, 12 independence of, 179 material culture of, 15, 16 Muslim influence on, 80 Romanesque influence on, 1–2, 82 spolia from, 489, 491, 673n70 during Third Crusade, 76 thirteenth-century, lxiv, lxvi, 20, 102, 103 during 1210-1225, 125–38 8

during 1225-1244, 173, 174–78, 202–3, 227 during 1244-1268, 273–82, 366 during 1268-1289, 404 windows in, 9 See also Castles, Crusader Architecture, Gothic of Acre, 8, 279–80 of ‘Atlit parish church, 194–98 Burgundian, 195, 196, 198, 606n465 of Church of Holy Sepulcher, 604n336 of Crac des Chevaliers, 196, 200–202, 277, 278, 280 in Crusader churches, 194–200, 202, 203 of Cyprus, 404, 681n112 ecclesiastical, 279–80 of Famagusta, 280 French court school, 180 influence in Holy Land, 180, 194, 195–98, 202, 226 of Levant, 2 naturalism in, 197 of Nicosia, 280 of Notre Dame Cathedral (Tortosa), 82, 179, 197, 278, 623n420 ogival arches in, 2 origins of, 2 of Sainte Chapelle, 180, 278 of St. Mary of Carmel, 200 of Venice, 464 Architecture, Romanesque at Cathedral of Notre Dame, 179, 181 influence on Crusader architecture, 1–2 Aristocracy, feudal of Armenia, 585n28 terminology of, 563n132 Armaments, Crusader, 637nn803–7 Armenia after fall of Acre, 507 feudal system of, 585n28 pilgrim narratives on, 588n163 treaty with Kitbogha, 321 Armenia, Cilician artistic traditions of, lxv Crusader States and, 439 Franks of, 118 Hospitallers’ support of, 117–18 pilgrimage sites of, 589n186 Teutonic Knights in, 166 ties to Antioch, 117 Wilbrand von Oldenburg in, 118, 120 Armies, medieval 9

troop strength of, 647n16 Army, Crusader mercenaries in, 603n285 Muslims in, 173, 603n285 troop strength of, 647n16, 649n118 Army, Mamluk in fall of Acre, 485, 672n21 Arrows depictions of, 340, 637n803–4 Arsenal Bible (Paris, Bibl. de l’Arsenal MS 5211), 248, 282–95, 401, 509, 514 architectural motifs in, 288, 295 and Bibles Moralisées, 285, 519, 627n513 codicology of, 285 colorism of, 298–99 contents of, 287, 623n447, 626nn477,483 date of, 283 Dominicans in, 286, 410 Eastern elements of, 285, 292–93, 294–95, 345 eye delineation in, 303, 630n609 French connections of, 283, 285, 287, 301, 304, 345 frontispieces, 283, 285, 288, 289, 290, 297, 414, 415 Deuteronomy, 627n531 Exodus, 289, fig. 147 Genesis, 289, 291, 355, fig. 146 Joshua, 291–92 Judges, 628n543 Judith, 289, 292, 293, fig. 148 Kings, 293, 360 Numbers, 355 Proverbs, 627n531 royal portraits in, 360 Ruth, 627n531 function of, 325 Gothic elements in, 293, 294 historiated initials, 293–94, 627n530, fig. 145 imagery of, 283, 285, 287, 290, 291 link to military orders, 286 and London Histoire Universelle, 421 Louis IX’s patronage of, 282–86, 288, 289, 290–91, 410, 423, 514, 518, 625n458, 659n418 Marguerite of France and, 290, 291 miniatures, 282, 659n417 King Solomon, 289, 290, 292, 293, 624n445, 626n497, 627n498, plate 3 style of, 294 and Morgan Old French Bible, 417 and Morgan Old Testament Picture Book, 285, 287, 291, 519 Moses image in, 450, 659n427 Old Testament, 286, 287–88, 290 Book of Job, 626n467 10

Book of Joshua, 289 Book of Judges, 286, 289, 626nn467,471,486 Book of Judith, 288 Book of Kings, 287, 289, 294, 626nn467,486 Book of Proverbs, 286, 289, 626n467 Book of Ruth, 288, 626n487 Pentateuch, 289, 627n509 parallels to, 295 and Paris Book of Bible selections, 414–15 and Perugia Missal, 297, 298 rubrics of, 288, 626n489 and Sainte Chapelle, 285, 287, 288 scribe of, 286, 305 scriptorium of, 282, 285, 304, 305 settings of, 295 size of, 285 and St. Francis frescoes, 300 vernacular text of, 285, 286–88, 624n465, 625n463, 626n472 Western sources of, 294 Arsenal Bible master, 282, 304, 563n135, 628n545 Eastern elements of, 291 and first Perugia Missal artist, 298 Franco-Byzantine style of, 410, 411, 519 and Histoire Universelle painter, 408 linearism of, 294 modeling of, 294–95 sources of, 292, 293, 310 style of, 294–95, 403, 627n532 Arsuf Crusader occupation of, 39, 569n161 fall to Baybars, 264 refortification of, 265 Art thirteenth-century idea of, lxv Art, American colonial, 519, 680n94 Art, Armenian, 522, 681n136 and Crusader art, lxvi, 20, 524 Art, Byzantine of Crete, 517 and Crusader art, lxvi, 20 female saints in, 334 imagery of, 318, 332, 438, 512, 634n715 influence on European art, 14, 52, 516, 517 “King of Glory” in, 628n552 Palaeologan, 420 St. Nicholas in, 635n746 See also Icons, Byzantine Art, Crusader, 518 11 after fall of Acre, 525, 527 and Armenian art, lxvi, 20, 524 Baybars’s threat to, 268, 270 and Byzantine art, lxvi, 20 challenges to concept of, 16–17 as colonial art, 17, 518, 519–20, 524 commissions for, lxiii, 174, 259, 271, 288, 396, 412, 514, 520, 642n892 composite, 523 continuity in, 7, 562n71 as cultural phenomenon, 515 current debate on, 515–25 and Cypriot art, 7, 227 definition of, 511–27 destruction of, lxiv, 24–28, 35, 50, 508, 510, 511, 527, 569n144 Eastern origins of, 7, 562n79 East-West exchange in, 12, 17, 520, 522–23, 583n392 economics of, lxvi end of, 507–10, 525–27 of First Crusade, 572n274 following Saladin’s conquest, 24–28 during Fourth Crusade, 83 French influence on, 7–8, 9, 206, 269, 563n98 French scholarship on, 507–8 function of, 19, 509, 511 and Gothic art, lxiii, lxvi hiding of, 27–28 historical context of, lxiv, lxv historiography of, 1 identification of, 12 indigenous traditions in, 20 industrial, 562n62 influence on European art, 14, 525–27, 631n628 Khwarismians’ destruction of, 272–73 in Latin Empire, lxvi, 524 lingua franca concept in, 17, 20, 452, 516–17, 520, 524 local character of, 18, 519, 521 loca profana in, 349 of Lusignan Cyprus, 525 Matthew Paris on, lxiii multicultural character of, lxvi, lxvii, 91, 362, 403, 426, 478–79, 512, 522, 524, 678n22 and Muslim art, 13, 227 patronage of, lxvi, 17, 20, 394–98, 509, 512 as pilgrimage art, lxvii place in medieval art, 510 political circumstances of, 18 production sites of, 19 pure, 523 reception of, lxvi 12

religious function of, 512 on Rhodes, 527 secular, 409, 411, 434–35, 509, 512 in Syria-Palestine, lxv–lxvii, 19–20, during Third Crusade, lxvi thirteenth-century, 103 during 1244-1250, 272–73 during 1244-1268, 366–68, 620n280 during 1250-1254, 273 during 1268-1289, 393–94, 477–79 versus twelfth century, lxvii, 20, 512 tranmission to West, 102 transition to Gothic style, 52 twelfth-century, lxvi, 508, 514, 516 loss of, 27–28 salvaging of, 25, 26, 29, 35, 52 versus thirteenth-century, lxvii, 20, 512 Venetian influence on, 522 Weitzmann on, 17, 516, 517, 518 written sources for, 5 Art, Cypriot, lxvi, 7, 20, 524, 525, 681n136 after fall of Acre, 527 Byzantine tradition in, 504 European influence on, 521 Gothic style in, 504 influence on Crusader art, 227 Orthodox, 522 painting, 314 See also Icons, Cypriot Art, Gothic and Crusader art, lxiii, lxvi, lxvii in Crusader States, 11 See also Architecture, Gothic; Gothic style, International Art, Italian maniera greca, lxvi, lxvii, 17, 20, 448, 516–17, 631n628 Art, Muslim and Crusader art, 13, 20, 227 influence on London Histoire Universelle, 421 Art, Romanesque and Crusader art, lxiii, lxvii Art, Western importation into Crusader States, 19, 103 Artists of Beirut, 136–37 Eastern Christian, 52 Artists, Crusader Franks, 8, 17, 518, 523 French, 7 13

French Gothic training of, 301 identifiable, lxiv influence on West, 14 pastiglia technique of, 314 signatures of, 562n86 thirteenth-century, 20 Tuscan influence on, 632n660 use of local tradition, 519 Veneto-Byzantine style of, 324, 336–45, 350, 351, 367 See also Painters, icon Artists, Frankish, 17, 518, 523 refugees, 8 Artists, Greek after sack of Constantinople, 219 Artists, Muslim, 8, 137 Christian clients of, 366, 473–74 metalwork of, 470–71 Artists, Venetian at Acre, 344–45, 367, 368, 628n546 See also Icons, Crusader: Veneto-Byzantine style Ascalon Ayyub’s capture of, 172, 232 building campaign at, 82 Crusader occupation of, 569n162 fall to Kitbogha, 260 fortifications of, 5, 15, 40, 42, 165, 166, 177, 202, 232, 570n187 Jacques de Vitry on, 109 Saladin at, 39–40 in Third Crusade, 42 under Treaty of Jaffa, 55, 57 Ascension, Church of (Mileševo), 220–21 Assassin Castle, 58 Baybars’s capture of, 376 Assassins Louis IX and, 247 Assises de Jérusalem, 5, 43, 162, 561n34 ‘Atlit (Château Pelerin) additions to, 194 aerial photo of, fig. 62–63 al-Ashraf’s attack on, 488 al-Mu’azzam’s attack on, 125, 127, 128, 194 cemetery, 131–32, 591n279 chapel of, 128, 138 church of, 48, 264 coinage of, 127 construction of, 124 defense of, 650n186 destruction of, 508 14

European currency of, 505 excavation of, 15, 127, 138, 591n279 in Fifth Crusade, 111, 194 fortifications of, 125–28 fortified town of, 194–99 gravestones of, 132, fig. 68 Ibrahim Pasha at, 4 kiln at, 592n286 North Tower, 131, fig. 66 Ottoman quarrying of, 674n92 Phoenicians at, 586n80 photographs of, 591n263, fig. 62–63 pilgrims at, 134 plan of, fig. 64–65, fig. 101 polygonal church of, 128, 131, fig. 67 pottery of, 102, 132–33, 138, 226, 592n297, fig. 70 relics of St. Euphemia at, 133–34, 141, 592n302 in Rothelin Continuation, 175 ruins of, 491 sculpture of, 514 Templars at, 127, 134, 184 trade at, 133 undercroft, fig. 69 vaulting of, 128, 200 ‘Atlit town church, 194–99 after La Forbie, 607n473 capitals, 197, fig. 102 Coenaculum and, 198 column bases of, 195–96 columns of, 606n464 date of, 198 Gothic architecture of, 194–98 and Ile de France, 196, 198 ribs of, 195, 606n465 stained glass at, 188, fig. 103 Augustinians, 346 at Acre, 183 of Latin Kingdom, 101 Austrians in Fifth Crusade, 586n61 Ayas port of, 382, 649n146 Ayyubid Sultanate, 599n153 after Saladin’s death, 57 of Cairo, 53 conflict with Mamluks, 248 Hospitallers’ battles with, 168 Mongol conquest of, 260 15

under Saladin, 57 in Thibaut’s Crusade, 163 threat to Antioch, 118 treaties with Crusaders, 74, 166, 167, 169, 173 See also Salih Ayyub, al- (sultan)

Baalbeck, 489 Baghdad Mongol capture of, 349–50, 366 Thietmar in, 122 Baghdad School, 350 manuscripts of, 421 Baghras Castle (Gaston), 117, 573n19 Levon II and, 107 Saladin’s capture of, 58 Templar control of, 75 Bahr as-Saghir crossing of, 240, 241 Bait Dajan Castle, 569n169 Bankers, Italian, 397 Banking by military orders, 205, 397, 652n281 Banners, 576n86 of Acre, 38, 569n141 Bohemond’s, 349, 642n879 in History of Outremer, 638n821 Richard I’s, 39 Baptistère de St. Louis, 259, 462, 470, 637n803, 669n606, fig. 323 date of, 670nn639,641 place of origin, 478 provenance of, 670n640 Baramun Crusader surrender at, 117 Bargello Madonna and Child, 631n627 Barletta MS flyleaves of, 609n556 Barons, feudal, 563n132 coinage of, 49,83, 204,359, 465-66,514 Basins brass, 259, 462–63, 619n261 Freer d’Arenberg, 462, 464, 470, 669n606, 670n610 at Louvre, 637n803 Syrian, 471 Beakers, glass, 363–65, 671n659, fig. 230–33 Aldrevandini, 363, 471–72, 478, 645n1016, 671n656, fig. 327–28 decoration of, 364, 645n1021 function of, 365 inscriptions on, 645n1026 16

“Luck of Edenhall,” 473, fig. 329–30 owners of, 365 place of origin, 364–65 as souvenirs, 645n1027 typology of, 365, 645n1028 See also Glass, Crusader Beatitudes, mount of, 190 Beaufort Castle Baybars’s capture of, 266–67 Rey on, 5 Béguines (sisterhood), 275 Beirut al-Ashraf’s attack on, 488 artists of, 136–37 coinage of, 83, 204, 205, 359–60, fig. 109–10, fig. 216 Crusader recovery of, 60 excavation of, 16 rebuilding of, 67 in Third Crusade, 36 See also Ibelin palace (Beirut) Belfort Castle following Saladin’s conquest, 29 Bellapais, Abbey of (Cyprus) cloister of, 623n415 Bells of Convent of Flagellation, 209, 608n551 Bell towers, 9 Belmont Cistercian monastery of, 650n202 cloister of, 8, 9 Belmont Castle excavation of, 564n149 Belvoir Castle excavation of, 563n144, 591n279 fall of, 136 figural sculpture of, 570n175 Benedictines in Acre, 400 Bethany in “L’Estat de la cité de Jérusalem,” 44 Wilbrand von Oldenburg at, 121, 590n200 Bethlehem Burchard of Mount Sion on, 391 following Third Crusade, lxv in Pelrinages et Pardouns de Acre, 388 pilgrimages to, 103 St. Jerome at, 93 Thietmar at, 122, 123, 593n332 17

under Treaty of Jaffa, 55 see of, 60 See also Nativity, Church of Bethpage in “L’Estat de la cité de Jérusalem,” 44 Bezants, gold of Acre, 258, 359, fig. 16, fig. 214 Agnus Dei, 258, 316, 359, 360, 466, 514, 633nn674–75, fig. 163, fig. 215 cross, 258 of Henry II of Cyprus, 505 imitation of Muslim coins, 204, 248, 258, 359, fig. 111 of Latin Kingdom, 83, 84, 248 of Tripoli, 85, 258, 514, fig. 20 See also Coinage, Crusader Bibles Buchanan, 96 Erlangen, 293 giant, 627n506 Niketas, 293 Old French (New York, Morgan Library MS 494), 417–18, 660nn437–38, 662nn441,444, fig. 245 historiated initials of, 417, 418 See also Arsenal Bible; Morgan Old Testament Picture Book; Padua Book of Old Testament Selections Bibles Moralisées, 349, 421, 593n344, 659n412 and Arsenal Bible, 285, 519, 627n513 contents of, 287 Creation in, 291 formulas of, 350 Gothic aspects of, 288 imagery of, 290, 291 Judith in, 415, 659n428 Oxford, Bodleian Lib., MS 270b, 291, 293 Parisian, 234, 235 Paris, BNF, MS lat. 11560, 627 royal sponsorship of, 282 of Vienna, 626nn479–80,491 Vienna, ÖNB MS 1179, 287 Vienna, ÖNB MS 2554, 287, 288, 292 Bira, al- battle at, 377 Bishops, Latin, 468-69 holdings in partibus infidelium, 602n276 See also Latin clergy Blanche-Garde (castle) Rey on, 5 Bois-Hourdy (festival), 236 Bourges Cathedral, 195 Bourzey Castle 18

capture of, 29 Boustrone, Florio, 246 Bowls, bronze of Church of Nativity, 209, 210 British School of Archaeology (Jerusalem), 270, 622n368 Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit, 62 Buchanan Bible(Cambridge, University Lib., MS Oo.I. I,2), 582 borders of, 96 Burning Bush Chapel of (Monastery of St. Catherine), 122–23, 329, 590n226 imagery of, 450

Caesarea al-Mu’azzam at, 16, 134, 587n91, 593n312 Baybars’s attack on, 263, 264, 273, 622n377 Burchard of Mount Sion on, 391 cemetery, 16 coinage of, 564n168 excavation of, 16, 593n314 in Fifth Crusade, 112 fortifications of, 5, 111, 134, 202, 254, 265, 270, 271, 564n168, 569n159 Louis IX at, 246, 290, 621n325 plan of, fig. 71 port, 16 pottery of, 564n168 Richard I at, 39 textiles of, 476 in Third Crusade, 111 Cain and Abel in Histoire Universelle illuminations, 409 Cairo after Third Crusade, lxvi Arab school of, 2 Crusader spolia at, 491, 673n70, fig. 334 in Louis IX’s Crusade, 239, 240 madrasa-mausoleum at, 489 relations with Damascus, 170 Thietmar on, 123 Cambrai Cathedral plan of, 198 Cana Burchard of Mount Sion on, 390 Candlesticks, 464, 470–71, 670n610 from Cairo, 471 silver, 608n550 Candlesticks, enameled of Church of the Nativity, 209–10, 608n549, fig. 116–17 Capella Palatina (Palermo), 508 19

painted ceiling of, 637n801 Capernaum, city of, 190 Capitals of Cathedral of Notre Dame, 81, 179, 604n366, fig. 34, fig. 87 of Church of the Annunciation, 7, 17, 35, 52, 508, 567n57 of Crac des Chevaliers, 278, fig. 139 of Hospitaller Convent, fig. 336 Nazareth, 7, 17, 35, 52, 514, 567n57 of Reims Cathedral, 181 of Sainte Chapelle, 181, 604n364 Capitulations of 1740, 561n4 Caps in icons, 321, 634nn707–8 Carmelites, 199, 200, 607n474 in Acre, 400 habits of, 503–4, 669n586 Carmine, Church of (Sienna) Virgin Hodegetria in, 315 Casal Imbert, 159, 598n107 Casal Maen (Bait Dajan) rebuilding of, 40 Casal of the Plains (Yazur) rebuilding of, 40 Castles, Crusader archaeological study of, 3–4, 591n279 artistic production at, lxv, 34 chapels of, 193 Deschamps’s study of, 11 diversity of, 5 donjons of, 3 enclosure-style, 187, 564n156 excavation of, 11, 15 garrisons of, 606n433 Hospitaller, 3, 4–5, 192 at Jaffa, 569n166 role in thirteenth-century warfare, 15 spur-type, 185 Templar, 3, 4–5, 192 thirteenth-century construction, 19 tolls at, 134 upkeep of, 404 Cathedral Baptistery (Florence) mosaics of, 316, 526 Ceramics, Crusader, 133, 591n280 at al-Mina, 138 See also Pottery, Crusader Ceramics, Egyptian, 475 20

Çintamani (chintamani), colorplates 1, 10, fig. 51, fig. 145, fig. 154, fig. 162, fig. 195-196, fig. 199, fig. 245, fig. 270,fig.303, fig. 313, fig. 359-60 Chalcedon, Council of, 134 La Chanson de Thèbes, 401 Chantilly Cicero manuscript (Chantilly, Musée Condé, MS 433 (590)), 401, 412–14, 415, 416, 499, 500, fig. 240 artist of, 658n404 codicology of, 412 content/decoration of, 658n400 initials of, 413 marginal drolleries of, 413, 659n409 miniatures of, 418 Parisian Gothic style of, 412 patron of, 412 place of origin, 429–30 rubrics of, 413 Chartres Cathedral Gothic features of, 197 nave of, 181 sculpture of, 605n422 statue-colonne at, 316 transept portals of, 188 west tympanum of, 96 Chastel-Blanc (Safita) Baybars at, 372 chapel of, 4 Wilbrand at, 119 Château Pelerin See ‘Atlit Chess games in illuminated manuscripts, 406–7, 656nn363–64 The Choicest Maxims and Best Sayings, 407 Christchurch (Canterbury) treasury of, 87 Christians Arab-speaking, 670n608 Saladin’s ransom of, 22, 25, 27, 51 salvaging by, 25 Christians, Eastern of Acre, 183, 398, 574n46 after fall of Jerusalem, 52 art of, 52, 524 Burchard of Mount Sion on, 392 Crusaders and, 512 Franks and, 512 interaction with Latins, 110, 479 under Khwarismian Turks, 171 liturgical silver of, 92 21

Maronite, 33 patronage by, 398 pilgrims, 512 Syrian Orthodox, 33 tithe on, 109 Christo, Order of, 527 Chronica Majora (Cambridge, Corpus Christi College Libr. MSS 16), 26 heraldry in, 341 Chronicle of Ernoul, 565n18 additions to, 603n303 Aimery II in, 63 Baldwin I in, 73 end of, 597n72 fall of Jerusalem in, 22 on Fourth Crusade, 65, 67 Frederick II in, 156 Jacques de Vitry in, 108 Jerusalem in, 43 Levon II in, 107, 585n27 See also Paris Eracles Chronique de l’Islamisme, 596n40 Chrysography on Acre Triptych, 455, colorplate 4, fig. 155-156 in Crusader icons, 442, 454–58, colorplate 4, color plate 11, fig. 74, fig. 155-56, fig. 266-267, fig. 271-90, fig. 293-96, fig. 299-300, fig. 414 on Cypriot icons, 669n584, fig. 343-44 simulated, 456, fig. 51, fig. 124, fig. 130, fig. 297, fig. 298 on Veneto-Byzantine Crucifixion icon, 454, 669n570, fig. 267 Churches, Crusader, 523, 655n352 accessories for, 9 of Acre, 38, 60, 61, 182, 183–84, 274–75, 604n377, 605n403, 622n395 after Saladin’s conquest, 25–26, 570n192 altars of, 109, 586n57 of Antioch, 120 arches of, 9 bequests to, 358 of Damascus, 122 of Damietta, 138 destruction of, 586n57 de Vogüé on, 1–3 of Egypt, 137–38 façades of, 9 Franciscan, 617n196 frescoes of, 97 Gothic features of, 8, 194–200, 202 liturgical screens in, 563n101 Maronite, 335, 583n391 ogival arches of, 2–3 22

public worship at, 511, 512 rebuilding of, 134–38 sanctuary enclosures of, 9 sculptural decoration of, 9 survival after Saladin, 28 of Tarsus, 120 vaults in, 9 See also Architecture, Crusader: ecclesiastical Churches, Gothic influence on Crusader churches, 8 Cistercians in Acre, 400 in Fourth Crusade, 576n93 support for Fourth Crusade, 64 Cities, fortified, 3, 16, 202 during 1210-1225, 124 rebuilding of, 134–38 See also Fortifications, Crusader Coinage ancient hoards, 111, 586n780 Coinage, Crusader, 571n230 of Acre, 48, 205, 258, 316, 505, 514, 677n152, , colorplate 7, fig. 12-16, fig. 36–38, fig. 111–12, fig. 163 after reestablishment of Latin Kingdom, 83–85, 103–4 Aleppo hoard, 505 alpha and omega on, 48 Amaury’s, 47, 514 of Antioch, 47, 49, 203, 349, 360, fig. 21, fig. 42, fig. 221 architectural imagery of, 104, 206 of ‘Atlit, 127 of Baldwin III, 47, 514 baronial, 49, 83, 204, 359, 465–66, 514 of Beirut, 83, 204, 205, 359–60, fig. 109–10, fig. 216 of Bohemond VI, 360, 466, 514, fig. 315 of Caesarea, 564n168 copper pougeoise, 50, 465, fig. 12–13 of Cyprus, 47, 505–6, fig. 350–52 of Damietta campaigns, 145 emergency, 29, 30, 46, 146, 567n74 of Fifth Crusade, 49 following Saladin’s conquest, 29–30, 32, fig. 1 of Fourth Crusade, 49 gold standard of, 49 Grierson collection, 524 Guy de Lusignan’s, 46–47, 145, 594n377, fig. 11 of Henry of Champagne, 46–47, 49–50, fig. 12–13 of Henry I of Cyprus, 206 of Henry II of Cyprus, 505, 506, fig. 350 23

Holy Sepulcher on, 47, 83, 84, 466, 514, 571n244 iconography of, 30, 526, 567n83 illegal minting of, 580n311 imitation of Muslim coinage, 204, 205, 248, 258, 359, 465, 644n974, fig. 111 immobilized, 103–4, 203, 360 Italian influence on, 362 John of Brienne’s, 115, 145–46, fig. 59–60 John of Ibelin’s, 83, 204, 227, fig. 109–10 John of Montfort’s, 465, 466 of Latin Kingdom, 30, 40, 46, 47, 83–85, 205, 248, 465, fig. 14 of Roupen II, 567n83 of Sidon, 83, 84–85, 359, 360, fig. 40–41, fig. 219 silver Dragma Acconensis, fig. 36 silver gros, 360, fig. 222 of Third Crusade, 54 thirteenth-century, 19, 102, 103–4 during 1210-1225, 145–46, 147 during 1225-1244, 203–6, 607n493 during 1244-1268, 359–60 during 1268-1289, 465–69 during 1289-1291, 505–6 tomb of Christ on, 30 tower of David on, 29–30, 466 of Tripoli, 49, 258, 360, 466, fig. 18–20, fig. 222, fig. 315 True Cross on, 48, 514 of Tyre, 46, 359, 360, 466, fig. 217, fig. 220 See also Bezants, gold; Deniers Coinage, Muslim Crusader imitation of, 204, 205, 248, 258, 359, 465, 644n972, fig. 15-16, fig. 20, fig. 111 dirhams, 205, 359 Mamluk, 608n512 “Seal of Solomon,” 205 Coinage, Western, 52 of ‘Atlit, 505 during civil war, 204 in Crusader States, 49–50, 85, 205, 644n981 Frederick II’s, 204 French, 206 of Genoa, 619n258 Louis IX’s, 359, 360, 466, 505, 514, fig. 223 of Philip le Bel, 505 tournois, 360, 466, 613n27, 644n989, fig. 223 of Venice, 619n258 Communes of Acre, 158, 161, 169, 174, 227 of Antioch, 158, 243 Genoese, 575n57 Italian, 172, 269 24

power of, 254 of Tripoli, 384 of Tyre, 597n94 Venetian, 575n57 Confraternities, 61–62, 575n58 of Acre, 61, 633n685 devoted to Mary, 317, 653n290 of Edward the Confessor, 398 Italian, 584n419, 653n289 patronage by, 6, 102, 317, 397–98 seals of, fig. 114 of St. Andrew, 61, 62, 158, fig. 114 of St. George of Lydda and Bethlehem, 397–98 Constantinople Crusader art in, 20 in Fourth Crusade, 24, 64, 67, 68–69, 517 Frankish art in, 681n137 Franks of, 19 Hodegon Monastery, 222 icons of, 524 recovery of, 646n1034 sack of, 24, 53, 69–72 artist refugees from, 219 booty from, 19, 69, 517 fire in, 68, 578n181 libraries during, 578n191 memory of, 74 Mitaton Mosque during, 68 relics following, 28, 69, 70–72, 74, 76, 85–86, 207, 578nn194–95 Venetians in, 71 ties to Latin Kingdom, 19 Venetian painting, 324 Constantinople, Latin artistic developments in, lxv Crusader art in, lxvi See also Latin Empire Coppo di Marcovaldo Madonna del Bordone, 317 Corbels Gothic, 9 Cordelières de Lourcine, Convent of, 242 Costume, secular Enlart on, 10 Cotton Genesis, 427 Crac des Chevaliers (Hisn al-Akrad), 271, 276–82, fig. 22-28, fig. 106-108, fig. 135-140 additions to, 194 arrow slits of, 580nn287,290 artistic production at, lxvii 25

barbican, 279 capitals, 278, fig. 139 chapel of, 4, 32 clef de voute, 282, 623n437 concentric design of, 580n288 defenses of, 77–80 Deschamps on, 4, 11, 97, 98, 277, 278, 279 earthquakes at, 77–80, 98, 514 east side, fig. 22 excavation of, 11, 591n279 external chapel, fig. 55 fall to Baybars, 4, 17, 372–73, 380, 393, 580n293 following Saladin’s conquest, 29 frescoes, 16, 78, 97–99, 138, 508, 565n177, 582n387, 583n395 date of, 98 Presentation of Christ in the Temple, 97–98, fig. 53 Seated Figure, 97, fig. 57 St. George, 98, 330, fig. 56 St. Pantaleon, 98, fig. 55 Virgin Hodegetria, 98, fig. 54 Gothic architecture of, 196, 200–202, 277, 278, 280 great hall, 178, 277, 282, 623n415, fig. 139 Hospitallers at, 77, 78, 184, 200, 277, 278, 561n26 inner enclosure, 77, 200, fig. 25 inscriptions at, 277, 279, 281, 623n424, fig. 140 internal wall of, 623n413 isometric view of, 561n24 loggia, 277, 278, 623n415, fig. 135–36 Logis du Maitre, 200–202, 277, 607n485, fig. 106–8 main entrance, fig. 23 Mamluk rebuilding of, 404 north entrance, fig. 137 north view, fig. 24 outer walls, 77, fig. 27 painting at, 201–2 repairs to, 97 Rey on, 3, 11 Romanesque decoration at, 278 Room of 120 Meters, 98 sculpture of, 182, 200–201, 277, 278, 514, 623n416, fig. 143 siege of, 647n31 in Third Crusade, 29 towers, 77, 200–201, 580n289, fig. 26 in treaty with Baybars, 266 vaulting, 200, 202, 277, 278 west view, fig. 28 Wilbrand at, 119 Cremona, diet of, 149 26

Cressac fresco paintings at, 341, 638n822 Crete art of, 517, 522, 680n73 Byzantine painting on, 517 icons of, 522, 681n116 Crimean War, 1 Crown of Thorns relic of, 236 Crucifixion icons, 140–41, 222, 305, 324, 325, 326, 336, 450, 454–58, 643n915, 669nn570,602, fig. 75, fig. 365, fig. 383 Bilateral with Anastasis, 442–47, 450, 454, 464, 478, 509, 514, 636n779, 638n847, fig. 269–70 with holy figures, 296–97, 298, fig. 152 with Mary and John, 355, fig. 211 with Mary swooning, fig. 267, fig. 402 with Virgin, fig. 374 Crusade, First, 513, 525 art of, 572n274 banners of, 638n821 in History of Outremer, 348–49 in Matthew Paris, lxiii in poetry, 401 Crusade, Second, 518 Crusade, Third Acre during, 29 architecture during, 76 Ascalon in, 42 Beirut during, 36 coinage of, 54 commerce during, 45 Conrad of Montferrat in, 50 Crusader art during, lxvi, 525 Crusader defenses during, 29 Crusader States during, 35–42 destruction during, 135 diplomatic missions of, 51 Egypt in, lxvi, 576n90 end of, 42 failures of, 53, 55 figural arts of, 53–54 financing of, 35, 45 Frederick I in, 35, 568n108 frescoes of, 34 Genoese in, 45 Jaffa in, 40 Jerusalem following, lxv, 42–45 leaders of, 35 27

liturgies created for, 572n280 manuscript illumination during, 45–46, 54 patronage during, 45 pilgrimages following, 119 preaching of, 106 recruitment for, 52 relics following, 103 Crusade, Fourth, lxv, 63–73 architecture during, 82 art during, 83 booty from, 19, 517 Byzantium following, 53 Cistercians in, 576n93 coinage of, 49 at Constantinople, 24, 64, 67, 68–69 defections from, 66–67, 576n100 Egypt in, 577n180, 586n82 financing of, 63, 64, 65, 67 fleet of, 65 impact on Frankish East, 62, 63 Innocent’s call for, 55, 57 Latin Kingdom during, 73–75, map 3 leaders of, 64, 576n122 participants in, 64–65, 66–67 preaching of, 106 sources for, 575n81 transportation for, 64 Venetians in, 64, 65, 66, 67, 234, 575n81, 576n88 vow for, 66 See also Constantinople, sack of Crusade, Fifth, 106–8 ‘Atlit in, 111, 194 Bavarians in, 116 coinage of, 49 Damietta campaign, lxv, 111–15, 116, 117, 137, 145, 147, 241, 588n117 defections from, 116 departures for, 587n114 Egyptian strategy of, 54, 147, 588n144 failures of, 117 and Fourth Lateran Council, 57 Francis of Assisi in, 113–14, 173 Frederick II and, 110, 116, 117, 148–49 French in, 110, 112 Frisians in, 110, 111, 113 Genoese in, 113 Germans in, 110, 111, 586n61 hostages from, 117 impact on Crusader States, 73–75, 110–17 28

indulgences for, 109 Jacques de Vitry in, 108–10 Jerusalem in, 113–14 John of Brienne and, 110 Latin Kingdom during, map 3 liturgical observances for, 107 Lyon Eracles on, 585n43 Mansourah campaign, 117 military orders in, 111, 113, 117 participants in, 110 relics from, 111 sources for, 586n61 Talkha engagement, 116–17 Templars in, 111, 117 Teutonic Knights in, 111, 113, 117 True Cross relics in, 112 Crusade, Albigensian, 66, 513, 584n12, 585n49 Innocent III and, 54, 105, 107 Crusade, Children’s, 57, 106, 584n14 Crusade, Edward of England’s, 372, 374, 387, 393 Templar of Tyre on, 647n49 Crusade, Frederick II’s, lxv, 148–70 access to Jaffa under, 226 Germans in, 151, 185 participants in, 150 Crusade, German, lxv, 146, 517, 574nn33,36 architecture of, 76 coinage of, 49 Crusade, Iberian, 585n49 Crusade, James of Aragon’s, 371, 393 Crusade, Louis IX’s (first), 230–43, 393 abstentions from, 233 Ayyub in, 238–39 building operations during, 235 Cairo in, 239 Damietta campaign in, 111–12, 238–40, 360 expenses of, 254 financing of, 234, 269, 613nn226–29 Henry of Cyprus in, 236, 237 impact on Crusader art, 271 Mansourah in, 240–43 Nile Delta in, 239, 240, 241, 615n91, 616n107 preaching of, 233 preparations for, 232–34, 236–38 recruitment for, 233 Sainte Chapelle and, 234–35, 290 Saracen deserters in, 240, 613n95 Templars in, 238, 240, 241 29

transportation for, 233 Crusade, Louis IX’s (second), 371–72, 647n17 financing of, 371 Crusade, Richard of Cornwall’s, lxv, 166–67 diplomatic achievements of, 226 fortification during, 202 Crusade, Thibaut of Champagne’s, lxv, 162–66, 167 Ayyubids in, 163 council at Acre, 163, 165 Damascus in, 163, 164 departures from, 168 diplomatic achievements of, 5, 226 fortification during, 202 Gaza in, 164, 600nn161,165 participants in, 162, 163, 164 Teutonic Knights in, 164 Crusaders after fall of Acre, 489, 507 after fall of Latin Kingdom, 513 commissions by, 642n892 consumption of luxury goods, 365–66, 506 diplomacy with Muslims, 5, 51, 53, 226 and Eastern religious traditions, 512 economic activity of, 366 education of, 409 English, 162–63 excommunication of, 576n129 expulsion from Spain, lxvii factionalism among, 42 of Fifth Crusade, 110 Franco-Syrian society of, 512 French, 163 (See also French Regiment) French scholarship on, 561n4 German, 110, 111, 146–47, 151, 185 historical narratives of, lxiv indulgences for, 585n47 knowledge of Arabic, 562n59 legal manuscripts of, 26–27, 401, 500, 654n328 libraries of, 402–3, 407 literary interests of, 6, 401 liturgical books for, 401 maritime relations of, 53 pilgrimages by, 42 reading by, 138, 350, 400–403 refuge in Cyprus, 489, 507 relationship with Byzantines, 53 societal characteristics of, 562n45 treaties with Muslims, 44, 576n90 30

treaties with Venetians, 576n122 treaty with Ayyubids, 74, 166, 167, 169, 173 truce with al-Kamil, 116, 117, 118, 147, 587nn98,103,112 vow of, 513, 577n142 women, 396 Crusader States agriculture of, 575n66 cathedral cities of, 53 and Cicilian Armenia, 439 civil war in, 157–70 commerce in, 646n1032 Cyprus and, 8 daily life in, 631n614 effect of maritime disputes on, 618n232 following Louis IX’s departure, 254–68 following Third Crusade, 53 following Treaty of Jaffa, map 2 Frankish settlers in, lxvii, 224 French influence in, 7–8, 362, 427 Fuwah incursion into, 575n80 Gothic art in, 11, 180 Gothic churches of, 194–200 impact of Fifth Crusade on, 110–17 impact of War of St. Sabas on, 258, 259, 268, 269 Khwarismian Turk threat to, 170 Mamluk threat to, 378–86 market mechanisms of, 645n1015 Mongols in, 259–68 multicultural nature of, 123 port cities of, 53 rural settlement of, 575n66 in Third Crusade, 35–42 in thirteenth century, lxiv Western art in, 19, 103 Western coinage in, 49–50, 85, 205, 644n981 Crusades generalist view of, 513 historical definition of, 513, 678n15 historiography of, lxiv institutionalization of, 513 military strategy of, 19 pluralist approach to, 513 popularist approach to, 513 preaching of, 572n277 public opinion on, 393 romanticization of, 510 traditionalist view of, 513 Crusades (periodical), lxiv 31

Cyprus after fall of Acre, 507 art of, lxvi, 7, 20, 314, 525, 681n136 coinage of, 47, 206, 505–6, fig. 11, fig. 350–52 conflict with Latin Kingdom, 156 Crusader churches of, 1 Crusader refugees in, 489, 507 and Crusader States, 8, 47 Franks of, 8, 19 Frederick II’s sovereignty over, 151–52, 155, 156, 160 Gothic architecture of, 404, 681n112 Gothic churches of, 3 icons of, 13, 17, 18, 221, 227, 456–58, 465, 632n655 in Lombard War, 160 in Louis IX’s Crusade, 236, 238 papal protection of, 169 pottery of, 133, 226, 475, 505 regency of, 254 relations with Latin Kingdom, 19, 47, 174, 227, 271 Cyprus, Lusignan, lxv, 7, 41 advent of, 54 under Aimery, 58 creation of, 152 Crusader art of, 525 patronage from, 471 ties to Latin Kingdom, 47

Damascus al-Ashraf’s renovation of, 489 al-Salih’s capture of, 163 al-Salih’s surrender of, 172 coinage of, 205 Crusader churches of, 122, 323 Mamluk control of, 276 Mongol occupation of, 259, 260 mosques of, 377, 620n280 palaces of, 637n801 relations with Cairo, 170 in Thibaut’s Crusade, 163, 164 Thietmar at, 121–22 travel from Acre to, 121 Damietta archbishopric of, 240 Burchard of Mount Sion on, 392 Crusader churches of, 138 Crusader loss of, 239 Italian merchants at, 111 manuscripts at, 138 32

mosques of, 593n334 razing by Mamluks, 586n83 surrender to emirs, 243 Thietmar at, 123 Damietta campaigns, lxv coinage of, 145 in Fifth Crusade, lxv, 111–15, 116, 117, 137, 145, 147, 241, 588n117 Kinanite tribesmen in, 239 Louis IX’s, 111–12, 238–40, 360 Matthew Paris’s illustrations of, 218 survivors of, 588n119 Darum Richard I’s attack on, 41 under Treaty of Jaffa, 55 De constructione castri Saphet, 176–77, 189–90, 274, 275, 606n426, 621n337 editions of, 623n407 Templars in, 600n188 Deësis Byzantine style, 437 in Franco-Byzantine Acre style, 324, 325–27, 332, 333, 355, 441, fig. 177–79, fig. 187 icons of, 221–22, 299, 351, 352, 442, 458, 509, 514, 611n642, 629n577, fig. 256, fig. 304–6, fig. 359, fig. 369, fig. 390 with fourteen apostles, 324, 325-27, fig. 177-79 with seven saints, 463-64, fig. 304, 670nn608-9 and three standing saints, 332, 333, 355, 441, fig. 187 late medieval iconography of, 317 De Excidio Urbis Acconis, 507, 526 Deir el Qannoubine, Monastery of, 335 De materia medica, 407 Deniers of Acre, fig. 37 Amalricus, 30, 46, 83, 104, 203, 567n86, 571n231, fig. 10 Balduinus, 30, 46, 104 of Beirut, fig. 39, fig. 109–10 billon, 465 of Damieta, 115, fig. 59–60 John of Ibelin’s, 204, 205, fig. 109–10 “Moneta Regis,” fig. 14, fig. 37, fig. 39–42 of Sidon, 360, fig. 40, fig. 219 European, 49, 85 Frederick II’s, 607n500 helmet, 47, 85, 203, 349, fig. 21, fig. 42, fig. 221 John of Brienne’s, 115, 588n127, fig. 59–60 John of Montfort’s, 465–66 Turris David, 29–30, 32, 567nn75,77, fig. 1 See also Coinage, Crusader Deposition from the Cross icons of, fig. 381 33

De Situ Urbis Jerusalem, 571n208 Destroit (tower), 111 Diasorites (epithet), 594n350 Dikka (wall panels), 25 Disciplinati (confraternity), 653n290 Djazzer Pasha mosque (Acre), 184 Dodekaorta See Twelve Feasts Dome of the Rock See Templum Domini Dominicans in Acre, 183, 296, 630n591, 653n314 in Arsenal Bible illustrations, 286, 410 Bible studies by, 286, 305, 626n475 building of, 202 enquêteurs, 233 establishment of, 603n279 in Latin East, 173, 630n593 Latin prelates among, 652n268 and Louis IX, 627n502 scriptorium of, 410, 435, 630n591 women, 610n574 Dormition Feast of, 440 icons of, 320, 325, 440, 441–42, 448, 450, fig. 176, fig. 263, fig. 265–66, fig. 296 Dossal/iconostasis beam (Monastery of St. Catherine), 437–39, 442, 445, 450, 464, 509, fig. 256–61 chrysography on, 455

Earthquakes of 1170, 575n75 of 1202, 604n351 Acre in, 125, 184 Aimery II and, 62–63 Cathedral of Notre Dame following, 81, 179, 181 Crac following, 77–80, 514 Margat in, 34 repairs following, 71 seismic grade of, 575n75 Tyre in, 63, 607n489 of 1212, 604n351 of 1287, 383 dates of, 568n99 Egerton Missal (London, Brit. Lib. Egerton MS 3153), 296, 301–3 artist of, 302, 304 content of, 629n578 Crucifixion in, 296, 302, fig. 153 Franco-Byzantine style of, 345 and Iconostasis Beam, 319 34

initials of, 303 and Perugia Missal, 301–2 scribe of, 301 Egerton Sacramentary (London, Brit. Lib. Egerton MS 2902), 210–12 artist of, 211, 608n344, 609n565 calendar of, 210 codicology of, 212 content of, 609n562 Crucifixion, 210–11, fig. 118 date of, 212 decoration of, 609n562 and Riccardiana Psalter, 217 Egypt al-Salih Ismael’s attack on, 170 Crusader attacks on, 111–12 Crusader churches of, 137–38 enameled glass of, 670n640 famine in, 576n90 in Fifth Crusade, 54, 147, 588n144 in Fourth Crusade, 577n180, 586n82 Fourth Lateran Council on, 111 Muslim power in, 19 pottery of, 474 textiles of, 476 Thietmar on, 123 and Third Crusade, lxvi, 576n90 See also Damietta campaigns; Nile Delta Eleanor Vase, 581n351 Enamels, Byzantine, 142 Encyclopedias thirteenth-century, 403 Eracles See Florence Eracles; History of Outremer; Lyon Eracles; Marsanne Eracles; Paris Eracles Erfurt manuscript (Erfurt, Stadtbücherei, MS Q 102), 138 inventory of, 92–93 Erlangen Bible (Erlangen, Universitätsbibliothek, MS 1), 293 Ernoul-Bernard, 174 “L’Estat de la cité de Jérusalem,” 102–3, 118, 123, 584n424 additions to, 603nn300–301 author of, 44 in Chronique d’Ernoul, 589n191 Coenaculum in, 607n491 embedding in other texts, 174 text of, 589n193 Wilbrand’s narrative and, 120, 589n193 ‘Etimasia (prepared throne), 437, 438, 439 Ewers from Siirt, 471 35

Exultet Roll (Bari), 642n886 Eyes in Acre Triptych, 312, 337 in Arsenal Bible, 303, 630n609 linear convention of, 312, 631n636 in Perugia Missal, 301, 303, 312

Faits des Romains manuscripts, 403, 419, 509, 526 Brussels, Bibl. Roy. MS 10212, xxxi, 427, 428–29, 430, 433–34, 501, 665n491, fig. 252 Famagusta Gothic architecture of, 280 Figural arts, Crusader, lxiv destruction of, 228 effect of liturgical change on, 225 function of, 511 patronage of, 14 preservation of, 510 survival of, 511 of Third Crusade, 53–54 Flagellation, Convent of, 209, 608n551 Flight into Egypt icons of, fig. 386 La Flor des Estoires de la Terre d’Orient, 259, 619n271 Florence Cathedral Baptistery, 316, 526 Dodekaorta panel, 139 Florence Eracles, 569n137 Fortifications, Crusader during 1225-1244, 173 of Acre, 38–39, 76, 124–25, 248, 254, 271, 273–74, 399, 564n163, 575n69, 617n154 of Ascalon, 5, 40, 42, 165, 166, 177, 570n187 of ‘Atlit, 125–28 Baybars’s destruction of, 270, 272 of Caesarea, 5, 111, 134, 254, 265, 270, 271, 564n168, 569n159 of Crusader States, 24, 124, 508–9 in earthquake of 1202, 63 of Gaza, 569n163 of Haifa, 254, 271 of Jaffa, 16, 135, 202, 250–51, 254, 271 of Jerusalem, 5, 11, 113, 135, 151 of Jubail, 568n118 of Lattakia, 568n118 Louis IX’s, 180, 250, 269, 280, 397 of Mount Tabor, 136 nonmilitary functions of, 134 of Notre Dame Cathedral (Tortosa), 182 rebuilding of, 54, 273 36

Rey on, 3–5 of Sidon, 135, 252, 254, 570n178 of Tortosa, 491 of Tripoli, 466 types of, 5 Forty Martyrs of Sebaste icons of, fig. 372, fig. 396 Franciscans in Acre, 183, 296, 435, 653n314 buildings of, 202 churches of, 617n196 custody of holy sites, 171, 510, 678n177 enquêteurs, 233 establishment of, 603n279 in Latin East, 630n593 scriptorium of, 435 use of tramezzo, 225 Franks artists, 8, 17, 518, 523 Baybars’s truce with, 273 burial sites of, 591n277 of Cilician Armenia, 118 commerce with Muslims, 274 of Crusader States, 19 culture in Outremer, 399 and Eastern Christians, 512 education of, 403 knowledge of Arabic, 400, 562n59 of Latin Kingdom, 8 Latin rite of, 224 pact with Venetians, 73, 579n52 patronage by, 525 property of, 359 ruling class, 512 Trojan origin of, 410 urban architecture of, 5 women in society of, 411 Freer Canteen, 462, 470, 670n610 school of, 669n606 Freer d’Arenberg Basin, 462, 464, 470, 670n610 commission of, 669n606 Freiburg Leaf (Freiburg im Breisgau, Augustinermuseum Inv. No. G23), 99–102, 398, 583n397, 631n619, fig. 58 artist of, 99–100, 102, 118, 146, 583nn399,409, 584n415 Byzantining forms of, 14 Consodalis figure of, 583n403 icon painting and, 102 image sequence of, 101, 102 37

technique of, 100 Zacchaeus in, 100, 101, 584n415 French Regiment, Louis IX’s, 254, 324, 367, 619n244, 652n269 commanders of, 396, 649n150 recruits to, 395 in War of St. Sabas, 257 French Revolution losses during, 141 Frescoes, 514 Byzantine, 327 of Church of Mar Phocas, 568n92 of Church of Mar Tadros, 568n92 of Church of San Bevignate, 169, 602n243, 638n825 of Church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus, 568n92 of Constantinople, 297, 299–302 Coptic, 611n652 of Crac des Chevaliers, 16, 78, 97–99, 138, 330, 508, 565n177, 582n387, 583n395, fig. 53–57 of Cressac, 341, 638n822 of Crusader churches, 97 Eastern Christian, 98 of Frankish Morea, 681n139 of Mar Marina, 335 of Mar Musa, 33, 98, 582nn390,395 of Marqab Castle, 32–34, 52, 96, 99, 138, 567n90, 582n387 of Qalamoun, 96, 636n776 of Qara, 265, 342, 520, 568n92, 621n342 Spanish, 96 of St. Francis Chapel (Constantinople), 292–303, 304–5, 524, 629nn560,565 Syrian, 637n800 of Third Crusade, 33 thirteenth-century of 1210-1225, 147 of 1225-1244, 225 of Tripoli, 335 Frisians in Fifth Crusade, 110, 111, 113 Furniture Enlart on, 10

Gaibana Epistolary (Padua, Cathedral, Bibl. Capitolare MS s.s), 631n636, 633n682 Magi in, 634n706 Garin le Loherain, 357 Gaza Christian prisoners at, 165–66 Crusader defense of, lxv fortifications of, 569n163 mosques of, 565n17 in Thibaut’s Crusade, 164, 600nn161,165, 602n251 38

under Treaty of Jaffa, 55 Genoese in Acre, 397 agreement with Armenia, 384 alliance with Hospitallers, 618n236 Black Sea trade, 259 communes of, 575n57 conflict with Pisans, 269 conflict with Venetians, 266, 269, 369, 618n232 and fall of Tripoli, 385, 483 in Fifth Crusade, 113 influence in Tripoli, 385 in Lombard War, 159, 160 in Louis IX’s Crusade, 238 slave trade of, 384 in Third Crusade, 45 treaty with Michael Palaeologus, 258, 269 in War of St. Sabas, 255–58 Germans in Antioch, 226 in Fifth Crusade, 110, 111, 586n61 in Frederick II’s Crusade, 151, 185 in Holy Land, 102 Gesta Episcoporum Halberstadensium, 72, 579n228 Gesta Obsidionis Damiate, 113, 115 Gestes des Chiprois, 259, 595n25 Baybars in, 621n327 Gibelet (Jbail, castle) 404, 16 after fall of Acre, 507 excavation of, 16 feudal aristocracy at, 561n34 fortifications of, 568n118 Rey on, 5 Gifts, diplomatic, 103 Baybars’s, 262–63, 620n299 Frederick II’s, 153, 157, 227, 596n38 Louis IX’s, 237, 247, 251, 254, 269 Saladin’s, 36, 572n286, 584n425 textiles, 225 Gifts, pilgrims’, 305–6, 329, 510 Glass luxury, 671n657 of Sainte Chapelle, 234 Venetian, 478, 671n656 Glass, Crusader, 16, 565n179, 679n26 at ‘Atlit, 188 canteen, 471, fig. 324–36 39

centers of production, 562n53, 575n51 customers of, 471 enameled, 471, 472–73, 478, 671nn654,658 of Montfort, 187–88, 612n652 painted, 645n1016 secular, 362 thirteenth-century during 1225-1244, 225 during 1268-1289, 470, 471–74 during 1289-1291, 506 of Tyre, 506, 575n51 See also Beakers, glass Goldsmiths Crusader, 142, 207 Gospel Books twelfth-century, 93 Gospels of St. Augustine (Cambridge, Corpus Christi College Lib. MS 286), 100 Gothic style, International, 517, 634n713, 664n477, 679n72 Greece, Frankish, 19, 24 Charles of Anjou and, 378 Crusader art in, 20 economy of, 646n1032 trade in, 672n677 Greek fire, 240 Grotto of the Agony (Jerusalem), 589n197 Guelf-Ghibelline conflict in Holy Land, 156 Guillaume d’Orange (manuscript), 525–26

Hagiography in Crusader literature, 402 Haifa fall to Baybars, 264 fortifications of, 254, 271 Halberstadt Cabinet (Saxony), 220 Haloes of Crusader icons, 298, 340, 442, 457, 460, 462, 633n682, 635n730 in Perugia Missal, 314 Hand-washing, ritual, 629n563 Haram al-Sharif (Jerusalem) Awqaf administration of, 608n507 Bab al-Mathara gate, 621n315 cleansing of, 25 decorations of, 44 Frederick II at, 155, 176 Templar access to, 169–70 See also Temple Mount Hassan, Mosque of (Cairo) 40

spolia in, 216, 266, fig. 121 Hats, Paleologan, 413, 659n515 Hattin, Battle of, 525, 565n15 aftermath of, 22 Matthew Paris’s illustrations of, 218 Hebrews, Three icon of, 459, 460, fig. 312 Helmets Frankish, 263, 621n318 Heraldry, 5 in Chronica Majora, 341 of Godefroy de Bouillon, 428 of Jerusalem, 506 of Templars, 341 Hermits, Latin, 199 Hetoumids iconography of, 634n715 Histoire Universelle, 292, 354 Amazons in, 401, 409, 410–11, 432, 433 literary merits of, 658n383 manuscripts, 401, 509, 627n505 Brussels, Bibl. Roy. MSS 10175, 18295: xxxi, 347, 403, 408–11, 415, 420, 423, 432, 434, 440, 504, 525, 526, 654n348, 657n381, 658nn387,391–92,394,405, fig. 239 Dijon, Bibl. Mun. MS 562: xxxi, 346–47, 348, 350, 352, 407, 408, 409–11, 420, 423, 429, 432, 526, 640n875, 658n391, fig. 203–4 London, Brit. Lib. Add. MS 15268: xxxi, 347, 354, 383, 397, 403, 419–24, 429, 432, 433, 434, 478, 502, 509, 514, 654n348, 662n446, 663nn450,465,471, fig. 246–48 Paris, BNF, MSS fr. 9682, 20125: xxxi, 235–36, 346, 397, 407–10, 429–30, 431, 432–33, 434, 500, 526, 666n494, 667nn501–3,505,507,514,520, fig. 238, fig. 253–55 and Paris Book of Bible selections (Paris, BNF, MS nouv. acq. fr. 1404), 412-415 scribes of, 400 miniatures of, 422–23, fig. 246–48, fig. 253–55, plate 6, plate 8 popularity of, 345, 401, 428 readers of, 350 sources of, 409 women in, 433 Historia Anglorum (London, Brit. Lib. MS Royal C.VII) heraldry in, 341 History of Outremer, manuscripts of See the following headings in the Manuscript Index: Amiens, Bibl. Mun. MS 483 Baltimore, Walters Art Museum MSS 137, 142 Boulogne sur Mer, Bibl. Mun. MS 142 Brussels, Bibl. Roy. MS 9492-3 Florence, Bibl. Laurenziana MS PLU.LXI.10 Lyon, Palais des Arts MS 29 Lyon, Bibl. Mun. MS 828 Paris, BNF, MSS fr. 2628, 2825, 9081, 9082, 9083, 9084, 9085, 9086, 24209 41

St. Petersburg, National Lib. of Russia MS fr. fol. v.IV.5 Rome, Bibl. Apostolica Vaticana MS Pal. Lat. 1963, MS Reg. Suec. Lat. 737 Hohenstaufen dynasty and Charles of Anjou, 378 diplomacy with Muslims, 620n299 kingship of Jerusalem, 230, 271, 359, 598n99, 612n1 loss of power, 601nn236,239 Holy Blood relic of, 172, 207–8, 603n322, 608n535 reliquaries of, 207–8, 388 Holy Cross, Cathedral of (Acre), 80, 183, 358, 400 location of, 622n388 razing of, 184 rededication of, 295 site of, 274 Thietmar at, 122 Holy Cross, Monastery of (Jerusalem), 44 Holy Land Arab architecture in, 2 German presence in, 102 land route from, 74 trees of, 123 in twentieth century, 565n198 Holy Rood of Bromholm, 207 Holy Sepulcher on coinage, 47, 83, 84, 466, 514, 571n244 in History of Outremer manuscripts, 664nn479–80 Paris-Acre Master’s representation of, 496, 676n110 Holy Sepulcher, Church of (Jerusalem), 7 aedicule of, 30, 42, 43, 120, 524, 567nn87–88 destruction at, 273 after Saladin’s conquest, 22, 24, 26, 42 architecture of, 514 archives of, 26–27 Burchard of Mount Sion on, 391 canons of, 210 cartulary of, 210 ceremony of Holy Fire, 224 Chapel of St. Helen, 44 destruction of, 272, 508 doors of, 566n51 in “L’Estat de la cité de Jérusalem,” 43–44 Franks Chapel, 566n40 Frederick II at, 155, 176, 596nn54,56 Gothic features of, 604n336 Heraclius’s stripping of, 22, 26 iconography of, 30 keys to, 27 42

Khwarismian Turks at, 171, 272, 282 under Mamluks, 387 mosaics of, 28, 518 in Paris History of Outremer, 426 Patriarch’s residence, 566n40 in Pelrinages et Pardouns de Acre, 387 reliquaries of, 565n7 ribs of, 194, 195 rituale for, 210 in Rothelin Continuation, 175 royal tombs of, 282, 387–88, 621n375 sacramentary of, 210–12, fig. 118 Saladin and, 26, 272 scriptorium of, 13, 28, 61, 92, 213, 214, 226, 435, 628n537 (See also Acre, scriptoria) sculpture of, 28 on seals, 206 south transept façade, 512 superstructure of, 567n88 tomb of, 566n44 True Cross Chapel of the Syrians, 571n216 vaults of, 9 Wilbrand von Oldenburg on, 2 Holy Shroud, 579n237 removal to West, 72 Holy sites, Christian access under Khwarismians, 273 access under Muslims, 19, 102–3, 122, 123, 176, 179 under Baybars, 261 Crusader control of, 18 damage to, 273 Franciscan administration of, 171, 510, 678n177 Khadir’s destruction of, 377 under Mamluks, 387, 389, 392, 651n212 near Safed, 190–91, 276 Philippe Mousket on, 175–76 privileges at, 1 realia of, 119 reopening of, 147 under treaty of 1198, 101 under Treaty of Jaffa, 174 works of art at, 102, 510, 512, 513 See also Pilgrimages Holy sites, Muslim, 24 Homs, battle of, 261, 379, 648n116, 649n121 Hospitallers and Abaga Il-Khan, 379 at Acre, 61, 76, 102, 168, 399, 580n285, map 8B alliance with Genoese, 618n236 43

architectural patronage of, 580n300 banner of, 341 battles with Ayyubids, 168 capture of Castle of Ligon, 263 castles of, 3, 62, 192 charges against, 602n251 conflict with Templars, 166, 167, 168, 600nn184,188 control of Marqab, 32, 34, 134, 561n25 at Crac, 77, 78, 184, 200, 277, 278, 561n36 defense of Acre, 485, 486, 487 at fall of Arsuf, 264 at fall of Margat, 380–81 in Fifth Crusade, 111 in Fourth Crusade, 67 and Frederick II, 152, 153, 157 in imperialist faction, 168, 169 libraries of, 402 in Lombard War, 159 in Louis IX’s Crusade, 238 Muslim prisoners of, 262 patronage by, lxvii, 19, 102, 202, 271 rebuilding of Caesarea, 134 relics possessed by, 592n307 round chambers of, 203 seals of, 48, 52, 316, 361, 426, 467–68, 571n250, 633n676, 644nn1001–3 support of Armenians, 117–18 Templar possessions of, 527 treaty with Baybars, 266, 621n350, 646n6 truce with Kalavun, 649n117 turcopoles among, 341 Usances of, 402–3 in War of St. Sabas, 255 women, 603n395 Hospital of the Teutonic Knights seal of, 361, fig. 227 Hours of St. Louis (in the Hours of Jeanne d’Evreux), 252 Hungarians in Fifth Crusade, 586n61 Huntingfield Psalter (New York, Morgan Library, MS 43), 610n579 Huon de Bordeaux, 401 Huth Psalter (London, Brit. Lib. Add. MS 38116), 408, 657n379

Ibelin family feud with imperial faction, 166, 167 genealogy of, 599n143 Hugh III and, 369 luxury items of, 506 patronage of, 174 44

petition to Frederick II, 167, 168 takeover of Tyre, 169, 601nn237–38 See also Lombard War Ibelin palace (Beirut), 5, 136–37, 637n801 artists of, 136 cisterna of, 593n327 great hall of, 597n84 mosaics of, 593n329 plan of, fig. 72 Iconography, Byzantine of John the Baptist, 331 in Margat frescoes, 33 Moses in, 659n427 of Saint Catherine, 337–38 St. Peter in, 668n564 of Twelve feasts, 633n700 Iconostasis beams, 435 with Anastasis, fig. 395 with Annunciation, fig. 393 dossal/iconostasis beam (Monastery of St. Catherine), 437–39, 442, 445, 450, 464, 509, 514, fig. 256–61 with five scenes, fig. 392 with Transfiguration, fig. 394 Twelve Feasts (Monastery of St. Catherine), 260, 305, 318–24, 336, fig. 165 Anastasis, fig. 173 Annunciation, fig. 164 and Arsenal Bible, 319 artists of, 319–20 Ascension, fig. 174 Baptism of Christ, fig. 167 Byzantine models for, 320–21 commission for, 323 Crucifixion in, 319, 443, fig. 172 date of, 635n726 diversity in, 633n692 Dormition of the Virgin, 320, fig. 176 Entry into Jerusalem, 318, fig. 170 framing ornaments, 319 function of, 318, 325 inscriptions on, 319, 633n697 Kitbogha on, 321–22, 634nn708,711 Last Supper in, 318, fig. 171 length of, 633n692 Nativity and Three Magi, fig. 165 Pentecost, 321, fig. 175 and Perugia Missal, 319 Presentation in the Temple, fig. 166 Raising of Lazarus, fig. 169 45

rectangular formats of, 319 Transfiguration, fig. 168 Veneto-Byzantine Crusader style of, 318, 319, 324 wood of, 635n724 workshop of, 324 Iconostasis screens Byzantine, 563n101 Icons of Acre, 61, 282, 324–31 of Aix en Provence, fig. 410 bilateral, 435 of Constantinople, 524 Cretan, 522, 681n116 Freiburg Leaf and, 102 function of, 141 incised decorations, 632n652 of Nativity, 636n763 patronage of, 141 punched decoration, 462, 632n653 as quasi-relics, 72 of Saidnaya, 121, 122, 176, 589n182, 590nn212–13 sandaled feet in, 218, 611n618 speaking, 636n769 of Syria-Palestine, 13 Yugoslav, 220 Icons, Byzantine, 668n525 Crusader view of, 72 proskynetarion images on, 338 twelfth-century, 139 See also St. Catherine, Monastery of (Mount Sinai), icons Icons, Crusader, 305–18, 327, fig. 180 Byzantine models for, 343–44 chrysography in, 442, 454–58, colorplate 4, colorplate 11, fig. 74, fig. 155-56, fig. 266-267, fig. 271-90, fig. 293-96, fig. 299-300, fig. 414 on Acre Triptych, 455, colorplate 4, fig. 155-156 on Cypriot icons, 669n584, fig. 343-44 simulated, 456, fig. 51, fig. 124, fig. 130, fig. 297, fig. 298 on Veneto-Byzantine Crucifixion icon, 454, 669n570, fig. 267 of Church of the Nativity, 354 cintamani in, color plate 1, fig. 51, 145, 154, 162,195-196, 199, 270, 303, 313, 359, 360 donor images in, 353, 367 East-West iconography of, 520 Franco-Byzantine Acre style, 301, 305, 324–36, 355, 367, 436–41, 442 Annunciation panel, 327, fig. 180 Baptism of Christ, 332, 333, 441, fig. 189 Christ blessing, fig. 257 Christ seated, 332, fig. 190 Deësis and three standing saints, 332, 333, 355, 441, fig. 187 46

Dormition of the Virgin, 325, 440, 441–42, 450, fig. 263, fig. 265–66 function of, 325 gesso decoration of, 327, 329 intercessory Virgin, fig. 258 Last Judgment, fig. 264 Nativity, 332–33, 441, fig. 188 realism in, 327 St. George and the Youth of Mytilene, 329–30, fig. 183, fig. 185 St. John the Baptist, fig. 259 St. Marina, 329, 334–35, fig. 192 thrones in, 635n730 triptych fragment, 325, fig. 385 Virgin and Child Hodegetria, 329, 333–34, fig. 191 Virgin and Child n tns batou, 326, 327, 328–29, fig. 182 Virgin Hodegetria Dexiokratousa, 327, 328, 329, 330, 635n739, fig. 181 French-Gothic style, 502 haloes of, 298, 340, 442, 457, 460, 462, 633n682, 635n730 Italo-Byzantine style, 456, 668n538 of Lydda, 330–31 of Montfort Castle, 188, 218–19, 223, 605n420, fig. 122 and St. Francis Chapel frescoes, 300–301 thirteenth-century: of 1192-1210, 100 of 1210-1225, 138 of 1225-1244, 218–25 of 1244-1268, 303–345 of 1268-1289, 435–65 after fall of Acre, 503–4 of Tripoli, 335 Veneto-Byzantine style, 336–45, 350, 351, 441–65, 478, 497, 502, 632n662, 636n781 arches in, 463–64, 670n609, fig. 304 Deësis and seven saints, 463–64, 670nn608–9, fig. 304 Deësis triptych, 458, fig. 290 holy figures, fig. 303 Moses and Aaron, 459, 460, fig. 311-12 patrons of, 342 St. Antipas, 442, 445, 458, fig. 268 St. Catherine, fig. 292 St. Procopios and Virgin Kykkotissa diptych, 447–58, 464, 509, 514, fig. 271–88 St. Sergios and kneeling female, 339, 340–42, 494, 520, 637n810, 638nn815,819, fig. 199 St. Simeon, 455, fig. 294 St. Symeon Stylites and St. Barbara, 336–37, 348, fig. 193 Sts. Catherine and Marina, 337–38, 342, 343, 353, 459, fig. 195 Sts. Sergios and Bacchos, 459, 520, fig. 313 soldier saints (mounted), 338–42, 635n739, 636nn753,756, fig. 198–99 soldier saints (standing), 338–39, 340, 351, fig. 196 textile patterns on, 442, 668n540 Triptych with angel Gabriel, fig. 305 47

Triptych with Annunciation, fig. 306 Virgin and Child Blacherniotissa, 455, fig. 291 Virgin and Child Galaktotrophousa, 455, fig. 295 Virgin and Child n tns batou, 342–44, 462, 464, fig. 194, fig. 200, fig. 310 Virgin Hodegetria, 339, 342, 455, fig. 197, fig. 289 Icons, Cypriot, 13, 17, 18, 221, 456–58, 465, 503-4, 520, 632n655, fig. 411 chrysography of, 669n584 fresco, 668n559 at St. Catherine’s, 227 Virgin Anakiotissa, 457 Virgin Eleousa, 457 Virgin Enthroned, 457, 458, 503, 669n586, fig. 344 Virgin Hodegetria, 457, 669n584 Virgin of Kykkos, 457 See also Iconostasis beams; Panel paintings; St. Catherine, Monastery of (Mount Sinai), icons Ile de France Gothic architecture of, 196, 198 Ile de Greye textiles of, 476 Image du Monde, 402 Incense boxes, 471 Indulgences for Crusaders, 585n47 for Fifth Crusade, 109 for pilgrims, 622n392 Isabella Psalter (Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum, MS 300), 371 Islamicization demographics of, 652n248 Israel, state of, 513, 565n198 Israel Antiquities Authority, 80, 189, 491, 623n408 at Acre, 674n91 Itinerarium Peregrinorum, 25 Acre in, 38, 39 Ascalon in, 40 Frederick I in, 36 Jerusalem in, 22, 42, 569n150, 570n205 Richard I in, 39 Saladin in, 39 Ivory Crusader sculpture, 11, 237, 615n60 Fatimid, 663n456 reliquaries, 71

Jabala fortifications of, 568n118 Jaffa access to, 226 Baybars’s destruction of, 16, 266, 282 48

castle of, 569n166 Crusader control of, 75 excavation of, 570n181 fortifications of, 16, 135, 202, 250–51, 254, 271 pilgrims at, 15–16 plan of, fig. 141 Thietmar at, 135 in Third Crusade, 40, 42 tomb slabs of, 281–82, 623n428, fig. 142 Wilbrand at, 120, 121 Jazira metalwork from, 470, 471 Jazzar Pascha, mosque of (Acre), 274

Jbail (=Jubail, Byblos) See Gibelet Jericho Burchard of Mount Sion on, 390 pilgrims at, 101 textiles of, 476, 671n674 Wilbrand at, 121 Jerusalem al-Mu’azzam’s refortification of, 105 an-Nasir Daud’s attack on, 164 architectural studies of, 523 area of, 622n384 “Asnerie,” 44 Baybars at, 262 Burchard of Mount Sion on, 390–91 cemetery of Mamilla, 282 as center of world, 569n150 Crusader capture of, 673n55 Egyptian mission to, 572n282 excavation of, 563n144 in Fifth Crusade, 113–14 following battle of La Forbie, 172 following Third Crusade, 42–45, 53 fortifications, 5, 11, 15, 164 dismantling of, 113, 135, 151, 174, 202, 210, 603n293 Gate of David, 43 Gate of St. Stephen, 597n60 heraldic arms of, 506 in History of Outremer, 426, 499 in Itinerarium, 22, 42, 569n150, 570n205 Jacques de Vitry on, 109, 123–24 Jewish quarter, 44 Kalavun’s reconstruction of, 379 keys to, 27 49

kingship (See also Latin Kingdom, regency of) decline in power of, 394–95 disputes over, 37, 38, 41, 119 patronage by, 394–95 regalia of, 51, 52, 57, 155, 290, 594n376 weakness of, 228 material culture of, 15 Muslim raid on (1229), 175, 603n294 in Pelrinages et Pardouns de Acre, 388–89 Philippe Mousket on, 175 pilgrimages to, 42, 103, 272 Richard I’s retreat from, 41 St. Stephen’s Gate, 44, 164 Thietmar at, 122, 123 in Treaty of Jaffa (1192), 44, 55, 596n44 in Treaty of Jaffa (1229), 154 Wilbrand at, 120, 121 Jerusalem, fall of to Ghazan, 527 to Khwarismian Turks, lxv, 14, 15, 170–73, 272 repercussions of, 231 to Saladin mourning for, 24 news of, 24, 565n13 spolia from, 25, 28 See also Haram al-Sharif; Latin Kingdom; Templum Domini; Holy Sepulcher, Church of Jordan, Hashemite Kingdom of, 513 Joseph, well of, 190 Joshua Roll (Rome, Bibl. Apostolica Vaticana MS Pal. Gr. 431), 292 Judin, Castle of, 188–89 inner ward, 188 plan type of, 188

Kahn Madonna, 421, 457, fig. 299 Kalenderhane Djami mosque See St. Francis Chapel (Constantinople) Kantariotissa, monks of, 160 Kerak (castle) Rey on, 5 Khirbet al-Mafjar Ommayad villa mosaics, 136 Khwarismian Turks, 601n220 alliance with al’Mu’azzam, 151 at battle of La Forbie, 171–73 capture of Jerusalem, lxv, 14, 15, 170–73, 272 conflict with Mongols, 237 destruction of art, 272–73 at Holy Sepulcher, 171, 272, 282, 387 50

raid on Aleppo, 167 threat to Crusader States, 170 threat to Syrian emirs, 170 in Tripoli, 171 Kinanite tribesmen at Damietta, 239 Kinet (Turkey) pottery of, 475 Kitab al-aghani (manuscript), 349 Knights of St. Lazarus, Hospital of (Acre), 183 Knights of St. Thomas, Hospital of (Acre), 183 Knights Templar, Master of, 341 Virgin and Child n tns batou, 315, 336, 342, 450, 455, 462, fig. 194 See also Workshop of the Soldier Saints Koimesis See Dormition Koran Baybars’s, 262–63 Kurds in Muslim army, 568n130 Kykko, Monastery of (Cyprus) diptych of the Virgin Kykkotissa, 447–58, fig. 273–80

La Fève in Chronicle of Ernoul, 565n18 destruction of, 22 La Forbie, battle of, 171–72, 226, 231, 268 Crusader recruitment for, 171 Latin Kingdom following, 172 Louis IX and, 602n269 Matthew Paris’s illustrations of, 218 Muslim-Christian alliance in, 173 prisoners from, 246 recruitment for, 602n261 Lake Manzala (Egypt), 240 Laments for Crusader cities, 563n102 Laon Cathedral, 181 Las Navas de Tolosa Crusader victory at, 105 Last Judgment Byzantine imagery of, 438 icons of, 437, 438–40, fig. 264 Western imagery of, 437 Lateran Council, Fourth, 57 on Egypt, 111 and Fifth Crusade, 57 Jacques de Vitry at, 108, 109, 585n40 51

Latin Church after 1187, 573n304 Orthodox legacy for, 223–25 reorganization of, 60 reunification with Orthodox, 375, 378, 394, 483 under Treaty of Jaffa, 53 Latin clergy, 62, 73–74, 574n44 in Acre, 2, 60, 271 after fall of Acre, 491, 511 after fall of Jerusalem, 103 bishops, 468–69, 602n276 and Eudes de Châteauroux, 238 following La Forbie, 173 hierarchy of, 602n282 and John of Brienne, 115–16 patronage by, 5, 226, 227 refugee, 2, 60 Thietmar on, 123 training of, 109–10 See also Patriarchs of Jerusalem Latin Empire of Constantinople Acre and, 271 art of, 524 clerics of, 73–74 Crusader settlers in, 73 effect on Latin Kingdom, 73 end of, 259, 268, 271, 366, 646n1034 fiefdoms of, 73 founding of, 54, 598n110 Frankish art in, 681n137 frescoes of, 299–302 relics of, 74 See also Constantinople, Latin Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem after Saladin’s conquest, 22, 24, 28, map 1 agriculture of, 62 anti-imperialism in, 230 archaeological sites of, 15–16, 20 Augustinians in, 101 Ayyub’s attack on, 232 baillage in, 230, 271, 394, 612nn1,5 Baybars’s activity in, 259–68 Christian Arabs of, 627n501 church architecture of, 2 clerics of, 73–74 coinage of, 30, 40, 46, 47, 83–85, 205, 248, 465, fig. 14 as colonial enterprise, 519 conflict with Cyprus, 156 52 defenses of, 75 diplomacy in, 51, 271 effect of Latin Empire on, 73 feudal control of, 169 during Fifth Crusade, map 3 figural art of, lxvii following battle of La Forbie, 172 following Fourth Crusade, 74–75 following Third Crusade, lxv following War of St. Sabas, 256 fortified cities of, 16, 125 during Fourth Crusade, map 3 Frederick II’s claim to, 157, 163 as frontier society, 519 German presence in, 146–47, 226 Gregory IX’s embassy to, 161 impact of Fourth Crusade on, 73–75 Italian merchants in, 230 Jewish centers in, 654n325 John of Ibelin’s regency, 105 legal manuscripts of, 401, 500 during Lombard War, 159 Louis IX’s fortification of, 269, 280, 617n194 Louis IX’s residency in, 231, 243–54, 257, 258, 268, 270, 271, 369, 400 monastics of, 103 Muslim incursions in, 75 power vacuum in, 150 prosperity of, 8 reestablishment of, 42 regency of, 254, 271 (See also Jerusalem, kingship) Frederick II’s, 163, 202 Henry of Cyprus’s, 230, 243, 248 Hugh of Antioch’s, 268 Hugh of Cyprus’s, 369 John of Ibelin’s, 105 John of Jaffa’s, 255 Odo of Montbéliard’s, 168 Plaisance of Cyprus’s, 230, 251, 256, 259 relations with Cyprus, 19, 47, 174, 227, 271 relics from, 74, 208 in thirteenth-century, lxiv 1228-1244, map 4 1271, map 6 1290, map 7 at time of Louis IX, map 5 under Treaty of Jaffa, 55 truce with an-Nasir Yusuf, 261 Turris David denier, 29–30, 32, 567nn75,77, fig. 1 53

Venetian position in, 168 Latrun (castle), 570n173 Lattakia Baybars at, 377 earthquake at, 388 fortifications of, 568n118 Turuntay’s attack on, 650n165 Lebanon, Republic of, 513 Le Mans Cathedral, 181 Lepers, 645n1010 on Crusader seals, 362 houses for, 644n957 Levant, Frankish, 19, map 9 pluralism in, 514 Western artifacts in, 562n54 See also Markets, Levantine Libellus of St. Martin (Paris, BNF, MS 5334), 416, 660n431, fig. 244 date of, 662n444 Libraries, Crusader, 407 of Acre, 403 of aristocrats, 403 ecclesiastical, 93, 402, 403 of Nazareth, 402, 654n339 Libro de Ajedrez, Dados y Tablas, 407 Ligon, Castle of, 263 Lingua Franca in commerce, 50, 517 in Crusader art, 17, 20, 452, 516–17, 520, 524 as linguistic phenomenon, 679n66 Literary works, Crusader, 401 hagiography, 402 Liturgy, Eastern, 225, 275 Last Supper in, 318–19 Liturgy, Latin, 586n57 “Lavabo” prayer in, 629n563 Orthodox influence on, 224–25, 226–27 Livre au Roi, 107 Livre de César, 401 Lombard War, 156, 157–70, 213 Agridi in, 160 artistic commission during, 174 Cyprus in, 160 Ibelin faction in, 158, 159 imperial forces in, 159, 160, 169 John of Ibelin in, 158 Latin Kingdom during, 159, 169 name of, 597n67 “Luck of Edenhall” beaker, 473, fig. 329–30 54

Lydda icons of, 330–31 Lyon, Council of, 172, 232, 613n14 on Latin Kingdom succession, 369 reunification in, 394 Lyon Eracles (Lyon, Bibl. Mun. MS 828), 565n18, 569n137, 571n3 Fifth Crusade in, 585n43 Frederick I in, 36 Guy de Lusignan in, 37 on Philippe Augustus, 38 on ransom, 565n10 Saladin in, 36

Maestas Domini iconography of, 96–97 icons, 95–96, 101, 138–39, 305, 325, 456, 583nn396,408, 667n524, fig. 51 Naples Missal miniature, 94, 101 Magi in Byzantine imagery, 634n715 in Gaibana Epistolary, 634n706 on Iconostasis Beam, fig. 165 Majdal Yaba Castle, 570n176 Malta archival collections in, 571n224 Mamluks Bahri, 241, 616n112 capture of Antioch, 132, 366 capture of Montfort, 151, 188, 605n409 capture of Safed, 189 capture of Tripoli, 382–86, 394, 482, 483, 505, 650n196 conflict with Ayyubids, 248 control of Damascus, 276 control of Nazareth, 491 dependence on slave trade, 384 historiography of, 620n291 holy sites under, 387, 392, 398, 651n212 horse archery of, 340, 637n809 international alliance against, 375, 379, 380 Nazareth under, 651n212 refortification by, 404 rift with Syrian Muslims, 245 rise to power, 366 at siege of Acre, 484–89 threat to Crusader States, 378–86 Mandates British, 513, 565n198, 605n405 French, 11, 513, 564n198 Mangonels (siege machines), 485, 486 55

Maniera cypria images of Christ in, 448 See also Art, Cypriot Maniera greca, lxvi, lxviii, 17, 20, 448, 516-517, 631n628 Mansourah in Fifth Crusade, 117 in Louis IX’s Crusade, 240–43, 616n116 Louis IX’s imprisonment in, 242, 284, 616n117 Manuscript illumination Arabic, 407 Byzantine, 519 exotic figures in, 634n713 Gothic realism in, 517 Muslim, 377 royal commissions for, 288 Syriac, 632n655 Manuscript illumination, Crusader, 514 in Acre, 345–50, 404–35, 477–78 after reestablishment of Latin Kingdom, 92–95 of Antioch, 611n614 Boase on, 12 Crusader style in, 667n520 Franco-Byzantine Acre style, 345–50, 404, 434, 435, 509 French-Gothic style, 396–97, 404, 426, 497, 502, 509, 512, 655n350 influences on, 13 secular, 409, 411, 434–35, 509, 667n518 Sicilian-Byzantine style, 509 during Third Crusade, 45–46, 54 thirteenth-century, 12–14, 20 between 1210 and 1225, 138 between 1225 and 1244, 210–25 between 1244 and 1268, 367 between 1260 and 1268, 345–50 twelfth-century, 93, 508 Veneto-Byzantine style, 509 See also Acre, scriptoria Manuscript illumination, French, 273, 291 decline in, 660n434 historiated initials, 610n579 pecia system in, 667n519 Manuscript illumination, German, 100, 215 Manuscript illumination, Venetian, 344–45 Manuscripts Arabic, 138, 407 Shahnama, 656n365 legal, 401, 500, 654n328 loss of, 26–27 Maraclée Castle, 5 56

Kalavun’s attack on, 381 March Pact, 73, 579n247 Margat Castle (Qalat Marqab), 32–34, 523 artistic production at, lxvii chapel of, 4, 32–33, 604n368, fig. 4, fig. 9 following Saladin’s conquest, 29 frescoes of, 16, 32–34, 52, 96, 99, 138, 567n90, 582n387 Hospitaller control of, 32, 34, 134, 561n25 Kalavun’s capture of, 380–82, 649n121 northeast room, 32–33, 567n91, fig. 5–8 plan of, fig. 3 Rey on, 4 Saladin at, 32 situation of, 381 tolls at, 134 views of, fig. 2 Wilbrand at, 119 Mariegola di S. Teodoro (Museo Correr), 497 Maritime cities, Italian, 652n284 conflict among, 231, 254–58, 266, 271 Conrad of Montferrat and, 569n134 Crusader dependence on, 53 effect on art patronage, 271 in Latin Kingdom, 230, 254–55 merchants at Acre, 60, 61, 363 merchants at Damietta, 111 in Third Crusade, 45 See also Genoese; Pisans; Venetians; War of St. Sabas Markets, Levantine, 478, 672n677 Christian customers in, 473 Crusader access to, 470 minor arts in, 524 pottery in, 475–76 Mar Marina grotto frescoes of, 335 Mar Musa (monastery) equestrian figures at, 637n800 frescoes of, 33, 98, 582nn390,395 Mar Phocas, Church of frescoes, 568n92 Marqab See Margat Castle Marsanne Eracles (Paris, BNF, MS fr. 9086), 408 Fifth Crusade in, 585n43 Mar Tadros, Church of frescoes of, 568n92 Masonry, Armenian, 573n19 Masons 57

of Latin Kingdom, 618n207 Muslim, 580n292 Masons’ marks, Latin, 3, 8 Maumeria Saladin’s, 36 Mayyafariqin (Turkey), 169, 602n245 Mellon Madonna, 421, 457, 468, 516, fig. 300 throne of, 420, 658n398 Mendicant orders in Latin East, 173, 174, 227, 228 in service of Louis IX, 233 See also Dominicans; Franciscans Merchants Crusader, 366 Frankish, 400 Merchants, Italian at Acre, 60, 61, 363 at Damietta, 111 Hugh III and, 369 in Latin Kingdom, 230 patronage by, 397 use of credit, 205–6 See also Genoese, Pisans, Venetians Metalwork Baybars’s patronage of, 377 Damascene, 91 from Jazira region, 470, 471 Mamluk, 470–71, 671n642 Western, 580n324 Metalwork, Crusader, 87–88 brass basins, 259, 462–63, 619n261 of Eudes of Nevers, 358 incised decoration on, 463 inlaid, 365 Syrian-Crusader, 362, 363 thirteenth-century: during 1210-1225, 141–42, 147 during 1225-1244, 207–12 during 1244-1268, 362, 366, 645n1015 during 1268-1289, 470–71, 478 during 1289-1291, 506 Metrology, 205, 608n512 Michael, archangel icons of, 447, fig. 273, fig. 366 Mi’iliya Castle, 187 Military orders, 6 agreements among, 257–58, 316 Arsenal Bible and, 286 58

art for, lxvii, 524–25 banking by, 205, 397, 652n281 communication with pope, 394 disputes among, 257–58 in Fifth Crusade, 111 and Hugh III, 369 nineteenth-century perception of, 638n823 patronage by, lxvii, 19, 103, 202, 271 reconciliation with barons, 257, 619n248 See also Hospitallers; Templars; Teutonic Knights Miniature painting, Crusader See Manuscript illumination, Crusader Minor arts, Crusader luxury items among, 362–63, 365–66, 470, 506 market for, 363, 524 patronage of, 363 thirteenth-century: during 1210-1225, 10, 147 during 1225-1244, 225–26 during 1244-1268, 359–66 during 1268-1289, 469–77 during 1289-91, 504–6 See also Glass, Crusader; Metalwork; Pottery, Crusader; Textiles, Crusader Minor arts, Muslim, 474 Miracles of Notre Dame, 525 Miracles of the Virgin, 402 Missals, Crusader, 571n218: of Church of the Nativity, 354 London, Brit. Lib. Egerton MS 3153, 5,6,10,13,18,93,94,210,212, 215,282,285, 294, 324, 401, 423, 426, 508, 514, 518, 519, 524 Naples, Bibl. Naz., MS VI.G.11, xxxi, 93-95, 96, 138, 210, 217, 299, 582 Paris, BNF, MS lat. 12056, 582 Perugia, Bibl. Capitolare, MS 6, xxxi, 295-299, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 308, 312, 317, 319, 324, 325, 327, 345, 355, 411, 442, 478, 515, 518, 627 Mitaton Mosque (Constantinople), 68, 577n181 Miters, Jacques de Vitry’s, 87, 142–45, 563n104, 581n345 embroidered, 144-45, 594n372, fig. 82 parchment, 142–44, 593n336, 594n368, 594nn364–65,371, fig. 79–81 Mongols alliance with Armenians, 261 attack on Aleppo, 171 attack on Kalavun, 379 attack on Sidon, 620n284 capture of Baghdad, 349–50, 366 in Christian paintings, 634nn707–9 conflict with Khwarismians, 237 conquest of Ayyubids, 260 in Crusader States, 259–68 59

defeat of Seljuks, 170 dress of, 322 horse archery of, 340, 637n809 Kipchak, 261 luxury cloth of, 671n668 occupation of Damascus, 259 power struggles among, 264 relations with Louis IX, 237, 251, 254, 269, 615n52 theat to Venetians, 324 Monreale Cathedral mosaics of, 100, 350 Montesa, Order of, 527 Montfort Castle, 184–88, fig. 88 bosses, 187, 188, fig. 91–92 Burchard of Mount Sion on, 390 capture by Mamluks, 151, 188, 605n409 chapter house at, 203 construction of, 202 excavation of, 15, 186, 187, 188, 591n279, 605n405 in Frederick II’s Crusade, 151 German characteristics of, 187, 188, 605n414 groined ceiling, fig. 90 icons of, 188, 218–19, 223, 605n420, fig. 122 interior of, 186–87 keep of, 187 panel painting at, 218–19 patrons at, 224 plan of, 605n410, fig. 89 pottery of, 225–26 Rey on, 5 sculpture of, 187, 188, 514 stained glass of, 187–88 stone mold, fig. 93 Teutonic Knights at, 184–85, 605n409 textiles of, 476 vaults of, 185, 186, 188 Montfort family luxury items of, 506 Morgan Old Testament Picture Book (New York, Morgan Library MS 638), 282, 283, 626n481, 659n412 and Arsenal Bible, 285, 287, 291, 519 contents of, 287 imagery of, 291 masters of, 294 Mosaics of 1210-1225, 147 of Bethlehem, 28, 324, 521 Byzantine, 292, 571n218 60

of Church of the Holy Sepulcher, 28, 518 of Church of the Nativity, 521, 523 Enlart on, 9 of Ibelin palace, 593n329 Italian, 316 of Monastery of St. Catherine, 668n567 of Monreale, 100, 350 of Ommayad villa (Khirbet al-Mafjar near Jericho), 136 of S. Vitale, 632n671 of San Marco, 51, 100–101, 317, 344–45, 427, 526, 664n485 Sicilian, 410 of St. Maria, Trastevere, 631n631 of Templum Domini, 136, 620n315 of Torcello, 668n525 Mosques of Damietta, 593n334 of Gaza, 565n17 of Hassan, 216, 266, fig. 121 Mitaton, 68 of Ramla, 565n17 reclamation of, 565n17 Mosul School, 669n606 Mount Nebo pilgrimages to, 331–32 Mount of Olives Burchard of Mount Sion on, 390, 391 in “L’Estat de la cité de Jérusalem,” 44 Pater Noster Church, 589n197 Thietmar at, 122 Wilbrand at, 120, 121 Mount Silpius, 349 Mount Sinai Thietmar at, 123 See also St. Catherine, Monastery of (Mount Sinai) Mount Sion Burchard of Mount Sion on, 391, 651n240 in “L’Estat de la cité de Jérusalem,” 43 Thietmar at, 122 Mount Tabor Ayyub’s capture of, 232 Christian slaves at, 107 Crusader attack on, 110 fortifications of, 136 Muslim fort at, 105, 111 Thietmar at, 121 Muslims attack on an-Nasir Daud, 170 commerce with Franks, 274 61

in Crusader army, 173, 603n285 diplomacy with Hohenstaufens, 620n299 diplomacy with Latin Kingdom, 271 diplomatic relations with, 53 Frederick II’s favoritism of, 155–56 in pilgrimage narratives, 124 reverence for St. John, 390 treaty making by, 574n37, 596n46 truces with Crusaders, 44 Venetian negotiations with, 67 See also Mamluks

Nablus raid on, 169, 602n243 Naples Missal (Naples, Bibl. Naz. MS VI.G.11), 96, 138 content of, 582n369 Crucifixion miniature, 299, 628n557, fig. 49 decoration of, 582n369 illuminated initials in, 93–94, 217 Maestas Domini miniature, 94, 101 place of origin, 94 Nativity icons of, 332–33, 441, 636n763, fig. 188, fig. 373 Nativity, Church of (Bethlehem) bronze bowls of, 209, 210 candlesticks of, 209–10, 608n549, fig. 116–17 column icons of, 354 Deësis chapel, 583n392 excavation of, 208, 608n544 fortifications of, 124 under Mamluks, 387 mosaics of, 324, 521, 523 Philippe Mousket on, 175 restoration of, 208 under Saladin, 42 treasury of, 209, 580n326 in twenty-first century, 508 wooden panels of, 137, 593nn331–32, fig. 73 Naturalism, Crusader, 442 Naturalism, Gothic, 197, 208, 509, 608n538 in Arsenal Bible, 293, 294 at Chartres, 605n422 in illustrated History of Outremer, 349 Nazareth Burchard of Mount Sion on, 390 following Third Crusade, lxv inventory of Crusader convent, 92–93, 582n366 libraries of, 402, 654n339 62

Mamluk control of, 491, 651n212 pilgrimages to, 103 Thietmar at, 123 under Treaty of Jaffa, 55 under truce of 1272, 374 see of, 60 See also Annunciation, Church of New historicism in art history, 20 Nicaea, Council of, 425, 666n476 Nicaea, empire of, 74 Nicosia battle at, 156 Cathedral of, 9, 279 Gothic architecture of, 280 Niketas Bible (Copenhagen, Royal Library, Gl. Kongl. Sam. MS 6), 293 Nile Delta Crusader raids on, 105 in Fifth Crusade, 111–12 flooding of, 123 in Louis IX’s Crusade, 239, 240, 241, 615n91, 616n107 Noailles Continuation (in Paris, BNF, MS fr. 9082) on an-Nasir Yusuf, 252 Baybars in, 264, 377, 620n291 Edward I in, 374 on James Pantaleon, 618n223 on Louis IX, 249–50 on Louis IX’s Crusade, 232–34, 246 Safed in, 621n339 on Spanish squadron, 646n12 textual tradition of, 612n6 Notre Dame, Cathedral of (Paris), 523 Louis IX at, 236 treasury of, 87 Notre Dame, Cathedral of (Tortosa), 81–82, 514, 564n176, 603n323 after earthquake of 1202, 81, 179, 181 Burgundian character of, 9 capitals of, 81, 179, 604n366, fig. 34, fig. 87 on coinage, 466 completion of, 179 fortification of, 182 Gothic features of, 82, 179, 197, 278, 623n420 Jacques de Vitry at, 109, 123 loggia of, 603n375 masonry of, 181 nave, 181, fig. 30, fig. 85 pilgrimages to, lxv, 72, 81, 103, 179, 202, 253 plan of, 181 63

portals of, 603n368 Romanesque features of, 179, 181 roof, fig. 32 sculpture of, 103, 180, 181, 182, 604nn331,375 shrine to Virgin Mary, 81, 109, 175, 181, 579n231, 580n296, 593n318, fig. 31, fig. 86 south view, fig. 35 towers of, 180–81, 182 vaults of, 81, 181 west façade, 182, fig. 84 west view, fig. 29 Noyon Cathedral, 181, 195, 604n354 Noyon Psalter, 610n579

Oignies, treasury of, 141–45, 581nn331–44, 594n358 Gold Cross reliquary, 141–42, fig. 77–78 liturgical garments of, 581n334–40,346 miters in, 87, 142–45, 581n345, fig. 79–82 Old Man of the Mountain Louis IX and, 247 Sheid Sinan, 41 Ommayad villa (Khirbet al-Mafjar, near Jericho) mosaics of, 136 Oratorio di San Giovanni (Urbino), 664n477 Orthodox Church legacy for Latin Church, 223–25 reunification with Latin Church, 375, 378, 394, 483 Ottoman Empire breakup of, 565n198 Ottomans quarrying of ‘Atlit, 674n92 Our Lady of Tyre, Church of, 362

Padua Book of Old Testament Selections (Padua, Bibl. Capitolare MS C.12), 303–4, 345, 401, 630n582 artist of, 304, 630n582 Beatus vir initial, fig. 154 content of, 629n581 French program of, 302, 303 historiated initials, 302, 303 literature on, 629n581 Painters, icon Latin, 305, 323 nationality of, 13 at St. Catherine’s Monastery, 14, 323, 611n635 Veneto-Byzantine style of, 336–38 Painting Apulian, 313, 314, 315, 316, 520, 680n101 Armenian, 353, 439, 522, 643n909 64

Comnenian, 632n655 Cypriot, 314 Early Netherlandish, 523 Eastern Christian, 33 at holy sites, 102 on parchment, 593n336 Romanesque, 632n655 Painting, American Mrs. Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary (painting), 519 Painting, Crusader during 1192-1210, 92–102 after fall of Acre, 495–504 Byzantine influence on, 12 at Crac, 201–2 international character of, 452 Louis IX’s influence on, 273 monumental, 102 of Qara, 568n96 technique of, 18, 20 thirteenth-century, 19, 509 during 1210-1225, 138–41 during 1225-1244, 92–102 during 1244-1268, 366 Western-Eastern integration in, 583n392 See also Icons; Manuscript illumination; Panel paintings Painting, Venetian, 344–45, 445, 465, 478 Sanudo-Paolino group, 497 Pala d’Oro (Venice) dormition enamel, 440, 668n534 painting on, 497 Palestine Pilgrims Text Society, 119 Palestinian Authority, 565n198 Panel paintings, 509, 514 during 1210-1225, 138 as altarpieces, 435 and Crusader pottery, 592n297 Eastern Christian, 98 European, 464 exotic figures in, 634n713 function of, 435 influence on Dugento artists, 526 of Monastery of St. Catherine’s, 95–97 at Montfort Castle, 218–19 thirteenth-century, 12–13 Venetian, 465 See also Icons Papacy and Byzantine empire, 576n97 65

conflict with Frederick II, 167 links with Monastery of St. Catherine, 110 protection of Cyprus, 169 Paris Eracles (Paris, BNF, MS fr. 2628), 566n18, 577nn167-170 Baldwin I in, 73 on emergency coinage, 29 on fall of Jerusalem, 22 Fifth Crusade in, 110, 111, 113, 117 on Fourth Crusade, 65, 67 Francis of Assisi in, 124 on Frederick II’s Crusade, 150–51, 595n22, 599n150 Henry II of Cyprus in, 598n115 Jacques de Vitry in, 585n39 John of Brienne in, 118 on La Forbie, 171 Lombard War in, 157 on Richard of Cornwall’s Crusade, 166, 167 on Thibaut’s Crusade, 164 on treaty of 1211, 105 on Treaty of Jaffa, 158 on Venetians, 576n88 See also Chronicle of Ernoul Paris Missal (Paris, BNF, MS lat. 12056), 94 Paris Old Testament Bible selections (Paris, BNF MS nouv. acq. fr. 1404), 397, 414–16, 417, 659n425, fig. 241–42 Arsenal Bible and, 414–15 Book of Judges, 414, 415 colorism of, 415–16 content/decoration of, 659n416 frontispieces of, 414 Maccabees, 415, 426, fig. 242 miniatures, 414–16 and Moralized Bible tradition, 415 Passus Christi (relic), 207 Patriarchs, biblical icons of, 458, 460, 462, fig. 309 relics of, 71 Patriarchs of Jerusalem at Acre, 60, 602n276 Greek bishops under, 585n33 at haute cour, 499 nationality of, 395 Orthodox, 602n281 scriptorium in Acre, 13, 61, 92, 213, 214, 226, 435 temporal authority of, 394–95 Patronage during 1192-1210, 102 by communes, 174 66

by confraternities, 6, 102, 317, 397–98 on Cyprus, 522 in defining Crusader art, 17, 20, 518 by Eastern Christians, 398 ecclesiastical, 103 effect of maritime cities on, 271 of figural arts, 14 by Franks, 525 Hospitaller, lxvii, 19, 102 of icons, 141 by Italian merchants, 397 by Latin clergy, 226 Louis IX’s, 8, 14, 254, 268–69, 271, 284, 324 in Lusignan Cyprus, 471 by military orders, lxvii, 19, 103, 202, 271 by pilgrims, 271, 333, 398, 664n484 by Templars, lxvii, 19, 271, 397 by Teutonic Knights, lxvii, 19, 188 in Third Crusade, 45 thirteenth-century, lxvi, 17, 20, 394–98, 509 during 1210-1225, 146–47 during 1225-1244, 174, 202 during 1244-1268, 271 during 1268-1289, 394–98 Venetian, 397 women’s, 341 Pelagian Crusade See Crusade, Fifth “Les Pelerinaiges por alen en Iherusalem,” 200 Pelrinages et Pardouns de Acre, 274, 387–89, 398, 399 date of, 651n214 Perugia Missal (Perugia, Bibl. Capitolare MS 6), 295–99, 478, 518 Acre in, 295–96 and Arsenal Bible, 297, 298 artists of, 296, 297–98, 301, 304, 628nn545–46 Byzantine elements in, 297–98, 345, 515 calendar, 295–96, 304 colorism of, 298–99 contents of, 628n536 Crucifixion frontispiece, 296–98, 442, 514, 628n551, fig. 149 and Deësis and Fourteen apostles panel, 327 and Egerton Missal, 301–2 eye delineation in, 301, 303, 312 French elements in, 297, 301, 345 Gothic elements in, 298, 301 haloes in, 314 historiated initials, 295, 297, 302, fig. 151 and Iconostasis Beam, 319 67

models for, 297–98 patron of, 298 and Ryerson Diptych, 296, 297, 298 scribe of, 295, 296 scriptorium of, 305, 643n939, 658n405 St. Francis Chapel frescoes, 305 Te igitur headpiece, 297, fig. 150 volumentric figures of, 297, 301 woman of Narnia figure, 301 Philia Crusader raid on, 72 Pilgrimage narratives, lxv, 102–3, 118 after 1268, 386 Armenia in, 588n163 fall of Acre in, 488–91 Jerusalem in, 272 Muslims in, 124 twelfth-century, 124 Pilgrimages, 653n293 by Crusaders, 42 following fall of Acre, 489–90 following Third Crusade, 119 following Treaty of Jaffa (1229), 176 to Jericho, 101 to Jerusalem, 42, 103, 272 to Monastery of St. Catherine, lxv, 220, 329, 439 to Mount Nebo, 331–32 to Notre Dame Cathedral (Tortosa), lxv, 72, 81, 103, 179, 202, 253 thirteenth-century, 19, 102–3 during 1210-1225, 118–24 during 1268-1289, 386–93 in Treaty of Jaffa, 154 twelfth-century, 118–24 See also Holy sites Pilgrims ampullae of, 362, 470, 645n1011 artistic, 146 at ‘Atlit, 134 Eastern Christian, 512 German, 146, 399 gifts of, 305–6, 329 indulgences for, 622n392 at Jaffa, 15–16 mistreatment of, 109 numbers of, 589n170, 653n296 patronage by, 271, 333, 398, 664n484 reliquaries of, 71 toll payments by, 252 68

Pisans in Acre, 397, 632n660, 633n689 conflict with Genoese, 269 expulsion from Latin Kingdom, 57 in Fifth Crusade, 113 pro-imperialism of, 169 in War of St. Sabas, 255–58 Placards in recruitment, 51, 572n277 Platters, 471 Pontifical of Apamea (London, Brit. Lib. Add. MS 57528), 210, 211–12, 609n556, fig. 119 codicology of, 212 colophon, 609n559 content of, 609n563 date of, 212, 217 decoration of, 609n563 Eastern aspects of, 211 and Riccardiana Psalter, 217 Ports defenses for, 5 Pottery Cypriot, 133, 255, 475, 505 of eastern Mediterranean, 593n335 proto-maiolica, 132–33, 226, 363, 475, 505, fig. 70, fig. 348–49 Syrian, 133, 474, 505 Pottery, Byzantine Zeuxippus ware, 132, 475, 504, fig. 345–46 Pottery, Crusader, 16, 147, 565n179, 592n284, 645n1018, 671n662, 679n26 at Acre, 504–5, 592n292, fig. 345–49 of Antioch, 132 of ‘Atlit, 102, 132–33, 138, 592n297, fig. 70 of Caesarea, 564n168 centers of production, 562nn52–53 commerce in, 133 excavation of, 504 luxury, 362, 363 of Montfort Castle, 225–26 motifs of, 132–33, 592n294 and panel painting, 592n297 sgraffito ware, 132, 133, 226, 504, 592nn285–86, fig. 331–33 St. Symeon ware, 226, 132, 133, 138, 504, 592nn286,289, 620n304, fig. 347 thirteenth-century of 1225-1244, 225–26 of 1268-1289, 470, 474–76 of 1289-1291, 504–5 Pougeoise (coinage), 50, 465, fig. 12–13 of Henry of Champaigne, 84 of Sidon, 360, fig. 218 69

See also Coinage, Crusader Praemonstratensians, 183 Prisoners, Christian from fall of Acre, 489–90 in Fourth Crusade, 587n112 at Gaza, 165–66 Louis IX’s negotiations for, 246, 247, 248, 254, 617n148 Thietmar on, 122 in Treaty of Jaffa, 154 Prisoners, Muslim craftsmen, 620n307 enslavement of, 265 Hugh III’s, 375 of military orders, 262 slaughter of, 39, 166, 600n189 Psalter of Hermann the Landgrave of Thuringia, 214 Psalter of Queen Melisende (London, Brit. Lib. Egerton MS 1139), 509, 514, 623n440 artists of, 423, 508, 519, 664n481 Buchthal on, 13 covers of, 11, 524, 562n56 decoration of, 212 litany of, 214 Magi in, 634n715 medallions of, 508 multicultural aspects of, 324, 426 patronage of, 282 production of, 93 scriptorium of, 285 Psalter of St. Louis (Paris, BNF, MS lat. 10525), 627n507, 659n412 captions of, 614n45 date of, 646n15 Ptolemais See Acre Purification of the Virgin, Feast of, 296, 628n537

Qalamoun (Syria) frescoes of, 96, 636n776 Qaqun attack on, 647n51 fortification of, 265 Qara fresco painting at, 265, 342, 520, 569n92, 621n342 thirteenth-century paintings at, 568n96 Qubba Nahwiyya, 566n28 Qubbat al Mi’raj renovation of, 25 Queen Keran gospels (Jerusalem, Armenian Patriarchate MS 2563), 669n572 Qusair (castle), 267 70

ecclesiastical treasury at, 581n330 “Qyzil in the Turfan,” 340

Ramla destruction by Saladin, 570n171 mosques of, 565n17 Realism Crusader, 366–67 in Crusader icons, 327 Gothic, 517, 634n713 Reims Cathedral capitals of, 181 nave of, 278 statue-colonne at, 316 Relics acquired by Louis IX, 72, 208, 236 authentication of, 208 Baybars’s capture of, 266 dominical, 72, 74 from Fifth Crusade, 111 following Third Crusade, 103 from Latin Kingdom, 208 origin of, 71 of Passion, 234, 236 Passus Christi, 207 removal to West, 133–34 of St. Euphemia, 133–34, 141, 393, 592n302 Templars’, 141 Relics, Byzantine following sack of Constantinople, 28, 69, 70–72, 74, 76, 85–86, 134, 207, 578nn194–95 Reliquaries crystalline, 208, 608n541 of Holy Blood, 207–8, 388 ivory, 71 loss of, 86 pilgrims’, 71 of St. Euphemia, 134 survival after Saladin, 28 True Cross, 28, 51, 52, 71, 141–42, 362, 450, 514, 565n7, fig. 77–78 Rembrandt Project, 523 Resafa, 341 Mongol occupation of, 638n819 Resafa Silver Treasury, 524, 514, 571n229, 581n354, fig. 43 censer, fig. 48 chalice, 88–89, fig. 45–46 lamp, 90–91 owners of, 88, 91 paten, 88–89, 91, fig. 47 71

“wappenpokal” cup, 46, 88, 91, fig. 44 Western pieces in, 91 Rhetorica ad Herennium, 401, 658n408 See also Chantilly Cicero manuscript (Chantilly, Musée Condé, MS 433 (590)) Rhodes Crusader art on, 527 Riccardiana Psalter (Florence, Bibl. Riccardiana, MS 323), 211, 212–17, 401, 509, 623n440 additions to, 212, 610n575 Anastasis miniature, 216 Annunciation miniature, 212, 215, fig. 120, plate 2 architecture in, 215–16 Ascension miniature, 216 Byzantine sources of, 215 calendar of, 212, 610n578 contents of, 212, 610n571 date of, 216, 217, 610n572 decoration of, 212 and Egerton Sacramentary, 217 Entry into Jerusalem miniature, 215 Frederick II and, 212–14, 217, 597n69, 680n81 function of, 610n572 illuminated initials, 216, 217 Isabel of Brienne and, 214, 216, 217, 514, 680n81 master of, 563n135 Nativity miniature, 215 palaeography of, 214 patronage of, 282, 597n69, 610n572 Pentecost miniature, 216 and Pontifical of Apamea, 217 Presentation of Christ miniature, 215 scriptorium of, 215, 216, 217 Sicilian elements of, 215 Roche Guillaume Crusaders at, 507 Roche Roussel (castle), 267 Roman d’Alexandre, 411 Roman d’Enéas, 411 Roman de Thèbes, 410 Roman de Troie, 401, 410 Rome Sacramentary (Rome, Bibl. Angelica MS D.7.3), 94 Rothelin Continuation (Paris, BNF, MS fr. 9083), 571nn207-210, 214 ‘Atlit in, 175 codices of, 612n6 on Damietta, 243 end of, 620n291 “L’Estat de la cité de Jérusalem” in, 174 on Frederick II, 156, 157, 163, 601n220 Jerusalem in, 175 72

on Khwarismian Turks, 272 on Louis IX, 232, 237, 246 on Louis IX’s Crusade, 240–41, 242 pilgrimage in, 175 proto-preface of, 174–75 on Richard of Cornwall’s Crusade, 166, 167 on Thibaut’s Crusade, 164 Tower of David in, 595n20 on War of St. Sabas, 255 Ruad Crusaders at, 507, 525 Ryerson Diptych, 298, 628nn539,555, fig. 412–13 angels of, 302 and Perugia Missal, 296, 297, 515

Sacramentaries, Crusader, 571n218 Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum, McClean MS 49, 582 London, Brit. Lib. Egerton MS 2902, XXXI, 210-11, 212, 217 Rome, Bibl. Angelica, MS D.7.3, 582 Safed Castle, 189–93, 271, 275–76, 587n106 aerial view, fig. 94 archaeological studies of, 192–93 Burchard of Mount Sion on, 651n233 Chapel of St. George, 192 construction of, 184, 202, 275–76, 600n188, 603n300, 606n226 distance from Acre, 621n336 donjon of, 192, 606n440 earthquake damage at, 191 excavation of, 189, 623n408 fall to Baybars, 189, 264–65, 621n339 holy sites near, 190–91, 276 income of, 189 Mamluk keep, fig. 95 in pilgrim narratives, 606n426 plan of, 191 protection of Acre, 190, 276 size of, 189 specifications for, 606n433 Templars at, 166, 600n188 towers of, 192 Sahyun, castle of, 29 (also known as Saone, or Qalat al-Saladin) Wilbrand at, 119 Saidnaya (Syria) monastery of, 590n210 pilgrimages to, lxv, 176, 589n182 Pilgrim Philippus on, 393 Virgin Mary icon at, 121, 122, 176, 589n182, 590nn212–13 Sainte Chapelle, Paris, 613n30, 626n491 73

and Arsenal Bible, 285, 287, 288 capitals of, 181, 604n364 cost of, 235 dedication of, 236 figural decoration of, 234 Gothic architecture of, 180, 278 library of, 249, 284 and Louis IX’s Crusade, 234–35, 290, 614n43 stained glass of, 287, 288, 626n482 treasury of, 87, 581n351 vaults of, 188 Saints, Eastern in Latin rite, 224 Saint-Victor, Church of (Marseilles), 181, 604n344 Sajette castle (Sidon), 5 San Bevignate, Church of (Perugia) frescoes of, 169, 602n243, 638n825 San Danieli Bible (San Daniele del Friuli, Bibl. Guarneriana MS III)

date of, 582n377 decoration of, 95 place of origin, 94–95, 215, 216 San Marco (Venice) horses of, 69, 578n193 mosaics of, 51, 100–101, 317, 344–45, 427, 526, 664n485 San Silvestro, monastery of (Pisa), 610n574 Santa Maria Latina, Church of, 28 Sanudo-Paolino group (painters), 497 San Vitale mosaics of, 632n671 San Vito Vecchio crypt of, 313 Saone See Sahyun Saracens deserters in Louis IX’s Crusade, 240, 613n95 Venetian attack on, 483–84 Sartaq (Mongol prince), 251 Savior, Church of (Jerusalem, in Gethsemane), 589n197 Screens, liturgical, 563n101, 611n650 Sculpture of Chartres Cathedral, 605n422 Sculpture, Crusader, 523 during 1192-1210, 102 of Acre, 282, fig. 144 after fall of Acre, 491–95 of ‘Atlit, 514 of Church of Holy Sepulcher, 28 74

of Church of the Annunciation, 27–28, 510, 617n174 of Crac, 182, 200–201, 277, 278, 514, 623n416, fig. 143 foliate at Cathedral of Notre Dame, Tortosa, 182 in spolia, 25, 28 Frederick II’s patronage of, 607n492 ivory, 11, 237, 615n60 of Montfort Castle, 187, 188, 514 of Notre Dame in Tortosa, 103, 180, 181, 182, 603nn331,375 thirteenth-century during 1210-1225, 125–38 during 1244-1268, 281–82 Seals of Charles of Anjou, 468 Frederick II’s, 204, 207, 360, 597n85, 601n218, 607n502, 608n523 Louis IX’s, 244, 360, 616n146, 644n994–95, fig. 224 Seals, Crusader, 5, 206–7, 360–61 of bishop of Acre, 144, 572n255 of Bohemond VI, 361, 644n1000, fig. 226 colonial nature of, 469 of confraternities, fig. 114 cour bourgeois of Acre, 499, fig. 349 destruction of, 644n996 ecclesiastical, 362, 468–69, fig. 320–22 French influence on, 362 of Geoffrey of Sergines, fig. 224 of Gerold of Lausanne, 206, fig. 113 of Henry II, 468 Hospitaller, 48, 52, 316, 361, 426, 467–68, 571n250, 633n676, 644nn1001–3 of Hospital of the Teutonic Knights, 361, fig. 227 imagery of, 526 of James Pantaleon, 361 of John II of Ibelin, 361, fig. 226 mounted soldiers on, 361 of religious women, 362 of Simon de Guinecort, fig. 70 of St. Lazarus of Bethany, 362, fig. 229 Templar, 316, 361, 467–68 of Teutonic Knights, 361, 468, 670n626, fig. 319 True Cross on, 52, 467 Virgin and Child on, 362, 468 of William of Agen, 361, fig. 228 Sebaste Burchard of Mount Sion on, 390 mosques of, 565n17 Sects, Christian John of Würzburg on, 123 See also Christians, Eastern 75

Seljuk Turks Baybars and, 262 Levon II’s war with, 108 Mongol defeat of, 170 threat to Antioch, 118 Sens, Cathedral of, 604n336 Sephoris Pilgrim Philippus on, 393 Sergiopolis (Resafa), 341 See also Resafa Silver Treasury Shayzar campagin in History of Outremer illustrations, 406, fig. 250 Sicilian Vespers uprising, 378, 394 aftermath of, 379 Sicily John of Brienne’s attack on, 153 Sidon al-Ashraf’s attack on, 488 coinage of, 83, 84–85, 359, 360, fig. 40–41, fig. 218–19 Crusader reoccupation of, 60 excavation of, 16 fall of, 488–89 fortifications of, 135, 252, 254, 570n178 in Lombard War, 158 Mongol attack on, 620n284 in Pelrinages et Pardouns de Acre, 388 Sidon, sea castle of, 252, fig. 96 chapel plan, fig. 100 entrance of, fig. 98 fortifications of, 273 in Frederick II’s Crusade, 150 plan, fig. 97, fig. 99, fig. 100 Siege machines at Acre, 484, 485, 486 Siirt metalwork from, 471 Silk production, 476, 562nn51,55, 671n669 of Tyre, 575n51 Silk trade, 366, 477, 525, 646n1032, 672n677 Venetians in, 397 Silver liturgical, 87, 92 secular, 87 See also Resafa Silver Treasury Sinai archbishop of, 585n33 See also St. Catherine, Monastery of (Mount Sinai) Sis 76

demolition of, 377 Wilbrand at, 120 Slaves Christian, 107 Muslim, 621n341 Societas Vermigliorum, 6, 61, 62 Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East, lxiv Soldier saints, fig. 380 armaments of, 340 mounted, 100, 101, 330, 338–42, 520, 583n406, 637nn800,805–7, fig. 184, fig. 198–99 standing, 338, 339, 340, 632n664, fig. 196 Somme le roi, 627n502 Spain Crusade in, 107 frescoes of, 96 Spolia from fall of Acre, 489, 491, 673n70 from fall of Jerusalem, 25, 28 in Mosque of Hassan (Cairo), 216, 266, fig. 121 St. Albans (England), 599n147 St. Andrew, Church of (Acre), 9, 183, 184 Gothic elements of, 279–80 St. Andrew, confraternity of, 61, 62, 158, 183, 598n95 bell of, 159 seal of, 598n95, fig. 114 St. Anne, convent of, 212, 214 St. Anthony, Monastery of (Egypt), 637n805 St. Bartholus, Church of (Damietta), 138 St. Catherine, Church of (Acre), 275, 622n401 St. Catherine, Hospital of (Acre), 183 St. Catherine, Monastery of (Crete), 586n60 St. Catherine, Monastery of (Mount Sinai) access to, 19 after fall of Acre, 525 artists’ travel to, 220 authority over St. Catherine’s, Acre, 275 Catherine’s tomb at, 123 Chapel of St. Catherine of the Franks, 318, 323 Chapel of the Burning Bush, 122–23, 329, 590n226 Church of St. Catherine doors, 95 Cypriot connection with, 452 holdings of, 275, 623n402 icons, 13, 218–23, 582n378, 611n620, fig. 95, plate 1, plate 4–5, plate 11 Aaron, 643n917 angels, 219–20, 221 Annunciation, 139, 301 Annunciation and six Stylites, fig. 353 Annunciation panel, 327, fig. 180 77 archangel Gabriel, 219–20, 351, 456, fig. 124, fig. 206 archangel Michael, 219–20, 351, 352, fig. 123, fig. 366 Armenian painting and, 522 Baptism of Christ, 332, 333, 441, fig. 189 Burial of Christ, fig. 405 Byzantine, 219–20,223, 309–10, 351, 611nn633–644 Christ, 351, 355, 356, 456, fig. 129–30, fig. 130, fig. 400 Christ Enthroned, 96, 138, fig. 52 Christ in Deësis group, 221, 351, 352, 355, fig. 125 Christ seated, 332, fig. 190 Crusader, 14, 219–23, 300–301, 305–18, 351–56, 436 Crusader (Franco-Byzantine style), 301, 305, 324–31, 335, 355, 436–41, 442 Crusader (Veneto-Byzantine style), 336–42, 351, 441–65, 611n642 Crusader patrons of, 221, 224, 226 Cypriot, 227 date of, 223 Deësis, 221–22, 305, fig. 359 Deësis and Fourteen apostles, 324, 325–27, fig. 177–79 Deësis and seven saints, 463–64, 670nn608–9, fig. 304 Deësis and three standing saints, 332, 333, 355, 441, fig. 187 Deësis triptych, 458, fig. 290 Deësis with two standing saints, fig. 369 Deposition from the Cross, fig. 381 Dodekaorta, fig. 409 Dormition of the Virgin, 440, 441–42, fig. 263, fig. 265 Elijah, 305, 328–29, 334, fig. 182, fig. 191, fig. 367 Enthroned Virgin, 327, 331–32, 333, fig. 186 ex-voto gifts, 305–6, 329 Flight into Egypt, fig. 386 Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, fig. 372, fig. 396 function of, 223 gesso decoration of, 462, 635n737 holy figures, fig. 303 inscriptions on, 524, 630n601, 681n128 Last Judgment, 438–40, fig. 264 liturgical feasts, 304, 628n548 Maestas Domini, 95–96, 101, 138–39, 305, 325, 456, 583nn396,408, 667n524, fig. 51 male saints, fig. 397, fig. 401 monastic saints, fig. 379 Moses and Aaron, 356, 459, 460, fig. 213, fig. 311, fig. 312 mounted soldier saints, 339, 341, 342, 635n730, 636nn753,756, fig. 198 Nativity, 332–33, 441, fig. 188, fig. 373 painted cross, fig. 404, fig. 406–8 pearl decorations, 442, 668n541 soldier saints, fig. 380 Sts. Constantine and Helena, fig. 357 Sts. George, Theodore, and Demetrius, fig. 354 Sts. Theodore and Demetrios, 330, 331, 339, fig. 184 78

St. Antipas, 442, 445, 458, fig. 268 St. Catherine, fig. 292, fig. 371 St. George and the Youth of Mytilene, 329–30, fig. 185 St. Gregory of Nazianzus, 329, 462, 635n746, fig. 182 St. John Chrysostom, fig. 368 St. John the Baptist, fig. 131, fig. 384, fig. 399 St. John the Baptist in Deësis group, 221, 352, fig. 127 St. Nicholas standing, fig. 364 St. Nicholas with Christ and Virgin, fig. 363, fig. 398 St. Nicholas with donor, 503–4, fig. 343 St. Procopios and Virgin Kykkotissa diptych, 447–58, 464, 509, 514, fig. 271–88 St. Sergios and kneeling female, 339, 340–42, 494, 530, 637n810, 638nn815,819, fig. 199 St. Simeon, 455, fig. 294 St. Simeon Stylites, fig. 390 St. Symeon Stylites and St. Barbara, 336–37, 348, fig. 193 St. Zosimos, fig. 388 standing saints, fig. 370, fig. 376, fig. 385 standing soldier saints, 338–39, 340, 351, fig. 196 Sts. Catherine and Marina, 337–38, 342, 343, 353, 459, fig. 195 Sts. Peter and Paul, fig. 382 Sts. Sergios and Bacchos, 459, 520, fig. 313 Sts. Theodore and George, 139–40, 339, 456, 493, fig. 74 Transfiguration, fig. 358, fig. 387 Triptych with angel Gabriel, fig. 305 Triptych with Annunciation, fig. 306 True Cross, fig. 403 Vine Scroll, fig. 361 Virgin, 222, 351, fig. 128 Virgin and Child, 305 Virgin and Child Blacherniotissa, 455, fig. 291 Virgin and Child Eleousa, fig. 362 Virgin and Child Galaktotrophousa, 352–54, 455, fig. 208, fig. 295, fig. 391 Virgin and Child Hodegetria, 329, 333–34, 353, fig. 191, fig. 208, fig. 377–78, fig. 389 Virgin and Child Hodegetria Dexiokratousa, 331, fig. 356, fig. 360, fig. 375 Virgin and Child n tns batou, 326, 327, 328–39, 342–44, 354–55, 462, 464, fig. 182, fig. 194, fig. 200, fig. 210, fig. 310, fig. 355 Virgin Hodegetria, 339, 342, 455, 520, fig. 197, fig. 289 (Ssee also Virgin and Child, Hodegetria) Virgin Hodegetria Dexiokratousa, 140–41, 222–23, 327, 328, 329, 330, 635n739, fig. 76, fig. 181, colorplate 11 (See also Virgin and Child, Hodegetria Dexiokratousa) Virgin in Deësis group, 221, 352, fig. 126 Latin monks at, 275, 318 Limoges enamel plaque at, 95, 582n379 links with papacy, 110 Maestas enamel plaque, 582n377 mosaics of, 668n567 multiculturalism of, 336, 366 panel paintings of, 95–97 Philippe Mousket on, 176 79

pilgrimages to, lxv, 220, 329, 439, 465 pilgrims’ donations to, 439, 465, 638n839 sticherarion manuscript, 306, 630n606 Thietmar at, 122–23 ties with Acre, 275, 622n400 triptych with Ascension, 637n797 See also Iconostasis beams; Twelve Feasts St. Denis, 508 architecture of, 195, 604n336 ewers of, 608n541 Louis IX’s interment at, 372 treasury of, 87, 581n351 St. Euphemia, relics of, 133-134, 141, 592n302 St. Francis Chapel (Constantinople) and Acre Triptych, 300–301 apse of, 300 and Arsenal Bible, 300 French elements of, 301 frescoes of, 292–303, 304–5, 524, 629nn560, 565 inscription on, 300 master of, 301 mosaics of, 292 and Perugia Missal, 305 styles of, 310 St. Geneviève, Abbey of censier manuscript (Paris, Archives Nationales, MS. Piece 1626(1)), 416, 419, 499, 659n430, 660nn432–33, fig. 243 St. George, Benedictine monastery of, 175 St. George, Cathedral of (Lydda), 569n170 St. George, Church of (Istanbul), 592n302 St. George of Lydda and Bethlehem confraternity of, 397–98 St. James, Church of (Jerusalem), 43 St. James the Greater, Church of (Jerusalem), 604n344 St. Jean d’Acre See Acre St. John, Church of (Ramla), 570n171 St. John, Church of (Sebaste), 9 Gothic features of, 180 St. John, Hospitaller Church of (Acre), 80, 282 St. John of Jerusalem, Hospital of (Acre), 274 St. John the Baptist, Church of reliquary of, 563n107, 567n55 St. Lawrence, Church of (Acre), 183 bequests to, 183 St. Lawrence Cathedral (Genoa) “Sacra Catino” at, 569n159 St. Lazarus of Bethany, convent of, 590n200 80

seal of, 362, fig. 229 St. Luke’s Church (painting), 519 St. Margaret, Monastery of, 362 St. Maria, Church of (Trastevere) mosaics of, 631n631 St. Mark, Church of (Acre), 183 St. Mary, Abbey Church of, 571n220 St. Mary, Cathedral of (Damietta), 137–38 St. Mary, Church of (Mount Sion) Coenaculum of, 42, 182, 194, 607n491 and ‘Atlit town church, 198 renovation of, 202 pilgrimages to, 42 St. Mary Magdalene nuns of, 362 St. Mary of Carmel (monastery), 199–200, 202, fig. 104 Church of Our Lady, 200 Gothic elements of, 200 plan, fig. 105 St. Mary of Jehosaphat (Benedictine monastery, Acre), 183 St. Maurice, Church of (Vienne), 181 St. Maur-les-Fossés missal of, 139 St. Michael, Church of (Acre), 183 St. Nicholas, Church of (Famagusta), 279 St. Nicholas, Church of (Veroia) incised decorations at, 632n652 St. Peter, Cathedral of (Antioch) damage to, 138 excavation of, 135 plan of, fig. 71 treasury of, 86–87, 567n69 Wilbrand at, 119 St. Peter, Church of (Acre), 183 St. Peter, Church of (Antioch) inventories of, 5, 27, 29, 138, 145 St. Peter’s Cathedral (Caesarea), 249, 621n325 St. Polyeuktos, Church of (Constantinople), 256 St. Procopios and Virgin Kykkotissa diptych Armenian style of, 452 inscriptions on, 449 patron of, 453 place of execution, 452, 454 reliquary on, 450 St. Sabas, Monastery of, 255, 618nn234–35 St. Samuel, Church of (Acre), 644n964 St. Sergios, Church of (Resafa), 91 St. Sophia, Church of (Nicosia), 196 81

and ‘Atlit parish church, 196, 197 Gothic elements of, 238 in Louis IX’s Crusade, 238 St. Stephen, Church of (Meaux), 198 St. Symeon loss of, 474 St. Symeon ware (pottery), 226, 504, 592nn286,289, 620n304, fig. 331–33, fig. 347 artistic quality of, 475 at ‘Atlit, 132, 133, 138 St. Theodore, Church of (Lebanon) paintings of, 568n96 St. Thomas, Church of (Acre), 388 St. Thomas, Church of (Tripoli), 385 St. Thomas, Church of (Tyre), 16 Stavelot Triptych, 427 Sticherarion manuscript (Mount Sinai), 306, 630n606 Sts. Biaggio and Cataldus, Monastery of Cassa Sepolcrale of, 344, 441, 639n851, fig. 201 Sts. Sergius and Bacchus, Church of frescoes of, 568n92 Style See Architecture; Art; Artists; Icons, Crusader Manuscript illumination; Painting; Sculpture Style, in painting Apulian, 313, 314, 315, 316 Armenian, 353, 439, 522 Byzantine, 297, 298 Crusader, 308-309 Cypriot-Crusader, 314, 457-458, 503-504 Early Netherlandish, 523 Franco-Byzantine Crusader, 301, 305, 308-312, 324-336, 355, 367, 420, 436-441, 442, 495-502 Italo-Byzantine Crusader, 313-315 Mamluk, 362-367, 421 Maniera cypria, 448 Maniera greca, lxvi, lxviii, 17, 20, 448, 516-517, 631n628 Muslim, 421 Venetian, 344-345, 445, 465, 478 Veneto-Byzantine Crusader, 336-345, 350, 351, 441-465, 478, 497, 502 Suba (castle), 570n172 Syria pottery of, 133, 474, 505 Syrian Antiquities Authority, 276 Syria-Palestine archaeology of, 6 Crusader art in, lxvi–lxvii, 19–20 demographics of, 652n248 icons of, 13 Muslim travellers in, 589n169 opening to Western scholars, 513 82

in thirteenth-century, lxv, 18 at time of Crusades, map 10 Western apathy concerning, 13

Talkha in Fifth Crusade, 116–17 Tall as-Safi (castle), 569n166 Tarsus churches of, 120 Tartars invasions of 1241-1242, 218 Tartus See Tortosa Templars abolition of, 527, 602n251, 682nn153–54 access to Haram al-Sharif, 169–70 at Acre, 61, 673n52 after fall of Acre, 681n153 aid to Roger of San Severino, 379 alliance with al-Nasir Daud, 169 architectural patronage of, 580n300 at ‘Atlit, 127, 134, 184 banking by, 205 Baybars’s defeat of, 264 and Bohemond VII, 380 capture of Castle of Ligon, 263 castles of, 3, 62, 192 chapels of, 341 charges against, 602n251 conflict with Hospitallers, 166, 167, 168, 600nn184,188 control of Baghras Castle, 75 Damascus connections of, 166 defense of Acre, 485, 486–88 in fall of Sidon, 488 in Fifth Crusade, 111, 117 Frederick II and, 152, 153, 155, 157 heraldry of, 341 in Histoire Universelle, 667n505 in History of Outremer, 235 and Hugh III, 376 libraries of, 402 in Lombard War, 159 in Louis IX’s Crusade, 238, 240, 241 Muslim prisoners of, 262 patronage by, lxvii, 19, 271, 397 purchase of Eudes of Nevers’s property, 358 Red Tower of, 15 relics obtained by, 141, 592n307 83

Retraits of, 402 return of Templum Domini to, 170 round chambers of, 203 at Ruad, 525 Rule of, 341, 402, 654n340 at Safed, 166, 600n188 seals of, 316, 361, 467–68 symbols of chastity, 651n212 under Treaty of Jaffa, 158 treaty with al-Salih Ismail, 169, 170, 602n249 True Cross relic of, 52 turcopoles among, 341 in War of St. Sabas, 255 Temple Mount excavation of, 15 See also Haram al-Sharif (Jerusalem) Templon screens, 224–25, 612n650 icons on, 224, 352 Templum Domini (Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem) after Saladin’s conquest, 24, 566n19 cleansing of, 25 in “L’Estat de la cité de Jérusalem,” 43, 44 liturgical services at, 602n249 marble slab at, 566n35 mosaics of, 136, 621n315 in Pelrinages et Pardouns de Acre, 388 return to Templars, 170 in Rothelin Continuation, 175 Thietmar at, 122 treasures from, 566n43 in Treaty of Jaffa, 154 wooden screen at, 566n24 wrought-iron of, 9 Templum Salomonis, 566n19 in Rothelin Continuation, 175 Teutonic Knights, 226 in Acre, 491, 647n44 in Cilicia, 166 in Fifth Crusade, 111, 113, 117 financial power of, 647n44 founding of, 61 Frederick II and, 155–56, 157 at Montfort Castle, 184–88, 605n409 patronage of, lxvii, 19, 188, 202, 271 pro-imperialism of, 169 round chambers of, 203 seals of, 361, 468, 670n626, fig. 319 in Thibaut’s Crusade, 164 84

in Tower of David, 164 turcopoles among, 341 in War of St. Sabas, 255 Teutonic Knights, Church of (Acre), 183 Textiles Central Asian, 676n111 Muslim, 664n477 Sicilian, 581n349 Textiles, Crusader, 87, 679n26 during 1289-1291, 506 of Antioch, 87, 575n51 from Jericho, 671n674 luxury, 87, 671n676 silk, 476 thirteenth-century, 103 of 1210-1225, 147 of 1225-1244, 225 of 1244-1268, 366 of 1268-1289, 476–77, 671n676 of Tripoli, 87, 575n51, 671n669 Thrones in Franco-Byzantine icons, 635n730 of the Virgin, 327, 331–32, 333, 354, 643n912, fig. 186 Tiberias Ayyub’s capture of, 172, 232 Tomb plaques of Cyprus, 591n277 of Hughes Libergier, 281 of Philip d’Aubigny, 599n140 of William of St. John, 495 Tombs, Crusader, 10, 281–82, 571n220, 622n376 destruction of, 272–73, 387–88, 622n375 Tomb slabs of Jaffa, 281–82, 623n428, fig. 142 of Philip d’Aubigny, 162, fig. 83 of Pierre de la Vieille Bride, 623n434 of William of St. John, 491, 493–95, 674nn98,103, fig. 337 Torcello mosaics of, 668n525 Toron (castle), 193–94, 587n106 Baybars’s capture of, 59, 265 construction of, 202 Rey on, 5 T’oros Roslin gospel book of (Baltimore, Walters Art Museum, MS 539) , 438–39 Tortosa, 4, 404 al-Ashraf’s attack on, 488 Burchard of Mount Sion on, 388 85

following Saladin’s conquest, 29 fortification of, 5, 16 Gothic architecture of, 196 Templar fortifications of, 491 Templar grande salle at, 278, 623n419 in Third Crusade, 29 in twelfth century, 623n419 See also Notre Dame, Cathedral of (Tortosa) Tour de Constance, 234, 613n25 Tower of David, 151, 595n20 on coinage, 29–30, 466 refortification of, 151, 597n60 ruins of, 602n272 Teutonic Knights in, 164 Towers excavation of, 15 fortified, 111 round, 202 Trade routes loss of, 394 See also Markets, Levantine Traditio Legis imagery of, 676n122 Tramezzi, 225, 586n57, 612n650 Transfiguration icons of, 458, fig. 302, fig. 358, fig. 387 Treasuries, ecclesiastical, 86–87 of Antioch, 86–87, 567n69 of Church of Nativity, 209, 580n326 of Notre Dame (Paris), 87 of Oignies, 141–45, 581nn331–44, 594n358 of Sainte Chapelle, 87, 581n351 Treaty of 1198, 51, 59, 67–68, 74, 102, 574n37 access to holy sites under, 101 diplomatic gifts of, 103 Treaty of 1204 diplomatic gifts of, 103 Treaty of 1211, 105 Treaty of 1240, 165, 166 Treaty of 1241, 166 Treaty of Jaffa (1192), 60, 202 Crusader States under, map 2 diplomatic gifts in, 60 expiration of, 58 Jerusalem in, 44 Latin Church under, 53 Latin Kingdom under, 55 terms of, 573n1 86

Treaty of Jaffa (1229), 159, 226, 600n169 expiration of, 62, 163 Gerold’s opposition to, 159, 213 holy sites under, 174 Jerusalem under, 596n44 papal acceptance of, 157 pilgrimages following, 176 provisions of, 153–54 Templars under, 158 violations of, 158 Très Riches Heures of Jean, duc de Berri, 517 Trinitarian order, 183 Tripoli al-Ashraf’s renovation of, 489 artistic production at, lxvii, 61 Baybars’s attack on, 265–66, 267 cathedral church of, 9 ceramics from, 475 coinage of, 49, 360, 466, fig. 18–20, fig. 222, fig. 315 bezants, 85, 258, 514, fig. 20 commune of, 384 under Crusaders, 525, 564n174 defenders of, 385 excavation of, 16 fall to Mamluks, 382–86, 393, 394, 482, 483, 505, 650n196 following battle of La Forbie, 172 fortifications of, 466 frescoes of, 335 Genoese influence in, 385 icons of, 335 Mamluk looting of, 386 refugees in, 51 succession struggle in, 383–84 textiles of, 87, 575n51, 671n669 Thibaut’s Crusade at, 165 in Third Crusade, lxv, 29 Tower of the Hospital, 385 weavers of, 671n669 Wilbrand at, 119 Tripoli, County of Baybars and, 261 defenses of, 4 German presence in, 226 Khwarismian Turks in, 171 Maronite churches, 335 under Treaty of Jaffa, 55, 57 under truce of 1271, 374 wall paintings of, 140 87

Truces, see Treaty … True Cross alpha and omega imagery of, 572n253 on coinage, 48, 514 cult of, 48–49, 51–52 iconography of, 48 icons of, fig. 403 importance for Crusaders, 48, 572n251 on seals, 52, 467 True Cross relics of 1268-1289, 470 of Bromholm, 207 of Conrad of Montferrat, 48, 52, 572n262 in Fifth Crusade, 112, 115 following sack of Constantinople, 584n423 gifts to Mongols, 237 hiding of, 27 loss at Hattin, 22, 48, 51–52, 586nn65–66 negotiations over, 39, 40 reliquaries, 28, 51, 52, 71, 141–42, 362, 450, 514, 565n7, fig. 77–78 Richard I and, 39, 41 Saladin and, 570n192 of Templars, 52 Tunis in Louis IX’s second Crusade, 371–72, 647n19 Turcomans, 392, 652n246 Turcopoles, 340–41, 603n285, 638nn815–19 Amazons as, 411 Turks in Muslim army, 568n130 See also Khwarismian Turks; Seljuk Turks Twelve feasts, Byzantine, 440 iconography of, 318, 332, 633n700 icons of, fig. 409 See also Iconostasis beams Tyre Alice’s siege of, 169 artistic production at, lxvii, 51, 61 Burchard of Mount Sion on, 388 Cathedral of, 29, 71, 646 coronations at, 570n194, 649n153 coinage of, 46, 359, 360, 466, fig. 217, fig. 220 commune of, 597n94 Conrad’s defense of, 16, 22, 28, 36, 46, 51, 567n64 under Crusaders, 564n174 in earthquake of 1202, 63, 607n489 excavation of, 16 fall of, 488, 506 88

in Fifth Crusade, 112 fortification of, 5, 71 glass production at, 506, 575n51 in History of Outremer, 499 Ibelin takeover of, 169, 601n237 Jacques de Vitry on, 109 in Lombard War, 158 passage from, 565n13 in Pelrinages et Pardouns de Acre, 388 Pisans at, 6 rebuilding of, 67 refugees at, 22, 51 Saladin at, 35 siege of, 169, 638n821 silk production at, 575n51 textiles of, 87, 476 in Third Crusade, lxv in War of St. Sabas, 255 Wilbrand at, 119

Vatopedi Octateuch (Mount Athos, Vatopedi Monastery cod. 602), 292 Vaults of ‘Atlit, 128, 200 of Cathedral of Notre Dame, 81, 181 of Crac, 200, 202, 277, 278 in Crusader churches, 9 of Montfort Castle, 185, 186, 188 Vegetius codex (Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum, Marlay Add. MS I), 408, 411, 434, 526 place of origin, 657n377 Venetians in Acre, 633n689 attack on Saracens, 483–84 commercial dominance of, 397, 399 communes of, 575n57 conflict with Genoese, 266, 269, 369, 618n232 defense of Acre, 487 in Fifth Crusade, 112 in Fourth Crusade, 64, 65, 66, 67, 234, 575n81, 576n88 in Latin Kingdom, 168 in Lombard War, 159 Mongol threat to, 324 pact with Franks, 73, 579n52 patronage by, 397 in sack of Constantinople, 71 treaty with Crusaders, 576n122 in War of St. Sabas, 255–58 Venice Pilastri Acritani, 256, 618n239 89

eastern pier, fig. 134 east view, fig. 132 western pier, fig. 133 See also San Marco Versailles Salle des Croisades, 6, 510 Vestments, liturgical, 86–87, 103 Jacques de Vitry’s, 10 Vienne, Council of, 682n154 Vine Scroll icon, fig. 361 Virgin and Child of Dugento, 631n648 embroidered images of, 237, 615n61 at Grottaferrata, 14, 558, fig. 414 icons Blacherniotissa, 455, fig. 291, fig. 415 Eleousa, fig. 362 Enthroned, 457, 458, 509, 669n586, fig. 344 Galaktotrophousa, 455, fig. 295, fig. 391 Hodegetria, fig. 377–78, fig. 389, fig. 414 Hodegetria Dexiokratousa, 331, fig. 356, fig. 360, fig. 375 n tns batou, 326, 327, 328–29, 459, 462, 464, 669n607, fig. 182, fig. 194, fig. 210, fig. 310, fig. 355 on seals, 468 Virgin Hodegetria icons, 17, 327, 328, 329, 330, 333–34, 342, 353, 455, 456, 457, 632n658, 669n584, fig. 76, fig. 191, fig. 208, fig. 289, fig. 297, plate 11 Virgin Hodegetria Dexiokratousa icons, 140–41, 222–23, 327, 328, 329, 330, 342, 635n739, fig. 76, fig. 181, plate 11 Virgin Kykkotissa diptych of, 447–58, 638n847, fig. 273–80 “Vision of Tripoli” (prophecy), 386 Votive lamps, Eastern, 224

Wadi as-Siyah, 200 hermits of, 199 War of St. Sabas, 231, 254–58, 362, 618n233 Acre in, 255, 256–57, 367, 619n254 and Acre Triptych, 317 aftermath of, 633n689 impact on Crusader States, 256, 258, 268, 269 Tyre in, 255 Well of Jacob Church, 9 Wills, Crusader, 358 See also Eudes, count of Nevers: inventory of Wilton Diptych, 517, 680n74 Winchester Psalter, 427 Windows 90

rose, 9 Wolfenbüttel Musterbook (Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August-Bibliothek Cod. Guelf. 61, 2 Aug. Octavo), 220, 611n636, 631n619 artist of, 146 byzantinizing forms of, 14 Wolfenbüttel sketchbook See Wolfenbüttel Musterbook Women Crusaders, 396 Dominicans, 610n574 in Frankish society, 411 in Histoire Universelle, 433 Hospitallers, 603n395 iconography of, 362 mourning, 340, 637n811, 638n812 Wooden panels, carved of Church of the Nativity, 137, fig. 73 Workshop of the Soldier Saints, 341–42, 449, 638n832, 680n101 Wrought-iron, 9

Yalu (castle), 570n174 Yazur (castle), 569n168

Zacchaeus in Freiburg Leaf, 100, 101, 584n415 house of, 101, 393, 590n219 Zara in Fourth Crusade, 65, 66, 577n139 Zawiyas (holy mens’ abodes), 376 Zeuxippus ware (pottery), 132, 475, 504, fig. 345–46

This General Subject index was prepared by Roberta Engleman and placed on the Cambridge University Press website in June 2006 for use with the book by Jaroslav Folda, Crusader Art in the Holy Land, from the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre, 1187-1291, 2005.