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Fransiz Diplomat Baron De Bois Le T.C SAKARYA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ FRANSIZ D İPLOMAT BARON DE BOIS LE COMTE’UN RAPORLARINA GÖRE OSMANLI EKONOM İSİ (1833-1834) YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ İ Aslı ŞENOL Enstitü Anabilim Dalı : Tarih Enstitü Bilim Dalı: : Yakınça ğ Tarihi Tez Danı şmanı : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Turgut SUBA ŞI TEMMUZ 2012 BEYAN Bu tezin yazılmasında bilimsel ahlak kurallarına uyuldu ğunu, ba şkalarının eserlerinden yararlanılması durumunda bilimsel normlara uygun olarak atıfta bulunuldu ğunu, kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmadı ğını, tezin herhangi bir kısmının bu üniversite veya ba şka bir üniversitede ba şka bir tez çalı şması olarak sunulmadı ğını beyan ederim. Aslı ŞENOL 13.07.2012 ÖNSÖZ Bu çalı şma üç bölümden olu şmaktadır. Birinci bölümde bu çalı şmaya kaynaklık eden Charles Joseph Edmond de Bois le Comte (Baron)’un hayatı ve Mehmet Ali Pa şa’nın Mısır İsyanı döneminde Osmanlı Devleti’ndeki misyonu incelenmi ştir. İkinci bölümde, Charles Joseph Edmond de Bois le Comte’un Do ğu’daki misyonu esnasında tuttu ğu raporlar ı şığında Osmanlı Devleti’ndeki finans sistemi; İmparatorlu ğun gelirleri, giderleri ve İmparatorlukta para darbı üzerinde durulmu ştur. Üçüncü bölümde ise, yine bu raporlar ı şığında Osmanlı Devleti’nde Ticaret; İstanbul, İzmir ve İran Ticareti ve Osmanlı-Fransız ticaretine de ğinilmi ştir. Çalı şmanın temelini olu şturan Baron de Bois le Comte’un raporları, Paris’te bulunan Fransız Dı ş İş leri Bakanlı ğı Ar şivi’nden alınmı ş kaynaklardır. Bu çalı şmada Fransız Dı ş İş leri Bakanlı ğı’ndan alınan raporlardaki bilgiler Türkçeye çevrilerek aktarılırken, bu bilgiler ikinci el kitap ve makale gibi kaynaklardan yararlanarak do ğrulanmı ş ve yahut var ise elde edilen bilgiler arasındaki çeli şkiler ve farklılıklar ortaya koyulmaya çalı şılmı ştır. Bu çalı şmanın hazırlanması esnasında, yardımlarını esirgemeyen de ğerli tez danı şmanım Sayın Turgut SUBA ŞI’ya, bu tezin ana kayna ğı olan raporlara ula şmamda ve bu raporların tercümesinde bana her türlü deste ği gösteren Ara ş. Gör. Özgür YILMAZ’a, çalı şma esnasında fikir ve yönlendirmeleriyle bana yol gösteren Doç. Dr. Ebubekir SOFUO ĞLU ve Yrd. Doç. Dr. Serkan YAZICI’ya, bunun yanında çalı şma esnasında yardımlarını, fikirlerini ve kıymetli bilgilerini benden esirgemeyen Sayın Mehmet GENÇ’e, destekleriyle her zaman yanımda olan sevgili aileme ve eşim İssam GHEBANTAN İ’ye, son olarak ise ara ştırmalarım esnasında bana her türlü kolaylı ğı sa ğlayan İSAM Kütüphanesi ve Fransız Dı ş İş leri Bakanlı ğı Ar şivi çalı şanlarına te şekkürü bir borç bilirim. Aslı ŞENOL 13.07.2012 İÇİNDEK İLER KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................................... iii TABLO L İSTES İ ........................................................................................................... iv ÖZET ................................................................................................................................ v SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... vi GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BÖLÜM 1: CHARLES JOSEPH EDMOND DE BO İS LE COMTE’UN KAR İYER İ VE OSMANLI DEVLET İ’NDEK İ M İSYONU ................................... 11 1.1. Charles Joseph Edmond De Bois Le Comte’un Hayatı ve Diplomasiye Giri şi ..... 11 1.2. Charles Joseph Edmond De Bois Le Comte’un Osmanlı Devleti’ndeki Görevi ..... 17 BÖLÜM 2: CHARLES JOSEPH EDMOND DE BO İS LE COMTE’UN RAPORLARINA GÖRE OSMANLI DEVLET İ’NDE FİNANS S İSTEM İ .......... 24 2.1. Osmanlı Devleti’nde Gelirler ve Vergiler ............................................................... 24 2.1.1. Direkt Vergiler ve Sistemin Temeli ............................................................... 27 2.1.2. Dolaylı Vergiler ve Devletin Kazancı ............................................................ 31 2.1.3. Vergi Toplama Metotları ............................................................................... 40 2.1.4. Babıâli’nin Yönetimi Altındaki Vilayetlerden Alınan Vergi Miktarları ....... 51 2.1.5. Osmanlı Sultanlarının Özel Gelirleri ............................................................. 52 2.2. Osmanlı Devleti’nde Kamu Harcamaları ................................................................. 54 2.2.1. Kamu Borçları ................................................................................................ 56 2.3. Osmanlı Devleti’nde Para ve Para Darbında Tokat Şehri ........................................ 60 BÖLÜM 3: CHARLES JOSEPH EDMOND DE BO İS LE COMTE’UN RAPORLARINA GÖRE OSMANLI DEVLET İ’NDE TİCARET .......................... 69 3.1. Osmanlı Devleti’nin Ticari Yapısı ........................................................................... 69 3.1.1. Osmanlı Devleti’nin 12 Ticaret Bölgesine Ayrılması.................................... 78 3.1.1.1. Mısır .................................................................................................. 78 3.1.1.2. Arabistan, Kızıl Deniz, Hint Okyanusu ............................................ 79 3.1.1.3. Fırat Eyaletleri ve İran Körfezi ......................................................... 81 i 3.1.1.4. Suriye ve Kıbrıs (Akdeniz’in ve Do ğu’nun Limanları) .................... 82 3.1.1.5. Tarsus, Trabzon, İzmir, Anadolu ve Ermenistan ............................... 84 3.1.1.6. İstanbul ve Karadeniz ........................................................................ 86 3.1.1.7. Edirne ve Meriç ................................................................................. 87 3.1.1.8. Tuna Eyaletleri .................................................................................. 88 3.1.1.9. Arnavutluk ve Adriyatik .................................................................... 89 3.1.1.10. Selanik ve Makedonya .................................................................... 89 3.1.1.11. Teselya ve Golos (Volos) ................................................................ 89 3.1.1.12. Kandiye Adası ................................................................................. 90 3.2. İzmir ve İstanbul’da Ticaret ..................................................................................... 91 3.2.1. İzmir’in Ticari Yapısı..................................................................................... 91 3.2.2. İstanbul’un Ticari Yapısı ve Denizcili ği ........................................................ 98 3.3.Osmanlı Devleti ile İran arasındaki Ticaret ........................................................... 103 3.3.1. Ba ğdat Yolu ................................................................................................. 103 3.3.2. Erzurum Yolu ............................................................................................... 104 3.3.3. Trabzon Pazarı ............................................................................................. 105 3.3.4. Tarsus Pazarı ................................................................................................ 109 3.3.5. Türk Vilayetleri ile Kafkaslardaki Rus Vilayetleri Arasındaki Ticaret .......................................................................................................... 110 3.4. Osmanlı Devleti ile Fransa Arasındaki Ticaret ve Denizcilik ............................... 111 SONUÇ ......................................................................................................................... 120 KAYNAKÇA ............................................................................................................... 124 EKLER ......................................................................................................................... 131 ÖZGEÇM İŞ ................................................................................................................ 181 ii KISALTMALAR A.g.e : Adı Geçen Eser A.g.m : Adı Geçen Makale AMAEF : Archives du Ministèr des Affaires Etrangères de France MD : Memoirs et Documents F : Fransız Frangı C : Fransız kuru şu, centim. iii TABLO L İSTES İ Tablo 1 : Afyon Bitkisinin Tekeli ve Fiyat Listesi Tablo 2 : Osmanlı Devleti’nin Tekel Ürünlerinden Son Yıllarda Elde Etti ği Ortalama Gelir Tablo 3 : Kıbrıs Adasının Vergilendirilmesi ve 1832 Yılında İmparatorluk Hazinesine Tahsildarlar Aracılı ğıyla Aktarılan Vergiler Tablo 4 : 1764 yılından 1834 Yılına Kadar Osmanlı Parasındaki De ğer Kaybı Tablo 5 : 1815 yılından 1834 Yılına Kadar Osmanlı Kuru şunun De ğeri Tablo 6 : İran’a Gönderilen Türk ve Avrupa Ticari Ürünleri Tablo 7 : Fransız İhtilalından 1832 Yılına Kadar Fransa’nın Do ğu’daki Ticaret Hacmi Tablo 8 : Do ğu’daki Fransız Şirketlerin Sayısı iv SAÜ, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tez Özeti Tezin Başlığı: Fransız Diplomat Baron De Bois Le Comte’un Raporlarına Göre Osmanlı Ekonomisi(1833-34) Tezi n Yazarı: Aslı Şenol Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Turgut Suba şı Kab ul Tarihi: 13.07.2012 Sa yf a Sa yısı: vi (ön kısım)+ 181 (tez) Anabili m dalı: Tarih Bili m dalı : Yakınça ğ Tarihi Baron de Bois le Comte 1796-1863 yılları arasında ya şamı ş Fransız bir diplomattır. 1814 yılında Fransa Dı ş İş leri Bakanlı ğı’nda göreve ba şlamı ştır. Diplomatik kariyerine 1816 yılında Viyana’ya üçüncü sekreter olarak atanarak ba şlamı ştır. Akabinde 1819 yılında Saint- Petersburg’da ikinci sekreter ve 1821-1823 tarihleri arasında maslahatgüzarlık, 1824-1825 tarihleri arasında Madrid’de birinci sekreter ve maslahatgüzarlık görevlerine
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