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IJARSCT ISSN (Online) 2581-9429

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 8, Issue 1, August 2021 Impact Factor: 5.731

Critical Analysis of Indian Religions, Rituals and Ruling System, Impetuous Impacts on South and South-East Asian Countries Sumer Khajuria Advocate

I. GREATER INDIA The term Greater India is used to encompass the historical and geographical extent of all political entities of the Indian sub continent and the religions culturally linked to India or received significant sanskritzation and cultural influence. Since around 500 B.C Asia’s expanding land and martine trade resulted in the prolonged socio-economic and cultural stimulation and diffusion of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs into the regions cosmology, particularly in the South- East Asia and Sri Lanka1 By the early centuries of the common era most of the principalities of the South-East Asia had effectively observed defining the aspects of Hindu culture, religion and administration. The motion of divine god Kingship was introduced by the concept of “-hara, and other Indian epigraphic system were declared official, like those of South Indian Pallava dynasty and Chaluka dynasty.2 Etymology attested to by Panini indiciates “It-hasa” to mean “Thus indeed in this tradition”. Chankya’sArthshastra defines “It-hasa” as Purana (the Chronicles of ancients); It ivrta (history), Akhyayika (tales), Udhaaharana (Illustrative stories), Dharmashastra (the canon of righteous conduct) are known by history (Comprise corpus of Iti-hasa)3. According to Mahabharta, which itself considered to be Itihasa, a knowledge of Itihasa and Purana is essential to the proper understanding the veda.4 Thus Mahabharta and - states “One should compliment one’s understanding of the with the help of Itihasa and likewise Puranas are called by that name because they are complete. To trade the history of global appreciation, the culture language, religions, rituals, are the basic elements of the society in investigation or research. The Random House Dictionary defines culture as “the quality in a person or society that arises an interest and an acquaintance with what is generally, the scholarly pursuits etc.5 The cultural of the community is the soul of the community’s dialect as the language in the most important means to help the culture to survive and grow. Prof W.D whitney nicely records his observation to this regard “We regard any language then an institution, one of those which in each community, makes up its culture.6 The culture and civilization having a great tradition of that community enriches its language also . Anthropologists speak of relation between language and culture, more in accordance with reality to consider language as part of culture language is transmitted culturally, that it is learnt.7 The use of term Greater India to refer to an Indian cultural sphere was popularized by network of Bengali scholars in the 1920 who were all members of the culcutta-based Greater India society. The movements early leaders included the historian R.C Majumder (1888-1980); the philologists Suniti Kumar Chatterji (1890-1977) and P.C Bagchi (1898- 1956) and the historians Phhanind Bose and Dass Nag (1891-1966) Some of their formations were inspired by concurrent excavations in Angkor by French Archaeologists and by the writings of French Indologistsylavain levi. The Scholars of the society postulated a benevolent ancient cultural colonization of South east Asia in Stark contrast. “The ancient of Yore were not simply a spiritual people, always busy with mystical problems and never trouble themselves with the questions of “This world” India also has its Napoleons and Charlemagnes, the Bismarcks and Machiavells. But real charm of Indian Society does not consists in these aspirants after universal power, but in peaceful and benevolent imperialism- a unique thing in the history is mankind. The colonizers in India and did not go with sword and fire in their hands, they used weapons of their superior culture and religion. The Buddhist age has attracted special attention, and the French servants have taken much pains to investigate the splendid monuments of the Indian cultural empire in the far East.9 Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/568 301 www.ijarsct.co.in IJARSCT ISSN (Online) 2581-9429

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 8, Issue 1, August 2021 Impact Factor: 5.731

By some accounts Greater India Consists of “Lands including Burma, Java, Cambodia, Bali, and the favour Champa and Funan polities of present day vietmen10 in which Indian and Hindu culture left an imprint in form of monuments, inscriptions and other traces of historical “Indianizing process”. The areas of the South Asia and South-East Asia geographically are considered to be as;

1.1 South Asia The region of South Asia, which comprises seven countries of the globe covering India, Pakistan Bangladesh, Sri- Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal and Maldivas is in fact the Union of major South Asian Countries with historical past in the form of British Colonial rule, in terms of political stability, economic regeneration and socio cultural change, they remained poles apart from past independence period with the exception from past independence period with the exception that they co-operated each other both at the bilateral and multilateral levels, by forming its international forum called SAARC.

1.2 South-East Asia South-Eastern Asia is a Sub region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are geographically South of China, East of India and Bengladesh; North of Australia, and west of New Guinea i.e this region is the only part of Asia that allies partly with in South-East Asia consists of two geographic regions; 1. Mainland South-Asia, also known historically as Indo-China, comprising Myanmar, Thailand , Peninsular Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia. 2. Martine South-East Asia, also known historically as Nusantara, East Indies or the Malay, Archipelago comprising the Andaman and Nicobar Island of India (except western New Guinean) , East Timor, Christmas Island and cocoas (Keeling) Islands which cover 4.5 million Km2 (1.7 million MI2) being 10.5% of Asia or 3% Earth’s total land area, with population. This region culturally and ethinically diverse with hundereds of languages spoken by different ethinic groups. Ten countries of this region are members of ASEAN, a regional organization established for economic political, military, educational and cultural integration among its members.

II. INFLUENCE OF INDIANS ON SOUTH EAST ASIA 2.1 Hinduism in South-East Asia has a profound impact on the regions cultural development and its history. As the Indic script’s were introduced from India, people of South East Asia entered the historical period by producing their earliest inscriptions around the 1st to 5th century CE11. Today, the only practicing Hindus in South-East Asia other than overseas Indian are the Balinese and Tenggerese minorities in Indonesia and the Cham miniority in Cambodia and South Vetnam. Hindu civilization also transformed and shaped the social construct and state hood of South-East Asia regional polity. Indian Scholars wrote about Dwipantra or Jawa Dwipa Hindu Kingdom in Jawa and Sumarta around 200 BC. Yawadvipa is mentioned in India’s earliest epic, in . Sugriva, the Chief of ’s army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa, the island of Java in search of Queen , the consort of Lord Rama.12 South Asia was frequented by traders from eastern Indian more particularly kalinga as well as from the Kingdoms of South India. Indianised Tarumangara Kingdom was established in west Java around 400AD, produced among the earliest inscriptions in Indonesian history. There was a marked Buddhist influence starting about 425AD in the region. Around 6th century, Kalingga Indianized Kingdom was established in the northern coast of central Java. The Kingdom’s name was derived from Kalinga east coast India.13 These South-east Asian sea faring people engaged in extensive trade with India and China, which attracted the attention of Mongols, Chinese and Japanese besides the Islamic traders, who reached there after the Aceh are of Sumarta in 12th century. Examples of Hindu cultural influence found today throughout the South-east Asia owe much to the legacy of the chola dynasty. The great temple complex at Parambanam in Indonesia exhibit a number of similarities with the South Indian architecture.14 According to the Malay chronicle Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/568 302 www.ijarsct.co.in IJARSCT ISSN (Online) 2581-9429

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 8, Issue 1, August 2021 Impact Factor: 5.731

SejarahMelayu, the rulers of the Malacca Sultanate, Claimed to be the descendents of the Kings of the Chola rule is remembered in Malaysia today as many princes there have names ending with cholan or chulan, one such being Raja Chulan, the Raja of Perak.15 Some Scholars also referred legends of and Sumati being having their origin in the South-east Asian myth i.e the birth of humanity from bitter guard the legend of SUmati, the consort of King sagar suggest that she produced off spring with the aid of a better gourd.16

A. Cambodia Camnbodia was first influenced in Hinduism during the beginning of the Kingdom of Funan. Hinduism was one of the Khmer Empire’s official religions cambodies is the home of the holy temple of , the largest in the world. The after Hinduism the main religion was in popularity. , were the most revered deities, worshiped in Khmer Hindu temples. Angkor Wat temple and alike are Known as PreahPisnulok(VaraVishnuloka in Sanskrit) or the realm of Vishnu, to honour the posthumous king Sarya Vaman II as Vishnu. Hindu rituals are performed by Hindu Priests being held by the King’s family, nobles and ruling calss. The society of the landwas arranged in a hierarchy reflecting Hindu caste system i.e commoners being rice farmers and fisherman, the being royality, nobles, warlords, soldiers, and warriors forming governing elee, other social classes included (priests) traders, artisans like carpenters, polters, metal worker, goldsmith and weavers while the lowest level was of salves.

B. Indonesia Hindus influences reached Indonesian Archipeolago as early in Ist century. In 4th century the Kingdom of Kutai in East Kalimantan, Tarumanagara in West Java and Holing (Kalingga) in Central Java were among the early Hindu States established in the region. Indonesian Hindu kingdoms like Mdangi, Bhumi, Matrang were famous for building the majestic 9th century Parambanan temple, followed by Kediri, Singosari and reached the peak of influence in 14th century Maja pahit, the last and largest among Hindu-Buddhist Javanese Empires . Hindu civilization has left its prints in Indonesian culture. The epics Mahabharta and Ramayana became ending traditions among Indonesian art forms. A number of Indonesian names are in Sanskrit based and Bahasa Indonesian contains loads of loan wards of Sanskrit origin. The Vahana (vehicle) of Lord Vishnu being Garuda has been adopted as both national emblem Garuda Pancasila and flag carrier national airline named Garuda Indonesia. Indonesia Govt. has also recognized Hinduism as one of the six officially recognized religions including Buddhism. The major archaeological remains of ancient temples called pura were observed in Trowulun near Mojokerto, the capital of the legendary Hindu empire Majapahit. This site is being sought to be restored by local Hindu Movement society wishing to dedicate of Gajah Mada, i.e Hindu Kingdom of Majapahit.

C. Laos Hinduism comprising less than 0.1% of the total population of Loas prevails i.e. about seven thousand population of Hindus is there. The Laotian adaptation of the Ramayana is called Phra Lak Phra Lam.

D. Malasia Hinduism is the fourth largest religion in Malaysia the majority of which are Tamils and the Hindu population of this country is 2.78 millions according to 2010 census i.e. 9.3 % of the total population. The majority of Hindus are settled in western parts of Panisnular Malaysis. The Hindus and Buddhists started their settlement during the ancient and medival era. Large number of Tamil Hindus and Buddhists were brought here by Britishers during the 19th and 20th century as labourers on coffee, sugar cane plantation and tin mining, aimed to reduce labour turnover and enhance stability, thus encopurged Hindu workers to bring friends and families from India to work in British operations in Malaysia. The Kangani system brought large number of Hindus by early 1900 and by 1950 the Hindu population of Malaysian arrived at 12.8%.17 However since 1970 there had been large scale emigration of Hindus, Buddhists and Christans from Malaysia.18Malasysian Hindus Celebrate Deepavali, (Lord Murugam festival) (Harvest festival) and ( festival). Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/568 303 www.ijarsct.co.in IJARSCT ISSN (Online) 2581-9429

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 8, Issue 1, August 2021 Impact Factor: 5.731

E. Myannar Hinduism in Burma is practiced by about 8.40 lac. People who are Burmese Indians. In modern Myanmar, mostly Hindus are found in the urban centres of Yangon and Mandaly. The ancient Hindu temples such as the 11th century old Nathlaung Kyaung temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu in Bagan Burmese literature is enriched by Hindusim including adaptation of Ramayana called Zatdaw. Sarasawati known as Thuyathadi (Godddess of Knowledge), Lord Shiva Paramizva and Vishnu known as withano are also worshipped.18

F. The Philippines Before 1521 AD, the chiefs of many islands of Philippine were known as and script was derived from Brahmi and Hindu concept “Karma” was understood her traditional view of universe. The vocabulary in all Philippine languages reflect Hindu influences despite its 0.1% of her total population. Presently Hindu Temple on Mahatma Gandhi is attended by Sindhis, Khalsa Diwan Indian Sikh temple (attended mostly by Sikhs. About 22 Gurudawaras are located across Philippine and their adherents are Indians Sri-Lanka and Nepalese. Various Hare Krishana groups in this country are gaining popularity.

G. Singapore Hinduism was introduced in Singapore in 10th century during Chola period. The Tamil labour class was carried from South India by the East India company who carried their rich culture and religion there by building Dravidian temples in China town. About thirty main temples in Singapore are dedicated to various Gods and Goddesses of Hindu Panth, which are being managed by Hindu Endownment Board and Hindus in Singapore is 10% as per 2010 cencus 37% of all such Hindus speak Tamil at home, another 42% speak in English.19Deepavali is the major festival.20

H. Thailand In the past the nation came under influence of the Khmer Empire, having strong roots of Hindus, but presently, Thailand is Buddhist majority nation. Many elements of Thai culture and symbolism demonstrates Hindu influences and heritage. Popular epic Ramakien is based on the Ramayana,21 the Royal emblem of Thailand is depicted Garuda, the Vahan of Vishnu,22 the Thai city Ayutthaya near Bangkok is named after , the birth place of Rama. 12th century PrasatSikhoraphum near Surin (Thailand) displays a dancing Shiva with smaller images of , Vishnu, and Ganesh.23Devasathan is Hindu temple established in 1784 by King Rama I. Outside shops particularly in towns and rural areas statue of Nang Kwak as the deity of wealth, fortune and prosperity (version of Lukshmi) are found.24

I. Vietnam The first recorded religion of the champa was a form of Shaiva Hinduism, brought by sea from India Hinduism was the predominant religion among cham people until 16th century. Numerous temples dedicated to Lord Shiva, were built up in central part of Vietnam, naimly being archeological site in Mekong River Delta in South Vietnam, dates back to 7th Century . The Champ civilization located in southern part to present central Vietnam was a highly Indianized Hindu Kingdom, practicing a form of Shaivite Hinduism brought by sea from India. The Chams were subsequently absorbed by the Vietnemese who are presently recognized as one of the ethnic miniorities of Vietnam. Hinduism is particularly in the NinhThuan province 22% and BinhThuan 4.8% . The term Balamon is considered to have been derived from .24

2.2 Buddhism Buddhism reached south-east Asia both directly over sea from India and indirectly from central Asia and China in a process that spanned most of the first millennium CE.25 Buddhism was formed and developed by Ceylon Bhikkus during a period spanning from 3rd century BC to 5th century AD.26 and then travelled through Sri-Lanka, Burma, and into Thailand, Cambodia, Loas and Beyond27. In 12th century Buddhism developed in Northern India and travelled through Tibet, China and them into Vietnam, Indonesia and beyond.28 Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/568 304 www.ijarsct.co.in IJARSCT ISSN (Online) 2581-9429

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 8, Issue 1, August 2021 Impact Factor: 5.731

Buddhism is thought to have entered South-east Asia from trade with India, china, Sri-Lanka, during 1st 2nd and 3rd centuries. One of the earliest accounts of Buddhism in South-east Asia was of a Theravada Buddhist mission sent by the Indian emperior Ashoka to modern-day Burma in 250 BCE. The mission was received by the Mon Kingdom and many people were converted to Buddhism. Via this early encounter with Buddhism, as well as other due to the continuous regional trade between South-east Asia , china and South Asia, Buddhism spread throughout South-east Asia, and into the islands of modern day Malaysia and Indonesia. Theravada Buddhism spread from India to Lanka them into the region aforesaid besides primarily look hold in the modern states of Burma Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Southern Vietminh. Mahayana Buddhism is thought of to have spread from Both India and China during the first and Second century into South-East Asia.

III. JAVA ART INFLUENCE During 5th to 13th centuries, the South-east Asian empires were influenced directly from India, so that these empires essential followed the Mahayama tradition. The Srivijaya Empire to the South and the Khmer Empire to the north Competed for influence, and their art expressed the rich Mahayana pantheon of ’s. Srivijaya, a martine empire centredarPlambang on the island of Sumarta in Indonesia, adopted Mahayana and Buddhis under a line of rulers named the sailendras. Yijing described Palembang as a great centre of Buddhist learning where emperior supported over a thousand monks at his court Yijing also testified to the importance monks at his court Yijing also testified to the importance of Buddhism as early as the year 671 AD and advised future Chinese pilgrims to spend an year or two in Palembang.29 Srivijaya declined due to conflicts with chola rules in India, before desablished by Islamic expansions from 13th century. Between 8th to 11th century, MedangMataram Kingdom flourished in central Java ruled by Sailendra dynasty, also the ruling family of Srivijaya. The region of King Panagkaran (r.760-780) Saw the rise of Buddhist Mahayana influence in Central Java as the Sailendran Kings became ardent patron of Buddhism Numerous Buddhists temples and monuments were erected in the region, notably include kalasan, Manjusrigrha, Plaosan and the grand stone mandala Borobudur, complicated during the region of Samar tungga (819-838) in early 9th century, which period is marked the apogee of Buddhist civilization in Indonesia30.

IV. CAMBODIAN STATUE OF AVA LOKITESAVARA BODDHISTVA. (Sand Stone 7th century CE) From 9th to 13th centuries, the Mahayama Buddhist and Hindu Khmer Empire dominated much of the South east Asian peninsula. Under the Khmer, more 900 temples were built in Cambodia and in neighbouring Thailand. Angkor was the centre of this development, with a temple complex and urban organization able to support around one million urbon dwellers.

4.1 Early spread of Theravada Buddhism The main three ways, by which the religion transported into this region was through system of trade, marriage and missionary work because the Buddhism has always been a missionary religion and thus Theravada Buddhism was spread because of the work and travel of missionaries. Buddhism was likely introduced to the Mon people (ethnic group of Burma) during the rule of Ashoka Maurya, the leaders of the Mauryan Dynasty (268-232 BC) in India31 India had trading routes that run through Cambodies, allowing for the spread of these ideologies to easily occur32 From 11th to 14thventury the Khmer Empre dominated the South-East Asian peninsula.33 The success of Theravada Buddhism in Burma under the rule of Anawrahta allowed for the later growth of Buddhism in neighbouring southeast Asian centuries such as Thailand, Laos and Cambodis.

4.2 Buddhism in South-East Asian Countries. 1. Thailand has the largest numbers of Buddhists i.e 95& of the total population of 67 million, the followers of Buddhism is estimated to 63.75 million34 Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/568 305 www.ijarsct.co.in IJARSCT ISSN (Online) 2581-9429

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 8, Issue 1, August 2021 Impact Factor: 5.731

2. Myanmar has around 48 milion Buddhists, with 89% of its 54 million citizens practicing Teravada Buddhism35 and 1% of the population mainly Chinese practice Mahayana Buddhism along side Taoson. 3. Victnam may have a large number of Buddhists but the communist Govt. under reports the religions adherence of its citizens .44millions Buddhists i.e around half of its population. Majority of Vietnamese practice Mahayana Budhism because of Chinese influence36. 4. Cambodies has 95% of its total population adhere to Thervada Buddhism on placing Buddhist population at around 14 milion which marks as one of the world’s highest Buddhist nations by percentage. By the end of 2017 there are 4872 Buddhist temples there by accommodating 69199 Buddhist Monks.37 5. Malasia has about 20% of its citizens, mainly ethenic Chinese, with significant numbers of ethnic Thais, Khmers, Sinhalese and migrant workers practicing Buddhism.38 6. Laos (Communist) has 5 million Buddhists forming about 70% of its population39. 7. Indonesia has 4.75 million Buddhists (2& of the total population) mainly amongst its Chinese population most Indonesian Buddhists adhere to thervada Buddhism mainly of Thai tradition40. 8. Singapore have around 2 million Buddhists forming 33% of its population. Mahayana Buddhism has the largest presence amongst the Chinese, while many immigrants from other countries such as Myanmar Thailand and Sri-Lanka practice Teravada Buddhism.41 9. Philippiness have around less than 0.1% of the total population. 10. Brunei, Which has smallest population in South-East Asia has around 13% of its citizens and a Significant migrant worker population adhering to Buddhism at around 65,000.

4.3 Rituals of South-East Asia Several Thai Ceremonies have been adopted from Indian tradition. These include ceremonies related to ordination, marriage, making and cremation. Though the Lord Buddha is the prime inspiration of Thailand, Brahma and other are widely worshipped among the Thais, due in part to popularity of the Hindu ceremonial rites, which are used especially for Royal ceremonies. 1. The Truyampawl Ceremony or the Gaint Swing Ceremony: Originally a Brahmin ceremony performed to pay homage to the God Shiva, which was held traditionally, front of war suthat, while the king and Queen watched the ceremony from a Gold Silk pavilion. This ceremony was abolished during the region of King Rama VII due to severe economic fall, still Brahmin priests are allocated money to make offering to Lord Shiva. 2. The Royal Ploughing Ceremony: It is officiated by the King of SanamLuang in May every year with pomp. Originally a Brahmanic rite, it was adopted to mark the beginning of farming season so as to bless all farmers with fertility of the year. 3. Royal Ceremony for Prefaring Celestial Rice or KhaoThip: Celestial rice or KhaoThip which was said to be originally prepared by celestial beings in honor of God Indira. A portion of the celestial rice is offered to monks while the remainder was divided in varying qualities among the royal family, countries and house hold members. The preparation of ambrosial dish has come to a natural end since custom demanded that virgins alone should perform the preparation and stirring of celestial rice. 4. The Kathin Ceremony: The Kathin ceremony or the point of time when Buddhist monks receive new robes, which generally falls in the month of Oct-Nov every year. 5. Loy Krathong: The festival of lights which is celebrated on the full noon might of the twelfth lunal month. The floating of lanterns, which began in the Sukhothai period, continued throughout the different stages of Thai history. The present day understanding is that the festival is celebrated as an act of worship to chao Mae Kangka-the Goddess of waters for providing waters much needed throughout the year, and as way of asking for give-ness if they have polluted it or used it carelessly. 6. Songkran Festival: It marks Thai New year day. “Songkran” signifies the sun’s move into the first house of the Zodiac. Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/568 306 www.ijarsct.co.in IJARSCT ISSN (Online) 2581-9429

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 8, Issue 1, August 2021 Impact Factor: 5.731

7. Visakha Day: It is considered as the greatest Buddhist holy day as it commemo rates the Birth, enlighten and death (Nirvan) of the Lord Buddha. 8. Other Famous Ceremonial Holy Days: They include Puja day in Feb. and Asatha Puja day in July which commemorates the day on which Lord Buddha delivered the first sermon to his five disciples namely Konthanya, Vassapa, Bhattiya, Mahanama and Assashi at Esipatanamaruekathayawan forest and there explained his history of the fournoble truths (Ariysai)42. 9. Other Influences: Indian astrology still has a great impact on several important stages of Thai life. Thai people still seek advice from knowledgeable Buddhist Monks or astrologers about the auspicious or inauspicious days for conducting or abstaining from ceremonies for moving houses or getting married. According to the Thai monk Venerable Buddhads Bhikkn’s writing , India’s bone volence to Thailand, the Tahis also obtained the method of making herbal medicines from the Indians some plants like sarabhi of Guttiferae family, Kanika or hursinghar, phikun or mimusops and bunnak or the rose chestnut etc were brought from India. He pointed out that Thai food too was influenced by India .He claimed that people learned how to use spices in their food in various ways from Indians.43

V. CONCEPT OF RULING SYSTEM The concept of Indianized Kingdoms, a term coined by George coedes, describe South-East Asian principalities that flourished since early common era as a result of centuries of socio-economic interaction having incorporated central aspects of Indian institutions, religions, state craft, administration culture epigraphy, literature and architecture.44 South-East Asia is called Suvarnabhum or SovannahPhoum-the golden land and Suvarmdvipa –the golden Island in Sanskrit.45 It was frequented by traders from eastern India, particularly kalinga. Cultural and trading relation between the powerful chola dynasty of South India and the South-East Hindu Kingdoms led by Bay of Bengal to be called “Chola lake” and the chola attacks on Srivijaya in the 10th century CE are the sole example of military attacks by Indian rulers against South-East Asia. The Pala dynasty of Bengal which controlled the heartland of Buddhist India, maintained close economic cultural and religions ties particularly with srivijay.46

5.1 Main Land Kingdoms Funan is noted as oldest Hindu culture in this region, which suggest prolonged socio-economic interaction with India and maritime trading partners of Indo sphere.47 The cultural and religion ideas had reached Funan via Indian ocean trade route trade with India had commended well before 500BC as Sanskrit had not yet replaced Pali. Funan’s language has been determined as to have been an early form of khmer and its written form was Sanskrit.

A. Chenla Chenla was the successor polity of Funan that existed from around the late 6th century until the early 9th century in Indochina, preceding the Khmer Empire. Like its predecessor, chenla occupied a strategic position where the martine trade routes of the Indo sphere and the East Asian cultural soheres converged, resulting in prolonged socio-economic and cultural influence, along with the adoption of the Sanskrit epigraphic system of the South Indian Pallava dynasty and Chalukya dynasty.49Chenla’s first ruler Viraverman adopted the ides of divine kingship and deployed the concept of Harhara, the syncretistic Hindu “God that embodied multiple conceptions of power”. His successor continued this tradition, thus obeying the code of conduct “Manusmrti”, the Law of Manu for the warrior caste and coveying the idea of political and religion authority.50

B. Langkasnka (Langkha Sanskrit for “resplendent land” Sukkha of “Bliss”) was an ancient Hindu Kingdom located in the Malay Peninsula. According to tradition, the founding of the Kingdom happened in the 2nd century; Malay lengends claim that Langkasuka was founded at Kedah and later moved to Pattani.51

Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/568 307 www.ijarsct.co.in IJARSCT ISSN (Online) 2581-9429

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 8, Issue 1, August 2021 Impact Factor: 5.731

C. Champa The kingdom of Champa controlled what is now south and central Vietnam since 192 CE. The dominant religion was Hinduism and its culture influenced by India. The last surviving chams began their dispora in 1471 and resetting in Khmer territory.52

D. Kambuja Khmer Empire was established by early 9th century by founder Jayaverman II at Mount Kulen in 802 CE. A succession of powerful sovereigns continuing the Hindu Devraja tradition , reigned over the classical era of Khmer civilization until 11th century. During the period of Khmer empire, social functions of administration, agriculture, architecture, hydrology, logistics, urban planning literature and the arts witnessed unprecedented of degree of development from the district expression of .53

E. Mon Kingdom From 9th century to the end of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom in 1539, the Mon Kingdoms were notable for facilitating Indianized culture exchange in Lower Burma with strongties of Sri-Lanka.

F. Island Kingdoms A statue of Hindu Goddess Durga Mahisasur-Mardani in northern cella dated 9th century Medang I Bhumi Mataram Kingdom in central Java.

G. Salakangara Kingdom It is the first historically recorded Indianized Kingdom in Western Java, established by Indian trader after marrying a local Sundanese princess. This Kingdom remained between 130-362CE.54

H. Tarumanagara. It was an early Sundanese Indianized Kingdom, located not far from modern Jakarta. According to Tugu inscription the ruler Purnaverman built canal which changed the course of caking river. Purvaverman king was associated with Cishnuans Brahmins ritually secured the hydraulic project.

I. Kalingga It was 6th century Indianized Kingdom on the north coast of central Java, Indonesia. It was the earliest Hindu- Buddhist Kingdom in central Java with Kutao and Tarumanagara are the oldest kingdoms in Indonesia history.

J. Malayu. It was classical South-east Asian Kingdom.

K. Srivijaya From 7th to 13th centuries Srivijaya a martine empire centered on the Island of Sumarta in Indonesia, which had adopted Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism under the lines of rulers from DapuntaHyang Sri Jayanasa to the Sailendras. The Srivijaya Kingdom ceased to exist in 13th century.

L. Tambralinga It was an Kingdom located in the Malay Penisula that at one time came under the influence of Srivijaya this name became out of sight till scholars recognized Tambralinga as Nagora Sri Dharmarya (Nikhon S Thammarat). Tambralinga first sent tribute to the emperor of the Tang dynasty in 616CE In Sanskrit Tamara connotes red and linga means symbol, typically representing the devine energy of Lord Shiva.

Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/568 308 www.ijarsct.co.in IJARSCT ISSN (Online) 2581-9429

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 8, Issue 1, August 2021 Impact Factor: 5.731

M. MedangMataram Medang-I-Bhumi Mataram Kingdom flourished between 8th and 11th centuries. It was first centered in centeral Java before moving later to east Java. This Kingdom raised number of Hindu-Buddhist madala and the Prambanan Trimurti Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. The Sailandras were the ruling familes of this kingdom at an early stage in central Java before beign replaced by Isyana dynasty.

N. Kadri Upon the death of King Air langga (1020-1050) the kingdom split, resultantly new state of Kadri in esteem Java became the centre of Javanese culture for the next two centuries spreading her influence to the eastern parts of South Asia. Because of Spice being Maluku Island or spice Island the centre there of as source in Indonesia, Kedri became a strong trading nation.

O. Singhasari After over throwing kedri dynasty singhasari tool its place in 13th century under the rule of warrior king kertanegra. He was also killed by a prince of deposed Kadri dynasty, and established the last Hindu Javanese Kingdom Majapahit.

P. Galuh It was an ancient Hindu Kingdom in eastern TotarPasudan, Indonesia which was established in 7th century following collapse of Tarumanagra Kingdom. It capital was located at Kawali near present day ciamis city.

Q. Sunda Kingdom of Sunda was Hindu Kingdom between 669 CE to 1579 CE covering the present day areas of Jakarta, West Java, and the western part of central Java. According to primary historical records the BujanaggaManik manuscript, the eastern border of Sunda Kingdom was the Pamali river (present day called Brebes river ) and the Serayu river (Ci Saraya) in central Java.

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[15]. Aklukar, Ashok, Kalayanaraman, A 1971 Aryatarangani, “The sagan of the Indo- Pecific Affairs 44 (3). [16]. Update on the Invasion Debate, Aditya Prakashan, ElstKoenradd (1999). [17]. Sandhu (2010) Indian in Malyan: Some Aspects of their Immigration and settlement (1786-1957) , Combridge University Press IS BN 978-0521 148 139 Page 89-102. [18]. Thant Myint –U (2001) The making of Modern Burma, Cambridge University Pres page 27-47. [19]. Cencus of population 2010, Archived 13th Nov. 2013 at the way back machine Singapore Department of Statistic (2011). [20]. Ramakien Royal Thai Embassy. [21]. The concept of Garuda in Thai Spciety. [22]. Sikhoraphum, Thailand arts and Archaeology Journal. [23]. By Andrew Hardy, Mauro Cucarzi, PatrizaZolese page 105. [24]. Public Holidays Ministry of Man power, Singapore. [25]. History of Washington DC . The council for research in values ans Philosophy page 2-9. [26]. Theravada Buddhism in South-East Asia, United states Ann Arbor Paperbacks page 1-2. [27]. Tharavada Buddhism in Vietnam Washngton , United States the council for research in values and Philosophy page 2-9. [28]. Ibid. [29]. Jerry Bently “Old world Encounters; cross cultural contacts and Exchanges in Pre Modern Times (New York :Oxford University Press (1993) Page 72. [30]. The Extraordinary cultural Heritage of central Java. [31]. Keown Damien (2013) Buddhism , Avery Shot Introduction . Oxford University Press Page 80. [32]. Ibid. [33]. The Mons: A Civilization of South-East Asia. Bangkok , Saim Society under Royal Patronage Page 113. [34]. CIA world facebook; State Govt. cencus Thailand. [35]. Crises in Myanmar over Buddhist clash, New York time 28th July 2013. [36]. Hosen N (Sept. 8th , 2005) “Religion and the Indonesian Constitution” A recent Debate Journal of South-East Asian Studies Cambridge university press 36 (3) , 419-440. [37]. 26th Annual Buddhist monk summit of Cambodia in Chaktomuk conference hall Phnom Penh Dec.2017. [38]. “Religious Adherents 2010 Malasia” world Christan Database. Retrieved 28th July 2013 . [39]. Ibid [40]. Ibid. [41]. Singapore Department of statistics (12 July 2011) , cencus of population 2010. [42]. Kanneth R. Hall (1985) Martine trade and South-East Asia University of Hawali Press page 63. [43]. Ibid. [44]. Ibid. [45]. Kapur; kamlesh (2010) History of Ancient India. [46]. Takashi Suzuki (25th Dec. 2012) History of Srivijaya”. [47]. Asian Perspectives University of HawaliManoa 38(1) Retrieved 5 July 2015. [48]. Khmer ceramics (PDE) Oxford University Press Retrieved 13th July 2015. [49]. Some Aspects of Asian History and culture by Upendra Thakur Page 2. [50]. “As in Heaven so on Earth; Politics of Visnu Siva and Harihara Images in Preangkorian Khmer Civilization” Journal of South-East Asian studies 34 (1) page 21 to 39. [51]. The Malay Peninsula; cross roads of the Maritime silk road (100 BC-1300AD) Victoria Hobson Brill page 162-163. [52]. Cambridge History of China Vol.8. [53]. “Khmer Empire” The ancient History Encyclopedia Retrieved 7 July 2015. [54]. Sala kanagarakerajan ”Tertuadi Nusantra” (in Indonesian) Retrieved 25th Jan. 2015. Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/568 310 www.ijarsct.co.in