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BRAHMA SUTRA CHAPTER 1 1st Pada 1st Adikaranam to 11th Adhikaranam Sutra 1 to 31 INDEX S. No. Topic Pages Topic No Sutra No Summary 5 Introduction of Brahma Sutra 6 1 Jijnasa adhikaranam 1 a) Sutra 1 103 1 1 2 Janmady adhikaranam 2 a) Sutra 2 132 2 2 3 Sastrayonitv adhikaranam 3 a) Sutra 3 133 3 3 4 Samanvay adhikaranam 4 a) Sutra 4 204 4 4 5 Ikshatyadyadhikaranam: (Sutras 5-11) 5 a) Sutra 5 324 5 5 b) Sutra 6 353 5 6 c) Sutra 7 357 5 7 d) Sutra 8 362 5 8 e) Sutra 9 369 5 9 f) Sutra 10 372 5 10 g) Sutra 11 376 5 11 2 S. No. Topic Pages Topic No Sutra No 6 Anandamayadhikaranam: (Sutras 12-19) 6 a) Sutra 12 382 6 12 b) Sutra 13 394 6 13 c) Sutra 14 397 6 14 d) Sutra 15 407 6 15 e) Sutra 16 411 6 16 f) Sutra 17 414 6 17 g) Sutra 18 416 6 18 h) Sutra 19 425 6 19 7 Antaradhikaranam: (Sutras 20-21) 7 a) Sutra 20 436 7 20 b) Sutra 21 448 7 21 8 Akasadhikaranam : 8 a) Sutra 22 460 8 22 9 Pranadhikaranam : 9 a) Sutra 23 472 9 23 3 S. No. Topic Pages Topic No Sutra No 10 Jyotischaranadhikaranam : (Sutras 24-27) 10 a) Sutra 24 486 10 24 b) Sutra 25 508 10 25 c) Sutra 26 513 10 26 d) Sutra 27 517 10 27 11 Pratardanadhikaranam: (Sutras 28-31) 11 a) Sutra 28 526 11 28 b) Sutra 29 538 11 29 c) Sutra 30 546 11 30 d) Sutra 31 558 11 31 4 SUMMARY Brahma Sutra Bhasyam Topics - 191 Chapter – 1 Chapter – 2 Chapter – 3 Chapter – 4 Samanvaya – Avirodha – non – Sadhana – spiritual reconciliation through Phala – result contradiction practice proper interpretation Topics - 39 Topics - 47 Topics - 67 Topics 38 Sections Topics Sections Topics Sections Topics Sections Topics 1 11 1 13 1 06 1 14 2 07 2 08 2 08 2 11 3 13 3 17 3 36 3 06 4 08 4 09 4 17 4 07 5 Lecture – 01 Puja: • Gratitude to lord for completion of Upanishad course (last Chandogya Upanishad + Brihadaranyaka Upanishad). • Brihadaranyaka Upanishad took 4 years to complete normally 6 Upanishad taken for study. • Seek grace to complete Brahma Sutra in 3 yrs. Introduction: • Written by Vyasacharya. • 555 Sutras (Aphorisms). • Small statement in capsule form. • Aphorism deals with Vedantic teaching on Brahman. • Heard, remembered, transmitted. • How to store ideas in memory? • 2 Ways : a) Keep ideas in sutra form, topics form, Sutras found in grammar, philosophy, ethics, sciences purpose to remember. b) All ideas in metrical poetry form, verse form sing & remember Ramayana, Mahabharata, 18 puranas. All ideas in 555 Sutras. Each Sutra atom bomb to expand. Vyasa’s 3 Projects / 3 Tasks - Extract right interpretation - Defend right teaching - Offensive refuting wrong from 10 Upanishads. interpretation. - Report logical loopholes in other systems. 6 Who is qualified to study Brahma Sutras with advantage? • One with strong logic, grammar, etymology. • One who has studied 10 Upanishads. (Many Sutras from Chandogya Upanishad + Brihadaranyaka Upanishad). • One who does Parayanam of Upanishad – Remembers Mantras. Question: • Do we need Brahma Sutra for Jnanam and Moksha. Answer: • No – not required Gita + Upanishads enough. Question: • Why Brahma Sutra? Answer: • It is one of 3 basic texts – Prasthana Trayam of Vedantic teaching. Prasthana Trayam basic text (To dwell in teaching) Gita 10 Upanishads Brahma Sutras - Smrithi Prasthanam. - Sruti Prasthanam. - Nyaya Prasthanam. - Taught 10 times. - Taught once. - For teacher Sutra useful. 7 Sutra: • Code word – Can’t make any simple translation. • Shankara Sutra Bashyam very famous 3 years to complete • Mulam book - Buy from Motilal Banarsidas. • RK Mission - Sutras with English translation. 8 Lecture – 02 1) Superiority of Human: Common aspects with animals – Sadharmyam : • Ahara – Eating • Nidra – Sleep • Bayam – Sense of insecurity • Maithunam – Desire for propagation of Species. Vaidharmyam – Uncommon Aspects: • Buddhi - Evolved intelligence. o Rational thinking, Discrimination Right / Wrong, Real / Unreal, Good / Bad – Extra Faculty more developed. o Thinking faculty – Unique feature. o Judge / Reason / Achieve goal. o Because of intellect, human forms opinion, have goal, work for achievement of goal. Human: • Thinker with clear ideas. 9 6 Topics Analyzed + Come to Systematic Conclusion (1) (2) (3) - Who is Jiva / living being? - What is Jagat? - Who is Ishvara – cause of Jiva & Jagat – “Source” (6) (5) (4) - What are Sadhanas for - What is Mukti, Moksha - What is Bandah? Moksha - means by which liberation salvation? - Why suffering, human person goes from bondage bondage, misery, Samsara? to liberation. • Not whimsical / casual thinker / capricious philosophy. • Philosophy called Darshanam consistent view / teaching. • Darshanika : One who holds philosophy. • Because of his consistency, there will be followers. • Founder – called Acharya – Darshanika. 10 12 Philosophies 6 Astikas 6 Nastikas 1) Accept Veda Pramanam as 1) Don’t accept Veda Pramanam. reliable source of knowledge. 2) Veda Nasti. 2) Veda Astiiti Yaha Vadati Saha 3) Base on Pratyaksham, Astika. Perception and inference - Anumanam reasoning. 4) Veda Pramana Nasti Hi Yaha Vadati. 1. Charvakas: • Source: Brihaspati – Deva guru. • To mislead Asura, he didn’t accept but to destroy Asuras. • Asuras will follow materialistic philosophy. Will not accept Vedas. • Prathama Sishya - Charvaka, popularized teaching. Charu Vaka Beautiful Speech Eat, drink and be merry, for death is certain and there is nothing beyond. 11 • Borrow and eat sweet things. Returning not my problem, take it you can. • Will you go to hell after cheating? • Kasmi Butasya Dehasya who knows after body turns to ashes Punar Agamanam Kutaha? • Don’t believe in Sukshma / Karana Shariram all bluff … who has seen. • Don’t accept Punarjanmam, heaven, hell, Dharma…. • Accepts only sense pleasures as ultimate goal. • Body is be all + end all, no Atma. • Modem science close to Charvaka. • Consciousness is temporary product of matter. • Don’t believe in scriptures Kevala Pratyaksha source of knowledge inference, not Jnanam, not Pramanam. • Brihaspati – Founder. • Prakrutam / wild / not considered in Brahma Sutra. • Other 10 Philosophies, Analyzed, criticized in Brahma Sutra. 2. Jainism: • Formed by 24 Acharya Teerthakaras. • 1st Acharya: Rishaba deva. • 24th Acharyas : Vardhamana Mahavira also called Jinaha. • Jayati iti Jinaha – one who has conquered his sense organs and minds passions – anger, etc.. Jainism (One philosophy) Shvetanbara Digambara White robed Space robed. 12 3. Buddhism: • Founder – Buddha – Prince Siddhartha enlightened one – Wise. • No systematic philosophy. • Uttered stray statements to disciples initially not well developed. • King Ashoka follower – organized seminar – Develop : Tripatakam - 3 Books. Tripatakams Sutra Pitakam Abidharma Pitakam Vinaya Pitakam Pati: Sutta Pitakam Abidamma Pitakam. Vinaya Pitakam Statements of Buddha / Philosophy Lifestyle Master 4 Branches of Buddhism Sountrantika Vaibashika Yogachara Madhyantika - Based on Sutra book - Based on commentary - Emphasis on Yoga - Golden middle. on Abidharma Pitakam + Achara. - Madhyantika Marga. called Vibhasha. - Follow disciplines teaching. - Yukta Ahara, chestaha. 13 Astika – Nastika: • Sankhya, Nyaya, Veiseshikas. • Accept Veda. • Give primary importance to reasoning – hence called Tarquikas. • Shankara calls all 4+6 as Nastikas. Vedas primary, logic secondary Logic primary, Vedas – secondary - Purva Mimamsa, Uttara Mimamsa. - Sankhya, Nyaya, Veisishihas, Yoga. - Tarqa supporting Vedas, good for understanding Vedic teaching. Common feature of all Darsanams: • All presented in Sutra form by their founders. a) Sankhya Sutram. b) Yoga Sutram. c) Nyaya Sutram. d) Veiseshika Sutram. e) Purva Mimamsa Sutram. f) Uttara Mimamsa Sutram. 14 12 Darsanams (Philosophies) Nastika (Don’t accept veda as pramanam) Astika (Accept veda as Pramanam) (1) Charuvaka (2) Jainism Buddhism Shvetanbara Digambara (3) Sountrantika (4) Vaibashika (5) Yogachara (6) Madhyantika (7) Sankhya (9) Nyaya (11) Purva Mimamsa (12) Uttara Mimamsa - Kapila muni - Gautama - Vyasacharya - Jaimini - Don’t accept Ishvara - Logic primary - Vedapurva – supporting - Veda primary - Logic primary - Don’t accept - Logic secondary - Karma Khanda based - Accept veda Ishvara veda - Jnana khanda based - Logic secondary secondary. secondary - Accept veda primary - Accept Ishvara - Accept Ishvara (8) Yoga (10) Veiseshika - Patanjali - Kaanada - Accept veda - Logic primary secondary - Don’t accept - Logic primary Ishvara - Accept veda secondary 15 • Uttara Mimamsa Sutrani – other names are Brahma Sutrani, deals with Brahma Vedanta Sutrani, Shariraka Sutrani (Atma), Vyasa Sutram, Badarayana Sutram. • Sarvagyatma – Condensed Bashyam of Brahma Sutra called Sankshepa Shariram. • Because they are brief statements, there could be ambiguity / doubt regarding, Dvaitam, Advaitam. 3 Popular Schools - Shariraka Mimamsa Bashyam - Visishta Advaitam – “Shree - Dvaitam Anubashya by or Nirvisesha Advaitam Bashyam” by Ramanuja Madhava Acharya. revealed by Shankara. Acharya. - Advaita Brahman without attributes. • Our philosophy literature very vast. • Ritualistic method of learning adopted. • Dasa shanthi Mantras. • Dakshinamurthy Namaskara. 16 LECTURE 3 • Dasa Shanti Mantras chanted together. 1) Om, May Mitra be Propitious with Us, May Varuna be Propitious with Us, May the Honourable Aryama be Propitious with Us, May Indra and Brihaspati be Propitious with Us, May Vishnu with Long Strides be Propitious with Us, Salutations to Brahman, Salutations to Vayu (the Breath of Purusha), You Indeed are the Visible Brahman, I Proclaim, You Indeed are the Visible Brahman, I Speak about the Divine Truth, I Speak about the Absolute Truth,
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    BHOGA-BHAAGYA-YOGYATA LAKSHMI ( FULFILLMENT AS ONE DESERVES) Edited, compiled, and translated by VDN Rao, Retd. General Manager, India Trade Promotion Organization, Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of India, Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, currently at Chennai 1 Other Scripts by the same Author: Essence of Puranas:-Maha Bhagavata, Vishnu Purana, Matsya Purana, Varaha Purana, Kurma Purana, Vamana Purana, Narada Purana, Padma Purana; Shiva Purana, Linga Purana, Skanda Purana, Markandeya Purana, Devi Bhagavata;Brahma Purana, Brahma Vaivarta Purana, Agni Purana, Bhavishya Purana, Nilamata Purana; Shri Kamakshi Vilasa Dwadasha Divya Sahasranaama: a) Devi Chaturvidha Sahasra naama: Lakshmi, Lalitha, Saraswati, Gayatri; b) Chaturvidha Shiva Sahasra naama-Linga-Shiva-Brahma Puranas and Maha Bhagavata; c) Trividha Vishnu and Yugala Radha-Krishna Sahasra naama-Padma-Skanda-Maha Bharata and Narada Purana. Stotra Kavacha- A Shield of Prayers Purana Saaraamsha; Select Stories from Puranas Essence of Dharma Sindhu Essence of Shiva Sahasra Lingarchana Essence of Paraashara Smtiti Essence of Pradhana Tirtha Mahima Dharma Bindu Essence of Upanishads : Brihadaranyaka , Katha, Tittiriya, Isha, Svetashwara of Yajur Veda- Chhandogya and Kena of Saama Veda-Atreya and Kausheetaki of Rig Veda-Mundaka, Mandukya and Prashna of Atharva Veda ; Also ‘Upanishad Saaraamsa’ (Quintessence of Upanishads) Essence of Virat Parva of Maha Bharata Essence of Bharat Yatra Smriti Essence of Brahma Sutras Essence of Sankhya Parijnaana- Also Essence of Knowledge of Numbers Essence of Narada Charitra; Essence Neeti Chandrika-Essence of Hindu Festivals and Austerities- Essence of Manu Smriti*- Quintessence of Manu Smriti* - *Essence of Pratyaksha Bhaskara- Essence of Maha Narayanopanishad*-Essence of Vidya-Vigjnaana-Vaak Devi* Note: All the above Scriptures already released on www.
  • Indian Philosophy Encyclopædia Britannica Article

    Indian Philosophy Encyclopædia Britannica Article

    Indian philosophy Encyclopædia Britannica Article Indian philosophy the systems of thought and reflection that were developed by the civilizations of the Indian subcontinent. They include both orthodox (astika) systems, namely, the Nyaya, Vaisesika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva-mimamsa, and Vedanta schools of philosophy, and unorthodox (nastika) systems, such as Buddhism and Jainism. Indian thought has been concerned with various philosophical problems, significant among them the nature of the world (cosmology), the nature of reality (metaphysics), logic, the nature of knowledge (epistemology), ethics, and religion. General considerations Significance of Indian philosophies in the history of philosophy In relation to Western philosophical thought, Indian philosophy offers both surprising points of affinity and illuminating differences. The differences highlight certain fundamentally new questions that the Indian philosophers asked. The similarities reveal that, even when philosophers in India and the West were grappling with the same problems and sometimes even suggesting similar theories, Indian thinkers were advancing novel formulations and argumentations. Problems that the Indian philosophers raised for consideration, but that their Western counterparts never did, include such matters as the origin (utpatti) and apprehension (jñapti) of truth (pramanya). Problems that the Indian philosophers for the most part ignored but that helped shape Western philosophy include the question of whether knowledge arises from experience or from reason and distinctions such as that between analytic and synthetic judgments or between contingent and necessary truths. Indian thought, therefore, provides the historian of Western philosophy with a point of view that may supplement that gained from Western thought. A study of Indian thought, then, reveals certain inadequacies of Western philosophical thought and makes clear that some concepts and distinctions may not be as inevitable as they may otherwise seem.