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Historiographic Metafiction in North America : a Comparative Approach

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Historiographic Metafiction in North America : a Comparative Approach Historiographic Metafiction in North America: A Comparative Approach Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt von Bettina Mack an der Geisteswissenschaftliche Sektion Fachbereich Literaturwissenschaft Konstanz, 2019 Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-2-19vevz9fd7v5v5 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 18.04.2019 1. Referentin: Prof. Dr. Reingard M. Nischik 2. Referentin: Prof. Dr. Silvia Mergenthal Acknowledgments Several people provided valuable feedback and support for this dissertation. I am most grateful to Reingard M. Nischik and the University of Konstanz for enabling me to go to the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada, during my master’s program and thereby initiating my academic interest in the history and literature of Canada. With the support and supervision of Reingard M. Nischik, I resumed my academic focus on historical fiction during my doctoral studies, determined to write my own history of historiographic metafiction in North America. I am also indebted to Silvia Mergenthal, Heike Schäfer, and John Carlos Rowe for their insightful input and discussions as well as for reading all or parts of this dissertation. Reingard M. Nischik and her research colloquium at the University of Konstanz were an important constant along the way. Special thanks goes to Alena Schmidt-Weihrich for her continuous feedback as well as to the other readers in the colloquium for their responses to my work in progress, notably Bianka Gengler and Srdjan Perko. Financial support came from the Landesgraduiertenförderung of the state of Baden-Württemberg. Some parts of this dissertation were presented at conferences or published in journals and collections. I am grateful to Eva Gruber from the University of Konstanz, Caroline Rosenthal from the University of Jena, and Jim Walker from Camden House for reading and publishing chapter 2, “Mapping North America: Comparative North American Literature and its Contexts,” in the collection Gained Ground: Perspectives on Canadian and Comparative North American Studies (2018). Sections of chapter 7, “The Global Spaces of War: Creating North America Elsewhere,” were presented at the conference “Canada and War,” organized by the Polish Association of Canadian Studies in 2016. My contribution appeared in TransCanadiana: Polish Journal of Canadian Studies, issue 9, 2017 as “Creating Canada Elsewhere: The Global Spaces of War in Canadian Historiographic Metafiction.” I want to thank my family for their patience and unconditional support throughout my studies and during the work on this dissertation. My parents, Irene and Thomas, were supportive from the start to finish and helped me in every way they could. I also want to thank Max for inspiring me to come up with new ideas and giving me the courage to venture into new, exciting directions. Zusammenfassung Historiographic metafiction ist eine Form des historischen Romans, welche geschichtlich überlieferte Gegebenheiten und Personen rekonstruiert und dabei in besonderem Maße selbst- reflektierend über diesen dynamischen Prozess des historischen Erzählens sinniert. Ursprünglich ein Produkt der Literatur der Postmoderne, welche absolute Wahrheiten infrage stellt und den Versuch unternimmt, sogenannte Masternarrative zu dekonstruieren, wurde der Begriff historiographic metafiction erstmals von der kanadischen Wissenschaftlerin Linda Hutcheon in den 1980ern geprägt. Angesichts der Vielzahl an literarischen Werken und Hutcheons weitreichender Arbeit läutete ihre Forschung eine Ära ein, in der es wissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzungen mit historischen Romanen nahezu unmöglich war, nicht auch diese Texte zu berücksichtigen. Insbesondere in den USA und Kanada wurde diese Form des historischen Erzählens populär und nordamerikanische Autorinnen und Autoren neigten besonders in den letzten vier Dekaden des 20. Jahrhunderts zu einer kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit geschichtlichen Ereignissen und deren Darstellung. Die Literaturen beider Länder bedienen sich ähnlicher Themenfelder, welche in den vorliegenden Kapiteln dieser Studie widergespiegelt sind: die Kolonialisierung des nordamerikanischen Kontinentes, die Beteiligung der USA und Kanada am Ersten und Zweiten Weltkrieg, der Einfluss von Zuwanderern am gesellschaftlichen und kulturellen Leben Nordamerikas sowie die Infragestellung archivischer Daten als Methode der Geschichtsschreibung. Bisherige Studien analysierten historiographic metafiction im Hinblick auf die jeweiligen nationalen Kontexte der Autorinnen und Autoren und ihrer Werke. Diese Arbeit schließt somit eine Lücke in der literaturwissenschaftlichen Forschung und bietet einen systematischen Vergleich einschlägiger Texte aus den USA und Kanada. Darüber hinaus betrachtet die vorliegende Studie transnationale Tendenzen innerhalb der literarischen Werke und eröffnet so eine Leseweise dieser Texte in einem nordamerikanischen und globalen Kontext. Historiographic Metafiction in North America: A Comparative Approach sieht sich also als einen weiterführenden Teil der Forschung zum historischen Roman in den USA und Kanada. Außerdem stellt die Studie einen zeitgemäßen Forschungsbereich der „Comparative North American Studies“ dar und leistet einen theoretischen Beitrag dazu. i Table of Contents Zusammenfassung.......................................................................................................................... i 1. Introduction: Comparing Historiographic Metafiction in Canada and the United States ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Write Your Own History: Relevance and Aims of this Study ................................................. 1 1.2. Historiographic Metafiction and Comparative North American Literature ............................... 5 2. Mapping North America: Comparative North American Literature and its Contexts ............11 2.1. Defining “North America” and its Constituents ....................................................................11 2.2. National Dimensions: “America,” “Canada,” American Studies, Canadian Studies.................12 2.3. International Dimensions: Continentalist, Hemispheric, Inter-American, Postnational, and Global Approaches .................................................................................17 2.4. Transnational Approaches and Comparative North American Literature ................................21 2.5. Conclusion: Finding a Common Ground for Distances and Differences .................................28 3. Historical Fiction and Historiographic Metafiction: Transnational Perspectives ....................30 3.1. Historical Fiction: Creating the Illusion of a Past Reality ......................................................30 3.1.1. Definitions and Developments in Europe and North America ........................................30 3.1.2. Forms and Functions: Offering a Glimpse of Past Times ...............................................36 3.1.3. Problems: Nostalgic Illusion or Critical Engagement? ...................................................39 3.2. Historiographic Metafiction: Self-Consciously Reconstructing the Past .................................41 3.2.1. Definitions and Postmodern Origins ............................................................................41 3.2.2. Forms and Functions: Oscillating Between Fictionality and Factuality ...........................46 3.3. History across Borders: Postcolonial and Transnational Perspectives .....................................51 4. Re-Searching and Rewriting National Myths: Transnational Encounters and the Archive ............................................................................................................................59 4.1. A Roomful of Documents: How to Make Sense of History in the Archive .............................59 4.2. Jewish Canadians, the Imagined North, and the Franklin Expedition: Mordecai Richler’s Solomon Gursky Was Here ...................................................................64 4.3. American Secrets, Conspiracies, and the Kennedy Assassination: Don DeLillo’s Libra..........................................................................................................71 4.4. Conclusion: How to Discover and Invent Truth in the Archive ..............................................78 ii 5. Prophets of the New World: Mormon and Métis Resistance to the United States and Canada in the North American West .....................................................................................82 5.1. Two Nations Under God: Creating and Contesting the Nation in the Nineteenth Century ...........................................................................................................82 5.2. Canadian Nation-Building and Métis Rights: Chester Brown’s Graphic Novel Louis Riel .........................................................................................................................90 5.3. An American Kingdom of God in the Mormon West: David Ebershoff’s The 19th Wife ................................................................................................................. 100 5.4. Conclusion: Writing the North American West Today ........................................................ 112 6. Word Travels Fast: Languages and Translation in North American Travel Stories ............. 117 6.1. Américanité, Americanity, and Americanness:
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