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T.C. Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dali Yakinçağ Tarihi Bilim Dali

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T.C. Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dali Yakinçağ Tarihi Bilim Dali T.C. GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI YAKINÇAĞ TARİHİ BİLİM DALI OSMANLI BELGELERİ’NDE OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NİN BASRA POLİTİKASI (1878-1907) YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Hazırlayan Gülsenem GÜNDÜZ Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Mustafa TURAN Ankara 2010 JÜRİ ÜYELERİNİN İMZA SAYFASI Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü’ne, Gülsenem GÜNDÜZ’e ait “OSMANLI BELGELERİ’NDE OSMANLI DEVLETİ NİN BASRA POLİTİKASI (1878-1907)” adlı çalışma, jürimiz tarafından Yakınçağ Tarihi Bilim Dalı’nda YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ olarak kabul edilmiştir. Başkan ……………………………………………. Üye ……………………………………………….. Üye ……………………………………………….. Üye ……………………………………………….. Üye ……………………………………………….. ÖNSÖZ Bu araştırmada, 1878-1907 yılları arasında “Osmanlı Belgeleri’nde Osmanlı Devleti’nin Basra Politikası” incelenmektedir. Adı geçen konuda şimdiye kadar yapılan çalışmalara göz atıldığında, konuya ilişkin araştırma ve çalışmaların yeterli düzeyde olmadığı dikkati çekmektedir. Bu cümleden olarak, Yakınçağ Yüksek Lisans eğitimimiz sürerken, hangi konuda çalışma yapmam gerektiğini, başka bir deyişle hangi konunun bana cazip gelerek tez konumu oluşturacağı konusunda hiçbir fikrim bulunmamaktaydı. Araştırma yapacağım konuyu belirleme aşamasında birçok farklı konuda araştırma yaptık. Değerli hocam, Prof. Dr. Mustafa TURAN’ın önerileri ve yol göstericiliği bana bu konuda çok yardımcı oldu. “Osmanlı Belgeleri’nde Osmanlı Devleti’nin Basra Politikası (1878-1907)” başlıklı konuyu seçmekte ilk başta tereddüt ettim. Çünkü, bu konuda fazla bir çalışma yapılmamıştı ve yapılan çalışmalarda sınırlı sayıdaydı. Konu ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar ve özellikle belgeler beni bu konuyu çalışmaya yöneltti. İlk önce bu konuda yazılmış olan eserleri ve yapılan tezleri inceledim. Daha sonra uzun bir süre Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi’nde bulunan bu konu hakkındaki belgeleri inceledim ve tasnife tabî tuttum. Bu belgelerin incelenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi tamamlandıktan sonra tez yazımına başladım. Çalışmamı sürdürürken, atalarımızın Basra’nın coğrafyasından, Basra’daki Osmanlı idaresine kadar nasıl emek verdiklerini anlamak mümkün olmuştur. Özellikle Basra’da büyük devletlerin çıkar çatışmaları çalışmamızın temel konusu olmuştur. Bu araştırmaya yönelmemde benden desteğini esirgemeyen değerli hocam, Prof. Dr. Mustafa TURAN teşekkür ederim ayrıca çalışmam boyunca benden ii yardımı esirgemeyen, Yeniçağ Tarihi Yüksek Lisans öğrencisi kardeşim Murat GÜNDÜZ’e de teşekkürlerimi sunmayı bir borç bilirim. Gülsenem GÜNDÜZ iii İÇİNDEKİLER GİRİŞ ......................................................................................................................... 1 I. BÖLÜM BASRA’NIN COĞRAFYASI VE STRATEJİK ÖNEMİ ................................... 22 1.1. BASRA’NIN SINIRLARI ............................................................................... 22 1.2. BASRA’NIN TİCARÎ BAKIMDAN ÖNEMİ ............................................... 29 1.3. BASRA’NIN SOSYAL VE KÜLTÜREL AÇIDAN ÖNEMİ ...................... 45 II. BÖLÜM OSMANLI’NIN BASRA POLİTİKASI................................................................ 56 2.1. MİDHAT PAŞA’NIN BAĞDAT VALİLİĞİ................................................. 56 2.2. 93 HARBİ.......................................................................................................... 62 2.2.1. Savaşın Sebepleri ........................................................................................ 62 2.2.2. Savaşın Sonuçları ve Berlin Antlaşması ..................................................... 66 2.3. OSMANLI-İNGİLİZ MÜCADELESİ ........................................................... 69 2.4. OSMANLI’NIN DEMİRYOLLARI PROJELERİ....................................... 79 2.5. OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NİN BASRA’DA DİĞER DEVLETLERLE İLİŞKİLERİNDEN KESİTLER ........................................................................... 86 III. BÖLÜM OSMANLI DEVLETİ'NİN BASRA POLİTİKASI VE ALMANYA 3.1. TÜRK-ALMAN İLİŞKİLERİ ........................................................................ 94 3.1.1. Bismarck Dönemi ....................................................................................... 94 3.1.2. Wilhelm Dönemi......................................................................................... 95 3.1.3. Abdülhamid’in Almanya’ya Yakınlaşma Nedenleri................................... 98 3.1.4. Almanlara Demiryolu İmtiyazının Verilmesi .......................................... 100 IV. BÖLÜM OSMANLI DEVLETİ'NİN BASRA POLİTİKASI VE İNGİLTERE 4.1. İNGİLTERE’NİN BASRA’YA YERLEŞMESİ ......................................... 118 4.1.2. İngiltere’nin 1877 Sonrasındaki Politikası................................................ 125 4.2.1. İngiltere’nin Basra’da Demiryolu Politikası ............................................. 129 4.2.2. Kuveyt Sorunu .......................................................................................... 133 iv 4.2.3. İngiltere’nin Pan-İslamist Politikaya Bakışı ............................................. 139 SONUÇ................................................................................................................... 146 KAYNAKÇA ......................................................................................................... 150 EKLER................................................................................................................... 159 ÖZET.................................................................................................................... 176 ABSTRACT......................................................................................................... 177 v KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ a.g.e. : Adı geçen eser a.g.m. : Adı geçen makale a.g.mad. : Adı geçen madde C. : Cilt S: : Sayı s. : Sayfa no : Numara TTK : Türk Tarih Kurumu y. : Yayınları TDVİA : Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi MEBİA :Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı İslam Ansiklopedisi çev. : Çeviren İÜEF : İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi İİBF : İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi YTY : Yeni Türkiye Yayınları BOA : Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi GİRİŞ Basra1, Irak sınırları içerisinde Bağdat’ın 420 km. güneydoğusunda, Dicle ve Fırat nehirlerinin birleştiği noktanın 50 km. güneybatısında yer almaktadır. Şehir, Keldanîler zamanında “Tederon”, Sasânîler devrinde “Vehiştâbâd Erdeşir” diye bilinmekte olup, Arapların “Hureybe” dediği harabelerin üzerinde Hz. Ömer’in emri ile Utbe Bin Gazvan tarafından 637 yılında tekrar kurulmuştur2. Ancak, adı geçen bu Basra şehri bugünkü Basra’nın 25 km. uzağında bulunmakta olup, daha sonra halk bu eski Basra’yı terk ederek bedevî saldırılarına karşı daha emniyetli bulduğu ve su ihtiyacını daha rahat karşılayabildiği Basra’ya yerleşmeye başlamıştır. Bu yeni Basra’ya yerleşme 1494-1495 tarihlerinde tamamlanmıştır. Hz. Ömer zamanında Basra, İslâm ordusu için bir ordugâh olarak kullanılmış, Basra’dan Medain’e, Fars’a, Hindistan’a ve Çin memleketlerine fetih için hareket edilmiştir. Yine halifenin emri ile şehir Ebû’l harba b.Asım Delef’in marifetiyle kamıştan yapılan kulübelerden meydana getirilmiştir. Şehrin planı bu dönemde genel olarak çizilmiş ve bu planda her caddeye yirmişer zirâ (1 zirâ = 1 arşın = 68 cm, mimarî arşın ise 76 cm.) ve sokaklar yedişer zirâ olarak belirlenmiştir. Meydanlarsa 40 zirâ eninde taksim edilmiş ve şehrin ortasında cami için geniş bir alan bırakılmıştır. Daha sonra bu bölgede büyük yangınlar çıktığından Hz. Ömer’in emri ile üç odadan fazla ve yüksek binalar olmamak şartı ile evler yapılmasına izin verilmiştir3. Şehrin imarının bu şekilde düzenlenmesinden sonra Basra’ya kırk aşirete mensup insanlar yerleştirilmiş, şehrin artan nüfusuna Fars, Sicistan ve Kirman gibi doğu vilayetlerinde yapılan fetihler sonucu kitleler halinde, Müslüman olan veya esir alınan İranlılarda katılmıştır. Nüfus özelliklerinin bu şekilde değişmesi bu eski 1 “Basra” şehri adını üzerinde bulunduğu zeminin tabiatından almıştır. Al-Basra : “Yumuşak, küfeki taşı” anlamına gelmektedir. Bkz. Besim Darkot – M. Tayyib Gökbilgin, “Basra”mad., C.II, İA, MEB y., İstanbul-1961, s.320. 2 Abdülhâlik Bakır, “Basra”mad., C..V, İA, TDV y., İstanbul-1992, s.108-109. 3 Cengiz Eroğlu v.d., Osmanlı Vilayet Salnâmelerinde Basra, Global y., Ankara-2005, s.37. 2 garnizondaki Arap nüfusunun askerî özelliklerini kaybetmesine neden olmuş, şehir süratle gelişen bir şehir halini almış, coğrafî konumu ticarî aktivitesini daha da arttırmıştır4. Hz. Osman’ın son günlerinde Basra önemli olaylarla da karşılaşmış, halifenin 656 yılında şehit edilmesi olayına Basra’dan bir grup isyancı da katılmıştır. Bundan başka, Hz. Ali’nin halifeliği döneminde Basra’da Cemel Vak’âsı gerçekleşmiş, çoğunluğu Kûfelilerden oluşan Hz. Ali komutasındaki yirmi bin kişilik orduyla Hz. Zübeyr, Hz. Talha ve Hz. Ayşe idaresindeki otuz bin kişilik kuvvet karşı karşıya gelmiştir. Basra, Şiî Kûfeliler karşısında Sünniliğin merkezi olma vasfını daima korumuştur. Yine bu bölgede Kerbelâ Olayı’nın gerçekleşmesi Irak halkı üzerinde Emevîlere karşı büyük bir kini de beraberinde getirmiş, toplum içerisinde gizli gizli Emevî aleyhtarı gruplar ve örgütlenmeler ortaya çı kmaya başlamıştır5. Emevîler döneminde Basra’nın önemi daha da artmış, Fars, Sistan ve Horasan Basra’ya bağlı olarak idare edilmiştir. Emevî Devleti’nin doğu toprakları Irak’tan yönetilmekteydi. Dolayısıyla Irak’ta otorite sağlanamaması ve muhalif girişimlerin durdurulamaması halinde devletin doğu topraklarında önemli sorunlar ortaya çıkabilirdi. Bunu önlemek için Emevî yönetimi eyalet valiliği sistemini hayata geçirmeye çalışmıştır. Merkezî Kûfe olan bu idarî sistem Basra, Umman, Bahreyn, Kirman,
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