DOCSLIB.ORG

Crusader Art in the Holy Land, from the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre, 1187 -- 1291

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Crusader Art in the Holy Land, from the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre, 1187 -- 1291 Crusader Art in the Holy Land, from the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre, 1187 -- 1291 General Subject Index Note: A manuscript index arranged by repository name is to be found at the end of the printed work Abbasid caliphate, 366 Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 7 Acre aerial photo, fig. 61 architectural studies of, 523 artistic production at, lxv, lxvii, 303–4 (See also Acre, manuscripts; Acre, scriptorium) baillage of, 160–61 banners of, 38, 569n141 Baybars’s attack on, 262, 264, 266, 267 Béguines in, 275 Benedictines in, 400 Burchard of Mount Sion on, 388, 399, 400 Carmelites in, 400 cemeteries of, 247, 274, 356, 564n168 Christian schools of, 400 churches of, 38, 60, 61, 182, 183–84, 274–75, 388, 604n377, 605n403, 622n395 Gothic, 8, 279–80 Templar, 183 Cistercians in, 400 coinage of, 48, 205, 258, 316, 505, 514, 677n152, figs 12-16, fig. 36–38, fig. 111–12, fig. 163, plate 7 coin hoard, 505, 677n152 commerce of, 60, 61, 62, 397, 398, 632n660, 652n283 commune end of, 169 formation of, 158, 227 impact on artistic activity, 174, 227 John of Ibelin’s mayorality of, 161 2 confraternities of, 61, 633n685 convents of, 183, 362 Crusader reconquest of, 30, 48, 53, 60, 515 cultural life of, 274, 400 destruction of art at, 38, 469, 569n144 distance from Safed, 621n336 Dominicans in, 183, 296, 630n591, 653n314 in earthquake of 1202, 125, 184 Eastern Christians of, 183, 398, 574n46 Arabs, 627n501 economy of, 394, 397 effect of mercantile conflict on, 255 emergency coinage of, 145 excavation of, 15, 183, 227, 275, 280, 359, 404, 504, 605n378, 670n635, 674n91 fall of (1291), 183, 274, 340, 403, 482–91, 525 aftermath, 506–7 captives from, 489–90 clergy after, 491, 511 Crusader art following, 507–10, 525 Crusaders following, 507 defenders in, 485–86 Henry II in, 486 Hospitallers in, 485, 486, 487 Jacques de Vitry on, 480 mourning for, 489 in pilgrims’ accounts, 488–91 public opinion on, 507 razing of, 489 siege, 484–89 spolia from, 489, 491, 673n70 St. Catherine’s Monastery following, 525 Templars in, 485, 486–88 Venetians in, 487 in Fifth Crusade, 110, 112 figural sculpture of, 282, fig. 144 following truce of 1272, 383–84 fortifications of, 38–39, 76, 124–25, 248, 254, 271, 273–74, 399, 564n163, 575n69, 617n154 founding of, 399 Franciscans in, 183, 296, 435, 653n314 Franco-Byzantine style at, 310, 317, 324–31, 350, 367 Gothic church portal, 491, fig. 334 Greeks in, 413 Guy’s attack on, 37, 568n127 head of St. John at, 623n438 Hospitallers at, 61, 76, 102, 168, 399, 580n285 Hospitallers compound, 491, 501, map 8B icon painting at, 61, 282, 324–31 (See also Icons, Crusader: Franco-Byzantine Acre style) importance in Crusader States, 269, 271 3 institutions of, 274–75 as intellectual center, 398–404 Jacques de Vitry on, 109 Jewish community of, 400 and Latin Empire, 271 libraries of, 403 literary activity in, 400 Louis IX at, 243–54, 284 Louis IX’s chancery at, 247, 269 manuscripts Arabic, 407 illuminated, 345–50, 404–35, 477–78, 654n349 (See also Acre, scriptoria) maps, 490–91, 653n305, 672n23, 674n84, map 8A maritime powers at, 60, 61, 618n232 Marseillaise quarter, 575n53 mint of, 205, 227, 258 Montmusard suburb, 39, 62, 125, 399, map 8A fortification of, 134, 274 mosques, 184 multiculturalism of, 274, 293, 324, 366, 400, 484 name of, 653n305 New Courthouse site, 504 painting in, 14, 61, 282, 324–31, 350–56, 366 papal interdict on, 161 passage from, 565n13 patriarchs of Jerusalem at, 60, 399 in Pelrinages et Pardouns de Acre, 388 in Perugia Missal, 295–96 Pisans at, 632n660, 633n689 plague in, 577nn171,176 population of, 62, 575n68 port of, 15, 399, 564nn163,168 pottery of, 504–5, 592n292, fig. 345–49 rebellion against Frederick II, 601n222 rebuilding of, 67 refugee clergy in, 2, 60, 271 religious administration at, 399 reputation of, 244 Richard I at, 38–39, 40–41 sacred spaces of, 399 Saladin’s siege of, 36, 37, 38, 45 scriptoria, 13, 61, 92, 213, 214, 226, 251, 290, 400–404, 403, 423, 477, 630n614 (See also Acre, manuscripts; Acre, icon painting at) during 1250-1254, 282–99 Byzantine elements of, 303 commercial operation of, 408 Franco-Byzantine style at, 345–50 French influence on, 303 4 location of, 304 Louis IX’s commissions to, 269 of Naples Missal, 95 patriarch of Jerusalem’s, 435 secular books of, 626n489 St. Petersburg-Lyon Master at, 407 seal of cour bourgeois, 499, fig. 349 size of, 273–74 Templar church, 183 Templar headquarters, 488, 673n52 Teutonic Knights in, 183, 491, 647n44 in Thibaut’s Crusade, 163, 165 Thietmar at, 121 in Third Crusade, 29, 38 ties with Monastery of St. Catherine, 275, 622n401 Tower of the King, 486 towers of, 591nn257,259 travel from Damascus to, 121 True Cross cult at, 48–49, 572n292 Tuscan commerce in, 632n660 urban culture of, 400 Venetian artists at, 344–45, 367, 368, 628n546 Venetians in, 633n689 view from east, fig. 335 Wall of the King, 486 in War of St. Sabas, 255, 256–57, 367, 619n254 Western artists in, 19 Wilbrand von Oldenburg at, 119, 125 workshops of, 303–8, 336, 342 see of, 271 “Acre Archive,” 45–46 Acre Triptych, 310–18, 324, 352, 353, 514, 629n569, 631n625 and Agnus Dei bezant, 359 angels of, 631n640, 632n650, 633n688 Apulian connection of, 313, 314, 315, 316 artists of, 315, 509 backgrounds of, 314 Byzantine models for, 313, 317 central panel, 313, 315, 632n650, fig. 155–56 Christ and elders on, 311, fig. 157 chrysography on, 455, 456 commission of, 317 date of, 317, 318, 635n726 and Deësis panel, 326 Dormition in, 311, 312, 440, 441, 442, fig. 160 East-West synthesis in, 316–17 eye treatment of, 312, 337 floor depiction, 632n649 5 Franco-Byzantine Acre Crusader style of, 310, 317, 324–31 French Gothic elements in, 312 function of, 317, 325 incised decoration of, 314 lamb imagery, 316 multiculturalism of, 312, 426 pastiglia of, 314 patron of, 318 repainting of, 632n649 sources of, 311 St. John the Baptist in, 314, 316–17, fig. 161 St. Nicholas in, 34, 314, 315, 316–17, 632n669, fig. 162 and St. Francis Chapel frescoes, 300–301 Threnos, 311, fig. 158 Tuscan background of, 315, 317, 632n650 Veneto-Byzantine elements of, 317 Virgin and Child in, 313 Virgin in, 310–11, fig. 155–56 volumetric faces of, 312 and War of St. Sabas, 317 wings, 632n654 inner, 305, 311, 317, 329, 334, fig. 155, fig. 157 outer, 314, 315, 317, 336, 344, 440, 634n703, fig. 162 workshop of, 305, 354 Agridi Ibelin victory at, 160 Aigues-Mortes, port of, 233–34, 235, 240 Ain Jalud, battle of, 260, 261, 271, 379 Aleppo following, 365 Damascus following, 276 Albistan, battle of, 377, 379 Aldrevandini Beaker, 363, 471–72, 478, 645n1016, fig. 327–28 place of origin, 671n656 Aleppo, 365 al-Ashraf’s renovation of, 489 capture by Mongols, 365 coin hoard of, 505 glass from, 364 Khwarismian raid on, 167 Mongol assault on, 171 palaces of, 637n801 Alexandria pottery of, 592n280 strategic value of, 111 Thietmar at, 123, 590n233 Altarpieces French Gothic, 631n627 Italian, 306, 630n606 6 patronage of, 398, 653n289 Amazons, 383, 650n157 in Histoire Universelle, 401, 409, 410–11, 432, 433 as turcopoles, 411 Amiens Cathedral, 195 Ampullae, pilgrims’, 362, 470, 645n1011 Annales de Terre Sainte, 240–41, 264, 602n250 fall of Antioch in, 267 on loss of Templum Domini, 170 Annunciation icons of, 139, 301, 327, fig. 180, fig. 306, fig. 353 Annunciation, Church of (Nazareth) capitals of, 7, 17, 35, 52, 508, 514, 567n57 destruction of, 27–28, 249 façade of, 9 Louis IX at, 249 under Saladin, 42 sculpture of, 27–28, 510, 617n174 Templars at, 651n212 Annunciation and six Stylites icons of, fig. 353 Antioch, 562n42 Armenian ties of, 117 artistic production at, lxvii, 61 Assizes of, 585n28 Ayyubid threat to, 118 Baybars at, 261, 265, 267, 268, 369 booty from, 268 churches of, 120 church inventories from, 5, 27, 29, 138, 145 coinage of, 47, 49, 203, 349, 360, fig. 21, fig. 42, fig. 221 commune of, 158, 243 ecclesiastical treasury of, 86–87, 567n69 fall to Mamluks, 132, 267, 366, 393 following battle of La Forbie, 172 fortification of, 5 German presence in, 226 Greek population of, 108 in History of Outremer, 348, 406, 425, 428, 499, fig. 250 Levon II’s conflict with, 67 manuscripts from, 350, 642nn890–91 Orthodox prelates at, 635n723 patriarchal treasury of, 79, 550n279 pottery of, 132 refugees in, 51 Saladin’s capture of, 22, 24 Seljuk threat to, 118 succession problems at, 62, 63, 75, 76, 108, 575n79 7 textiles of, 87, 575n51 in Third Crusade, lxv, 29 under Treaty of Jaffa, 55, 57 treaty with Kitbogha, 321 Wilbrand at, 119 Aqsa Mosque pulpit of, 607n507 restoration of, 25 treasures from, 566n44 See also Templum Domini Arab Republic, 513 Arabs Christian, 627n501 Archaeologists, 15–16, 563n144 French, 6 Arches of Crusader churches, 2–3, 9 in Crusader icons, 463–64, 670n609, fig. 304 twelfth-century, 278 Architecture Arab, 2 of Christian settlers, 2, 5 Architecture, Byzantine church, 2 influence on Crusader architecture, 3 Architecture, Crusader, 595n15 after reestablishment of Latin Kingdom, 76–83 arabesque ornamentation in, 2 Byzantine influences on, 3 decoration in, 9 destruction of, 280 de Vogüé on, 1–3 ecclesiastical, 80, 82, 202, 227–28, 523 (See also Churches, Crusader) during 1244-1268, 279–82 de Vogüé on, 2–3 Enlart on, 7–8, 10 during Fourth Crusade, 82 glacis construction in, 202 Gothic elements in, 194–200, 202, 203 identification of, 12 independence of, 179 material culture of, 15, 16 Muslim influence on, 80 Romanesque influence on, 1–2, 82 spolia from, 489, 491, 673n70 during Third Crusade, 76 thirteenth-century, lxiv, lxvi, 20, 102, 103 during 1210-1225, 125–38 8 during 1225-1244, 173, 174–78, 202–3, 227 during 1244-1268, 273–82, 366 during 1268-1289, 404 windows in, 9 See also Castles, Crusader Architecture, Gothic of Acre, 8, 279–80 of ‘Atlit parish church, 194–98 Burgundian, 195, 196, 198, 606n465 of Church of Holy Sepulcher, 604n336 of Crac des Chevaliers, 196, 200–202, 277, 278, 280 in Crusader churches, 194–200, 202, 203 of Cyprus, 404, 681n112 ecclesiastical, 279–80 of Famagusta, 280 French court school, 180 influence in Holy Land, 180, 194, 195–98, 202, 226 of Levant, 2 naturalism in, 197 of Nicosia, 280 of Notre Dame Cathedral (Tortosa), 82, 179, 197, 278, 623n420 ogival arches in, 2 origins of, 2 of Sainte Chapelle, 180, 278 of St.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Conquest of Arsuf by Baybars: Political and Military Aspects (MSR IX.1, 2005)
    REUVEN AMITAI THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM The Conquest of Arsu≠f by Baybars: Political and Military Aspects* A modern-day visitor to Arsu≠f1 cannot help but be struck by the neatly arranged piles of stones from siege machines found at the site. This ordering, of course, represents the labors of contemporary archeologists and their assistants to gather the numerous but scattered stones. Yet, in spite of the recent nature of this "installation," these heaps are clear, if mute, evidence of the great efforts of the Mamluks led by Sultan Baybars (1260–77) to conquer the fortified city from the Franks in 1265. This conquest, as well as its political background and its aftermath, will be the subjects of the present article, which can also be seen as a case-study of Mamluk siege warfare. The immediate backdrop to the Mamluk attack against Arsu≠f was the events of the preceding weeks. At the end of 1264, while Baybars was hunting in the Egyptian countryside, he received reports that the Mongols were heading in force for the Mamluk border fortress of al-B|rah along the Euphrates, today in south- eastern Turkey. The sultan quickly returned to Cairo, and ordered the immediate dispatch of advanced light forces, which were followed by a more organized, but still relatively small, force under the command of the senior amir (officer) Ughan Samm al-Mawt ("the Elixir of Death"), and then by a third corps, together with © Middle East Documentation Center. The University of Chicago. *I would like to thank Prof. Israel Roll of Tel Aviv University, who conducted the excavations at the site, and was most helpful when he showed us the site.
    [Show full text]
  • Was There a Custom of Distributing the Booty in the Crusades of the Thirteenth Century?
    Benjámin Borbás WAS THERE A CUSTOM OF DISTRIBUTING THE BOOTY IN THE CRUSADES OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY? MA Thesis in Late Antique, Medieval and Early Modern Studies Central European University Budapest May 2019 CEU eTD Collection WAS THERE A CUSTOM OF DISTRIBUTING THE BOOTY IN THE CRUSADES OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY? by Benjámin Borbás (Hungary) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Late Antique, Medieval and Early Modern Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner ____________________________________________ Examiner CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2019 WAS THERE A CUSTOM OF DISTRIBUTING THE BOOTY IN THE CRUSADES OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY? by Benjámin Borbás (Hungary) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Late Antique, Medieval and Early Modern Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Reader Budapest May 2019 CEU eTD Collection WAS THERE A CUSTOM OF DISTRIBUTING THE BOOTY IN THE CRUSADES OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY? by Benjámin Borbás (Hungary) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies,
    [Show full text]
  • CHASTEL BLANC | BURJ SAFITA Weltweit | Asien | Syrien | Provinz Tartus | Safita
    | | News Burgen Literatur Links Glossar Exkursionen Forum Gastautoren QAL‘AT ṢĀFĪTĀ | CHASTEL BLANC | BURJ SAFITA Weltweit | Asien | Syrien | Provinz Tartus | Safita Klicken Sie in das Bild, um es in voller Größe ansehen zu können! Monumentaler Donjon auf einem Berggipfel inmitten der Stadt erhalten. Geografische Lage (GPS) WGS84: 34°49'14.5" N, 36°07'01.6" E Höhe: 380 ü. NN Topografische Karte/n nicht verfügBar Kontaktdaten k.A. Warnhinweise / Besondere Hinweise zur Besichtigung k.A. Anfahrt mit dem PKW Informationen zur Anfahrt Bitte den neuesten Reiseführern entnehmen. Wenige Parkplätze unmittelBar unter der Burg. Anfahrt mit Bus oder Bahn k.A. Wanderung zur Burg k.A. Öffnungszeiten Besichtigung jederzeit möglich. Eintrittspreise kostenlos Einschränkungen beim Fotografieren und Filmen k.A. Gastronomie auf der Burg keine Öffentlicher Rastplatz keiner Übernachtungsmöglichkeit auf der Burg keine Zusatzinformation für Familien mit Kindern k.A. Zugänglichkeit für Rollstuhlfahrer k.A. Klicken Sie in das jeweilige Bild, um es in voller Größe ansehen zu können! Quelle: Burns, Ross - Monuments of Syria, I. B. Tauris Publishers | London, New York, 1999 (durch Autor leicht aktualisiert) Die ursprüngliche Entstehung der Burg ist nicht Belegt. Das GeBiet gelangte aBer zeitig in die Hände der Kreuzfahrer. AraBische Quellen erwähnen es 1112 als Bestandteil der Grafschaft Tripolis. Die erste Wehranlage auf dem BurgBerg ist sicher in dieser Zeit als Bestandteil des Befestigungssystems der Grafschaft entstanden. Sie tritt wieder in Erscheinung, als sie 1166/67 durch Nureddin Zengi eroBert und zerstört wurde. 1170 wurde sie durch ein ErdBeBen weiter Beschädigt. Wahrscheinlich hat König Amalrich I. von Jerusalem die Burg an den Templerorden zur NeuBefestigung üBergeBen.
    [Show full text]
  • Throughout Anglo-Saxon and Norman Times, Many People – Not Just Rich Kings and Bishops
    THE CRUSADES: A FIGHT IN THE NAME OF GOD. Timeline: The First Crusade, 1095-1101; The Second Crusade, 1145-47; The Third Crusade, 1188-92; The Fourth Crusade, 1204; The Fifth Crusade, 1217; The Sixth Crusade, 1228-29, 1239; The Seventh Crusade, 1249-52; The Eighth Crusade, 1270. Throughout Anglo-Saxon and Norman times, many people – not just rich kings and bishops - went to the Holy Land on a Pilgrimage, despite the long and dangerous journey – which often took seven or eight years! When the Turks conquered the Middle East this was seen as a major threat to Christians. [a] Motives for the Crusades. 1095, Pope Urban II. An accursed race has violently invaded the lands of the Christians. They have destroyed the churches of God or taken them for their own religion. Jerusalem is now held captive by the enemies of Christ, subject to those who do not know God – the worship of the heathen….. He who makes this holy pilgrimage shall wear the sign of the cross of the Lord on his forehead or on his breast….. If you are killed your sins will be pardoned….let those who have been fighting against their own brothers now fight lawfully against the barbarians…. A French crusader writes to his wife, 1098. My dear wife, I now have twice as much silver, gold and other riches as I had when I set off on this crusade…….. A French crusader writes to his wife, 1190. Alas, my darling! It breaks my heart to leave you, but I must go to the Holy land.
    [Show full text]
  • 2624 Israel 0I-07-3C
    ANCIENT ISRAEL REVEALED June 16 - July 3, 2007 Saturday, June 16: CHICAGO/TEL AVIV Depart Chicago in the evening. Sunday, June 17: JERUSALEM: David Citadel Hotel We arrive into Ben Gurion Airport and drive up to Jerusalem to Dear Members and Friends of the Oriental Institute: rest before our orientation lecture and dinner. (D) The Oriental Institute is pleased to present a comprehensive Monday, June 18: JERUSALEM: David Citadel Hotel tour of Israel. Uniquely situated at the crossroads of cultures, Touring begins on the Mt. of Olives and Mt. Scopus. Viewing Israel is among the most historically rich areas in the world. The Jerusalem from this perspective gives us an understanding of the Oriental Institute has had an archaeological presence there historical ramifications of its location. We enter the Old City at the Citadel built by Herod, and begin our historical overview from its since the early 1900s, when founder James Henry Breasted sent walls. Today’s Old City touring will focus on the First Temple an expedition to excavate at the site of Megiddo. The dig period including Hezekiah’s fortifications and the City of David, covered a span in time from 5000 to 600 BC. Each layer was where excavations have exposed the city and shaft leading to the carefully uncovered to reveal successive cultures that city’s water supply in the Kidron Valley. We will examine dominated the city. In 2005, the Haas and Schwartz Megiddo Hezekiah’s Tunnel, built through the rock to divert the water into Gallery opened at the Oriental Institute Museum, featuring an inner city reservoir, the Gihon Spring and pool of Siloam.
    [Show full text]
  • Women in the Crusader States: the Queens of Jerusalem (1100-1190)
    WOMEN IN THE CRUSADER STATES: THE QUEENS OF JERUSALEM (1100-1190) by BERNARD HAMILTON HE important part played by women in the history of the crusader states has been obscured by their exclusion from the Tbattle-field. Since scarcely a year passed in the Frankish east which was free from some major military campaign it is natural that the interest of historians should hâve centred on the men responsible for the defence of the kingdom. Yet in any society at war considérable power has to be delegated to women while their menfolk are on active service, and the crusader states were no exception to this gênerai rule. Moreover, because the survival rate among girl-children born to Frankish settlers was higher than that among boys, women often provided continuity to the society of Outremer, by inheriting their fathers' fiefs and transmitting them to husbands many of whom came from the west. The queens of Jérusalem are the best documented group of women in the Frankish east and form an obvious starting-point for any study of the rôle of women there. There is abundant évidence for most of them in a wide range of sources, comprising not only crusader chronicles and documents, but also western, Byzantine, Syriac and Armenian writers. Arab sources very seldom mentioned them : the moslem world was clearly shocked by the degree of social freedom which western women enjoyed1 and reacted to women with political power much as misogynist dons did to the first génération of women undergraduates, by affecting not to notice them. Despite the fulness of the évidence there is, so far as I am aware, no detailed study of any of the twelfth century queens of Jérusalem with the notable exception of Mayer's article on Melisende.2 For reasons of brevity only the queens of the first kingdom will be considered hère.
    [Show full text]
  • 'The Conquest of the Holy Land by Saladin'
    ‘The Conquest of the Holy Land by Saladin’ This account of Saladin’s conquest of the Holy Land has come down to us in association with the Chronicon Anglicanum of Ralph of Coggeshall, a Cistercian from Essex who was one of the most important historians of early thirteenth-century England. However, while the author who compiled the tract may have been English, Ralph himself was not the person responsible. The particular value of this tract is that while in its present form it probably dates from c. 1220, it incorporates an earlier eye-witness account from a soldier who took part in the defence of Jerusalem and was wounded during the siege. The later compiler expanded this, adding details concerning the holy sites taken by the Muslims, quite possibly taken from a contemporary pilgrim guide, a brief account of the subsequent Third Crusade, which seems to have been taken from the much longer ‘Itinerary of King Richard’ by Richard de Templo, 1 and various passages of lamentation and moralising over the supposed iniquities of the Christians that had led God to allow the Muslims to succeed. The text has been translated from the De Expugnatione Terra Sanctae per Saladinum, in Ralph of Coggeshall, Chronicon Anglicanum, ed. J. Stevenson (Rolls Series, London 1875), 209-62. Use has been made of a previous translation of some passages from this tract by James Brundage, The Crusades: A Documentary History, (Milwaukee, 1962), 153-159, although the version here, which is a complete translation, and thus much fuller than the extracts used by Brundage, has been made afresh from the Latin text.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV - C
    Cambridge University Press 0521414113 - The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV - c. 1024-c. 1198 Edited by David Luscombe and Jonathan Riley-Smith Index More information INDEX Aachen, 77, 396, 401, 402, 404, 405 Abul-Barakat al-Jarjara, 695, 700 Aaron, bishop of Cologne, 280 Acerra, counts of, 473 ‘Abbadids, kingdom of Seville, 157 Acre ‘Abbas ibn Tamim, 718 11th century, 702, 704, 705 ‘Abbasids 12th century Baghdad, 675, 685, 686, 687, 689, 702 1104 Latin conquest, 647 break-up of empire, 678, 680 1191 siege, 522, 663 and Byzantium, 696 and Ayyubids, 749 caliphate, before First Crusade, 1 fall to crusaders, 708 dynasty, 675, 677 fall to Saladin, 662, 663 response to Fatimid empire, 685–9 Fatimids, 728 abbeys, see monasteries and kingdom of Jerusalem, 654, 662, 664, abbots, 13, 530 667, 668, 669 ‘Abd Allah al-Ziri, king of Granada, 156, 169–70, Pisans, 664 180, 181, 183 trade, 727 ‘Abd al-Majid, 715 13th century, 749 ‘Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar, 155, 158, 160, 163, 165 Adalasia of Sicily, 648 ‘Abd al-Mu’min, 487 Adalbero, bishop of Wurzburg,¨ 57 ‘Abd al-Rahman (Shanjul), 155, 156 Adalbero of Laon, 146, 151 ‘Abd al-Rahman III, 156, 159 Adalbert, archbishop of Mainz, 70, 71, 384–5, ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Ilyas, 682 388, 400, 413, 414 Abelard of Conversano, 109, 110, 111, 115 Adalbert, bishop of Prague, 277, 279, 284, 288, Aberconwy, 599 312 Aberdeen, 590 Adalbert, bishop of Wolin, 283 Abergavenny, 205 Adalbert, king of Italy, 135 Abernethy agreement, 205 Adalgar, chancellor, 77 Aberteifi, 600 Adam of Bremen, 295 Abingdon, 201, 558 Adam of
    [Show full text]
  • A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E
    Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Honors Program Senior Projects WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Spring 2014 A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E. Tobias Osterhaug Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors Part of the Higher Education Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Osterhaug, Tobias, "A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E." (2014). WWU Honors Program Senior Projects. 25. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors/25 This Project is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Honors Program Senior Projects by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Tobias Osterhaug History 499/Honors 402 A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E. Introduction: The first Crusade, a massive and unprecedented undertaking in the western world, differed from the majority of subsequent crusades into the Holy Land in an important way: it contained no royalty and was undertaken with very little direct support from the ruling families of Western Europe. This aspect of the crusade led to the development of sophisticated hierarchies and vassalages among the knights who led the crusade. These relationships culminated in the formation of the Crusader States, Latin outposts in the Levant surrounded by Muslim states, and populated primarily by non-Catholic or non-Christian peoples. Despite the difficulties engendered by this situation, the Crusader States managed to maintain control over the Holy Land for much of the twelfth century, and, to a lesser degree, for several decades after the Fall of Jerusalem in 1187 to Saladin.
    [Show full text]
  • Reno Cartwheel February 2021
    Page 1 Reno Cartwheel February 2021 Next Meeting: 2020 NA &CT, MA, MD, SC Innovation $1, Bush $1 and 2019S .25 sets here. Tuskegee .25 ordered. MARCH MAYBE??!! F ebruary 19-21, Reno Coin Show, Silver Legacy , Admit: $3, $1 with registration, 10-6 Friday and Saturday, 10-4 on Sunday.(COVID-19 restrictions: first hour maximum of 50 people in the room). Additional hours are $1 when the show is at maximum capacity. PCGS submissions will be accepted. John Ward 559 967-8067 Info www. coinzip.com/Reno-Coin-Show-Silver-Legacy February 23 6:30PM Board Meeting only Dennys, 205, Nugett Ave, Sparks After the Last Cancelled Meeting Reno Coin Show and Board meeting this month. Ordered Tuskegee airmen coin, last S set of all five 2013-2019 quarters in case $5 American the Beautiful .25. Got Kansas butterfly National Park Quarters PDS .50 .25, Bush $1, Hubble $1, and last 2020 Innovation, Native American $1 D P $1.25 Innovation dollar. Call and come by to get any of the new coins if you want. John Ward’s coin New Coins show on, at Silver Legacy February 19-21 Info: The Trump presidential medal with price tripled at 1.5 559 967-8067. Details at CoinZip.com We get a inches for $20 and quadrupled at 3 inch at $160 is back table and will do a raffle. Need help on Friday ordered. I have found a six quarter case to put the S sets 19th. ANA Coin Week April 18-24 Money, Big together for the 2020 and 2021 quarters.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Date 04/10/2021 06:40:30
    Mamluk cavalry practices: Evolution and influence Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Nettles, Isolde Betty Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 06:40:30 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289748 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this roproduction is dependent upon the quaiity of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that tfie author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g.. maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal secttons with small overlaps. Photograpiis included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6' x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrattons appearing in this copy for an additk)nal charge.
    [Show full text]
  • Read Transcript
    History of the Crusades. Episode 101 Baibars Attacks. Hello again. Last week we saw the rise to power of Rukn al-Din Baibars. Sultan Baibars’ territory now stretches all the way from his capital in Cairo to northern Syria. With his realm secured and consolidated, Baibars sets his sights on his two enemies in the region, the Mongols and the Franks. Now, most Muslim leaders in the past had been content to arrange peace treaties with the Crusader states, leaving them to maintain their presence in the Holy Land. Not Baibars. He viewed the busy commercial port cities in the Crusader states as centers which could be incorporated into Muslim territory. The Latin Christians controlled a strip of fertile land running down the coast of the Mediterranean. Baibars wanted to drive them from this strip of land. With Hulagu’s Mongol armies still a potent force, Baibars knew he had to bide his time. Instead, in the early 1260s, Baibars looked further afield and tried his hand at international diplomacy. Unsurprisingly, the first person he reached out to was King Manfred of Sicily, the illegitimate son of Emperor Frederick II who had deposed young Conradin as ruler of Sicily and Acre. The Egyptians had enjoyed a close relationship with Emperor Frederick, and Manfred seemed of a similar disposition. Hoping to encourage the growing split between Manfred and the Papacy, and perhaps reduce the chance of Europe mounting another Crusade in aid of the beleaguered Latin Christians of the Crusader states, Baibars sent an envoy to Sicily bearing gifts for King Manfred.
    [Show full text]