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Problematizing Territoriality and Identity in the Middle East the Case of Iraq a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School Of

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Problematizing Territoriality and Identity in the Middle East the Case of Iraq a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School Of PROBLEMATIZING TERRITORIALITY AND IDENTITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST THE CASE OF IRAQ A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ÖMER FARUK TOPAL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AUGUST 2015 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr.Meliha Benli Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Sciences Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Fatih Tayfur Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Nuri Yurdusev (METU/IR) Assoc. Prof. Fatih Tayfur (METU/IR) Assist. Prof. Serdar Palabıyık(TOBB ETU/IR) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name : Signature : iii ABSTRACT PROBLEMATIZING TERRITORIALITY AND IDENTITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST THE CASE OF IRAQ Topal, Ömer Faruk MS, Department International Relations Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Fatih Tayfur August 2015, 203 pages This thesis analyzes the role of territory in the formation of the national identity and state sovereignty. In particular it seeks to address territory’s place on the formation of state and national identity in Iraq. It examines the historical development of the territoriality, territorially-bounded state and territory-inspired nationalism in the Middle East and in Iraq. The thesis argues that state territoriality is a socially constructed, deconstructed and reconstructed and it is affected by and shaper of human actions and consciousness. Focusing on the transformations of territoriality that Iraq has experienced, the thesis reveals the difference between Iraq as geographical land and Iraq as a political territory. Keywords: Territory, Territoriality, Territorial nationalism, Territorial state, Iraq iv ÖZ ORTADOĞU’DA ÜLKESELLİĞİN VE KİMLİĞİN SORUNSALLAŞTIRILMASI IRAK ÖRNEĞİ Topal, Ömer Faruk Yüksek Lisan, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi : Doç. Dr. Fatih Tayfur Ağustos 2015, 203 sayfa Bu tez ülkenin ulusal kimliğin ve devlet egemenliğinin inşa edilmesindeki rolünü incelemektedir. Çalışma özellikle Irak’ın ulusal kimliği ve Irak devletinin oluşmasında ülkeselliğin konumuna odaklanmaktadır. Tez, Ortadoğu’da ve özellikle Irak’ta ülkesellik, ülkesel devlet ve ülkesel milliyetçiliği incelemektedir. Çalışma, ülkenin inşa edilen, yıkıma uğratılan ve yeniden inşa edilen sosyal bir olgu olduğunu iddia etmekte ve insane eylemlerini ve bilincini hem etkilediğini hem de bunlardan etkilendiğini söylemektedir. Irak’ın ülkesel açıdan yaşadığı değişimlere odaklanan tez, coğrafi bir yer olarak Irak’ın siyasi bir ülke olan Irak’tan farklı olduğunu göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ülke, Ülkesellik, Ülkesel Devlet, Ülkesel milliyetçilik, Irak v To Burak and Meryem vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my advisor Professor Fatih Tayfur for his continuous encouragement, careful reading, and suggested revisions at every stage of my thesis. He has been an inspiring advisor by motivating me to study cautiously, critically, and timely. It was a great privilege of me to have a chance to take the advantage of his academic wisdom. I want to express many thanks to my examining committee members Professor Nuri Yurdusev and Assistant Proffesor Serdar Palabıyık for their valuable comments and contributions to my thesis. I wish to present my sincere gratitude to Assist. Professor Hakan Övünç Ongur, who has always been an endless source of my inspiration as a young and precious scholar. His intellectual accumulation and self-sacrificing manner left an indelible mark on me. I will always appreciate his great help for determining the subject of my thesis. I would like to express my special thanks to Assoc. Professor Burak Bilgehan Özpek, who has always inspired my interest in the Middle East politics and fed my excitement to study on relevant issues. Since the very beginning of my academic life, his irreplaceable academic assistance and friendship have taught me a lot. To Reyhan Güner, I owe more than I can hope to repay. I owe thanks for her continued support throughout the writing process. She has been a source of inspiration, good humor and perspective. Without her and the encouragement she offered this thesis would have been much poorer. I express the most special thanks to my family members to whom I am heavily indebted. With their unshakable faith, continuous support, and never-ending love in me, they have been the cornerstone of whatever I had done until this time. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM...........................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iv ÖZ ............................................................................................................................... v DEDICATION .......................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ viii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ viiii LIST OF FIGURES/ILLUSTRATIONS/SCHEMES ............................................... x LIST OF SYMBOLS/ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................. xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 2. CONCEPTUAL CONSIDERATIONS .......................................................... 10 2.1 The Significance of Theory ................................................................. 11 2.2 What is Territory/Territoriality? .......................................................... 17 2.3 Territory, State, Sovereignty ............................................................... 21 2.4 History of Territorially Bounded State ................................................ 25 2.5 The Territoriality of the Church .......................................................... 29 2.6 The Westphalian Order and Territoriality ........................................... 31 2.7 Political Interaction between Territory and People ............................. 36 3. TERRITORY, TERRITORIALITY, TERRITORIAL STATE IN THE MIDDLE EAST ........................................................................................... 43 3.1 “Where” is the Middle East?: Territorial Dimension of the Region ... 43 3.1.1 Territoriality in the Middle East .............................................. 46 3.1.2 Territoriality of Islam .............................................................. 50 3.2 Territorial Nationalism and Establishment of Territorially Bounded State in the Middle East ...................................................................... 54 3.2.1 Ottoman Modernization and Territoriality in the Middle East 54 3.2.2 Enlargement of Western Territorial State into the Middle East58 viii 3.3 The Rise of Territorial Nationalism in the Middle East and the Creation of Homo Nationalis ............................................................................. 69 3.4 Territorial Disputes in the Middle East ............................................... 73 3.5 Challenges to the State Centric Political Imaginary and Territorial State in the Middle East ............................................................................... 80 3.5.1 Extraterritorial Peoples of the Middle East: Refugees, Displaced Peoples, Migrant Workers ....................................................... 80 3.5.1.1 Labor Migration and Migrant Workers ..................... 86 3.5.1.2 Refugees and Displacements in the Middle East ...... 87 3.5.2 “Pan” and Transnational Movements...................................... 89 4. THE TERRITORIALITY OF IRAQ ........................................................... 98 4.1 Geographical and Political Iraq ........................................................... 98 4.2 Territorial Consolidation of Ottoman Iraq ........................................ 102 4.3 The Formation of Modern Iraq’s Boundaries ................................... 112 4.4 Mesopotamia-inspired Territorial Nationalism in Iraq: General Overview ........................................................................................... 125 4.5 Territoriality of Iraq under the British Mandate ............................... 129 4.6 Iraq under Hashemite Rule................................................................ 153 4.7 1958 Revolution and Qasim Era: Golden Age of Territorialism in Iraq ........................................................................................................... 158 4.8 Baath Takeover and the Cult of Saddam Hussein ............................ 141 5. CONCLUSION AND FINAL REMARKS ................................................. 145 BIBLIOGRAPGY .................................................................................................
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