DOCSLIB.ORG

Plurinationality: a Revolutionary Myth for Ecuador's Indigenous Movement

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Plurinationality: a Revolutionary Myth for Ecuador's Indigenous Movement NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. @ UMI Carleton University Plurinationality: A Revolutionary Myth for Ecuador's Indigenous Movement A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts Institute of Political Economy by Matthew Hawkins, B.A. (Hons.) Ottawa, Ontario September 2010 ©2010, Matthew Augustine Hawkins Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-71712-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-71712-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantias de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. I+I Canada Abstract This thesis argues that the indigenous movement's demand that Ecuador be recognized as a plurinational state represents a revolutionary myth. Ecuador's indigenous movement emerged during the June 1990 Levantamiento del Inti Raymi (Uprising of the Sun Festival) to become one of the region's strongest social movements. Plurinationality, a central demand of the indigenous movement, means the recognition through the state of the cultural, social, political, and economic diversity of the nationalities within Ecuador. Early 20th century Peruvian marxist Jose Carlos Mariategui borrowed the idea of the myth from French social critic Georges Sorel and proposed the myth of a socialist revolution. Using the concept of the revolutionary myth this thesis argues that plurinationality requires the politicization of the constructed identity of indigenous nationalities, influences the structure of the indigenous organization CONAIE, and informs the political-economic transformation of Ecuador initiated by the indigenous movement. li Acknowledgments This thesis requires the acknowledgement of several important persons who have helped me along the way. First and foremost, I am deeply thankful to my supervisors, Laura Macdonald and Cristina Rojas, who have provided me with guidance, thoughtful and critical advice, support, and patience while completing this project. Their significant role in creating a flourishing space for Latin Americanists at Carleton University has been instrumental in my ability to learn from the dynamic people of this region. I would like to thank all of those who shared their insights on the Ecuadorian reality during my field research. In particular, to Elba Maldonado for being my host and guide to Quito, to Atik Kurikamak Yulianki for lending his time and thoughts to me, to Cristina Cucuri for her honest discussion into the difficulties of understanding the contemporary indigenous movement, and to my friends from Otavalo and the Shuar territory for sharing with me experiences into their lives. The Institute of Political Economy is a special place to critically explore a diversity of knowledges. I would like to thank Rianne Mahon, Michael Dolan, and Janet Siltanen for their work and classes within the Institute. To my colleagues at the Institute, thank you for our debates, insightful discussions, trivial pursuits, and soft-ball distractions. Donna Coghill deserves special mention. She is the tireless heart of the Institute and provided the kick-in-the-pants when needed to complete this project. Donna is an invaluable guide to the academic world and a good friend. Finally, I thank my parents for taking me to see the world and my brothers for accompanying me on many of these journeys. I have learnt through my family how to love learning and for this I am forever grateful. Table of Contents Acknowledgments Abstract Acronyms i Political Map of Ecuador Map of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador a Chapter One: Introduction Chapter Two: Revolutionary Myth 2 Revolutionizing Myth 2 Counter-Hegemony 2 Organization and Myth 3 Action and Violence within the Revolutionary Myth 4 Myth and Decolonizing Rationality 4 Conclusion 5 Chapter Three: Historical Dimensions of Ecuador's Indigenous Movement 5 Historical Dimensions in the Ecuadorian Andes 6 Colonization to Republic (1533-1820) 6 Early Republic (1820-1857) 6 Liberalizing the Republic (1857-1925) 6 Ending the Hacienda (1925 -1973) 7 Towards an Indigenous Movement (1973-1980s) 8 Historical Dimensions in the Ecuadorian Amazon 9 Early Colonization 1533-1950 9 Late Colonization 1960-1990 9 Conclusion 10 Chapter Four: Plurinationality as a Revolutionary Myth 10 Nationality and hegemony of the "nation" 10 Indigenous Nationality as a Political Identity 11 CONAIE: Organizational Representation of Plurinationality 11 Levantamiento as Action and the Myth of Plurinationality 12 Conclusion 14 Chapter Five: Conclusion 14 Bibliography 15 IV Acronyms CONAIE Conferederacion de Nationalidades Indigenas del Ecuador (Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador) CONAICE - Confederation de Nationalidades Indigenas de la Costa del Ecuador (Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of the Coast of Ecuador) CONFENLAE - Confederation de Nationalidades Indigenas de la Amazonia Ecuatoriana (Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of the Ecuadorian Amazon) ECUARUNARI Ecuador Runacunapac Richarimui FENOCI- Federation Ecuatoriana National de Campesinos y Indigenas (National Ecuadorian Federation of Peasants and Indigenous) FENOCIN - Federation Ecuatoriana National de Campesinos, Indigenas, y Negros FEI Federation Ecuatoriana de Indios (National Ecuadorian Federation of Peasants, Indigenous and Blacks) FEINE - Federation Ecuatoriana de Indigenas Evangelicas (Ecuadorian Federation of Evangelical Indigenous) FOIN - Federation de Organizations Indigenas de Napo (Federation of Indigenous Organizations of the Napo) OPIP - Organization del Pueblos Indigenas del Pastaza (Organization of Indigenous Peoples of Pastaza) MUPP-NP - Movimiento Unido Plurinacional Pachakutik - Nuevo Pais (Unified Plurinational Movement Pachakutik - New Country) PCE - Partido Comunista del Ecuador (Communist Party of Ecuador) PSE - Partido Socialista del Ecuador (Socialist Party of Ecuador) PSP - Partido Socialista del Peru (Socialist Party of Peru) v Political Map of Ecuador ~~37—7 COLOMBIA SantofMn^ ESMERALDAS T\ < v.CARCHI Purto •• - I j X " IMBABuSr J V \ v auci.'Mnins -dilKCoknta i"^ f W; A v—V. r- Fwto Fmcisco • J fA/ deOr^tena /! ) COTOPAXl/l f , NAP(CocaO) Nusvo 1 UlmJm 'Tens RocatatBt ah^ ~ • A Pi »rto MAahuaS^——, /X 4 1 . MnHio i s' I \ ! ;L»«* PASTAZA , l s J •4 - ?A7oJ X / Mactti N, PERU Btni -^f ... """A MORONA- SANTIAGO V W j / | SANTIAGO /Mr. ' c, r Puna AZUAY^'V^ ' Turnbes r-535 ,oro \ Ai jr LOJA S JI ZAMOIW. - /—CHWCHIPE V PE RU 8ound»y npnMrtMen Figure 1.1 - Political Map of Ecuador (Source: http://www.vmapas.com/Americas/Ecuador/maps-en.html) Map of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador Figure 1.2 - Map of Indigenous Nationalities (source: Los Pueblos y Nacionalidades Indigenas del Ecuador, CONAIE 2008) 1. Nationality Awa 13. Pueblo Panzaleo 24. Nationality Siona 2. Nationality Epera 14. Pueblo Salasaka 25. Nationality Secoya 3. Nationality Chachi 15. Pueblo Kisapincha 26. Nationality Wuoarani 4. Pueblo Manta 16. Pueblo Chibuleo (Huoarani) 5. Pueblo Wankavilka 17. Pueblo Waranka 27. Nationality Zapara 6. Nationality Tsa'Chila 18. Pueblo Puruha 28. Nationality Shiwiar 7. Pueblo Pasto 19. Pueblo Kanari 29. Nationality Andoa 8. Pueblo Otavalo 20. Pueblo Palta 30. Nationality Ashuar 9. Pueblo Natabuela 21. Pueblo Saraguro 31. Nationality Shuar 10. Pueblo Karanki 22. Nationality 32. Pueblo Amazonian 11. Pueblo Kayambi Amazonian Kichwa Kichwa Saraguro 12 Pueblo Kitukara 23. Nationality Cofan vf Chapter One: Introduction Above the Andean city of Otavalo, Ecuador, a diminutive tree is perched on a cleared hill top. El Lechero, "the Milking Tree" as it is known locally, is believed to be many hundreds of years old and was given its name for the milky white sap. Local indigenous people, Otavalo pueblo of the Kichwa nationality, also known the tree as yayitu taitiku, "little
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rutgers Colloquium on Indigenous Languages In/Of New Jersey Organizers (Department of Anthropology): Becky Schulthies, Kathleen Riley, Pilar Rau, and Ulla Berg
    Rutgers Colloquium on Indigenous Languages in/of New Jersey Organizers (Department of Anthropology): Becky Schulthies, Kathleen Riley, Pilar Rau, and Ulla Berg In honor of the UN’s Year of Indigenous Languages, this colloquium highlights indigenous languages in and of NJ as well as Rutgers research related to indigenous languages. Rutgers sits on Lenni-Lenape land while their remaining tribal members struggle to be recognized and to revitalize their endangered or moribund languages: Unami, Munsee, and Nanticoke. In addition, New Brunswick is home to many Oaxacan indigenous language speakers, and NJ more broadly hosts many migrants and residents of minority mother tongues and native languages. Many of these face discrimination and anxiety about their languages and heritage, both in NJ and globally. In order to raise awareness about these issues, we are showcasing Rutgers expertise and community commitments to indigenous languages in/of New Jersey by organizing a colloquium during Native American History month, which also fits with the 2020 theme for the American Studies NJ Folk Festival, highlighting the Oaxacan community of New Brunswick, and their linguistic/cultural diversity. Thursday 7:30-9:30PM Indigenous Film Shorts Venue: AB2400, College Ave and Panel Discussion Friday Nov. 15 8AM-6PM Indigenous Language Venue: Alexander Library Colloquium Teleconference/Lecture Hall Indigenous Presenter times Region, language Presentation Titles 8:00 Opening by Lenape tribal member Lenape Indigenous Languages: What, Where, Why Now? and Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of Amazonian Kichwa
    DIVIDED WE STAND, UNIFIED WE FALL? THE IMPACT OF STANDARDISATION ON ORAL LANGUAGE VARIETIES: A CASE STUDY OF AMAZONIAN KICHWA Karolina Grzech* Anne Schwarz** Georgia Ennis*** Abstract This article adds to the discussion on standardisation of minority languages spoken in primarily oral cultures. Focusing on Amazonian Kichwa (Quechuan, lowland Ecuador), we show how the introduction of a written standard can undermine language transmission, prompt contradictory ideologies, and instil conflicting aims within speech communities. Our approach combines descriptive linguistics and ethnography. First, we examine the extent of variation within Amazonian Kichwa and compare the local varieties with the standard. We juxtapose this with the speakers’ perceptions of and attitudes towards variation, evidenced in their linguistic practices and discourse. We show that these perceptions have little to do with the features being standardised, but this does not preclude the speakers’ having clear attitudes towards what the perceived standard. To explain this, we propose that Amazonian Kichwa speakers value authenticity above mutual intelligibility, contrary to ideologies assigning value to languages as potential tools of wider communication. To conclude, we provide policy recommendations grounded in this study, but applicable to minoritised oral varieties in other contexts. Keywords: language standardisation; language variation; language attitudes; Quechua; Kichwa. RESISTIM DIVIDITS O ENS ENFONSEM UNITS? L’impACTE DE L’estANDARDITZACIÓ EN LES VARIETATS LINGÜÍSTIQUES ORALS: UN ESTUDI DE CAS DEL QUÍTXUA AMAZÒNIC Resum Aquest article és una contribució al debat sobre l’estandardització de les llengües minoritàries parlades en cultures predominantment orals. Centrant-nos en el quítxua amazònic (terres baixes de l’Equador), mostrem com la introducció d’una norma escrita pot minar la transmissió del llenguatge, generar ideologies contradictòries i inculcar objectius també contradictoris en les comunitats de parla.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidentiality, Egophoricity, and Engagement
    Evidentiality, egophoricity, and engagement Edited by Henrik Bergqvist Seppo Kittilä language Studies in Diversity Linguistics 30 science press Studies in Diversity Linguistics Editor: Martin Haspelmath In this series: 1. Handschuh, Corinna. A typology of 18. Paggio, Patrizia and Albert Gatt (eds.). The marked­S languages. languages of Malta. 2. Rießler, Michael. Adjective attribution. 19. Seržant, Ilja A. & Alena Witzlack­Makarevich 3. Klamer, Marian (ed.). The Alor­Pantar (eds.). Diachrony of differential argument languages: History and typology. marking. 4. Berghäll, Liisa. A grammar of Mauwake 20. Hölzl, Andreas. A typology of questions in (Papua New Guinea). Northeast Asia and beyond: An ecological 5. Wilbur, Joshua. A grammar of Pite Saami. perspective. 6. Dahl, Östen. Grammaticalization in the 21. Riesberg, Sonja, Asako Shiohara & Atsuko North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Utsumi (eds.). Perspectives on information Scandinavian vernaculars. structure in Austronesian languages. 7. Schackow, Diana. A grammar of Yakkha. 22. Döhler, Christian. A grammar of Komnzo. 8. Liljegren, Henrik. A grammar of Palula. 23. Yakpo, Kofi. A Grammar of Pichi. 9. Shimelman, Aviva. A grammar of Yauyos Quechua. 24. Guérin Valérie (ed.). Bridging constructions. 10. Rudin, Catherine & Bryan James Gordon 25. Aguilar­Guevara, Ana, Julia Pozas Loyo & (eds.). Advances in the study of Siouan Violeta Vázquez­Rojas Maldonado *eds.). languages and linguistics. Definiteness across languages. 11. Kluge, Angela. A grammar of Papuan Malay. 26. Di Garbo, Francesca, Bruno Olsson & 12. Kieviet, Paulus. A grammar of Rapa Nui. Bernhard Wälchli (eds.). Grammatical 13. Michaud, Alexis. Tone in Yongning Na: gender and linguistic complexity: Volume I: Lexical tones and morphotonology. General issues and specific studies. 14.
    [Show full text]
  • Music, Plants, and Medicine: Lamista Shamanism in the Age of Internationalization
    MUSIC, PLANTS, AND MEDICINE: LAMISTA SHAMANISM IN THE AGE OF INTERNATIONALIZATION By CHRISTINA MARIA CALLICOTT A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2020 © 2020 Christina Maria Callicott In honor of don Leovijildo Ríos Torrejón, who prayed hard over me for three nights and doused me with cigarette smoke, scented waters, and cologne. In so doing, his faith overcame my skepticism and enabled me to salvage my year of fieldwork that, up to that point, had gone terribly awry. In 2019, don Leo vanished into the ethers, never to be seen again. This work is also dedicated to the wonderful women, both Kichwa and mestiza, who took such good care of me during my time in Peru: Maya Arce, Chabu Mendoza, Mama Rosario Tuanama Amasifuen, and my dear friend Neci. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the kindness and generosity of the Kichwa people of San Martín. I am especially indebted to the people of Yaku Shutuna Rumi, who welcomed me into their homes and lives with great love and affection, and who gave me the run of their community during my stay in El Dorado. I am also grateful to the people of Wayku, who entertained my unannounced visits and inscrutable questioning, as well as the people of the many other communities who so graciously received me and my colleagues for our brief visits. I have received support and encouragement from a great many people during the eight years that it has taken to complete this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Handouts for Andes in AP Art History
    Handout 1: Teaching the Andes - Contextual Background AP Art History Content Area 5 – Works from Americas Before European Contact (14 works) • South America (Andean): Chavín, Inka (5 works) • North America: Ancestral Pueblo & San Idelfonso Pueblo--SW US, NW Coast—Canada & US, Lenape/Eastern Woodlands, Eastern Shoshone/Wind River, Mississippian--Eastern Woodlands (6 works) • Mesoamerica: (pre-classic) Olmec, (classic) Maya, Yaxchilán, (post-classic) Aztec—Tenochtitlan (3 works) Andean/ South American Works (APAH 250 Content Area 5) • 153. Chavín de Huántar. Northern highlands, Peru. Chavín. 900–200 B.C.E. Stone (architectural complex); granite (Lanzón & sculpture); hammered gold alloy (jewelry). (4 images) • 159. City of Cusco (Cuzco). Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1440 C.E.; convent added 1550–1650 C.E. Andesite. (3 images) … o City of Cusco Plan o Qorikancha (Inka main temple) / Santo Domingo (Spanish convent) o Walls at Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman). • 160. Maize cobs. Inka. c. 1440–1533 C.E. Sheet metal/repoussé, metal alloys. • 161. City of Machu Picchu. Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1450–1540 C.E. Granite (archit. complex). (3 images) • 162. All-T’oqapu tunic. Inka. 1450–1540 C.E. Camelid fiber and cotton. (Map credit: Google Earth) Vocabulary and Concepts for APAH Andean Works El Cusco/ Qusqu / Qosqo = (Cuzco) The Land of the Four Quarters; often referred to as the “navel” or axis mundi of the Inka world where the Four Regions meet within this capital city that is arguably puma-shaped* *(For another perspective, read Carolyn
    [Show full text]
  • University Indigenous Students' Perceptions Towards Kichwa, Spanish and English
    English Language Teaching; Vol. 11, No. 2; 2018 ISSN 1916-4742 E-ISSN 1916-4750 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education University Indigenous Students’ Perceptions towards Kichwa, Spanish and English Jacqueline Guadalupe Armijos Monar1, Blanca Narcisa Fuertes Lopez1, Jorge Edwin Delgado Altamirano1 & Vicente Marlón Villa Villa1 1 National University of Chimborazo, Ecuador Correspondence: Jacqueline Guadalupe Armijos Monar, National University of Chimborazo, Ecuador. E-mail: [email protected] Received: November 24, 2017 Accepted: January 18, 2018 Online Published: January 21, 2018 doi: 10.5539/elt.v11n2p131 URL: http://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v11n2p131 Abstract Even though there has been a significant advancement in human rights, social justice and social practices around the world; some Ecuadorian indigenous students still struggle against many social and linguistic limitations, especially in Chimborazo province. This research was carried out with 30 Ecuadorian indigenous students who studied English as a compulsory subject for five months. The aim of the study is to explore the general attitudes of indigenous university students about Kichwa, Spanish and English languages in the Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, at the Political and Administrative Science College. It also aims to find out which language demands more of their attention. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected into three-time stages by applying a questionnaire asking for students’ attitudes towards Kichwa, Spanish and English. Participants were asked about their language exposure in each of the mentioned languages. Answers were tabulated using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program. The outcomes revealed a substantial difference in the students’ attitudes in favor of Spanish language.
    [Show full text]
  • A Descriptive Phonology of Cotopaxi Kichwa
    - 1 - Cotopaxi Quichua A Phonological Description and an Analysis of Stops and Affricates in Central Highland Ecuadorian Quichua Martin Kohlberger Supervisors: Prof Alice Turk Dr Bert Remijsen Linguistics (MA) University of Edinburgh - 2 - Abstract Quechua is a language continuum spoken in the Andes Mountains in South America. Despite extensive linguistic fieldwork on it, some Ecuadorian dialects of it remain undocumented and some questions are unresolved. Aspirated and ejective obstruents have emerged in some Quechua dialects against the expectations of regular sound change, but the only well documented case of this innovation is a southern Peruvian/Bolivian dialect. The first two aims of this investigation were to find an undocumented Ecuadorian dialect and describe its phonology. The third aim was to examine its obstruent system, establish whether aspiration/glottalisation contrasts exist, and determine whether they were likely to be a result of the same innovation as the one that the southern Peruvian/Bolivian dialect underwent. The dialect chosen for this study was the Cotopaxi Quichua dialect and fieldwork was conducted in the Quilotoa community of central Ecuador. Most of the data collection was done through recorded elicitation sessions with local native speakers. In addition to providing an overview of its phonology, it was found that Cotopaxi Quichua does indeed have phonemic aspiration contrasts. Furthermore, there is robust evidence to suggest that it acquired the aspiration through the same innovation as the southern Peruvian/Bolivian
    [Show full text]
  • Syncretic Discourse Markers in Kichwa-Influenced Spanish: Transfer Vs
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Lingua 151 (2014) 216--239 www.elsevier.com/locate/lingua Syncretic discourse markers in Kichwa-influenced Spanish: Transfer vs. emergence * John M. Lipski Department of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, 231 Burrowes Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States Received 3 September 2013; received in revised form 4 July 2014; accepted 9 July 2014 Available online 22 August 2014 Abstract In the Andean highlands of South America, the predominant indigenous language, Quechua, frequently produces phonetic and morphosyntactic effects on regional varieties of Spanish. Popular accounts of Quechua-influenced Spanish depict a picturesque jumble of mismatched vowels and erratic morphological agreement, while linguistic descriptions have concentrated on double possessives, O-V word order, and the overuse of gerunds. The underlying assumption is that Quechua-dominant bilinguals inconsistently mix Quechua-like configurations into their imperfectly acquired Spanish, while fluent Andean Spanish retains only slight traces of language contact. The present study draws on data from northern Ecuador, where Quechua-dominant bilinguals exhibit the beginnings of a hybrid morphological system based on two discourse markers that reflect the realities of both Spanish and Quechua: --ca (derived from the Quechua topicalizer -ka), and --tan (apparently derived from Spanish también ‘also’). An analysis of the Ecuadoran data reveals that --ca in Quechua- influenced Spanish often signals topic (assumed information) much as in Quechua. It is also postulated that --ca has its origin in non-fluent bilinguals’ incomplete suppression of Kichwa grammar when producing Spanish. The Ecuadoran data also suggest that -tan has developed into a syncretic marker combining reflexes of Kichwa --pash ‘also, even’ and the validator --mi, variably indicating focus and/or evidentiality as well as embodying innovative characteristics not directly derivable from Quechua sources.
    [Show full text]
  • The Social Inclusion of Indigenous Peoples in Ecuador Before and During the Revolución Ciudadana
    The social inclusion of indigenous peoples in Ecuador before and during the Revolución Ciudadana by Roberta Masala, Salvatore Monni SEEDS is an interuniversity research centre. It develops research and higher education projects in the fields of ecological and environmental economics, with a special focus on the role of policy and innovation. Main fields of action are environmental policy, economics of innovation, energy economics and policy, economic evaluation by stated preference techniques, waste management and policy, climate change and development. The SEEDS Working Paper Series are indexed in RePEc and Google Scholar. Papers can be downloaded free of charge from the following websites: http://www.sustainability-seeds.org/. Enquiries:[email protected] SEEDS Working Paper 10/2017 December 2017 by Roberta Masala, Salvatore Monni The opinions expressed in this working paper do not necessarily reflect the position of SEEDS as a whole. The social inclusion of indigenous peoples in Ecuador before and during the Revolución Ciudadana 1 2 Roberta Masala , Salvatore Monni 1 Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España 2 Dipartimento di Economia Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Italia Abstract. The aim of this article is to investigate the evolution of social inclusion among indigenous peoples in Ecuador. In the beginning, it highlights how some policies have deepened social problems like poverty and inequality. Then, it reviews the literature on social inclusion to define the reference framework of the investigation and pictures the social inclusion conditions of indigenous peoples through data analysis, in particular by observing the indicators of education, health and participation. With regards to this subject, it will be considered also some qualitative aspects, like cultural and linguistic barriers that are crucial for the effectiveness of the policies and essential to understand the indigenous social system.
    [Show full text]
  • Agroforestry for Biodiversity Conservation and Food Sovereignty Advances in Agroforestry
    Advances in Agroforestry 12 Florencia Montagnini Editor Integrating Landscapes: Agroforestry for Biodiversity Conservation and Food Sovereignty Advances in Agroforestry Volume 12 Series editor P.K. Ramachandran Nair, Gainesville, USA Aims and Scope Agroforestry, the purposeful growing of trees and crops in interacting combinations, began to attain prominence in the late 1970s, when the international scientific community embraced its potentials in the tropics and recognized it as a practice in search of science. During the 1990s, the relevance of agroforestry for solving problems related to deterioration of family farms, increased soil erosion, surface and ground water pollution, and decreased biodiversity was recognized in the industrialized nations too. Thus, agroforestry is now receiving increasing attention as a sustainable land-management option the world over because of its ecological, economic, and social attributes. Consequently, the knowledge-base of agroforestry is being expanded at a rapid rate as illustrated by the increasing number and quality of scientific publications of various forms on different aspects of agroforestry. Making full and efficient use of this upsurge in scientific agroforestry is both a challenge and an opportunity to the agroforestry scientific community. In order to help prepare themselves better for facing the challenge and seizing the opportunity, agroforestry scientists need access to synthesized information on multi-dimensional aspects of scientific agroforesty. The aim of this new book-series, Advances in Agroforestry, is to offer state-of- the art synthesis of research results and evaluations relating to different aspects of agroforestry. Its scope is broad enough to encompass any and all aspects of agrofor- estry research and development.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Possible Chemical Justification of the Ethnobotanical Use of Hyptis
    plants Article On the Possible Chemical Justification of the Ethnobotanical Use of Hyptis obtusiflora in Amazonian Ecuador Carmen X. Luzuriaga-Quichimbo 1, José Blanco-Salas 2,* , Carlos E. Cerón-Martínez 3, Milan S. Stankovi´c 4 and Trinidad Ruiz-Téllez 2 1 Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Av. Mariscal Sucre y Mariana de Jesús, Quito 170527, Ecuador; [email protected] 2 Department of Vegetal Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain; [email protected] 3 Herbario Alfredo Paredes, QAP, Universidad Central de Ecuador, Quito 170129, Ecuador; [email protected] 4 Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-924-289-300 Received: 15 September 2018; Accepted: 20 November 2018; Published: 23 November 2018 Abstract: In rural areas of Latin America, Hyptis infusions are very popular. Hyptis obtusiflora extends from Mexico throughout Central America to Bolivia and Peru. It has added value in Ecuador where it has been used by different ethnic groups. We aimed to learn about the traditional knowledge of ancient Kichwa cultures about this plant, and to contrast this knowledge with the published information organized in occidental databases. We proposed to use traditional knowledge as a source of innovation for social development. Our specific objectives were to catalogue the uses of H. obtusiflora in the community, to prospect on the bibliography on a possible chemical justification for its medicinal use, to propose new products for development, and to give arguments for biodiversity conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Movements As Source of Constitutional Law: The
    SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AS SOURCE OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: THE CASE OF THE INDIGENOUS MOVEMENT IN PLURINATIONAL STATE OF ECUADOR A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of the Science of Law by David Alberto Cordero Heredia December 2018 © 2018 David Alberto Cordero Heredia SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AS SOURCE OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: THE CASE OF THE INDIGENOUS MOVEMENT IN PLURINATIONAL STATE OF ECUADOR David Alberto Cordero Heredia, J.S.D. Cornell University 2018 ABSTRACT In 2008, a new Constitution of Ecuador was enacted with a novel definition of the state as “plurinational.” The plurinational state is a concept created and widely discussed inside the CONAIE (the most prominent indigenous peoples social movement); one of the most successful social movement in Latin America in conventional and contentious politics. This dissertation is a demosprudential study of the plurinational state for it underlines how the modern Ecuadorian indigenous social movements were sources of the Constitution and the law. This dissertation tries to answer why one of the most successful social movement in Latin America (regarding legal reform) has not achieved significant effectiveness in the implementation of their interpretations of the law? To achieve that goal, the first part will show how autonomy and self-determination has been the interpretation of justice if indigenous peoples in Ecuador since the clash with the Spaniards colonizers, how that interpretation took the form of the idea of the plurinational state, and the way that that concept followed from the movement to the text of the Constitution.
    [Show full text]