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1 Speaking About Qatar SPEAKING ABOUT QATAR: DISCOURSES ON NATIONAL IDENTITY IN POSTCOLONIAL GULF Erick Viramontes Viramontes A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University July, 2018 1 DECLARATION This thesis is an account of research undertaken between January 2014 and July 2018 at the Research School of Social Sciences, School of Politics and International Relations, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Except where acknowledged in the customary manner, the material presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge, original and has not been submitted in whole or part for a degree in any university. __________________________ Erick Viramontes Viramontes July 2018 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The process that led to this thesis, which began in mid-2013 in the Mexican Altiplano, was full of satisfaction and learning, but also carried with it moments of frustration, difficulty and despair. For this reason, its completion would not have been possible without the unconditional support and invaluable advice from many people to whom I will be forever grateful. I would like to express my deepest thanks to the members of my panel, who provided challenging and enriching insights at every step along this long journey. In particular, I would like to thank my primary supervisor, April Biccum, for her emphasis on the theoretical implications of my research, and my advisor Sean Burges, whose comments helped develop my thinking. I would also like to thank James Piscatori and Mathew Gray from the Center for Arab and Islamic Studies, who put their knowledge and expertise on the Middle East at the service of this project, and Sean Foley, who was a visiting fellow at the Center during my time as a Ph.D. student. In addition to my panel members, many others at the Australian National University contributed perhaps unknowingly to this project. Special thanks go to my fellow Ph.D. students at the School of Politics and International Relations, Carlos Morreo and Kieran Bradley, and to my friends at ANU, Teresa Jopson, Mamoun Alazab, Jessie Moritz, Kate MacFarland and Sergio Guillén. I would also like to thank the supportive environment I found during my fieldwork when I was a visiting scholar at Qatar University. Although I made a number of friends at QU, special thanks must go to Abdullah Baabood and Luciano Zaccara from the Center for Gulf Studies, as well as Imad Mansour and Steven Wright from the Department of International Affairs. My friends in Mexico provided me with a network of support that I could depend on during the more challenging moments. For this, I would like to thank my professors at El Colegio de México, Marta Tawil and Juan Felipe López Aymes, who were always supportive of this adventure, and my dearest mentor Luis Mesa Delmonte, who I shall meet some day in heaven. 3 Finally, I would like to acknowledge the important role of my family, who comprised a beloved circle of confidentiality for sharing my failures and achievements. My mother and father always provided me with an environment of comfort and security, and my parents-in-law provided invaluable advice. But the most important support has come from my partner, Ana Alonso, who probably never imagined this joint venture would bring with it the greatest happiness of our lives: the birth of our baby girl Liyana. This thesis is dedicated to my wife and daughter. 4 ABSTRACT Since mid-1990s, Qatar has gone through a series of transformations that have included the implementation of liberal political reforms, the boost in the exploitation of its plentiful hydrocarbon reserves and the unprecedented increase of its diplomatic activity. However, some less noticed transformations have had to do with the creation of those symbols that give Qatar its distinctive cultural character, and justify its existence as an independent nation-state, such as the construction of the national museum and the house of the national archives, the creation of the national anthem, and the celebration of the national day. This thesis is then an analysis of the way cultural heritage sites, such as museums, national celebrations, exhibition houses and archaeological sites, have ascribed Qatar’s national identity with meaning. Through electronic archival research, participant observation and semi-structured interviews, this thesis looks at how national identity is being constructed in contemporary Qatar. Its main argument is the discourse on national identity displayed in those sites comprises a series of claims that reformulate and reinvent Qatar’s national identity in light of neoliberal economic reform brought by the implementation of Qatar National Vision 2030. In addition, the discourse on national identity in contemporary Qatar also deals with longstanding trends in Qatar’s postcolonial history: namely, the particular way colonialism was experienced in the Gulf and the rendering the majority of the population to the status of non-nationals. This thesis’ main contribution is that it opens a space for reflecting on how the postcolonial nation has adapted to the changes brought by the expansion of neoliberalism in the twenty-first century postcolonial world. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1. Reiterating the essence of the Qatari nation ..................................................................... 12 1.2. The iteration of national identity as a site of politics ....................................................... 13 1.3. Conducting research on the nation as discourse .............................................................. 17 1.4. Contribution to debates on postcolonial nationalism in the Middle East .................... 23 2. Theoretical framework ...................................................................................................................... 28 2.1. Major perspectives in the study of nationalism ................................................................ 28 2.1.1. The primordialist perspective ...................................................................................... 30 2.1.2. The modernist perspective .......................................................................................... 32 2.1.3. Perspectives on the nation-as-discourse and the shift to national identity........... 34 2.2. The postcolonial critique of the nation .............................................................................. 37 2.2.1. Postcolonial theory and the study of nationalism .................................................... 37 2.2.2. Recurrent themes in the study of postcolonial nationalism .................................... 42 2.3 Framing neoliberalism in contemporary world ................................................................. 48 2.3.1 What is neoliberalism? .................................................................................................. 49 2.3.2 Neoliberalism as a government technique: biopolitics and governmentality ....... 50 2.3.3 Policing families and constructing subjectivities under neoliberalism .................. 53 2.3.4 Belonging in the neoliberal era.................................................................................... 57 2.3.5 Flavoring global trends with a local jargon: the magic of neoliberalism ............... 59 2.4 Debates on nationalism in the Middle East, the Gulf and Qatar ................................... 63 2.4.1 Approaches to nationalism in the Middle East ........................................................ 64 2.4.2 Approaches to nationalism in the Gulf ..................................................................... 67 2.4.3 Approaches to nationalism in Qatar .......................................................................... 70 2.5 Qatar as a case study: Constructing national identity in a peculiar setting ................... 77 2.5.1 Framing neoliberalism in the Gulf thorough Qatar National Vision 2030 .......... 80 6 2.5.2 Constructing a self-reflective form of postcolonial nationalism ............................ 88 2.5.3 Constructing national identity where nationals are a minority ............................... 94 3 On methodology ............................................................................................................................ 96 3.1 Conducting research on the nation as discourse .............................................................. 96 3.1.1 The notion of archive in research on discourse ....................................................... 97 3.1.2 Archival research and the nation-as-discourse ......................................................... 99 3.2 Nation as discourse in Qatar .............................................................................................102 3.2.1 Sites performing and materializing the Qatari nation ............................................102 3.2.2 Site selection criteria ...................................................................................................105 3.3 Researching nation as discourse in Qatar ........................................................................111 3.3.1 The problem of access ...............................................................................................112 3.3.2 Data generation ...........................................................................................................115 3.3.3 Questions of time in this research
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