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Noun Word Formation of the Wancho Language: an Analytical Study

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Noun Word Formation of the Wancho Language: an Analytical Study Compliance Engineering Journal ISSN NO: 0898-3577 NOUN WORD FORMATION OF THE WANCHO LANGUAGE: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY Dr. ParthaPratimPhukon [email protected] 9101261968 Lecturer, College of Education, Nagaon Mr. PareshKhanikar [email protected] 7002005355 Assistant Professor, ADP College, Nagaon ABSTRACT The Wancho is one of the major tribe of Longding district of Arunachal Pradesh. They are also living in five villages adjacent areas of Charaidew District of Assam. The Wancho community has their own language i.eWancho. In this language there are mainly two dialectal variations viz. Nimu(Lower Wancho) and Nianu(Upper Wancho). In the context there is a little difference in phonological, morphological and lexical variations. In the context of the wancho language the Nimu dialect is used in all social and public works. The Bible also translated to Nimu dialect of Wancho language. Every language has its own grammatical catagories such as noun, pronoun, adjectives, verbs, number, and gender, person, case and numerical also. The Longchang dialect also follows own grammatical peculiarities in respect to morphological features. Word formation is one of the major parts of morphological study. The morphology of this language is mostly agglutinative. Affixes are used with the nouns for inflection in number, gender and case. This article aims at analyzing the word formation process of noun word formation of the wancholanguage. Affixation, compounding and reduplication are main process of word formation of the Wancho language. KEY WORDS: Wancho language, Noun word, Word formation, Derivation, Compounding, Reduplication. INTRODUCTIONS The North-East India is one of more striking place for linguists. It is also the most ethnically and linguistically divers region of India. It is known as seven sisters of India. The region is recognized as heaven of linguistic research. With the addition of Sikkim, it consists of eight states at present and they are Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. It is unique because this region is the cultural and linguistic hub of indigenous people. Linguistically, it is often designed as a language laboratory where a cluster of languages belonging to the three major language families of the world viz. Indo- Aryan, Sino-Tibetan and Austro-Asiatic are spoken. Arunachal Pradesh is distinguished by its natural beauty and is more striking for the linguists for possessing the linguistic variety. The linguistic tribes inhabiting in various places and pockets of this province have their dialectical variations according to their clans rather than the geographical locations. Arunachal Pradesh of the North East is a state with a population of nearly half a million speaks more than 50 languages. The number of tribes can be estimated to seventy. The people are popularly called tribal and they have their own tribal languages and dialects. Many varieties of the inhabitants of Arunachal Pradesh took their inhabitation areas mainly on the banks of rivers flowing through the state. The Wancho is one of significant linguistic tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. Since long they have been maintaining their respective traditional cultural area. Due to these dialectical variations some of them are mutually Volume 11, Issue 1, 2020 Page No: 55 Compliance Engineering Journal ISSN NO: 0898-3577 intelligible but some are not. Phonological, morphological and lexical distinctions are there among the varieties. REVIEW OF LITERATURE A few books presented the Wancho Community have been taken to mention as foreworks in the study. The wanchos written by ParulDutta published in 1990 is a Description of socio cultural life of speakers of this language. To study in an analytical view a work is A Note on Wancho Language (1977) author K.Dasgupta analyzed scientifically the phonologically and vocabulary of different dialects of the Wanchos. In Grierson’s Linguistic Survey of India and Robins Burling’s The Tibeto-Burman languages some aspects of Wancho language as discussed. Fr. Francis T.J.sdb’s First Ever Wancho Grammar cum English-Wancho Tutor is a very important book for the study. It has a very high academic value and linguistic value. An article entitled Wancho Phonology and Word list published in Linguistics of Tibeto- Burman Area, Vol-21,No.02 is a very high standard article which is scientific and linguistically prepared. It helps to the study. Wancho Script is the first book of Wancho Script written by Banwang Losu and published in 2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS The method adopted in this study the descriptive analytical method. The data have been collected by field study from some dwelling parts of the speech community. The study attempts to find out basic word formation process of the noun words of the Wancho language. The Collection of procedure of required for the structural and non-structural analysis is broadly divided into two categories i.e primary and secondary. The primary data have been collected from the native speakers of Wancho in different localities of Longding district of Arunachal Pradesh in three forms. • Supplied Vocabulary • Sentences • Information Conversation Most of data were recorded using a digital voice recorder. The dataset is prepared that contain isolated words in monosyllabic and disyllabic forms. Keeping view to the goal, some of the words are selected in controlled minimal pair. Methods of Data Collection Primary Source: Primary Data have been collected from various conversations with the people in both formal and informal situations. In formal situations, question has been asked from the prepared questionnaire and in the informal situation, general conversation has been recorded. The informants are selectedfrom the different dialect areas of this language. For this purpose, I have visited various places of Kanubari, Russa and Rangluwa. Secondary Sources: Data are collected from the written documents viz. books, journals, project reports, government records, internet etc. Noun Word and its formation A noun is a word that denotes the name of a person, place, thing or idea. The noun may be defined as the base morpheme which takes or in capable to taking case, number, gender, classifier and other nominal affixes. Any word whose occurrence allows use of determiner or case word in the same construction in treated as a noun. The determination of noun classes in a language is based on syntactic criteria in large part. Wancho language agglunative is character. Also it is mono-syllabic in structure. Affixes are added around to the ‘root’ to built poly-syllabic form.Nouns constite the major portion of theWancho vocabulary. A Noun can simply be a root, a stem or even a group of words by itself. Due to nominalization process, verbs as well as adjectives can be converted into nouns such as de-verbals and de-adjective respectively. Volume 11, Issue 1, 2020 Page No: 56 Compliance Engineering Journal ISSN NO: 0898-3577 Classification of noun Morphologically or on the basis of the structures, the nouns in the Wancho can be devided into two broad classes. Primary Secondary Division of Noun Noun Primary Secondary Derived Compound Pronominal General Categorical As the above diagram shows, secondary nouns in Wancho can be classified into two sub-classes Derived Compound So the nouns in Wancho can be grouped into three different classes in total as follows: Primary or Basic Noun Derived Noun Compound Noun PrimaryorBasic noun A primary or basic noun is an underived unit which can be termed as a noun root; hence they have their independent meaning. Primary nouns may either be monosyllabic or poly-syllabic. However major set of the Wancho noun roots are monosyllabic and bi-syllabic. Some examples of noun root are given below: anu ‘mother’ kunau ‘brother’ ͻ ‘bird’ ŋa ‘fish’ mahu ‘cow’ On the basis of form, basic nouns in Wancho can be further divided into two kinds of nouns. Countable nouns Uncountable Nouns Countable noun In linguistics countable nouns are those which are always used in singular and can be counted or used in plural. Examples of Countable nouns: Common Noun pan ‘tree’ ŋa ‘fish’ ͻ ‘bird’ Proper noun rusa ‘village’ Volume 11, Issue 1, 2020 Page No: 57 Compliance Engineering Journal ISSN NO: 0898-3577 lͻŋdiŋ ‘longding’ mankai ‘mankai’ Uncountable Examples of uncountable nouns can be shown as in two groups— abstract noun material noun Abstract noun aŋa ‘bell’ maikiya ‘good’ samaikiya ‘bad’ Material noun ti ‘water’ kɦalap ‘tea’ himbu ‘salt’ ʦa ‘rice’ Derived noun In the Wancho language nouns are derived by adding derivational affix. Generally, derivational affixes can change the grammatical forms while inflectional affixes maintain the grammatical order of words.In Wancho, nouns are derived by the addition of morphemes to the verb-base. Examples are given below. Noun NS. Derived noun ʦai ‘song’ {-pa} ʦaipa‘singer’ ʦͻn ‘dance’ {-miɂ} ʦͻnmiɂ ‘dancer’ On the other hand derived stems are formed by adding different affixes to simple roots or stems. This morphological process is termed as derivation. There are different types of affixes which are added to both free and bound bases. There are three main types: General Inflectional suffix Categorical prefixes Adding general Inflectional suffix There are number of affixes in the Wancho language that make the language rich morphologically. Of them there are a few affixes which derive nouns from other classes of words, which are termed here as general inflectional suffix. They can be affixed to nouns, verbs and adjectives to derive new noun words. with nouns Noun NS Der.word {-kiya} thᴐkiya ‘white’ {-kiya} thᴐkiya ‘white’ nankiya‘yellow’ {-kiya} nankiya ‘yellow’ nakkiya ‘black’ {-kiya} nakkiya ‘black’ with verbs {-la} sa ‘eat’ {-la} sa-la ‘to eat’ pau ‘go’ {-la} pau-la ‘to go’ mᴐk ‘do’ {-la} mᴐk-la ‘to do’ with adjectives {-kiya} sua ‘hight’ {-kiya} suakiya ‘tall’ hi ‘little’ {-kiya} hikiya ‘small one’ aŋa ‘mentally dissable’ {-kiya} aŋakiya ‘mad’ Adding categorical affixes A categorical affix is that which is affixed to a similar set of nouns which have something in common between them.
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