The Cambridge Companion to Canadian Literature Edited by Eva-Marie Kröller Frontmatter More Information

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15962-4 — The Cambridge Companion to Canadian Literature Edited by Eva-Marie Kröller Frontmatter More Information

The Cambridge Companion to Canadian Literature

This fully revised second edition of The Cambridge Companion to Canadian Literature offers a comprehensive introduction to major writers, genres, and topics. For this edition several chapters have been completely re-written to relect major developments in Canadian literature since 2004. Surveys of iction, drama, and poetry are complemented by chapters on Aboriginal writing, autobiography, literary criticism, writing by women, and the emergence of urban writing. Areas of research that have expanded since the irst edition include environmental concerns and questions of sexuality which are freshly explored across several different chapters. A substantial chapter on francophone writing is included. Authors such as Margaret Atwood, noted for her experiments in multiple literary genres, are given full consideration, as is the work of authors who have achieved major recognition, such as Alice Munro, recipient of the Nobel Prize for literature.

Eva-Marie Kröller edited the Cambridge Companion to Canadian Literature (irst edn., 2004) and, with Coral Ann Howells, the Cambridge History of Canadian Literature (2009). She has published widely on travel writing and cultural semiotics, and won a Killam Research Prize as well as the Distin- guished Editor Award of the Council of Editors of Learned Journals for her work as editor of the journal Canadian Literature, 1995–2003. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-15962-4 — The Cambridge Companion to Canadian Literature Edited by Eva-Marie Kröller Frontmatter More Information

THE CAMBRIDGE COMPANION TO CANADIAN LITERATURE SECOND EDITION

EDITED BY EVA-MARIE KRÖLLER University of British Columbia, Vancouver

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C Cambridge University Press 2004, 2017 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2004 Reprinted 2005 Second edition 2017 Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays St Ives plc A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library isbn 978-1-107-15962-4 Hardback isbn 978-1-316-61240-8 Paperback Transferred to digital printing 2008 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Dedicated to the memory of Penny van Toorn

CONTENTS

List of Plates page ix List of Maps x Notes on Contributors xi Acknowledgments xv Note on Poetry xvi Chronology xviii

Introduction 1 eva-marie kröller

1 Aboriginal Writing 26 penny van toorn and daniel justice

2 Francophone Writing 59 e. d. blodgett

3 Exploration and Travel 82 eva-marie kröller

4 Nature-writing 107 christoph irmscher

5 Drama 128 ric knowles and jessica riley

6 Poetry 150 david staines

7 Fiction 173 marta dvorákˇ

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contents

8 Short Fiction 197 robert thacker

9 Writing by Women 217 coral ann howells

10 Life Writing 239 julie rak

11 Regionalism and Urbanism 261 janice fiamengo

12 Canadian Criticism in English: Literature and Nation 283 shelley hulan

Further Reading 300 Index 311

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PLATES

1 Samuel Hearne, “A Winter View in the Athapuscow Lake,” from Hearne, Journey from Prince of Wales’s Fort (1795). Courtesy of Houghton Library, Harvard University. page 110 2 “A Camp on the Boundary Line,” frontispiece to vol. II of John Keast Lord, The Naturalist in Vancouver Island and British Columbia (1866). Author’s collection. Photograph: Tim Ford. 112 3 Agnes Fitzgibbon, Plate VI, facing p. 48, in Catharine Parr Traill, Canadian Wild Flowers (1868). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of Nature. 115 4 From Delos White Beadle, Canadian Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen Gardener (1872). Author’s collection. Photograph: Tim Ford. 117 5 “E. E. T.” (Ernest E. Thompson [Seton]), Wood Ducks, from Thomas McIlwraith, Birds of Ontario, 2nd edn. (1894). Author’s collection. Photograph: Tim Ford. 120 6 Illustration by Alistair Anderson, from River of the Angry Moon by Mark Hume with Harvey Thommasen. Copyright C 1998 by Mark Hume. Published in Canada by Greystone Books, a division of Douglas and McIntyre. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. 125

MAPS

1 Canada page xlii 2 Tribal distributions in and near Canada at time of contact 27

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

e. d. blodgett is University Professor Emeritus of Comparative Liter- ature at the University of Alberta and past poet laureate of Edmonton (2007–2009). He has published widely on comparative Canadian literature. He received the 1996 Governor General’s Award and the 1997 Canadian Authors’ Association Award for Apostrophes, a volume of poetry. A renga with Jacques Brault entitled Transiguration (1998) also received the Gov- ernor General’s Award. Publications include Five-Part Invention: A History of Literary History in Canada (2003) and Les Enfants des Jésuites ou le sacriice des vierges (2013). marta dvorák,ˇ born in Budapest and raised in Canada, was Professor of Canadian and Commonwealth Literatures at the Sorbonne Nouvelle. Priv- ileging issues of global circulation via rhetoric and narratology, her most recent books include Tropes and Territories (with William H. New, 2007), Crosstalk (with Diana Brydon, 2012), and Translocated Modernisms (with Dean Irvine and Emily Ballantyne, 2016). She is currently writing a book on Mavis Gallant. janice fiamengo teaches in the Department of English at the University of Ottawa. Her publications include The Woman’s Page: Journalism and Rhetoric in Early Canada (2008) and the edited volumes Other Selves: Ani- mals in the Canadian Literary Imagination (2007) and Home Ground and Foreign Territory: Essays on Early Canadian Literature (2014). coral ann howells, Professor Emerita at the University of Reading, is now Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of English Studies, University of London. She has published widely on contemporary Canadian writers, including Margaret Atwood and Alice Munro. Editor of the Cambridge Companion to Margaret Atwood (2006) and co-editor with Eva-Marie Kröller of the Cambridge History of Canadian Literature (2009), she has also co-edited volume 12 of the Oxford History of the Novel in English

notes on contributors

(2017) with Paul Sharrad and Gerry Turcotte. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

shelley hulan teaches in the Department of English Language and Lit- erature at the University of Waterloo. Her articles on nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Canadian poetry and iction have appeared in journals such as Canadian Poetry: Studies, Documents, Reviews, Essays on Cana- dian Writing, and the Journal of Canadian Studies. Her research includes the connections between rhetoric, memory, and history in the work of Confederation-era writers such as Sara Jeannette Duncan, Susan Frances Harrison, E. Pauline Johnson/Tekahionwake (Mohawk), and Archibald Lampman.

christoph irmscher teaches at Indiana University Bloomington, where he is Provost Professor of English and the George F. Getz Jr. Professor in the Wells Scholars Program, which he also directs. His books include The Poetics of Natural History (1999; Language and Literature Award of the Associa- tion of American Publishers, Scholarly Division; American Studies Network Prize), Longfellow Redux (2008), Louis Agassiz: Creator of American Sci- ence (2013), and Max Eastman: ALife(2017). He is the editor of the Library of America edition of John James Audubon’s Writings and Drawings (1999).

daniel justice is a Colorado-born Canadian citizen of the Cherokee Nation. He works on Musqueam territory at the University of British Columbia, where he is Canada Research Chair in Indigenous Literature and Expressive Culture and Professor of First Nations and Indigenous Studies and English. His publications include Our Fire Survives the Storm: A Chero- kee Literary History (2006) and Badger (2015), and, with James H. Cox, he has edited the Oxford Handbook of Indigenous American Literature (2014). ric knowles is Professor of Drama at the University of Guelph, and former editor of Modern Drama, Canadian Theatre Review, and Theatre Journal. Among his authored books are The Theatre of Form and the Production of Meaning (1999), Reading the Material Theatre (2004), Theatre & Intercul- turalism (2010), How Theatre Means (2014), and Performing the Intercul- tural City (2017).

eva-marie kröller,who teaches in the Department of English at the Uni- versity of British Columbia, edited the Cambridge Companion to Canadian Literature (irst edn., 2004) and, with Coral Ann Howells, the Cambridge History of Canadian Literature (2009). She has published widely on travel writing and cultural semiotics, and is completing a study of life writing and

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notes on contributors

imperial networks. Her awards include a Killam Research Prize, as well as the Distinguished Editor Award of the Council of Editors of Learned Jour- nals for her work as editor of the journal Canadian Literature, 1995–2003. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

julie rak is a Professor in the Department of English and Film Studies at the University of Alberta. She is the author of Negotiated Memory: Doukho- bor Autobiographical Discourse (2004) and Boom! Manufacturing Mem- oir for the Popular Market (2013). She edited Auto/biography in Canada: Critical Directions (2005) and has published extensively in the areas of life- writing studies, Canadian literature and North American popular culture.

jessica riley received her PhD from the School of English and Theatre Studies, University of Guelph. Her work has been published in Canadian Theatre Review,inLatina/o Canadian Theatre and Performance (2013), and in OuterSpeares: Shakespeare, Intermedia, and the Limits of Adapta- tion (2014). Jessica is also the editor of A Man of Letters: The Selected Dramaturgical Correspondence of Urjo Kareda (2017, Heather McCallum Award from the Canadian Association for Theatre Research).

david staines is Professor of English at the University of Ottawa. He is the editor of the Journal of Canadian Poetry and of the New Canadian Library. His books include The Canadian Imagination: Dimensions of a Literary Cul- ture (1977), The Forty-Ninth and Other Parallels: Contemporary Canadian Perspectives (1986), Beyond the Provinces: Literary Canada at Century’s End (1995), The Letters of Stephen Leacock (2006), and The Cambridge Companion to Alice Munro (2016). A history of Canadian iction is in prepa- ration. In 1998, he received the Lorne Pierce Medal for distinguished service to Canadian literature from the Royal Society of Canada, and in 2011 he was awarded both the Order of Canada and the Order of Ontario. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

robert thacker is Charles A. Dana Professor of Canadian Studies and English at St. Lawrence University. His books include The Great Prairie Fact and Literary Imagination (1989), Alice Munro: Writing Her Lives: A Biogra- phy (2005; revised 2011), and Reading Alice Munro, 1973–2013 (2016), and he has edited a collection of critical essays, Alice Munro: Hateship, Friend- ship, Loveship, Courtship, Marriage, Runaway, and Dear Life (2016).

penny van toorn was a lecturer in Australian Literature and Australian Studies at the University of Sydney. Her books include Rudy Wiebe and the Historicity of the Word (1995) and Writing Never Arrives Naked: Early

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notes on contributors

Aboriginal Cultures of Writing in Australia (2006). She co-edited Speaking Positions: Aboriginality, Gender and Ethnicity in Australian Cultural Stud- ies (1995) and Stories without End (2002). She published extensively on postcolonial literatures and theory, focusing particularly on writings by and about Indigenous peoples of Australia and Canada.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My thanks to the contributors for their professionalism and collegiality, to Dominique Yupangco for expert technical assistance, to André Lamontagne and Allan Smith for bibliographical advice, to the press readers for their careful attention to the proposal for this volume, to Nick Brock for expert copy-editing, and, as always, to Sarah Stanton at Cambridge University Press for her eficiency and wisdom.

Margaret Atwood, “Progressive Insanities of a Pioneer,”reprinted by permission of the author. George Bowering, “For WCW,” reprinted by permission of the author. Robert Kroetsch, “Stone Hammer Poem,” reprinted by permission of the University of Alberta Press. Al Purdy, “The Country North of Belleville,” reprinted by permission of Harbour Publishing.

NOTE ON POETRY

Quotations in the text from the following poems are drawn from the sources indicated:

Atwood, Margaret. “A Bus along St Clair: December.” Atwood, The Jour- nals of Susanna Moodie. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1970, pp. 60–1. “Progressive Insanities of a Pioneer.” Atwood, The Animals in That Coun- try. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1968, pp. 36–9. Birney, Earle. “Bushed” (1951). The Collected Poems. Vol. I. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1975, p. 160. Bowering, George. “For WCW” (1965). Touch: Selected Poems 1960–1970. Toronto/Montreal: McClelland and Stewart, 1971, pp. 24–7. Klein, A. M. “Soirée of Velvel Kleinburger”(1928/31). Complete Poems. Part I: Original Poems, 1926–1934. Ed. Zailig Pollock. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990, pp. 183–6. Kroetsch, Robert. “Seed Catalogue.” Completed Field Notes: The Long Poems of Robert Kroetsch. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1989, pp. 32–51. Stone Hammer Poem.” The Stone Hammer Poems 1960–1975. Lantzville, British Columbia: Oolichan Books, 1975, p. 54. Page, P.K. “As Ten, as Twenty.” The Hidden Room: Collected Poems.Vol.II. Erin: Porcupine’s Quill, 1997, p. 23. Pratt, E. J. “The Titanic” (1935). Complete Poems. Part 1. Ed. Sandra Djwa and R. G. Moyles. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989, pp. 302– 38. Purdy, Al. “The Country North of Belleville” (1965). Beyond Remembering: The Collected Poems of Al Purdy. Selected and edited by Al Purdy and Sam Solecki. Madeira Park: Harbour Publishing, 2000, pp. 79–81.

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note on poetry

Roberts, Charles G. D. “The Potato Harvest” (1886). The Collected Poems of Sir Charles G. D. Roberts. Ed. Desmond Pacey. Wolfville: Wombat Press, 1985, p. 91. Scott, F. R. “The Canadian Authors Meet” (1936). The Collected Poems of F. R. Scott. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1981, p. 248. Smith, A. J. M. “To a Young Poet”(1934), “The Lonely Land”(1936). Smith, Poems New and Collected. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1967, pp. 21, 50.

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CHRONOLOGY

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 11,000 bc Earliest records of human habitation (Blueish Cave people) 985/986 First European sighting of Bafin Island (“Helluland”), Labrador (“Markland”), and the Gulf of St. Lawrence (“Vinland”), as recounted in Bjarno Harjulfsen’s Graenlendinga Saga 1390–1450 Iroquois Confederacy 1497 John Cabot sails to Newfoundland 1534 Jacques Cartier sails to the Gulf of St. Lawrence 1556 First map of New France, by Giacomo Gastaldi, published in Giovanni Battista Ramusio’s Delle navigationi et viaggi,an account of Cartier’s 1534 voyage 1576, 1577, 1578 Martin Frobisher’s Arctic expeditions 1605 Founding of Port Royal 1606 Marc Lescarbot’s Le théâtre de Neptune performed in Port Royal harbor 1608 Quebec founded by Samuel de Champlain

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chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 1610 Henry Hudson sails to Jesuit Relations (publ. Hudson Bay 1632–73) begin with Pierre Biard’s letters from Acadia 1613 Les voyages du Sieur de Champlain Xaintongeois 1624 First written treaty (Algonkian–French– Mohawk Peace) 1639 Marie de l’Incarnation (Marie Guyart) sails for Quebec 1659 Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard Chouart des Groseilliers travel to Lake Superior and Michigan 1664 François du Creux, in Historiae canadensis, seu, Nova-Franciae, libri decem, describes an “immensity of woods and prairies” 1670 Hudson’s Bay Company begins operation 1697 Louis Hennepin’s Nouvelle découverte d’un très grand pays situé dans l’Amérique features the irst published illustration of Niagara Falls 1744 Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix, Histoire et description générale de la Nouvelle France 1748–1753 Marie-Élisabeth Bégon (1696–1755) writes letters to her son-in-law, published as Lettres au cher ils (ed. Nicole Deschamps) in 1972 1751 First printing press in Nova Scotia

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chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 1753–1761 Peter Kalm’s Travels in North America published in Sweden (English version: 1770) 1755–1764 Deportation of the Acadians 1759 Battle of the Plains of Abraham 1764 First printing press in Quebec; La Gazette de Québec begins publication 1769 Frances Brooke, The History of Emily Montague 1774 Quebec Act 1778 James Cook in Nootka Sound 1783–1784 An estimated 40,000 Loyalists emigrate from United States to Maritimes and Canada 1789 Alexander Mackenzie travels to Beaufort Sea (1793 expedition across what is now Canada to Paciic, arriving at the Bella Coola River) 1793 Upper Canada bans the purchase and importation of slaves 1812–1815 War of 1812 1819–1822 First Franklin overland expedition (Coppermine Expedition) 1821 Thomas McCulloch, Letters of Mephibosheth Stepsure 1824 Completion of Lachine Canal Julia Catherine Beckwith (Hart), St. Ursula’s Convent; or, The Nun of Canada 1825 Oliver Goldsmith, The Rising Village 1829 Shanawdithit (known as Nancy or Nance April), the last known Beothuk, dies

chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 1832 John Richardson, Wacousta; or, The Prophecy 1833 First Canadian steamship, the SS Royal William, crosses the Atlantic 1836 Catharine Parr Traill, The Backwoods of Canada; Thomas Chandler Haliburton, The Clockmaker, or The Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick of Slickville 1837 Rebellions in Upper Canada Aubert de Gaspé ils, and Lower Canada L’inluence d’un livre (also published as Le chercheur de trésors) 1838 Literary Garland (1838–1851) Anna Jameson, Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada 1839 Lord Durham’s Report 1841 Act of Union brings together Upper and Lower Canada 1844 Institut canadien de Montréal founded; Toronto Globe established 1845–1848 François-Xavier Garneau, Histoire du Canada depuis sa découverte jusqu’à nos jours 1845 Last sighting, in July, of Sir John Franklin’s Northwest Passage Expedition in Bafin Bay; Franklin’s disappearance triggers some forty-two expeditions into the Arctic North between 1847 and 1879 1846 Patrice Lacombe, La terre paternelle

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chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 1847 George Copway (Kah-ge-ga-gah-bowh, Mississauga Ojibwa), The Life, History and Travels of Kah-ge-ga-gah-bowh; Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Evangeline, a Tale of Acadie 1852 Susanna Moodie, Roughing It in the Bush 1853 Moodie, Life in the Clearings Versus the Bush 1854 Seigneurial system abolished; Reciprocity Treaty, also known as the Elgin–Marcy Treaty, between Canada and the United States (the irst international free trade agreement) 1856 Charles Sangster, The St. Lawrence and the Saguenay 1857 Ottawa named capital of Canada; Palliser and Hind Survey Expeditions to Northwest 1862 Goldwin Smith, On the British Empire 1863 Aubert de Gaspé père, Les anciens Canadiens (trans. by Ch. G. D. Roberts as The Canadians of Old, 1890) 1864 Edward Hartley Dewart, Selections from Canadian Poets (irst anthology of Canadian poetry); Rosanna Leprohon, Antoinette de Mirecourt 1866 Napoléon Bourassa, Jacques et Marie

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chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 1867 British North America Act; Confederation; Constitution Act recognizes English and French as oficial languages in Parliament and Canadian courts; Sir John MacDonald Prime Minister 1867–1873, 1878–1891 1868 Canada First Movement Catharine Parr Traill and founded Agnes Moodie Fitzgibbon, Canadian Wild Flowers 1869 Red River Rebellion 1870 Manitoba and North-West Territories (previously North-Western Territory and Rupert’s Land) join Confederation 1871 British Columbia joins Confederation 1872 Creation of the Public Archives of Canada (now Library and Archives Canada) 1873 Prince Edward Island joins Confederation 1876 Indian Act 1877 William Kirby, The Golden Dog: A Legend of Quebec 1879 National Policy introduced (economic program to protect domestic industry from imports) 1880 Calixa Lavallée composes Ch.G.D.Roberts,Orion “O Canada” (words and Other Poems Adolphe-Basile Routhier) 1882 Royal Society of Canada Laure Conan, Angéline de founded by the Marquis de Montbrun Lorne, Governor General 1883 The Week, 1883–1896

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chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 1884 Standard Time Zone system Isabella Valancy Crawford, established; potlatch ceremony Old Spookses’ Pass, prohibited; North-West Malcolm’s Katie and Other Rebellion 1884–1885 Poems 1885 Canadian Paciic Railway completed; Chinese Immigration Act; Louis Riel executed 1887 Saturday Night magazine, 1887–2001 1888 Archibald Lampman, Among the Millet;James de Mille, A Strange Manuscript Found in a Copper Cylinder 1889 William D. Lighthall, Songs of the Great Dominion 1893 Canadian Magazine (combined Ch.G.D.Roberts,Songs of earlier Massey’s Magazine and the Common Day Canadian Magazine of Politics, Science, Art and Literature), 1893–1937 1896 Sir Wilfrid Laurier Prime Gilbert Parker, The Seats of Minister, 1896–1911 the Mighty 1897 Women’s Institute established 1898 Yukon Territory formed Ernest Thompson Seton, Wild Animals I Have Known 1899–1902 Boer War causes divisiveness between English and French Canadians 1901 Ralph Connor, The Man from Glengarry 1904 Sara Jeannette Duncan, The Imperialist; Emile Nelligan et son oeuvre,ed. Louis Dantin 1905 Saskatchewan and Alberta become provinces; Maclean’s Magazine begins publication

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chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 1907 Robert Service, Songs of a Sourdough 1908 L. M. Montgomery, Anne of Green Gables; Nellie McClung, Sowing Seeds in Danny;Martin Allerdale Grainger, Woodsmen of the West 1909 Canadian Commission of Conservation established 1911 Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake, Mohawk), Legends of Vancouver 1912 Public Archives Act Stephen Leacock, Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town 1913 National Gallery of Canada Act 1914 Canada enters World War I; War Adjutor Rivard, Chez nous Measures Act; Komagata Maru Incident 1915 John McCrae’s “In Flanders Fields” published in Punch magazine 1916 Voting rights to women in Louis Hémon, Maria Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Chapdelaine (serialized in Alberta Le Temps, France, 1913) 1917 Halifax Explosion; Conscription Crisis; Battle of Vimy Ridge; voting rights to women in British Columbia and Ontario 1918 Voting rights to women in Albert Laberge, La Scouine Nova Scotia 1919 Winnipeg General Strike; Immigration Amendment Act; Voting rights to women in New Brunswick 1920 Group of Seven founded; Ray Palmer Baker, AHistoryof Canadian Forum, 1920–2000 English Canadian Literature to the Confederation 1921 Mackenzie King Prime Minister, 1921–1926, 1926–1930, 1935–1948; Canadian Authors’ Association founded

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chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 1922 Voting rights to women in Prince Edward Island 1923 Chinese Exclusion Act 1925 McGill Fortnightly Review, Frederick Philip Grove, 1925–1927; voting rights to Settlers of the Marsh;Martha women in Newfoundland and Ostenso, Wild Geese Labrador 1927 Old Age Pensions Act Grove, A Search for America; Mazo de la Roche, Jalna 1928 Chatelaine begins publication 1929 Persons Case 1931 Statute of Westminster Grey Owl (Archibald Belaney), The Men of the Last Frontier 1933 Claude-Henri Grignon, Un homme et son péché (adapted for radio 1939–1962; for television 1956–1970; 2016–); Charles G. D. Roberts, Eyes of the Wilderness 1934 Morley Callaghan, Such Is My Beloved; Jean-Charles Harvey, Les demi-civilisés 1935– John Buchan (Lord 1940 Tweedsmuir) Governor General 1936 Canadian Broadcasting Callaghan, Now That April’s Corporation established as Here and Other Stories; independent Crown A. J. M. Smith et al., New corporation; First Governor Provinces General’s Literary Awards 1937 Trans-Canada Airlines (changed Donald Creighton, The to Air Canada 1965) Commercial Empire of the St. Lawrence, 1760–1850; Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau, Regards et jeux dans l’espace; Félix-Antoine Savard, Menaud, maîıtre-draveur 1938 Ringuet, Trente arpents

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chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 1939 Canada enters World War II; Howard O’Hagan, Tay John; National Film Board Anne Marriott, The Wind Our Enemy 1940 Unemployment Insurance Act; A. M. Klein, Hath Not a Jew; voting rights granted to women E. J. Pratt, Brébeuf and His in Quebec (the last province to Brethren do so) 1941 Internment of Japanese Emily Carr, Klee Wyck;Sinclair Canadians Ross, AsforMeandMy House; Hugh MacLennan, Barometer Rising 1942 Dominion Plebiscite Act Earle Birney, David and Other Poems 1943 A. J. M. Smith, News of the Phoenix;Smith,The Book of Canadian Poetry: A Critical and Historical Anthology;E.K. Brown, On Canadian Poetry 1944 Conscription Crisis Creighton, Dominion of the North; Gwethalyn Graham, Earth and High Heaven 1945 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima Gabrielle Roy, Bonheur and Nagasaki; end of World d’occasion (1947 Prix Femina); War II MacLennan, Two Solitudes; Elizabeth Smart, By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept 1946 Canadian Citizenship Act John Sutherland, Other Canadians 1947 Chinese Exclusion Act revoked; Malcolm Lowry, Under the GATT (General Agreement on Volcano; W. O. Mitchell, Who Tariffs and Trade) HasSeentheWind 1948 Japanese Canadians (as last Paul-Emile Borduas et al., Asian Canadians) acquire the Refus global; Gratien Gélinas, right to vote Tit-Coq; Roger Lemelin, Les Plouffe (adapted for television 1953–1959) 1949 Asbestos strike in Quebec; Newfoundland enters Confederation

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chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 1950 Anne Hébert, Le torrent; Harold Innis, Empire and Communications; Dorothy Livesay, Call My People Home; John Coulter, Riel (stage; radio 1951, TV 1961) 1951 Report of the Royal A. M. Klein, The Second Commission on National Scroll; Marshall McLuhan, Development in the Arts, The Mechanical Bride Letters and Science (the Massey Report) 1952 Vincent Massey irst Ernest Buckler, The native-born Governor General; Mountain and the Valley;E. National Library Act; J. Pratt, Towards the Last Universal Copyright Act Spike 1953 Historic Sites and Monuments Anne Hébert, Le tombeau Act; Stratford Shakespeare des rois Festival (later Stratford Festival) begins 1954 Saint-Denys Garneau, Journal; Ethel Wilson, Swamp Angel 1954–1975 Vietnam War; Canada receives more than 125,000 war resisters and draft evaders from the United States 1955 Glenn Gould records Bach’s Goldberg Variations 1956 Leonard Cohen, Let Us Compare Mythologies; Adele Wiseman, The Sacriice; Sam Selvon, The Lonely Londoners 1957 Lester Pearson receives Nobel Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Peace Prize; Canada Council Criticism; John Marlyn, Act; New Canadian Library Under the Ribs of Death begins publication; diplomat E. Herbert Norman commits suicide; Doris Anderson becomes editor of Chatelaine 1957–1977

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chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 1958 Purges of conirmed or Norman Levine, Canada Made suspected homosexuals begin Me; Yves Thériault, Agaguk; in the federal civil service MacLennan, The Watch That Ends the Night 1959 Maurice Duplessis, premier of Mordecai Richler, The Quebec, dies; St. Lawrence Apprenticeship of Duddy Seaway completed; Canadian Kravitz; Sheila Watson, The Literature begins publication Double Hook; Marie-Claire under the editorship of George Blais, La belle bête;Irving Woodcock; Liberté magazine Layton, A Red Carpet for the established; Avro Arrow Sun production cancelled 1960 Quiet Revolution, 1960–1966, Margaret Avison, Winter Sun; under Quebec Premier Jean Brian Moore, The Luck of Lesage (Liberal); Status Ginger Coffey; Phyllis Brett Indians acquire the right to Young, The Torontonians; vote; regular jet service Gérard Bessette, Le libraire; Toronto–Vancouver Jean-Paul Desbiens, Les insolences d’un frère untel 1961 Margaret Atwood, Double Persephone; Tish, 1961– 1969 1962 Trans-Canada Highway Marshall McLuhan, The oficially opened; completed Gutenberg Galaxy; Rudy in 1971 Wiebe, Peace Shall Destroy Many 1963 Lester Pearson Prime Minister, Solange Chaput-Rolland and 1963–1968; Parti pris, Gwethalyn Graham, Chers 1963–1968 ennemis/Dear Enemies;Farley Mowat, Never Cry Wolf 1964 McLuhan, Understanding Media; Margaret Laurence, The Stone Angel;JaneRule, Desert of the Heart;Paul Chamberland, L’aficheur hurle; Claude Jasmin, Ethel et le terroriste; Jacques Renaud, Le cassé

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chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 1965 Canada adopts Maple Leaf lag; C. F. Klinck, ed., Literary George Grant, Lament for a History of Canada; Hubert Nation Aquin, Prochain épisode; Blais, Une saison dans la vie d’Emmanuel; Claire Martin, Dans un gant de fer; Edmund Wilson, O Canada: An American’s Notes on Canadian Culture; Roland Giguère, L’âge de la parole: poèmes inédits 1949–1960 1966 Medical Care Act Cohen, Beautiful Losers; Réjean Ducharme, L’avalée des avalés 1967 Centennial Celebrations; Expo McLuhan, The Medium is the ’67 in Montreal; Chief Dan Massage; George Ryga, The George delivers “Lament for EcstasyofRitaJoe; John Confederation”; Charles de Herbert, Fortune and Men’s Gaulle declares “Vive le Québec Eyes; P. K. Page, Cry Ararat!; libre” in Montreal; House of Scott Symons, Place d’Armes; Anansi Press founded Jacques Godbout, Salut Galarneau; Glenn Gould, The Idea of North;Yves Préfontaine, Pays sans parole 1968 Pierre Trudeau Prime Minister, Dennis Lee, Civil Elegies; 1968–1979; 1980–1984 Aquin, Trou de mémoire (refuses Governor General’s Award); Pierre Vallières, Nègres blancs de l’Amérique; Michel Tremblay, Les belles-soeurs; Roch Carrier, La guerre yes sir!; Atwood, The Animals in That Country; bill bissett, awake in the red desert;Victor-Lévy Beaulieu, Race de monde,the irst volume of La vraie saga des Beauchemin; Alice Munro, Dance of the Happy Shades

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chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 1969 Oficial Languages Act passed; George Grant, Technology and Harold Cardinal, The Unjust Empire; Jacques Ferron, Le ciel Society: The Tragedy of de Québec; Robert Kroetsch, Canada’s Indians; Cardinal and The Studhorse Man; Atwood, Duke Redbird begin work on The Edible Woman “Red Paper”(Citizens Plus, publ. 1970), in response to the Canadian government’s White Paper proposing removal of special status for Native people; Omnibus Bill C-150, including decriminalization of therapeutic abortion under certain conditions and of homosexuality 1970 October Crisis; Nuit de la Gaston Miron, L’homme poésie: Michèle Lalonde recites rapaillé; Atwood, The Journals Speak White; Royal of Susanna Moodie;Michael Commission on Status of Ondaatje, The Collected Works Womenreports;GladDay of Billy the Kid; Robertson Bookshop opened in Toronto Davies, Fifth Business; John Glassco, Memoirs of Montparnasse; Margaret Laurence, A Bird in the House; Dave Godfrey, The New Ancestors; Audrey Thomas, Mrs. Blood; Antonine Maillet, La Sagouine; Anne Hébert, Kamouraska; Rudy Wiebe, The Blue Mountains of China 1971 Federal government adopts an Alice Munro, Lives of Girls and oficial multiculturalism policy; Women; George Ryga, Captives Books in Canada begins of a Faceless Drummer; publication (until 2008) Paul-Marie Lapointe, Le réel absolu: poèmes 1948–1965; Claude Jutra, Mon oncle Antoine 1971 Peter Gzowski hosts the CBC’s This Country in the Morning, 1971–1974, followed by Morningside, 1982–1997

xxxi

chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 1972 Longhouse Books opens in Atwood, Survival: A Thematic Guide Toronto (closed 1995) to Canadian Literature; Atwood, Surfacing; bp nichol, The Martyrology, 1972–1992; Carol Bolt, Buffalo Jump; Fernand Ouellette, Poésie: poèmes 1953–1971 1973 Calder case decided by the Maria Campbell, Halfbreed; Dennis Supreme Court, leading to Lee, “Cadence, Country, Silence: Nisga’a treaty in 1996; Writing in Colonial Space”; Rudy Toronto Women’s Wiebe, The Temptations of Big Bear; Bookstore opens (closed Michel Tremblay, Hosanna;Rick 2012) Salutin/Theatre Passe Muraille, 1837: The Farmers’ Revolt; James Reaney, Sticks and Stones; Herschel Hardin, Esker Mike and His Wife, Agiluk; David Freeman, Of the Fields, Lately; Claude Jutra, Kamouraska 1974 The Double Hook Laurence, The Diviners; Aquin, bookstore opens in Neige noire; Chief Dan George, My Montreal (closed 2005); Heart Soars; Michael Cook, Jacob’s Essays on Canadian Wake Writing launched (discontinued 2004) 1975 Cultural Property Export Lee Maracle, Bobbi Lee: Indian Rebel and Import Act 1976 Summer Olympics, Sharon Pollock, The Komagata Maru Montreal Incident; Marian Engel, Bear;Jack Hodgins, Spit Delaney’s Island; Louky Bersianik, L’Euguélionne 1977 Berger Commission F. R. Scott, Essays on the reports; Charter of the Constitution; Timothy Findley, The French Language adopted Wars; Hodgins, The Invention of the in Quebec World; Dennis Lee, Savage Fields: An Essay in Literature and Cosmology; Josef Škvorecký, The Engineer of Human Souls (Czech; tr. 1984); George Walker, Zastrozzi; Rudy Wiebe, The Scorched-Wood People; 25th Street Theatre, Paper Wheat

xxxii

chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 1978 Immigration Act Munro, WhoDoYouThinkYou Are?; Aritha van Herk, Judith; Tremblay, La grosse femme d’à côté est enceinte (irst volume of Chroniques du Plateau Mont-Royal) 1979 Antonine Maillet, Pélagie-la-Charrette (Prix Goncourt); Denise Boucher, Les fées ont soif; Mavis Gallant, From the Fifteenth District 1980 “O Canada” oficially George Bowering, Burning Water; adopted as national anthem; Nicole Brossard, Amantes; Jovette Quebec referendum on Marchessault, Triptyque lesbien; sovereignty defeated; Ken Robert Kroetsch, The Crow Taylor, Canadian Journals; Judith Thompson, The ambassador to Iran, helps Crackwalker; David Fennario, six Americans escape from Balconville Tehran 1981 Joy Kogawa, Obasan; Findley, Famous Last Words; Gallant, Home Truths;F.R.Scott,Collected Poems; John Gray, Billy Bishop Goes to War 1982 Patriation of Constitution, Michael Ondaatje, Running in the Charter of Rights and Family; Hébert, Les fous de Bassan; Freedoms Munro, The Moons of Jupiter 1983 Jeanne Sauvé becomes irst Beatrice Culleton Mosonier, In female Governor General; Search of April Raintree; Penny Little Sister’s Book and Art Petrone, ed., First People, First Emporium opens in Voices; Régine Robin, La Vancouver Québécoite; Sam Selvon, Moses Migrating; Makeda Silvera, Silenced; Susan Swan, The Biggest Modern Woman of the World 1984 John Turner (Liberal) Findley, Not Wanted on the Voyage becomes Prime Minister; Brian Mulroney (Conservative) becomes PM two months later; Marc Garneau becomes irst Canadian in space

xxxiii

chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 1985 Lincoln Alexander becomes Jeannette Armstrong, Slash;Fred Canada’s irst Black Wah, Waiting for Saskatchewan; Lieutenant Governor Atwood, The Handmaid’s Tale;Dany Laferrière, Comment faire l’amour avec un nègre sans se fatiguer; Bharati Mukherjee, Clark Blaise, The Sorrow and the Terror 1986 Tamil refugees found adrift Robert Lepage, Vinci; Munro, The off coast of Newfoundland Progress of Love; Jane Urquhart, The Whirlpool 1987 Michael Ondaatje, In the Skin of a Lion; Rohinton Mistry, Tales from Firozsha Baag; Michel Marc Bouchard, Les feluettes;Michael Ignatieff, The Russian Album;Carol Shields, Swann 1988 Canadian Multiculturalism Tomson Highway, The Rez Sisters; Act; Free Trade Agreement; Daphne Marlatt, Ana Historic;Lee Prime Minister Mulroney Maracle, IAmWoman;PaulYee, oficially apologizes to Saltwater Cit: Japanese Canadians for WWII internment 1989 Montreal École Highway, Dry Lips Oughta Move to polytechnique massacre Kapuskasing; Maria Campbell and Linda Grifiths, Jessica; Harry Robinson, with Wendy Wickwire, Write It on Your Heart; Mordecai Richler, Solomon Gursky Was Here 1990 Elijah Harper (Ojibwa-Cree) Maracle, Oratory; Thomas King, ed., blocks support for Meech All My Relations; Nino Ricci, Lives Lake Accord in Manitoba of the Saints; Munro, Friend of My Legislature; Meech Lake Youth; George Elliott Clarke, Whylah Accord fails; Oka crisis Falls; SKY Lee, Disappearing Moon Cafe; Dionne Brand, No Language Is Neutral; Aritha van Herk, Places Far from Ellesmere; Réjean Ducharme, Dévadé

xxxiv

chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 1991 Canadian forces join Gulf War; M. NourbeSe Philip, Looking for Six Nations man irst to be Livingstone; Monique Mojica, allowed to make a traditional Princess Pocahontas and the Blue oath instead of swearing on the Spots; Bennett Lee, Jim Bible Wong-Chu, Many-Mouthed Birds: Contemporary Writing by Chinese Canadians; Rohinton Mistry, Such a Long Journey; Douglas Coupland, Generation X 1992 Charlottetown Accord fails; Ondaatje, The English Patient Royal Commission on (Booker Prize); Daniel David Aboriginal Peoples established; Moses and Terry Goldie, eds., An Canada irst nation to sign Anthology of Canadian Native international biodiversity Literature in English; Harry convention at Earth Summit, Robinson, with Wendy Brazil Wickwire, Nature Power;M.G. Vassanji, Uhuru Street 1993 Catherine Callbeck (Liberal) Thomas King, Green Grass, becomes irst female Premier in Running Water;King,One Good Prince Edward Island; Kim Story, That One; Jeannette Campbell (Conservative) Armstrong, Looking at the becomes irst female Prime Words of Our People: An Minister; Jean Chrétien Anthology of First Nations (Liberal) becomes Prime Literary Criticism; Pierre Minister; Women in Print Trudeau, Mémoires politiques; bookstore opens in Vancouver Jane Urquhart, Away;Carol (closed 2005) Shields, The Stone Diaries (1995 Pulitzer Prize); Guillermo Verdecchia, Fronteras Americanas/American Borders; Findley, Headhunter; Ying Chen, Les lettres chinoises; Fernand Dumont, Genèse de la société québécoise; Paul Chanel Malenfant, Le verbe être; Jacques Poulin, La tournée d’automne; Monique Proulx, Un homme invisible à la fenêtre

xxxv

chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 1994 Giller Prize established M. G. Vassanji, The Book of (renamed Scotiabank Giller Secrets (irst Giller Prize); Shyam Prize in 2005) Selvadurai, Funny Boy; Hiromi Goto, Chorus of Mushrooms; Louise Halfe, Bear Bones and Feathers; Neil Bissoondath, Selling Illusions: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada; Munro, Open Secrets; Anne-Marie Alonzo, Lettres à Cassandre; Sergio Kokis, Pavilion des mirroirs 1995 Quebec referendum on Wayson Choy, TheJadePeony; sovereignty narrowly defeated Rohinton Mistry, A Fine Balance; Larissa Lai, When Fox Is a Thousand; Marie-Claire Blais, Soifs 1996 Royal Commission on Atwood, Alias Grace; Anne Aboriginal Peoples reports; Michaels, Fugitive Pieces;Anita Little Sister’s Bookstore wins Rau-Badami, Tamarind Mem; legal battle against Canada Gail Anderson-Dargatz, The Cure Border Services Agency over for Death by Lightning;Guy importation of alleged Vanderhaeghe, The Englishman’s “obscene materials”; Bill C-33 Boy; Ann-Marie MacDonald, Fall adds “sexual orientation” to on Your Knees; Shani Mootoo, Canadian Human Rights Act; Cereus Blooms at Night maple leaf declared oficial arboreal emblem of Canada 1997 Delgamuukw v. British Mordecai Richler, Barney’s Columbia: Native oral history Version; Dionne Brand, Land to declared legitimate grounds for Light On; P. K. Page, The Hidden making land claims in British Room; Urquhart, The Columbia Underpainter; Daphne Marlatt, ed., Mothertalk: Life Stories of Mary Kiyoshi Kiyooka;Lise Tremblay, La Danse juive 1998 Federal government issues Munro, The Love of a Good formal apology to Native Woman; Anne Carson, people for past injustices Autobiography of Red: A Novel in Verse; Hodgins, Broken Ground; Wayne Johnston,

xxxvi

chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary The Colony of Unrequited Dreams; Barbara Gowdy, The White Bone; Shields, Larry’s Party (Orange Prize); David Adams Richards, Lines on the Water: A Fisherman’s Life on the Miramichi; Pierre Nepveu, Intérieurs du nouveau monde 1999 Nunavut established; Gregory Scoield, Thunder Adrienne Clarkson becomes through My Veins; Alistair Governor General; Fujian MacLeod, No Great Mischief “boat people” arrive on the (2001 IMPAC Dublin Literary shores of British Columbia Award); Johnston, Baltimore’s Mansion (2000 irst Charles Taylor Prize for Literary Non-Fiction); Robert Bringhurst, A Story as Sharp as a Knife; Claude Beausoleil, Exilé;Gaétan Soucy, La petite ille qui aimait trop les allumettes 2000 Nisga’a treaty comes into Ondaatje, Anil’s Ghost; Atwood, effect; Charles Taylor Prize The Blind Assassin (Booker Prize); for Literary Non-Fiction David Adams Richards, Mercy established (renamed RBC among the Children;Nega Taylor Prize in 2013) Mezlekia, Notes from the Hyena’s Belly; Findley, Elizabeth Rex; Wajdi Mouawad, Littoral;Gérard Bouchard, Genèse des nations et cultures du Nouveau Monde 2001 World Trade Center attacked, Urquhart, The Stone Carvers; Canada shelters thousands of Yann Martel, Life of Pi (2002 stranded passengers; Canada: Booker Prize); Munro, Hateship, A People’s History (CBC-SRC) Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage; Timothy Taylor, Stanley Park; Marie-Claire Blais, Dans la foudre et la lumière 2002 George Bowering becomes Austin Clarke, The Polished Hoe; Canada’s irst parliamentary Johnston, The Navigator of New poet laureate; Canada signs York; Carol Shields, Unless; Kyoto Accord; Canadian Mistry, Family Matters; troops deployed to Vanderhaeghe, Last Crossing Afghanistan

xxxvii

chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary 2003 SARS virus outbreak in Atwood, Oryx and Crake; Richards, Toronto; Walrus magazine River of the Brokenhearted; Michel launched Basilières, Black Bird; Frances Itani, Deafening; Ann-Marie MacDonald, The Way the Crow Flies; David Odhiambo, Kipligat’s Chance; Morris Panych, Girl in the Goldish Bowl;M. G. Vassanji, The In-Between World of Vikram Lall; Denys Arcand, Les invasions barbares 2004 Maher Arar Inquiry Roo Borson, Short Journey Upriver (Report 2006) Toward Oishida; Anosh Irani, The Cripple and His Talismans; Munro, Runaway; Shields, The Collected Stories; Miriam Toews, A Complicated Kindness; André Brochu, Les jours à vif; Sergio Kokis, Les amants d’Alfana; Pascale Quiviger, Le cercle parfait; Michel Tremblay, Le cahier rouge 2005 Michaëlle Jean becomes Atwood, The Penelopiad; David Governor-General; Bergen, The Time in Between; Joseph same-sex marriage Boyden, Three Day Road; Anne becomes legal nation-wide Compton, Processional; Gilmour, A in Canada PerfectNighttoGotoChina; John Mighton, Half Life; Geneviève Billette, Le pays des genoux; Jean-Marc Desgent, Vingtièmes siècles; Nicolas Dickner, Nikolski; Catherine Mavrikakis, Condamner à mort; Aki Shimakazi, Hotaru 2006 Stephen Harper Atwood, Moral Disorder; Peter (Conservative) becomes Behrens, The Law of Dreams; Dionne Prime Minister after twelve Brand, Inventory; Rawi Hage, De years of Liberal Niro’s Game (IMPAC Award); government; Quebec’s Vincent Lam, Bloodletting & “nation” motion approved Miraculous Cures; Colin McAdam, by House of Commons; Some Great Thing; Daniel MacIvor, I federal government issues Still Love You; Munro, The View oficial apology to from Castle Rock; John Pass,

xxxviii

chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary Chinese Canadians for Stumbling in the Bloom;Evelyne Headtax and Exclusion Act de la Chenelière, Désordre public; Hélène Dorion, Ravir les lieux; Andrée Laberge, La rivière du loup; Sylvain Trudel, Lamerdela tranquillité 2007 Ninetieth anniversary of the Atwood, The Door; David Battle of Vimy Ridge; Canada Chariandy, Soucouyant;Don votes against United Nations Domanski, All Our Wonder Declaration on the Rights of Unavenged; Lawrence Hill, The Indigenous Peoples Book of Negroes; Coleen Murphy, The December Man; Ondaatje, Divisadero; Ricci, The Origin of Species; Urquhart, ed., The Penguin Book of Canadian Short Stories; Vassanji, The Assassin’s Song; Daniel Danis, Le chant du Dire-Dire; Serge Patrice Thibodeau, Seul on est;Lise Tremblay, LasoeurdeJudith 2008 The federal government issues Boyden, Through Black Spruce; an oficial apology to former Hage, Cockroach; Jacob Scheier, Indian Residential School More to Keep Us Warm; students; Truth and Mavrikakis, Le ciel de Bay City; Reconciliation Commission Mavrikakis, Omaha Beach; established; Bouchard-Taylor Michel Pleau, La lenteur du Commission on monde; Jennifer Tremblay, La liste Accommodation Practices Related to Cultural Differences (Quebec) reports; BC government issues oficial apology to Sikhs for Komagatu Maru Incident; Barack Obama elected 44th President of the United States. 2009 Braidwood Inquiry into the Atwood, The Year of the Flood; death of Robert Dziekanski´ at Kevin Loring, Where the Blood Vancouver airport begins Mixes; Annabel Lyon, The Golden Mean; Anne Michaels, The Winter Vault; Munro Too Much Happiness; David Zieroth, The Fly in Autumn; Suzanne Lebeau,

xxxix

chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary Le bruit des os qui craquent; Julie Mazzieri, Le discours sur la tombe de l’idiot; Hélène Monette, Thérèse pour joie et orchestre 2010 Winter Olympics in British Robert Chafe, Afterimage; Emma Columbia; David Lloyd Donoghue, Room; Richard Greene, Johnston becomes Governor Boxing the Compass; Danielle General; political Fournier, efleurés de lumière; David controversy over plans to Paquet, Porc-épic; Kim Thúy, Ru change national census 2011 Canada withdraws from Esi Edugyan, Half-Blood Blues; Phil Kyoto Protocol; Canada Hall, Killdeer; Ondaatje, The Cat’s ends combat mission in Table; Erin Shields, If We Were Afghanistan; Supreme Court Birds; Normand Chaurette, Ce qui rejects bid to close Insite meurt en dernier; Louise Dupré, Plus Centre in Vancouver haut que les lammes; Perrine Leblanc, L’homme blanc 2012 Dept. of Foreign Affairs Catherine Banks, It is Solved by cancels “Understanding Walking; Julie Bruck, Monkey Canada” program Ranch;King,The Inconvenient Indian; Munro, Dear Life; Geneviève Billette, Contre le temps; France Daigle, Pour sûr; Maude Smith Gagnon, Un drap. Une place; René Lapierre, Pour les désespérés seulement; Mavrikakis, Les derniers jours de Smokey Nelson; Stéphanie Pelletier, Quand les guêpes se taisent 2013 Nobel Prize for Literature to Atwood, MaddAddam;Nicolas Alice Munro; Quebec Billon, Fault Lines; Boyden, The Charter of Values Orenda; Eleanor Catton, The introduced (dies in 2014 Luminaries; Lynn Coady, Hellgoing; election) McAdam, A Beautiful Truth; Katherena Vermette, North End Love Songs; Fanny Britt, Bienveillance 2014 The Franklin Expedition’s Atwood, Stone Mattress; David HMS Erebus found in the Bezmozgis, The Betrayers;King,The Arctic Back of the Turtle; Arleen Paré, Lake of Two Mountains; Jordan Tannahill, Age of Minority; Toews,

chronology

Date Historical and Cultural Literary All My Puny Sorrows;Josée Acquelin, Anarchie de la lumière; Fabien Cloutier, Pour réussir un poulet; Carole Fréchette, Small Talk; Andrée Michaud, Bondrée 2015 Report of the Truth and André Alexis, Fifteen Dogs; Reconciliation Commission Guy Vanderhaeghe, Daddy published; Liberals returned to Lenin and Other Stories; power, with Justin Trudeau as Heather O’Neill, Daydreams Prime Minister of Angels; David Yee, carried away on the crest of a wave; Dickner, Six degrés de liberté; Joël Pourbaix, Le mal du pays est un art oublié 2016 Canada removes its objector status Atwood, Angel Catbird; to the United Nations Declaration Atwood, Hag-Seed;Bergen, on the Rights of Indigenous Stranger; Donoghue, The Peoples; Canada signs Paris Climate Wonder; Irani, The Parcel; Accord; Franklin expedition’s HMS Kogawa, Gently to Nagasaki; Terror found; UNESCO ratiies Tsá Madeleine Thien, Do Not Say Tué International Biosphere We Have Nothing; Vassanji, Reserve, Great Bear Lake; Atwood Nostalgia; Katherena awarded 2016 PEN Pinter Prize; Vermette, The Break;Yves Donald J. Trump elected 45th Beauchemin, Les empocheurs; President of the United States Ying Chen, Blessures; Mavrikakis, Oscar De Profundis 2017 150th anniversary of Canadian Atwood, To Castle Catula; Confederation; mass shooting in Omar El Akkad, American mosque, Quebec City; worldwide War; Barbara Gowdy, Little demonstrations erupt, sales of Sister; Eden Robinson, Son of Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale and a Trickster; Heather O’Neill, other dystopian classics surge The Lonely Hearts Hotel; following Trump’s inauguration; Dennis Lee, Heart Residence: musical Come from Away opens on Poems 1967–2017; Anansi Broadway; controversy over the announces reprint of Manual CBC’s Canada: The Story of Us for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada

xli

Ellesmere Alert RUSSIA Island ARCTIC OCEAN ICELAND Bering Sea GREENLAND

Beaufort Baffin Sea Banks Resolute Bay Alaska I. (USA) Da Inuvik B a f Victoria f i n v I s i s Island l a Dawson n d S t Great Bear r Yukon a Lake Gjoa i Territory Haven t Whitehorse Iqaluit Northwest Nunavut ATLANTIC Territories Baker Great Slave Yellowknife Lake OCEAN Lake Fort Newfoundland Nelson CANADA Nain and Kuujjuaq Labrador British Fort n Hudson Columbia McMurray a w Churchill Bay e Prince Alberta h Churchill George c PACIFIC t Falls Edmonton a Manitoba k St John’s s Sept-Îles OCEAN a S Vancouver Lake Moosonee Quebec Saint-Pierre et Calgary Saskatoon Winnipeg Miquelon (France) Victoria Ontario Charlottetown N Regina Winnipeg Prince Edward Lake Quebec Fredericton Island Thunder Superior City LEGEND Bay Halifax W E National capital Lake Montreal Nova Scotia Provincial or territorial capital Huron Ottawa City New UNITED STATES Lake Brunswick S Town Ontario Settlement OF AMERICA Toronto ATLANTIC International boundary Lake 0 300 600 900 km Provincial or territorial boundary Michigan Lake Er ie OCEAN

Map 1 Canada