ŌŴũūũ 1 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»

«ɋɚɝɚ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ»

ŋūŮŭŮŶűŮ

ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ «ɋɚɝɚ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» («Ynglinga saga») — ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ «Ʉɪɭɝɚ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ» ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬ ɟɟ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɭ ɤɨɪɨ- ɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɝ1, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɯɜɚɬ (ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɦɨɠ- ɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ V – ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɨɣ IX ɜ.)2 ɢ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɪɧɨ-ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɚɝɢ3 ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ʉ. ɒɢɪɭ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɫɚɝɚɦ ɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ4, ɚ Ʌ. ɗɧɞɪɸɫ ɩɪɢɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɤ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ5. ɋɚɝɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧɨɦ ɫɜɨɞɚ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɝ «Ʉɪɭɝ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ» («Heimskringla»). Ɉɧɚ ɡɚɞɭɦɚɧɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɫɚɝɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɧɞɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɞɚ, ɞɚɸɳɚɹ «ɦɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ» ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ6. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɟɣ «ɧɟ- ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɚ ɫɚɝɚ»7, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɜɧɟ

1 Cɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Halldór Hermannsson 1910. P. 68–70; Finnur Jónsson 1923. S. 697–698; Ellehøj 1965. S. 109–141. 2 Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson 1941. 3 ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɨ ɹɡɵɱɟ- ɫɤɨɣ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ (Orton 2005. P. 308). 4 Schier 1970. S. 6. ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ Ɇ. ɋɢɤɥɚɦɢɧɢ (Ciklamini 1975b. P. 88, note 7), ɱɬɨ ɋɢɝɭɪɞɭɪ ɇɨɪɞɚɥɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬ «ɋɚɝɭ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɤ ɫɚɝɚɦ ɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ (Sigurður Nordal 1953. S. 181), ɚ ɏɟɪɦɚɧɧ ɉɚɥɫɫɨɧ ɢ ɉ. ɗɞɜɚɪɞɫ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɚɝɨɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɦɢɮɵ ɢ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɵ (Hermann Pálsson, Edwards 1971. P. 15), ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ. ɇɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɋɢɝɭɪɞɭɪ ɇɨɪɞɚɥɶ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤ oltidssagaer («ɫɚɝɚɦ ɨ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ») ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɫɚɝɢ ɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ ɢ ɪɵɰɚɪɫɤɢɟ ɫɚɝɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ «ɋɚɝɚ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɜ «Ʉɪɭɝɟ ɡɟɦɧɨɦ» ɢ ɉɪɨɥɨɝ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɨɪɤɧɟɣɰɚɯ». ɏɟɪɦɚɧɧ ɉɚɥɫɫɨɧ ɢ ɉ. ɗɞɜɚɪɞɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ «ɋɚɝɭ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɤ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɭ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɝ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɹ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɟ ɫɚɝɢ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ «ɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɟ» ɫɚɝɚɦ ɨɛ ɢɫɥɚɧɞɰɚɯ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢ- ɦɟɪ, «ɋɚɝɚ ɨɛ Ɉɥɚɜɟ Ɍɪɸɝɝɜɚɫɨɧɟ» ɢ «ɋɚɝɚ ɨɛ Ɉɥɚɜɟ ɏɚɪɚɥɶɞɫɫɨɧɟ» ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɨ ɱɭɞɟɫɚɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɜɹɬɵɯ ɢɥɢ «ɋɚɝɚ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɵɦɢ ɦɢɮɚɦɢ ɢ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɦɢ. 5 Andrews 1963. P. 259. 6 Ciklamini 1975b. P. 90. ȿɳɟ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɬɚ ɠɟ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ Ⱥ. ə. Ƚɭɪɟɜɢɱɟɦ: Gurevich 1971. ɋɦ. Ƚɭɪɟɜɢɱ 1972. ɋ. 81, 78: «ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɦɢɮ ɢ ɢɞɟɹ ɫɭɞɶɛɵ ɞɚɸɬ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɫ- ɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɣ, ɪɨɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɭɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɨɬ ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɨɝɨɜ ɢɥɢ “ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ”»; «ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɯ ɯɨɞ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɚ: ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɂɧɝɜɢ, ɱɶɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɹɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ (ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ- ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ), ɢ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɪɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɜɪɚɠɞɚ, ɪɚɡɞɢɪɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɨɞ ɂɧɝ- ɥɢɧɝɨɜ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ, ɜɪɚɠɞɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɨɞ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɟɱɟɧɧɵɦ». 7 Ciklamini 1975b. P. 88, note 7. 64 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»

ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɝ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɚɝɚ, ɜɫɟ ɠɟ «ɋɚɝɚ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɫɚɝ ɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ, ɧɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɸ ɫɚɝ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɢɯ ɪɹɞɭ1. ɋɚɝɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢ- ɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, «ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ»; ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɢɝɞɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɨɣ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɵ ɨ ɡɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɰɚɦɢ ɢɡ Ⱥɡɢɢ — ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɛɨɝɚɦɢ ɜɨ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɫ Ɉɞɢɧɨɦ; ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ- ɫɹ ɨɛɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɢɡ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ — Ɉɞɢɧɟ, ɇɶɺɪɞɟ2, Ɏɪɟɣɪɟ (ɢɧɚɱɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɂɧɝɜɢ, ɨɬ ɤɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɲɥɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ)3, Ɏɶɺɥɶɧɢɪɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ., ɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɛ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶ- ɫɬɜɚɯ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɹɞɭ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞ Ⱦɨɫ- ɬɨɫɥɚɜɧɵɣ: «Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞ ɫɵɧ Ɉɥɚɜɚ ɛɵɥ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɦ ɜ ȼɟɫɬɮɨɥɶɞɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɬɰɚ. ȿɝɨ ɩɪɨɡɜɚɥɢ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɫɥɚɜɧɵɦ. ȼ ɟɝɨ ɱɟɫɬɶ Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜ ɢɡ ɏɜɢɧɢɪɚ ɫɥɨɠɢɥ ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ. Ɉɧ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɬɚɤ: “ɇɨ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟ,/ ɉɨɞ ɫɢɧɢɦ ɧɟɛɨɦ/ Ʌɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɧɟɬ/ ɉɪɨɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɧɹɡɸ,/ ɇɟɠɟɥɢ ɬɨ,/ Ʉɨɬɨɪɵɦ Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞɚ/ Ⱦɨɫɬɨ- ɫɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ/ ȼɟɥɢɱɚɸɬ”»4. Ⱦɜɭɦɹ ɝɥɚɜɚɦɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɜ ɫɚɝɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɪɚɬ Ɉɥɚɜɚ, ɨɬɰɚ Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞɚ, — ɏɚɥɶɜɞɚɧ. Ɉɧ-ɬɨ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɡɜɟɧɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɂɧɝɥɢɧ- ɝɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚɦɢ — ɩɨɬɨɦɤɚɦɢ ɏɚɪɚɥɶɞɚ ɉɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɜɨɥɨɫɨɝɨ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɚɝɟ «Ʉɪɭɝɚ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ» — «ɋɚɝɟ ɨ ɏɚɥɶɜɞɚɧɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɦ» («Hálfdanar saga svarta») — ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɟɳɢɯ ɫɧɚɯ, ɫɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɏɚɥɶɜ- ɞɚɧɭ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɧɟ Ɋɚɝɧɯɢɥɶɞ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɵɧɚ ɏɚɪɚɥɶɞɚ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ. ɋɚɦ ɠɟ Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞ — ɥɢɰɨ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɟ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧ- ɝɚɯ», ɢɡ ɉɪɨɥɨɝɚ ɤ «Ʉɪɭɝɭ ɡɟɦɧɨɦɭ» («Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜ Ɇɭɞɪɵɣ ɢɡ ɏɜɢɧɢɪɚ ɛɵɥ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚ ɏɚɪɚɥɶɞɚ ɉɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɜɨɥɨɫɨɝɨ. Ɉɧ ɫɨɱɢɧɢɥ ɩɟɫɧɶ ɨ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɟ Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞɟ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɦ. ɗɬɚ ɩɟɫɧɶ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ. Ɋɺɝɧ- ɜɚɥɶɞ ɛɵɥ ɫɵɧɨɦ Ɉɥɚɜɚ Ⱥɥɶɜɚ Ƚɟɣɪɫɬɚɞɢɪɚ, ɛɪɚɬɚ ɏɚɥɶɜɞɚɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɟɫɧɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɵ ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɤɨɜ Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ»5), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ «ɉɪɹɞɢ ɨɛ ɭɩɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚɯ» («Þáttr af Upplendinga konungum»: «...ɫɵɧɨɦ ɟɝɨ (Ɉɥɚɜɚ Ⱥɥɶɜɚ Ƚɟɣɪɫɬɚɞɢɪɚ. — Ɍ. Ⱦ.) ɛɵɥ Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɡɜɚɥɢ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɫɥɚɜɧɵɦ; ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɦ ɜ

1 Jørgensen 2009; Mundal 2009; Mundal 2010. 2 ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɚɫɨɜ, ɛɨɝɚ ɜɨɣɧɵ Ɉɞɢɧɚ, ɇɶɺɪɞ — ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɚɧɨɜ, ɛɨɝɨɜ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨ- ɞɢɹ; ɨɧ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɤ ɚɫɚɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɥɨɠɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɜɨɣɧɟ ɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɚɧɨɜ (Yngl, k. 4). Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɞɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ɇ. ɋɢɤɥɚɦɢɧɢ, «ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɥɨɜɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɸɤɚ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɚɥɶɹɧɫ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɬɟɫɧɨɟ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɲɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ, ɧɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ, ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ Ɉɞɢɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɚɧɨɜ, ɇɶɺɪɞ, ɚ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɵɧɨɜɟɣ Ɉɞɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ» (Ciklamini 1975b. P. 94) 3 «Ɏɪɟɣɪɚ ɡɜɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɂɧɝɜɢ. ɂɦɹ ɂɧɝɜɢ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɵɦ ɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɢɱɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɦɢ» (ɄɁ. ɋ. 16). 4 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. ɋ. 37. 5 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. ɋ. 9.

ŋūŮŭŮŶűŮ 65

Ƚɪɟɧɥɚɧɞɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɬɰɚ; ɨ ɧɟɦ ɫɥɨɠɢɥ Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜ ɢɡ ɏɜɢɧɢɪɚ ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ, ɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɦ ɨ ɬɟɯ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɨɬ ɂɧɝɜɢ- Ɏɪɟɹ ɜ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ, ɢ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɦɢ»1). Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ» («Ynglingatal») ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ»2. ɂɡ 32-ɯ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɮ, ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɚɝɟ, 27 ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɷɦɵ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ3. ɂ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ» ɛɵɥ ɫɨɱɢ- ɧɟɧ Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜɨɦ, ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɵɦ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚ ɏɚɪɚɥɶɞɚ ɉɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɜɨɥɨɫɨɝɨ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ IX ɜ., ɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɟɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞ- ɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɷɦɵ. Ɍɚɤ, Ʉ. Ʉɪɚɝ4, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɹ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɋ. ɗɥɥɟɯɺɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ ɥɟɠɢɬ «*konunga ævi» («*ɀɢɡɧɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɜ») Ⱥɪɢ Ɇɭɞɪɨɝɨ5, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ» ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ «*konunga ævi» Ⱥɪɢ6, ɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ «ɉɪɹɞɶ ɨɛ ɭɩɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚɯ» (ɫɦ. ɫɯɟɦɭ 6). Ⱦɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ «ɉɟɪɟɱɧɹ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ», ɩɨ Ʉɪɚɝɭ, ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ 1120 ɝ. — ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ «*konunga ævi» Ⱥɪɢ7. ɑɟɬɵɪɟ ɜɢɫɵ, ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ, ɜɡɹɬɵ ɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɷɦɵ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɠɚɧɪɚ, ɱɬɨ ɢ «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ», — ɢɡ ɝɟɧɟɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɜɚɥɟɛɧɨɣ ɩɟɫɧɢ «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɏɚɥɟɣɝɨɜ» («Háleygjatal») ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɚ ɤɨɧɰɚ X ɜ. ɗɣɜɢɧɞɚ ɉɨɝɭɛɢɬɟ- ɥɹ ɋɤɚɥɶɞɨɜ8 (ɝɥ. 8 ɢ 23), ɚ ɨɞɧɚ — ɢɡ «Ⱦɪɚɩɵ ɨ Ɋɚɝɧɚɪɟ» («Ragnarsdrápa») — ɳɢɬɨɜɨɣ ɞɪɚɩɵ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ IX ɜ. Ȼɪɚɝɢ ɋɬɚɪɨɝɨ9 (ɝɥ. 5). Ʉ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ «ɋɚɝɭ ɨ ɋɤɶɺɥɶɞɭɧɝɚɯ» («SkjÄldunga saga»)10, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɜ ɝɥ. 29 ɫɚɝɢ11, ɢ «ɉɪɹɞɶ ɨɛ ɭɩɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚɯ». ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɤ ɭɫɬɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ12.

1 Fas. B. II. S. 106. 2 ɋɦ.: Åkerlund 1939; Turville-Petre 1982. 3 Ɉ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚɯ ɧɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ «Ynglingatal» ɫɦ.: Åkerlund 1939. S. 45–79. 4 Krag 1991. 5 Ellehøj 1965. 6 ɋ. ɗɥɥɟɯɺɣ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ «ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ» ɢ «ɉɟɪɟɱɧɟ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ» ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ «ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ» ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɞɟ Ⱥɪɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɱɟɪɩɚɥ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚ- ɰɢɸ ɢɡ ɩɨɷɦɵ Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜɚ (Ibidem). 7 ɉɨ Ʉɪɚɝɭ, «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ» — ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɢɫɬɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ XII ɜ. ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɣ. ɗɬɭ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɥ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɉ. ɋɨɣɟɪ (Sawyer 1992). ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɥɚ, ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɣ ɫ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ Ʉɪɚɝɚ, Ƚ. ɋɬɟɣɧɫɥɚɧɧ (Steinsland 1991). Ɋɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɭɛɟɞɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ʉɪɚɝɚ ɫɦ.: Fidjestøl 1994; Sapp 2002; Sundqvist 2002; Hägerdal 2004; Sundqvist 2009; McKinnell 2009. P. 124–125, note 4. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ- ɰɢɸ Ʉɪɚɝɚ ɫɦ.: Krag 2009. 8 ɋɦ.: Ström 1981; ɨ ɝɟɧɟɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɜɚɥɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɟɫɧɹɯ ɫɦ.: Ƚɭɪɟɜɢɱ, Ɇɚɬɸɲɢɧɚ 2000. ɋ. 423–428. 9 Ɉ ɳɢɬɨɜɨɣ ɞɪɚɩɟ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɧɟɝɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ ɫɦ.: Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. ɋ. 430–432. 10 Ɉ ɧɟɣ ɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɫɦ. ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠ. III. 11 ÍF. XXVI. 57. 12 Ɉɛ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧɨɦ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɫɦ.: Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ 2003. ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɨɛ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɫɦ.: Beyschlag 1950. S. 21–111. ɋɦ. ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɒ. ȼɸɪɬ, ɱɬɨ

66 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»

ŚŞŎŕʼn 6 őźŻŷƀŶűųű «ŚũŬű ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž» Ÿŷ Ś. ŦŴŴŮžƉƇ ű œ. œŹũŬż

ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢ- ɤɢ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» — «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ» ɢ «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɏɚɥɟɣɝɨɜ» — ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɵ (ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɢɯ ɧɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ) ɧɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɚɦ ɫɨ- ɛɵɬɢɣ ɢɯ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɰɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɡɠɟ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɫɚɝɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɚɝɟ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɫɤɚɡɨɱɧɨ-ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɸɠɟɬɨɜ. ȼ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɚɝɢ ɢɫ- ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨ- ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɲɤɚɥɚ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɢɦ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɨɦ Ȼ. ɇɟɪɦɚɧɨɦ1, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ»: «ɫɦɟɪɬɶ Ⱥɝɧɢ — ɧɚɱɚɥɨ V ɜɟɤɚ; ɫɦɟɪɬɶ Ⱥɥɶɪɟɤɚ ɢ ɗɣɪɢɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɂɧɝɜɢ ɢ Ⱥɥɶɜɚ — ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ V ɜɟɤɚ; ɫɦɟɪɬɶ Ȭɪɭɧɞɚ — ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ V ɜɟɤɚ; ɫɦɟɪɬɶ Ⱥɭɧɚ — ɤɨɧɟɰ V ɜɟɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ 500 ɝ.; ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɗɝɢɥɹ — ɧɟɡɚɞɨɥɝɨ ɞɨ 516 ɝ.; ɫɦɟɪɬɶ Ɉɬ- ɬɚɪɚ — ɨɤɨɥɨ 525 ɝ.; ɫɦɟɪɬɶ Ⱥɞɢɥɶɫɚ — ɨɤɨɥɨ 575 ɝ.; ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɗɣɫɬɟɣɧɚ — ɤɨ- ɧɟɰ VI ɜɟɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ 600 ɝ.; ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɂɧɝɜɚɪɚ — ɨɤɨɥɨ 600 ɝ. ɢɥɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚ- ɥɟ VII ɜɟɤɚ; ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɗɧɭɧɞɚ — ɨɤɨɥɨ 640 ɝ.; ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɂɧɝɶɹɥɶɞɚ — ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ 650 ɝ.; ɫɦɟɪɬɶ Ɉɥɚɜɚ Ⱦɪɨɜɨɫɟɤɚ — ɤɨɧɟɰ VII ɜɟɤɚ; ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɏɚɥɶɜɞɚɧɚ Ȼɟɥɚɹ Ʉɨɫɬɶ — ɞɨ 750 ɝ.; ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɗɣɫɬɟɣɧɚ — ɤɨɧɟɰ VIII ɜɟɤɚ; ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɏɚɥɶɜɞɚɧɚ ɓɟɞɪɨɝɨ — ɧɚɱɚɥɨ IX ɜɟɤɚ; ɫɦɟɪɬɶ Ƚɭɞɪɺɞɚ — 821 ɝ.; ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ Ɉɥɚɜɚ Ⱥɥɶɜɚ ɢɡ Ƚɟɣɪɫɬɚɞɢɪɚ — 801 ɝ.; ɫɦɟɪɬɶ Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ — 855–865 ɝɝ.»2. Ɂɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ. ɂ ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨ- ɩɵ, ɫɚɝɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɨɜ (ɞɨ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɜɢɤɢɧɝɨɜ) ɫ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨ- ɪɹ. ɉɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɦɭ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɸ Ɍ. ɇɭɧɷɧɚ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɤɚɹ ɡɨɥɨɬɚɹ ɫɟɪɟ-

«Breta sÄgur» ɦɨɝɥɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɥ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɜ ɜ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» (Würth 2004. P. 166). 1 Nerman 1914. 2 ɋɬɟɛɥɢɧ-Ʉɚɦɟɧɫɤɢɣ 1980. ɋ. 597 — ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɢɡ: Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson 1941. Bls. LIII.

ŋūŮŭŮŶűŮ 67

ɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɟɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜ- ɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɉɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɤɟ ɜ VII–VIII ɜɜ. ɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɜɫɟ ɫɨ- ɨɛɳɚɟɦɨɟ ɫɚɝɨɣ ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɹɞ ɜɵɦɵɫɥɚ. ɉɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɧɚɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢɫɶ ɤ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɦ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɜɚɪɟ ɗɫɬɟɣɧɫɫɨɧɟ ɢ ɂɜɚɪɟ ɒɢɪɨɤɢɟ Ɉɛɴɹɬɢɹ (ɫɦ. ɧɢɠɟ: ɝɥ. 32 ɢ 41 «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ ɤ ɧɢɦ) ɤɚɤ ɤ ɩɨɥ- ɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ, ɧɨ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɨɜ ɜ ɉɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɤɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞ- ɜɢɤɢɧɝɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɣ1. ɋɚɝɚ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨ ɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɟɞɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ (ɱɬɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨ ɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɦɨɪɟɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟ- ɝɢɨɧɟ) ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɝɪɚɛɟɠɚ ɢ ɨ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ, ɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞ- ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɜɟɝɭ «ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ». ȼɨɫɬɨɱ- ɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢɹ ɫɚɝɢ (ɗɣɫɬɥɚɧɞ ɫ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ Ⱥɞɚɥɶɫɸɫɥɚ, Ⱥɭɫɬɪɜɟɝ ɢ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɪɢɤɢ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ Ɋɭɫɢ Ƚɚɪɞɚɪɢɤɢ) — ɬɚ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɫɚɝ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ.

řżųŷŸűźű, űŰŭũŶűƈ, ŸŮŹŮūŷŭƄ «ŚũŬű ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»: ɋɦ. ɜɨ ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ «Ʉɪɭɝ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ».

ŗŻŭŮŴƅŶƄŮ űŰŭũŶűƈ «ŚũŬű ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»: Ynglinga saga. Særtryk af Heimskringla / Finnur Jónsson. København, 1893. Snorri Sturluson. Ynglingasaga / Finnur Jónsson. København, 1912. Ynglingasaga / E. Wessén (Nordisk Filologi. Ser. A: Texter. B. 6). Stockholm; København; Oslo, 1952; reprint — Oslo, 1976. Ynglinga saga etter KRINGLA (AM 35 fol) / J. G. Jørgensen. Oslo, 2000.

ŗŻŭŮŴƅŶƄŮ ŸŮŹŮūŷŭƄ «ŚũŬű ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»: őźŸũŶźųűŲ: La saga de los Ynglingos. Snorri Sturluson. Valencia, 2002 (S. I. Lluch). ŖŮŵŮſųűŮ: Leipzig, 1826 (E. M. Arnd). Weimar, 1827 (D. G. von Ekendahl). šūŮŭźųűŲ: Snorre Sturlesons Ynglinga-saga. Uppsala, 1854 (C. Säve). řżźźųűŲ: ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧ. ɋɚɝɚ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ // ɋȼ. 1973. 36. ɋ. 238–264 (ɋ. Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ). ŔűŻŮŹũŻżŹũ Heusler 1908; Schück 1910; Nerman 1914; Finnur Jónsson 1934; Åkerlund 1939; Beyschlag 1950; Lie 1961; Dumézil 1962; Ellehøj 1965; Schier 1970; Gurevich 1971; Ciklamini 1975b; Ross 1978; Turville-Petre 1982; Faulkes 1984; Noonan 1986; Whaley 1991; Krag 1991; Steinsland 1991; Sawyer 1992; Klingenberg 1992; Ⱦɠɚɤɫɨɧ 1993ɚ; Klingenberg 1993; Klingenberg 1994; McTurk 1994; Svanhildur Óskarsdóttir 1994; Sundqvist 2002; Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ 2003; Hägerdal 2004; Orton 2005; Würth 2004; ɋɦɢɪɧɢɰɤɚɹ 2005;

1 Noonan 1986. P. 327.

68 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»

Faulkes 2005; Jørgensen 2007; Sundqvist 2009; McKinnell 2009; Jørgensen 2009; Mundal 2009; Mundal 2010; Ƚɜɨɡɞɟɰɤɚɹ 2011.

śŮųźŻ

Ɍɟɤɫɬ ɉɭɛɥɢɤɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ: Snorri Sturluson. Heimskringla. I / Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (ÍF. B. XXVI). 1941. Bls. 9–83. I. kapítuli Kringla heimsins, sú er mannfólkit byggvir, er mjÄk vágskorin. Ganga hÄf stór ór útsjánum inn í jÄrðina. Er þat kunnigt, at haf gengr frá NÄrvasundum ok allt út til Jórsalalands. Af hafinu gengr langr hafsbotn til landnorðrs, er heitir Svartahaf. Sá skilr heimsþriðjungana. Heitir fyrir austan Ásíá, en fyrir vestan kalla sumir Európá, en sumir Eneá. En norðan at Svartahafi gengr Svíþjóð in mikla eða in kalda. Svíþjóð ina miklu kalla sumir menn eigi minni en Serkland it mikla, sumir jafna henni við Bláland it mikla. Inn nørðri hlutr Svíþjóðar liggr óbyggðr af frosti ok kulða, svá sem inn syðri hlutr Blálands er auðr af sólarbruna. Í Svíþjóð eru stórheruð mÄrg. Þar eru ok margs konar þjóðir ok margar tungur. Þar eru risar, ok þar eru dvergar, þar eru blámenn, ok þar eru margs konar undarligar þjóðir. Þar eru ok dýr ok drekar furðuli- ga stórir. Ór norðri frá fjÄllum þeim, er fyrir útan eru byggð alla, fellr á um Svíþjóð, sú er at réttu heitir Tanais. Hon var forðum kÄlluð Tanakvísl eða Vanakvísl. Hon kømr til sjávar inn í Svartahaf. Í Vanakvíslum var þá kallat Vanaland eða Vanaheimr. Sú á skilr heimsþriðjungana. Heitir fyrir austan Ásíá, en fyrir vestan Európá. (Bls. 9–10) II. kapítuli Fyrir austan Tanakvísl í Ásíá var kallat Ásaland eða Ásaheimr, en hÄfuðborgin, er var í landinu, kÄlluðu þeir Ásgarð. En í borginni var hÄfðingi sá, er Óðinn var kallaðr. Þar var blótstaðr mikill. Þar var þar siðr, at tólf hofgoðar váru œztir. Skyl- du þeir ráða fyrir blótum ok dómum manna í milli. Þat eru díar kallaðir eða dróttnar. Þeim skyldi þjónostu veita ok lotning allt fólk. Óðinn var hermaðr mikill ok mjÄk víðfÄrull ok eignaðisk mÄrg ríki. [...] (Bls. 11) V. kapítuli Fjallgarðr mikill gengr af landnorðri til útsuðrs. Sá skilr Svíþjóð ina miklu ok Ännur ríki. Fyrir sunnan fjallit er eigi langt til Tyrklands. Þar atti Óðinn eignir stórar. Í þann tíma fóru RúmverjahÄfðingjar víða um heiminn ok brutu undir sik allar þjóðir, en margir hÄfðingjar flýðu fyrir þeim ófriði af sínum eignum. En fyrir því at Óðinn var forspár ok fjÄlkunnigr, þá vissi hann, at hans afkvæmi myndi um norðrhálfu heimsins byggva. Þá setti hann brœðr sína, Vé ok Víli, yfir Ásgarð, en hann fór ok díar allir með honum ok mikit fólk annat. Fór hann fyrst vestr í Garðaríki ok þá suðr í Saxland. Hann átti marga sonu. Hann eignaðisk ríki víða um Saxland ok setti þar sonu sína til landsgæzlu. Þá fór hann norðr til sjávar ok tók sér bústað í ey einni. Þar heitir nú Óðinsey í Fjóni. [...] (Bls. 14) VIII. kapítuli Óðinn setti lÄg í landi sínu, þau er gengit hÄfðu fyrr með Ásum. [...] Þessa Svíþjóð kÄlluðu þeir Mannheima, en ina miklu Svíþjóð kÄlluðu þeir Goðheima. Ór Goðheimum sÄgðu þeir mÄrg tíðendi. (Bls. 20, 22)

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IX. kapítuli Óðinn varð sóttdauðr í Svíþjóð. Ok er hann var at kominn dauða, lét hann marka sik geirsoddi ok eignaði sér alla vápndauða menn. Sagði hann sik mundu fara í Goðheim ok fagna þar vinum sínum. Nú hugðu Svíar, at hann væri kominn í inn forna Ásgarð ok myndi þar lifa at eilífu. [...] (Bls. 22) XII. kapítuli Sveigðir tók ríki eptir fÄður sinn. Hann strengði þess heit at leita Goðheims ok Óðins ins gamla. Hann fór með tólfta mann víða um heiminn. Hann kom út í Tyrk- land ok í Svíþjóð ina miklu ok hitti þar marga frændr sína ok var í þeiri fÄr fimm vetr. Þá kom hann aptr til Svíþjóðar. Dvalðisk hann þá enn heima um hríð. Hann hafði fengit konu þá, er Vana hét, út í Vanaheimi. Var þeira sonr Vanlandi. Sveigðir fór enn at leita Goðheims. Ok í austanverðri Svíþjóð heitir bœr mikill at Steini. Þar er steinn svá mikill sem stórt hús. [...] (Bls. 27) XXVII. kapítuli [...] Fróði var hermaðr mikill. Þat var á einu sumri, at Fróði fór með her sinn til Svíþjóðar, gerði þar upprás ok herjaði, drap mart fólk, en sumt hertók hann. Hann fekk allmikit herfang. Hann brenndi ok víða byggðina ok gerði it mesta hervirki. Annat sumar fór Fróði konungr at herja í Austrveg. Þat spurði Óttarr konungr, at Fróði var eigi í landinu. Þá stígr hann á herskip ok ferr út í DanmÄrk ok herjar þar ok fær enga mótstÄðu. [...] (Bls. 54) XXXI. kapítuli SÄlvi hét sækonungr, sonr HÄgna í Njarðey, er þá herjaði í Austrveg. Hann átti ríki á Jótlandi. Hann helt liði sínu til Svíþjóðar. Þá var Eysteinn konungr á veizlu í heraði því, er Lófund heitir. Þar kom SÄlvi konungr á óvart um nótt ok tók hús á konungi ok brenndi hann inni með hirð sína alla. [...] (Bls. 60) XXXII. kapítuli Yngvarr hét sonr Eysteins konungs, er þá var konungr yfir Svíaveldi. Hann var hermaðr mikill ok var opt á herskipum, því at þá var áðr Svíaríki mjÄk herskátt, bæði af DÄnum ok AustrvegsmÄnnum. Yngvarr konungr gerði frið við Dani, tók þá at herja um Austrvegu. Á einu sumri hafði hann her úti ok fór til Eistlands ok her- jaði þar um sumarit, sem heitir at Steini. Þá kómu Eistr ofan með mikinn her, ok áttu þeir orrostu. Var þá landherrinn svá drjúgr, at Svíar fengu eigi mótstÄðu. Fell Þá Yngvarr konungr, en lið hans flýði. Hann er heygðr þar við sjá sjálfan. Þat er á Aðalsýslu. Fóru Svíar heim eptir ósigr þenna. Svá segir Þjóðólfr: Þat stÄkk upp, at Yngvari Sýslu kind of sóit hafði ok ljóshÄmum við lagar hjarta herr eistneskr at hilmi vá, ok austmarr

70 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»

jÄfri fÄllnum Gymis ljóð at gamni kveðr. (Bls. 61–62) XXXIII. kapítuli ønundr hét sonr Yngvars, er þar næst tók konungdóm í Svíþjóð. Um hans daga var friðr góðr í Svíþjóð, ok varð hann mjÄk auðigr at lausafé. ønundr konungr fór með her sinn til Eistlands at hefna fÄður síns, gekk þar upp með her sinn ok herjaði víða um landit ok fekk herfang mikit, ferr aptr um haustit til Svíþjóðar. Um hans daga var ár mikit í Svíþjóðu. ønundr var allra konunga vinsælstr. [...] (Bls. 62) XXXV. kapítuli [...] Fær konungr bana ok mart lið með honum. Svá segir Þjóðólfr: Varð ønundr Jónakrs bura harmi heptr und HiminfjÄllum, ok ofvæg Eistra dolgi heipt hrísungs at hendi kom, ok sá frÄmuðr foldar beinum HÄgna hrørs of horfinn vas. (Bls. 64–65) XLI. kapítuli Ívarr víðfaðmi lagði undir sik allt Svíaveldi. Hann eignaðisk ok allt Danaveldi ok mikinn hlut Saxlands ok allt Austrríki ok inn fimmta hlut Englands. Af hans ætt eru komnir Danakonungar ok Svíakonungar, þeir er þar hafa einvald haft. Eptir Ingjald illráða hvarf Uppsalaveldi ór ætt Ynglinga, þat er langfeðgum mætti telja. (Bls. 72–73)

ŘŮŹŮūŷŭ

ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ ŌŴũūũ 1 Ʉɪɭɝ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ1, ɝɞɟ ɨɛɢɬɚɟɬ ɪɨɞ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɪɟɡɚɧ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɦɢ. Ȼɨɥɶ- ɲɢɟ ɦɨɪɹ ɜɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɢɡ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ [ɟɟ] ɨɤɟɚɧɚ2. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɪɟ ɬɹɧɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɇɺɪɜɚɫɭɧɞɚ3 ɢ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ Ƀɨɪɫɚɥɚɥɚɧɞɚ4. Ɉɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɥɢɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɋɜɚɪɬɚɯɚɜ5. Ɉɧ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ6 ɬɪɟɬɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ7. ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ Ⱥɡɢɟɣ, ɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɭɸ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ȿɜɪɨɩɨɣ, ɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ — ɗɧɟɟɣ8. Ⱥ ɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ ɨɬ ɋɜɚɪɬɚɯɚɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ, ɢɥɢ ɏɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ9. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɋɟɪɤɥɚɧɞɚ10, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɫ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɦ Ȼɥɚ- ɥɚɧɞɨɦ11. ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ12 ɧɟ ɡɚɫɟɥɟɧɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɦɨɪɨɡɚ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɚ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ ɤɚɤ ɸɠɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ Ȼɥɚɥɚɧɞɚ ɩɭɫɬɵɧɧɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɨɹ13. ȼ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ14 ɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɤɪɭɝɨɜ. Ɍɚɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ, ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ.

ŘŮŹŮūŷŭ 71

Ɍɚɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɧɵ ɢ ɬɚɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɚɪɥɢɤɢ, ɬɚɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɟɪɧɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɢ ɬɚɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ. Ɍɚɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɡɜɟɪɢ ɢ ɞɪɚɤɨ- ɧɵ15. ɋ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ, ɫ ɝɨɪ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɩɪɟ- ɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ16, ɬɟɱɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ɪɟɤɚ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚ- ɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ Ɍɚɧɚɢɫ17. Ɋɚɧɶɲɟ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ Ɍɚɧɚɤɜɢɫɥɨɦ, ɢɥɢ ȼɚɧɚɤ- ɜɢɫɥɨɦ18. ȼ ɦɨɪɟ ɨɧɚ ɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɋɜɚɪ- ɬɚɯɚɜ. [Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɶ] ɩɨ ȼɚɧɚɤɜɢɫɥɭ ɡɜɚ- ɥɚɫɶ ɬɨɝɞɚ ȼɚɧɚɥɚɧɞɨɦ, ɢɥɢ ȼɚɧɚɯɟɣ- ɦɨɦ19. ɗɬɚ ɪɟɤɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɫɜɟ- ɬɚ20. ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ Ⱥɡɢɟɣ, ɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ — ȿɜɪɨɩɨɣ. ŌŴũūũ 2 [Ɂɟɦɥɹ] ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɤ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɭ ɨɬ Ɍɚɧɚɤɜɢɫɥɚ ɡɜɚɥɚɫɶ Ⱥɫɚɥɚɧɞɨɦ21, ɢɥɢ Ⱥɫɚɯɟɣ- ɦɨɦ22, ɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɨɧɢ Ⱥɫɝɚɪɞɨɦ23. ɂ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɛɵɥ ɯɺɜɞɢɧɝ24, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɜɚɥɫɹ Óɞɢɧɨɦ25. Ɍɚɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɚɩɢɳɟ. Ɍɚɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɵɱɚɣ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɠɪɟɰɨɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɜɟɧɚ- ɞɰɚɬɶ26. Ɉɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶ ɠɟɪɬɜɨɩɪɢɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɧɚɪɨɞ. ɂɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɞɢɹɦɢ27 ɢ ɞɪɨɬɬɢɧɚɦɢ28. ȼɫɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɢɦ ɢ ɨɤɚ- ɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɦ ɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ. Óɞɢɧ ɛɵɥ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɜɨɢɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ, ɢ ɡɚ- ɜɥɚɞɟɥ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ. [Ⱦɚɥɶɲɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ — ɨ ɜɟɪɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ Ɉɞɢɧɚ.] ŌŴũūũ 5 Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɝɨɪɧɵɣ ɯɪɟɛɟɬ ɬɹɧɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞ29. Ɉɧ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬ ȼɟɥɢɤɭɸ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ʉ ɸɝɭ ɨɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɨɪ ɧɟɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɞɨ Ɍɸɪɤɥɚɧɞɚ30. Ɍɚɦ ɭ Ɉɞɢɧɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɬɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɟ ɯɺɜɞɢɧɝɢ ɯɨɞɢɥɢ [ɩɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ] ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɫɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ, ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɯɺɜɞɢɧɝɢ ɛɟɠɚɥɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɨɣɧ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ31. ɇɨ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ Ɉɞɢɧ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɜɢɞɰɟɦ ɢ ɤɨɥɞɭɧɨɦ, ɨɧ ɡɧɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɢɪɚ32. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɫɚɞɢɥ ɨɧ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɛɪɚɬɶɟɜ ȼɟ ɢ ȼɢɥɢ [ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ] ɧɚɞ Ⱥɫɝɚɪɞɨɦ, ɚ ɫɚɦ ɩɭɫɬɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɩɭɬɶ, ɢ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɜɫɟ ɞɢɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ33. Ɉɧ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɫɹ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ ɜ Ƚɚɪɞɚɪɢɤɢ34, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɸɝ ɜ ɋɚɤɫɥɚɧɞ35. ɍ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɧɨɜɟɣ. Ɉɧ ɡɚɜɥɚ- ɞɟɥ ɡɟɦɥɹɦɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɜ ɋɚɤɫɥɚɧɞɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɬɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɵ- ɧɨɜɟɣ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɨɧ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ, ɤ ɦɨɪɸ, ɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ. ɗɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ Ɉɞɢɧɫɟɣ ɧɚ Ɏɸɧɟ36. [Ɋɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ Ɉɞɢɧ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɋɬɚɪɨɣ ɋɢɝɬɭɧɟ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɪɚɫɫɟɥɢɥ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɨɝɨɜ.] ŌŴũūũ 8 Óɞɢɧ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɭ ɚɫɨɜ. [ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɵɱɚɟɜ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ.] ɗɬɭ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ37 ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɨɧɢ Ɇɚɧɧɯɟɣɦɚɦɢ, ɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɭɸ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɨɧɢ Ƚɨɞɯɟɣɦɚɦɢ38. Ɉ Ƚɨɞ- ɯɟɣɦɚɯ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɟ.

72 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»

ŌŴũūũ 9 Óɞɢɧ ɭɦɟɪ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɜ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ. ɂ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ, ɨɧ ɜɟɥɟɥ ɩɨɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɫɬɪɢɟɦ ɤɨɩɶɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɥ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɭɦɟɪɲɢɯ ɨɬ ɨɪɭ- ɠɢɹ39. Ɉɧ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɜ Ƚɨɞɯɟɣɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɶɦɟɬ ɬɭɞɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɪɭɡɟɣ. Ɍɟ- ɩɟɪɶ ɫɜɟɢ ɜɟɪɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɜɟɪɧɭɥɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɣ Ⱥɫɝɚɪɞ40 ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɠɢɬɶ ɬɚɦ ɜɟɱɧɨ. [Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɨ ɜɟɪɟ ɜ Ɉɞɢɧɚ, ɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɟ ɫɜɟɟɜ — ɇɶɺɪɞɟ ɢɡ ɇɨɚɬɭɧɚ.] ŌŴũūũ 12 ɋɜɟɣɝɞɢɪ ɫɬɚɥ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɬɰɚ. Ɉɧ ɞɚɥ ɨɛɟɬ ɧɚɣɬɢ Ƚɨɞɯɟɣɦ ɢ Ɉɞɢɧɚ ɋɬɚɪɨɝɨ. Ɉɧ ɟɡɞɢɥ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɧɚɞɰɚɬɶɸ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɡɟɦɥɟ. Ɉɧ ɩɨɛɵɜɚɥ ɜ Ɍɸɪɤɥɚɧɞɟ ɢ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɥ ɬɚɦ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɱɟɣ, ɢ ɛɵɥ [ɨɧ] ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɹɬɶ ɥɟɬ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɨɧ ɜɟɪɧɭɥɫɹ ɜ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɠɢɥ ɞɨɦɚ. Ɉɧ ɠɟɧɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɡɜɚɥɢ ȼɚɧɚ, ɢɡ ȼɚɧɚɯɟɣɦɚ. ɂɯ ɫɵɧɨɦ ɛɵɥ ȼɚɧɥɚɧɞɢ. ɋɜɟɣɝɞɢɪ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɢɫɤɢ Ƚɨɞɯɟɣɦɚ. Ⱥ ɜ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ41 [ɟɫɬɶ] ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɭɫɚɞɶɛɚ, [ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ] ɡɨɜɟɬɫɹ ɍ Ʉɚɦɧɹ42. Ɍɚɦ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɚɦɟɧɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɣ, ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɞɨɦ. [ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɤɚɪɥɢɤ ɡɚɦɚɧɢɥ ɋɜɟɣɝɞɢɪɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɤɚɦɧɹ.] ŌŴũūũ 27 [Ⱦɚɬɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɭɧɝ43 Ɏɪɨɞɢ ɋɦɟɥɵɣ ɛɟɡɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚ ɫɜɟɟɜ Ɉɬɬɚɪɚ ɞɚɧɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɛɟɳɚɥ ɟɦɭ ɗɝɢɥɶ, ɨɬɟɰ Ɉɬɬɚɪɚ, ɡɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨ- ɦɨɳɶ.] Ɏɪɨɞɢ ɛɵɥ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɜɨɢɬɟɥɟɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɠɞɵ ɥɟɬɨɦ Ɏɪɨɞɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɜɨɣɫɤɨɦ ɜ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ, ɜɵɫɚɞɢɥɫɹ ɬɚɦ ɢ ɜɨɟɜɚɥ, ɭɛɢɥ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɚ ɧɟ- ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥ ɜ ɩɥɟɧ. Ɉɧ ɜɡɹɥ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɞɨɛɵɱɭ. Ɉɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɠɟɝ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɟ ɨɩɭɫɬɨɲɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɥɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɭɧɝ Ɏɪɨɞɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɫɹ ɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɜ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɜɟɝ44. Ʉɨɧɭɧɝ Ɉɬɬɚɪ ɭɡɧɚɥ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ Ɏɪɨɞɢ ɭɟɯɚɥ ɢɡ [ɫɜɨɟɣ] ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɫɚɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɧ ɧɚ ɛɨɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɶ ɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ⱦɚɧɦɚɪɤ, ɢ ɜɨɸɟɬ ɬɚɦ, ɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ. [ɇɚ Ɉɬɬɚɪɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɹɪɥɵ45 ȼɺɬɬ ɢ Ɏɚɫɬɢ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɦ Ɏɪɨɞɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ; Ɉɬɬɚɪ ɩɨɝɢɛɚɟɬ.] ŌŴũūũ 31 ɋɺɥɶɜɢ ɡɜɚɥɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚ46, ɫɵɧɚ ɏɺɝɧɢ ɫ ɇɶɹɪɞɟɣ47, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɟɜɚɥ ɜ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɜɟɝɟ48. Ɉɧ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɧɚ Ƀɨɬɥɚɧɞɟ. Ɉɧ ɩɨɜɟɥ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɨ ɜ ɋɜɢɬɶ- ɨɞ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɧɭɧɝ ɗɣɫɬɟɣɧ ɛɵɥ ɧɚ ɩɢɪɭ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɝɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ Ʌɨ- ɜɭɧɞ49. Ɍɭɞɚ ɧɚɝɪɹɧɭɥ ɧɨɱɶɸ ɤɨɧɭɧɝ ɋɺɥɶɜɢ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɢɥ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɦɟ, ɢ ɫɠɟɝ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ [ɞɨɦɚ] ɫɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɨɣ. [ɋɺɥɶɜɢ ɩɨɛɟɠɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɣɫɤɨ ɫɜɟ- ɟɜ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬ ɜ ɋɢɝɬɭɧɟ, ɩɨɤɚ ɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɭɛɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɜɲɢɟ ɫɜɟɢ.] ŌŴũūũ 32 ɂɧɝɜɚɪɨɦ ɡɜɚɥɢ ɫɵɧɚ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚ ɗɣɫɬɟɣɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɦ ɧɚɞ ɋɜɢɚɜɟɥɶɞɢ. Ɉɧ ɛɵɥ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɜɨɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɟɜɵɯ ɤɨɪɚɛ- ɥɹɯ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɋɜɢɚɪɢɤɢ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɞɚ- ɧɨɜ, ɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɜɟɝɚ50. Ʉɨɧɭɧɝ ɂɧɝɜɚɪ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɥ ɦɢɪ ɫ ɞɚɧɚɦɢ [ɢ] ɫɬɚɥ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɟɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɜɟɝɚɦ51. Ɉɞɧɚɠɞɵ ɥɟɬɨɦ ɨɧ ɫɨɛɪɚɥ ɜɨɣɫɤɨ ɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥ- ɫɹ ɜ ɗɣɫɬɥɚɧɞ52, ɢ ɜɨɟɜɚɥ ɥɟɬɨɦ ɜ ɬɨɦ [ɦɟɫɬɟ], ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɨɜɟɬɫɹ ɍ Ʉɚɦɧɹ53. Ɍɭɞɚ

œŷŵŵŮŶŻũŹűŲ 73

ɤ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɸ ɩɨɞɨɲɥɢ ɷɣɫɬɵ54 ɫ ɛɨɥɶ- ɲɢɦ ɜɨɣɫɤɨɦ55, ɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɛɢɬɜɚ. Ȼɵɥɨ ɫɭɯɨɩɭɬɧɨɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɨ ɬɚɤ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɟɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ. ɉɚɥ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɧɭɧɝ ɂɧɝɜɚɪ56, ɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɛɟɠɚɥɨ. Ɉɧ ɩɨɯɨɪɨɧɟɧ ɬɚɦ ɜ ɤɭɪɝɚɧɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ57. ɗɬɨ ɜ Ⱥɞɚɥɶɫɸɫɥɟ58. ɉɨ- ɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɜɟɢ ɞɨɦɨɣ. Ɍɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜ59: «ɋɥɭɱɢ- ɥɨɫɶ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɂɧɝɜɚɪɚ ɪɨɞ ɋɸɫɥɵ60 ɩɪɢɧɟɫ ɜ ɠɟɪɬɜɭ; ɫɜɟɬɥɨɥɢɤɨɝɨ61 ɜ ɫɟɪɞ- ɰɟ ɜɨɥɧ62 ɜɨɣɫɤɨ ɷɣɫɬɫɤɨɟ ɜ ɲɥɟɦ ɫɪɚ- ɡɢɥɨ; ɢ Ⱥɭɫɬɦɚɪ63 ɭɛɢɬɨɦɭ ɤɧɹɡɸ ɩɟɫɧɶ Ƚɸɦɢɪɚ64 ɧɚ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɟɬ»65. ŌŴũūũ 33 ɗɧɭɧɞɨɦ ɡɜɚɥɢ ɫɵɧɚ ɂɧɝɜɚɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɬɚɥ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɜ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ. ȼ ɟɝɨ ɞɧɢ ɜ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ɰɚɪɢɥ ɦɢɪ, ɢ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ66. Ʉɨ- ɧɭɧɝ ɗɧɭɧɞ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɜɨɣɫɤɨɦ ɜ ɗɣɫɬɥɚɧɞ67, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɨɦɫɬɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɬɰɚ68, ɩɨɲɟɥ ɬɚɦ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɜɨɣɫɤɨɦ ɜɝɥɭɛɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɝɪɚɛɢɥ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɢ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɞɨɛɵɱɭ, [ɢ] ɩɨɩɥɵɥ ɨɫɟɧɶɸ69 ɧɚɡɚɞ ɜ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ. ȼ ɟɝɨ ɞɧɢ ɜ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ɛɵɥɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɭɪɨɠɚɢ. ɗɧɭɧɞ ɛɵɥ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɥɸɛɢɦɵɦ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɜ. [Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɡɜɢɳɟ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚ «ɗɧɭɧɞ-Ⱦɨɪɨɝɚ».] ŌŴũūũ 35 [Ɋɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚ ɗɧɭɧɞɚ70 ɜ ɏɢɦɢɧɯɟɣɞɟ ɩɨɞ ɥɚɜɢɧɨɣ ɤɚɦ- ɧɟɣ.] Ɍɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜ71: «ɗɧɭɧɞ ɛɵɥ ɤɚɦɧɹɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɩɨɞ ɏɢɦɢɧ- ɮɶɺɥɥɟɦ72, ɢ ɷɣɫɬɨɜ ɜɪɚɝ73 ɠɟɪɬɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɥ ɧɟɧɚɜɢɫɬɢ ɜɬɚɣɧɟ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɧɚ74, ɢ ɛɵɥ ɭɛɢɣɰɚ ɏɺɝɧɢ75 ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧ ɩɨɞ ɤɚɦɧɹɦɢ»76. ŌŴũūũ 41 ɂɜɚɪ ɒɢɪɨɤɢɟ Ɉɛɴɹɬɢɹ77 ɩɨɞɱɢɧɢɥ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɫɸ ɋɜɢɚɜɟɥɶɞɢ. Ɉɧ ɡɚɜɥɚɞɟɥ ɢ ɜɫɟɣ Ⱦɚɧɚɜɟɥɶɞɢ, ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɋɚɤɫɥɚɧɞɚ, ɢ ɜɫɟɦ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɪɢɤɢ78, ɢ ɩɹɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɗɧɝɥɚɧɞɚ. Ɉɬ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɢ ɞɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɢ ɫɜɟɟɜ, ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɟɞɢɧɨɜɥɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɂɧɝɶɹɥɶɞɚ Ʉɨ- ɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ79 ɍɩɩɫɚɥɚɜɟɥɶɞɢ80 ɭɲɟɥ ɢɡ ɪɭɤ ɪɨɞɚ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɢɯ ɪɨ- ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ.

œŷŵŵŮŶŻũŹűŲ

Ʉɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ

1 ȼ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ «Kringla», ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ «ɤɪɭɝɚ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ», ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɪɚ- ɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɚɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɤɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɫɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩ- ɰɢɹ, ɩɨɥɟɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɚɹ ɫ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟ- ɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɜɲɚɹ ɢɞɟɸ ɲɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ Ɂɟɦɥɢ. Ɂɟɦɥɹ, ɫɨ- ɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɞɨɝɦɚɬɚɦ, «ɫɧɨɜɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ» ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɟ ɢɨɧɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɚɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɱɶɢ ɡɟɦɥɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ

74 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɤɚ, ɢɥɢ, ɬɨɱɧɟɟ, «ɤɪɭɝɚ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ» — orbis terrarum (ɫɦ.: ȿɥɶɧɢɰɤɢɣ 1961. ɋ. 15, 168–169; ɂɫɚɱɟɧɤɨ 1971. ɋ. 70–76). ɂɫ- ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɢɫ- ɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧɚ. ɇɨ ɜɨɬ ɱɬɨ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ: ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɂɫ- ɥɚɧɞɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ. Ɍɚɤ, ɗ. Ɏɨɥɤɫ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɰɢɬɚɬɵ ɢɡ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɢɫ- ɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ «Elucidarius» («ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɹ») Ƚɨɧɨɪɢɹ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɨɞɭɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɢɡ ȼɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɚ, ɢɡ «Konungs skuggsjá» («Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɟɪɰɚ- ɥɚ»), ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ XIII ɜ., ɢ ɢɡ ɪɹɞɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ (Faulkes 1984. P. 111–112). ɋɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ kringla heimsins ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ, ɱɬɨ ɢ orbis terrarum. ɂɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ heimskringla, ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ: ɜ «Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɡɟɪɰɚɥɟ», ɜ «Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ Ɂɟɦɥɢ II» (ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟ- ɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ — ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XIV ɜ.), ɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɧɨɣ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨ Ɍɪɢɫɬ- ɪɚɦɟ» (ɨɤ. 1226 ɝ., ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɶ XVII ɜ.). ɉɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɜɫɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨ ɜ 1697 ɝ. ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɘ. ɉɟɪɢɧɝɲɺɥɶɞɨɦ «Heimskringla» — «Ʉɪɭɝ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ». ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ Ƀ. Ƚ. Ƀɺɪɝɟɧɫɟɧ, ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨ- ɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ Kringla heimsins ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɬɪɭɞɭ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɥ Ɉɥɟ ȼɨɪɦ ɜ 1633 ɝ. ɜ ɩɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɤ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɉɟɞɟɪɚ Ʉɥɚɭɫɫɺɧɚ Ɏɪɢɢɫɚ (1599 ɝ.): «Ⱥɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ [ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɝ], ɩɪɨɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ Kringla heimsins ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ- ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɜ ɂɫɥɚɧɞɢɢ» (Jørgensen 2007. S. 12–13). 2 «ɍɱɟɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ» (ɬɟɪɦɢɧ Ⱥ. ɏɨɣɫɥɟɪɚ — Heusler 1908) ɜ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɢ ɜ ɉɪɨɥɨɝɟ «Ɇɥɚɞɲɟɣ ɗɞɞɵ» ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧɚ (1222–1225 ɝɝ.) ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ «ɤɚɪɬɵ ɦɢɪɚ», ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ Ɍ-Ɉ ɤɚɪɬ. Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɟɦɭ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ (Klingenberg 1994). Ɂɟɦɥɹ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ, ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɚ, ɩɨ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ ɦɢɪɚ, ɨɤɟɚɧɨɦ (Oceanus ɢɥɢ mare Oceanum). ɋɦ. ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ «Ɇɥɚɞɲɟɣ ɗɞɞɵ» — «ȼɢɞɟɧɢɟ Ƚɸɥɶɜɢ», — ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɟɫɟɞɵ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚ Ƚɸɥɶɜɢ, ɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ Ƚɚɧɝɥɟɪɢ, ɫ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɚɫɚɦɢ (ɨɛ ɚɫɚɯ ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 21): ɧɚ ɜɨ- ɩɪɨɫ Ƚɚɧɝɥɟɪɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ, «ɤɚɤ ɠɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹ», ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɚɫɨɜ, ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ, ɨɬɜɟ- ɱɚɟɬ: «Ɉɧɚ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɚɹ, ɚ ɤɪɭɝɨɦ ɧɟɟ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɣ ɨɤɟɚɧ» (Ɇɥɚɞɲɚɹ ɗɞɞɚ. ɋ. 11). Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦɭ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɟ «Ɉ ɪɚɟ» (ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ — ɤɨɧɟɰ XIII ɜ., ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XIV ɜ.): «...umsio, er ath bokmali heitir Oceanus» — «...ɦɢɪɨɜɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ Ɉɤɟɚɧɨɦ» (Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ 1986. ɋ. 127, 128). Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɤɟɚɧɚ ɞɜɚ: umsjór ɢ útsjár (útsjór, útsær); ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜɨɤ (um- «ɜɨɤɪɭɝ» ɢ út- «ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ, ɜɧɟ») ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɟ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ. Ȼɷɬɤɟ ɩɟɪɟ- ɜɨɞɢɬ ɢɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɤ «ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɟ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɦɨɪɟ, ɨɤɟɚɧ» ɢ «ɨɦɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɨɤɟɚɧ» (WAP. S. 676, 688). ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɜ «Ʉɪɭɝɟ ɡɟɦɧɨɦ» ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ — útsjár. 3 ɇɺɪɜɚɫɭɧɞ (Nörvasund) — Ƚɢɛɪɚɥɬɚɪɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɥɢɜ (WAP. S. 452). Ɋ. Ʉɥɢɡɛɢ ɢ Ƚɭɞ- ɛɪɚɧɞɭɪ ȼɢɝɮɭɫɫɨɧ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ «Codex Frisianus» (niorva-) ɢ ɩɟ- ɪɟɜɨɞɹɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɧɢɦ ɤɚɤ «ɭɡɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɥɢɜ (?)», ɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɬ ɦɢɮɨɥɨ- ɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ Njörvi (IED. P. 456). ȼ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨ Ɇɚɝɧɭɫɟ Ƚɨɥɨɧɨɝɨɦ» (ɩɨ «Ʉɪɭɝɭ ɡɟɦɧɨɦɭ») ɱɢɬɚɟɦ: «Ʌɸɞɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɱɬɨ ɋɤɨɮɬɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɢɡ ɧɨɪɜɟɠ-

œŷŵŵŮŶŻũŹűŲ 75

ɰɟɜ, ɩɪɨɩɥɵɜɲɢɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɥɢɜ ɇɺɪɜɚɫɭɧɞ, ɢ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɯ ɩɨɯɨɞɟ ɪɚɡɧɟɫɥɚɫɶ ɫɥɚɜɚ» (ɄɁ. ɋ. 477). ɋɤɨɮɬɢ ɗɝɦɭɧɞɚɪɫɨɧ ɠɢɥ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɪɨɥɟ Ɇɚɝɧɭɫɟ Ƚɨɥɨɧɨɝɨɦ, ɝɨɞɵ ɩɪɚɜ- ɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ — 1093 (1094)–1103, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɰɟɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ Ƚɢɛɪɚɥɬɚɪɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɥɢɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɨ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɚɝɟ, ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ XI–XII ɜɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɢɯ ɜɢɤɢɧɝɨɜ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɭɠɟ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ IX ɜ. (ɫɦ.: Brøndsted 1965. S. 55–63). 4 Ƀɨɪɫɚɥɚɥɚɧɞ (Jórsalaland) — ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɟ ɨɬ ɫɭɳ. ɦɧ. ɱ. Jórsalir, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɝɨ «ɂɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦ» (IED. P. 326–327). Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɵ Jórsalaheimr ɢ Jórsalaríki, ɢɫ- ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɉɚɥɟɫɬɢɧɵ (WAP. S. 315). Ɇɨɪɟ, ɬɹɧɭɳɟɟɫɹ ɨɬ ɇɺɪɜɚ- ɫɭɧɞɚ ɞɨ Ƀɨɪɫɚɥɚɥɚɧɞɚ, — ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ. Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ — Mið-jarðar-haf (IED. P. 427), Mið-jarðar-sjór (Ibidem; WAP. S. 418). 5 ɋɜɚɪɬɚɯɚɜ (Svartahaf) — ɑɟɪɧɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ (ɨɬ svartr «ɱɟɪɧɵɣ» ɢ haf «ɦɨɪɟ»). Ɉɬɬɚɥɤɢ- ɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɟ ɨɬ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɚ ɨɬ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɚɥ-ɂɞɪɢɫɢ 1154 ɝ., ɢ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ (ɧɢɠɟ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɚɝɢ), ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɪɟ ɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ Ɍɚɧɚɢɫ (Ⱦɨɧ), Ɉ. ɉɪɢɰɚɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɋɜɚɪɬɚɯɚɜ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ, ɧɨ ɢ Ⱥɡɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ (Pritsak 1981. P. 245). 6 ɑɟɪɧɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɨɣ ɢ Ⱥɡɢɟɣ (ɫɦ. ɨɛ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɤɨɦɦ. 20) ɧɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨ ɧɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɢ. 7 ȼ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ», ɜ ɉɪɨɥɨɝɟ «Ɇɥɚɞɲɟɣ ɗɞɞɵ», ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɡɚɱɢɧɚɯ ɝɟɨ- ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ (ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɫɦ. ɜ ɤɧ.: Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ 1986), Ɂɟɦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ, ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɣ Ɉɤɟɚɧɨɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ȼ ɉɪɨɥɨɝɟ «Ɇɥɚɞɲɟɣ ɗɞɞɵ» ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ (heimsþriðjungar) — Ⱥɡɢɸ, ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɢ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɭ: «ȼɟɫɶ ɦɢɪ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɑɚɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɚ ɸɝɟ, ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɤ ɡɚɩɚɞɭ ɢ ɤ ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɦɭ ɦɨɪɸ, ɡɨɜɟɬɫɹ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɨɣ. […] Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɟ ɢ ɬɹɧɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ ɢ ɤ ɨɤɟɚɧɭ, ɨɧɚ ɡɨɜɟɬɫɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɗɧɟɣ. […] ɋ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ ɢ ɞɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɸɝɚ ɬɹɧɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ Ⱥɡɢɟɣ» (ɋ. 11). ȼ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɦɢɪ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɜɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ: ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ — Ⱥɡɢɸ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɭɸ — ȿɜɪɨɩɭ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ «Ɇɥɚɞɲɟɣ ɗɞɞɟ» ɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ- ɬɚɯ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ, ɚ ɜ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧ- ɝɚɯ» — ɜɫɸ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɭɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɹ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɲɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ (ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɟɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɢɨɧɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɚɯ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɯ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɨɜ) ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɝɥɚɫɹɳɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɬɨɩɚ ɜɫɹ ɡɟɦɥɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɵɧɨɜɶɹɦɢ ɇɨɹ (ɫɦ.: Simek 1996. P. 39–48). ȼ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɟ «Ɉ ɡɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɫɵɧɨɜɶɹɦɢ ɇɨɹ» ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ: «ɉɨ- ɬɨɦ ɇɨɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɥ ɦɢɪ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɵɧɨɜɶɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɚɥ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɠ- ɞɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɢɦɟɧɢ. Ɉɧ ɧɚɡɜɚɥ ɨɞɧɭ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɢɪɚ Ⱥɡɢɟɣ, ɞɪɭɝɭɸ — Ⱥɮɪɢɤɨɣ, ɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɸ — ȿɜɪɨɩɨɣ» (Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ 1986. ɋ. 135). Ɍɪɟɯɱɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɣɤɭɦɟɧɵ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɥɚɬɢɧɨɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟ- ɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. ɋɪ. ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɪɹɞɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɯɪɨɧɢɤ: «ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɹɡɵɱɧɢɤɨɜ» ɉɚɜɥɚ Ɉɪɨɡɢɹ, V ɜ. (Oros. I, 2); «ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɛɪɢɬɬɨɜ» ɇɟɧɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɟɰ VIII ɜ. (Nen. Hist. Brit. P. 160 ff.); «ɏɪɨɧɢɤɟ» Ɉɬɬɨɧɚ Ɏɪɟɣɡɢɧɝɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ, XII ɜ. (Ott. Fris. Chron. I, 1). ȼ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɣ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɥ «ɭɱɟɧɨɟ» ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɬɪɭɞɭ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹ- ɥɚɫɶ ɬɪɟɯɱɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ.

76 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»

«ȼɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ» (ɬɟɪɦɢɧ Ʌ. Ȼ. Ɇɨɪɬɟɧɫɟɧɚ: Mortensen 2006) ɜ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧɚ — ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɵ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 9): ɪɟɱɶ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɢɞɟɬ ɨɛ ɚɫɚɯ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 21), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɜɭɱɢɸ ɫɨ- ɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɫ Ⱥɡɢɟɣ (ɚɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɢɡ Ⱥɡɢɢ), ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɧ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ Ⱥɡɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɨɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ «Ɇɥɚɞɲɟɣ ɗɞɞɵ», ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɮɨɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨɝɢ, ɚ ɪɟɚɥɶ- ɧɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ (ɫɦ.: Jakobsen 1988. S. 10–11). ɇɢɱɟɝɨ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ «ɡɚɛɵɬɨɣ» ɜ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ», ɧɟɬ — ɜɟɞɶ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧ- ɬɟɤɫɬɟ: ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ, ɧɚ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɣ ɋɟɜɟɪ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɠɟ «ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ Ȼɥɚɥɚɧɞ» (ɗɮɢɨɩɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ- Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɭɸ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɭ — ɫɦ. ɧɢɠɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɢ ɤɨɦɦ. 11), ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɫ «ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ» ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ȼɥɚɥɚɧɞɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɨɹ. ɏ. Ʉɥɢɧɝɟɧɛɟɪɝ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɢɦɟɥ — ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɡɨɪɨɦ — ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚ- ɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɬɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɭ ɦɢɪɚ (mappa mundi), ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɉɪɨɥɨɝɚ «Ɇɥɚɞɲɟɣ ɗɞ- ɞɵ», ɧɚ ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɚɝɢ: (a) ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɪɭɝ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ «ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɪɟɡɚɧ ɡɚɥɢɜɚɦɢ»; (b) ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ Ɍ-Ɉ ɫɯɟɦɚ orbis tripartitus, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ T ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ Y, ɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ; (c) ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɨɣ ɢ Ⱥɡɢɟɣ — ɪɟɤɚ Ɍɚɧɚɢɫ, ɛɟɪɭɳɚɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɦ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ ɜ Ɋɢɮɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɚɯ (ɫɦ. ɧɢɠɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɢ ɤɨɦɦ. 16 ɢ 17), ɑɟɪɧɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ, ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ, Ƚɢɛɪɚɥɬɚɪɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɥɢɜ; (d) ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɱɟɪɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɤ ɡɚɩɚɞɭ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɭ ɨɬ Ɍɚɧɚɢɫɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɑɟɪɧɵɦ ɦɨɪɟɦ ɢ ɝɨɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɦ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ — ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɏɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 9); (e) ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɋɟɪɤɥɚɧɞɚ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 10) ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ Ȼɥɚɥɚɧɞɚ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 11) ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɬɪɟɯɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ (Klingenberg 1994). 8 Ɍɨɩɨɧɢɦ ɗɧɟɹ (Eneá), ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ Ɋɢɦɚ ɢ ɪɢɦɥɹɧ, ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɢɤɨɜ Ɍɪɨɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ Ɍɪɨɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɗɧɟɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ «ɗɧɟɢɞɚ» ȼɟɪɝɢɥɢɹ. Ɍɚ ɠɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɨɜ — ɜ ɫɨɱɟ- ɬɚɧɢɢ «ȿɜɪɨɩɚ, ɢɥɢ ɗɧɟɹ» — ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ «Ɇɥɚɞɲɟɣ ɗɞɞɟ» ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧɚ (ɋ. 11), ɧɨ ɧɢɝɞɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɧɢ ɜ ɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɯ, ɧɢ ɜ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ, ɧɟɬ ɬɚ- ɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. Ⱥ. ɏɨɣɫɥɟɪ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɞɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɪɟɱɶ ɜ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɢ ɜ ɉɪɨɥɨɝɟ «Ɇɥɚɞɲɟɣ ɗɞɞɵ» ɧɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɨɛ ɗɧɟɟ (ɝɟɪɨɟ) ɢ ɬɪɨɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɨɣ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ (ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɂɬɚɥɢɢ ɧɢɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ). ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɏɨɣɫɥɟɪɚ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɪɵɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤɚɹ-ɬɨ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ (Heusler 1908. S. 51). Ȼɶɹɪɧɢ Ⱥɞɚɥɶɛɶɹɪɧɚɪɫɨɧ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨɫɢɬ ɢɦɹ ɗɧɟɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɜɨɡɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɪɨɞ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ, ɪɢɦɥɹɧɟ ɢ ɛɪɢɬɬɵ (ÍF. XXVI. 9, not 7). ɇɟɛɟɡɵɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɚ- ɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ Ɇ. Ʉɥɭɧɢɫ Ɋɨɫɫ (Clunies Ross 1978), ɱɬɨ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɸɠɟɬɚɦɢ ɢɡ «ɗɧɟɢɞɵ» ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɟɥɶɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫ- ɬɨɪɢɤɚ XII ɜ. Ƚɚɥɶɮɪɢɞɚ Ɇɨɧɦɭɬɫɤɨɝɨ «ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɛɪɢɬɬɨɜ» («Historia Regum Britanniae»). Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɥɟɞɵ «ɗɧɟɢɞɵ» ɜ ɂɫɥɚɧɞɢɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɧɟɥɟɝɤɨ (ɫɦ.: Magerøy 1998; Würth 1998. S. 38, 48, 56, 59, 71, 82; Andersson 2001. P. 282–283),

œŷŵŵŮŶŻũŹűŲ 77

ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɟɫɥɢ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨ ɛɪɢɬɬɚɯ», ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɤɚɡ «ɗɧɟɢɞɵ», ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɭ ɦɨɧɚɯɚ Ƚɭɧɧɥɚɭɝɚ, ɬɨ ɧɟɛɟɡɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞ- ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɪɭɝɚɯ ɛɟɧɟɞɢɤɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ Ɍɢɧɝɟɣɪɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɚ- ɫɬɵɪɹ (ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɹ ɜ ɂɫɥɚɧɞɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ 1133 ɝ.) ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ XII ɜ. (ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɢɫɚɥ Ƚɭɧɧɥɚɭɝ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ɉɞɞ ɋɧɨɪɪɚɫɨɧ) ȼɟɪɝɢɥɢɹ ɡɧɚɥɢ (Andersson 2003. P. 15). ɏ. Ʉɥɢɧɝɟɧɛɟɪɝ (Klingenberg 1992) ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɗɧɟɹ ɢɧ- ɬɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɬɫɵɥɤɭ ɤ «ɗɧɟɢɞɟ» ȼɟɪɝɢɥɢɹ — ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜɨɫɬɨɪɝɚ- ɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɜɟɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚ- ɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɧ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɰɢɬɚɬɭ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɟ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɪɭ- ɞɢɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɬɶ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ, ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɹɪ- ɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɨɪ ɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɹ ɋɬɸɪɦɢɪ Ʉɚɪɚ- ɫɨɧ Ɇɭɞɪɵɣ (inn fróði), ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɜɲɢɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɜ Ɋɟɣɤɯɨɥɬɟ. ɋɥɨɜɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ, ɢɥɢ ɗɧɟɹ ɢɡ «Ɇɥɚɞɲɟɣ ɗɞɞɵ» Ʉɥɢɧɝɟɧɛɟɪɝ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ «ɭɱɟɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ» ɋɧɨɪɪɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫ Ɍɪɨɢ, ɉɪɢɚɦɚ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ Ɍɪɨɹɧɫɤɨ-Ɏɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢɣ Ɍɨɪ ɹɜɧɨ ɩɪɟ- ɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɗɧɟɹ. 9 ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ, ɢɥɢ ɏɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ (Svíþjóð in mikla eða in kalda) ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧ- ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɷɜɝɟɦɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɵ ɨ ɡɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɰɚɦɢ ɢɡ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɤɚ- ɦɢ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɜ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɨɝɢ ɜɨ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɫ ɩɪɟɞ- ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɚɫɨɜ — Ɉɞɢɧɨɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ (ɝɥ. 2 ɢ 5), ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɱɟ- ɪɟɡ ɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ Ɍɚɧɚɢɫ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɢ Ⱥɡɢɸ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 17). Ɉɧɚ ɜɤɥɸ- ɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɥɟɠɚɳɭɸ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɚɫɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 21 ɢ 40) ɫ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɦ — Ⱥɫɝɚɪɞɨɦ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 23). ɂɡ Ⱥɫɚɥɚɧɞɚ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɢɡ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ, ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Óɞɢɧ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɜ ɋɬɚɪɨɣ ɋɢɝɬɭɧɟ. ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɬɚɤ ɫɬɪɨ- ɢɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɝɥ. 9), ɛɭɞɬɨ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɚɹ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ (= ɋɜɟɚɥɚɧɞ, ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 37) ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɢɦɹ ɨɬ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɦɦ. 38). Ⱥɜɬɨɪɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ, ɞɚ ɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɟ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ. ɋɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɟ- ɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɵ Ⱥ. ɏɨɣɫɥɟɪ (Heusler 1908) ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɢɤɚ ɢɫɥɚɧɞ- ɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ Ⱥɪɢ Ɇɭɞɪɨɝɨ (1067/68–1148 ɝɝ.), ɜ ɱɶɟɣ «Ʉɧɢɝɟ ɨɛ ɢɫɥɚɧɞ- ɰɚɯ» (1122–1132 ɝɝ.) ɫɜɟɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɚɪɨɞɢɧɭ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 21 ɢ 30). ɋɚɦɨɟ ɠɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ɜ ɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɜ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨ ɋɤɶɺɥɶɞɭɧɝɚɯ» (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠ. III), ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ 1220 ɝ. (ɩɨɞɪɨɛ- ɧɟɟ ɫɦ. Ⱦɠɚɤɫɨɧ 1991. ɋ. 112–116). ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ Ⱥ. ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜɵɦ ɤɚɤ «ɭɤɪɚɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɬ» (ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜ 1947. ɋ. 25–26). ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɬ — ɏɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ — ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ «ɫɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ɧɟ ɡɚɫɟɥɟɧɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɦɨɪɨɡɚ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɚ» (ɫɦ. ɧɢɠɟ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɚɝɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɦ. 13). Ɍɪɭɞɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ Ɉ. ɉɪɢɰɚɤɚ, ɛɭɞɬɨ 1-ɹ ɢ 5-ɹ ɝɥɚɜɵ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɞɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɨɞ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ «ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ, ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ» (Pritsak 1981. P. 244), ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ɤ «ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɢ Ɉɤɢ» (Ibidem. P. 245) ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɫɚɝɢ: «Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɝɨɪɧɵɣ ɯɪɟɛɟɬ ɬɹɧɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞ. Ɉɧ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬ ȼɟɥɢɤɭɸ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ» (ɫɦ. ɧɢɠɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɢ ɤɨɦɦ. 29).

78 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»

10 ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɋɟɪɤɥɚɧɞ (Serkland it mikla) ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ «Ɂɟɦɥɹ ɫɚɪɚɰɢɧ» — ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɢ ɉɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ (WAP. S. 57; IED. P. 523; Metzenthin 1941. S. 94–95). ȿ. Ⱥ. Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ ɤ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɦ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɢɤɚɫɩɢɹ (Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ 1986. ɋ. 90), ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ «ɭɠɟ ɤ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ XII ɜ. ɋɟɪɤɥɚɧɞ ɬɜɟɪɞɨ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ- ɧɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɯɨɬɹ ɟɝɨ ɬɨɱ- ɧɚɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɹ» (Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ 1977ɛ. ɋ. 207). ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɋɟɪɤɥɚɧɞ ɫ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɨɣ: «ɉɨɲɟɥ ɨɧ (ɏɚɪɚɥɶɞ ɋɭ- ɪɨɜɵɣ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ. — Ɍ. Ⱦ.) ɬɨɝɞɚ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɜɨɣɫɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɷɪɢɧɝɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɋɟɪɤɥɚɧɞɨɦ» (ÍF. XXVIII. 74). ɉɨɯɨɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɷɩɢɬɟɬ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɩɪɢ- ɛɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɤ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɦ ɋɟɪɤɥɚɧɞ ɢ Ȼɥɚɥɚɧɞ (ɫɦ. ɧɢɠɟ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɚ- ɝɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɦ. 11) ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɨɬɢɩɧɵɟ ɫ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶ- ɨɞ, ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ «ɡɚ- ɡɟɦɥɢɬɶ» ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɢɬɚɥɢɳɟ ɛɨɝɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 9). Ʌɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɋɟɪɤɥɚɧɞ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ XIII ɜ. ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɟ «Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ Ɂɟɦɥɢ II» ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ Ⱥɮ- ɪɢɤɢ («Ⱥɮɪɢɤɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɡɟɦɥɢ: ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɋɟɪɤɥɚɧɞ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ, ɋɤɢɮɢɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɵɧɟ — ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ, ɉɟɧɬɚɩɨɥɢɫ, Ɍɪɢɩɨɥɢɫ…» — Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ 1986. ɋ. 88, 86). ȿ. Ⱥ. Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ «ɫɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɛɴ- ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɣ», ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɚ, «ɩɟɪɟɦɟɫɬɢɜ ɋɟɪɤɥɚɧɞ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɭ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫ ɫɸɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɋɤɢɮɢɸ» (Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. ɋ. 90). Ɇɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɷɩɢɬɟɬɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɟ ɋɟɪɤɥɚɧɞ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ «Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ II» ɧɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ: ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ («ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɣ ɤɧɢɠɤɢ ɚɧɧɚɥɨɜ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɨ ɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɤɪɭɝɟ (af heimskringlunni)» — Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. ɋ. 87, 86) ɧɚɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɨ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɟ ɟɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɫ «Ʉɪɭɝɨɦ ɡɟɦɧɵɦ» ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧɚ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 1 ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ»). 11 ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ Ȼɥɚɥɚɧɞ (Bláland it mikla) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɗɮɢɨɩɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ (WAP. S. 56; IED. P. 67; Metzenthin 1941. S. 11–12; ONP. Vol. 2. Col. 407–408). Ȼɥɚɥɚɧɞ — ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ: «ɑɟɪɧɚɹ ɡɟɦɥɹ». ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ Ȼɥɚɥɚɧɞ — ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɹɞ ɫ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 100). 12 Ɍ. ɟ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ. 13 ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɢ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɨɬɝɨɥɨɫɤɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɲɢɪɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢ- ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɪɨɞɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ƚɪɟɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ Ɇɚɤɪɨɛɢɹ (ɫɦ: Ⱦɢɬɦɚɪ, ɑɟɪɧɨɜɚ 1967). ɋɦɵɫɥ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɹɬɶ ɡɨɧ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɪɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɳɟ- ɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ: ɷɬɨ ɞɜɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ ɧɟɨɛɢɬɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɥɸɫɚ ɢ ɠɚɪɤɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɢɬɚɟ- ɦɵɣ ɩɨɹɫ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɨɩɢɤɚɦɢ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ, ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ ɨɬ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɤɪɭɝ. 14 Ɍ. ɟ. ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ. 15 Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɟ «Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ» (ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ XIII — ɧɚɱɚɥɨ XIV ɜ.) ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɂɧɞɢɚɥɚɧɞɚ: «ɂ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɦ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɤɭɞɚ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɩɭɬɶ ɛɨɥɶ- ɲɢɟ ɞɪɚɤɨɧɵ ɢ ɡɜɟɪɢ (drekar storer oc dyr), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɢɮɨɧɚɦɢ. ɂ ɬɚɦ ɨɛɢɬɚɟɬ 12 ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ (þioðer), ɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. [...] Ɍɚɦ 44

œŷŵŵŮŶŻũŹűŲ 79

ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɤɪɭɝɚ (stor heroð)» (Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ 1986. ɋ. 63, 60–61). ȼ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɛ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɯ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɥɢɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟ- ɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɚɹ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɯ Ƚɨɝ ɢ Ɇɚɝɨɝ (Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. ɋ. 66–67). ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɚ ɫ «ɋɚɝɨɣ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɧɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ) ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ. Ɉɬɤɭɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɷɬɚ ɫɜɹɡɶ, ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɬɪɭɞɧɨ. 16 ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɢɨɧɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɧɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɦ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ, ɜɵɲɟ ɤɪɚɣ- ɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɜ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ, ɥɟɠɚɬ Ɋɢɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɵ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫ- ɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɪɟɤɢ (ɫɦ.: ȿɥɶɧɢɰɤɢɣ 1961. ɋ. 108). 17 Ɍɚɧɚɢɫ (Tanais) — ɞɪɟɜɧɟɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ Ⱦɨɧɚ. Ɋɟɤɚ ɭ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɫɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɫ ɝɨɪ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ, ɬ. ɟ., ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɭɦɚɬɶ, ɫ Ɋɢɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 16), ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ (= ȼɟɥɢɤɭɸ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ) ɢ ɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɋɜɚɪɬɚ- ɯɚɜ (ɑɟɪɧɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ), ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧ- ɧɨɦɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɟɣ. Ƚ. ɋɬɨɪɦ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɩɨɞɦɟɬɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞ «ɩɪɚ- ɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ» ɋɧɨɪɪɢ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɢɦɟɥ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ «ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚ- ɧɢɟ» ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɤɢ (Storm 1873. S. 105). 18 Ɍɚɧɚɤɜɢɫɥ (Tanakvísl) ɢ ȼɚɧɚɤɜɢɫɥ (Vanakvísl). ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ «ɍɫɬɶɟ ɜɚɧɨɜ» (vana — ɪɨɞ. ɩɚɞɟɠ ɦɧ. ɱ. ɨɬ ɫɭɳ. vanr, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɦɧ. ɱ. vanir «ɜɚɧɵ»; kvísl «ɭɫɬɶɟ». ɋɦ.: IED. P. 365, 678). ȼɚɧɵ — ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɛɨɝɨɜ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨ- ɞɢɹ ɜ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ (ɫɦ.: Ɇɟɥɟɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ 1980ɛ). ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ (ɧɟɜɨɡ- ɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ) ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ⱦɨɧɚ — Tanais — ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɨɬ «ɍɫɬɶɹ ɜɚɧɨɜ»: Vanakvísl > Tanakvísl > Tanais, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɭɫɬɶɟ Ⱦɨɧɚ ɢɡɞɪɟɜɥɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɜɚɧɨɜ (ɫɪ. ɧɢɠɟ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɚɝɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɦ. 19). ɉɨ Ɉ. ɉɪɢɰɚɤɭ, ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɟ- ɤɚɸɬ Ⱦɨɧ, ɟɝɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɋɟɜɟɪɫɤɢɣ Ⱦɨɧɟɰ ɢ ɩɹɬɶ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ (Pritsak 1981. P. 245), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɡ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɫɚɝɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ. 19 ȼɚɧɚɥɚɧɞ (Vanaland) — «Ɂɟɦɥɹ ɜɚɧɨɜ» ɢ ȼɚɧɚɯɟɣɦ (Vanaheimr) — «ɀɢɥɢɳɟ, ɨɛɢ- ɬɚɥɢɳɟ, ɦɢɪ ɜɚɧɨɜ». ȿɫɥɢ land ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɨɝɪɚ- ɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ (ɫɦ.: Krag 1971. S. 347–348), ɬɨ heimr ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ heimr ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɜɢ- ɞɨɦ ɨɛɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɛɭɞɶ ɬɨ ɛɨɝɢ, ɥɸɞɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɧɵ (ɫɦ.: IED. P. 251). Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɜɚɧɨɜ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɥɨɫɶ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɫɟ- ɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɨɣ, ɨɧ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢ ɦɢɮ ɨ ɜɨɣɧɟ ɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɚɧɨɜ (ɜɨɣɧɟ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɤ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɢɧɵ ɛɨɝɨɜ), ɧɨ ɚɫɵ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɢ ɜɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɟ ɨ ɡɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɰɚɦɢ ɢɡ Ⱥɡɢɢ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 9 ɢ 21). 20 Ɍɚɧɚɢɫ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɨɣ ɢ Ⱥɡɢɟɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɢ «ȼɟɥɢɤɢɟ ɪɟɤɢ» ɢ ɜ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ Ȼɢɛɥɢɢ (Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ 1986. ɋ. 152, 153; ɫɦ.: Ⱦɢɬɦɚɪ 1958). 21 Ⱥɫɚɥɚɧɞ (Ásaland) — «Ɂɟɦɥɹ ɚɫɨɜ». Ⱥɫɵ — ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɛɨɝɨɜ ɜ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜ- ɫɤɨɣ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ Ɉɞɢɧɨɦ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 25). Ⱥɫɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɧɚɦ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 18 ɢ 19), ɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɚɧɨɜ ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨ- ɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ (ɫɦ.: Ɇɟɥɟɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ 1980ɚ). ȼ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ «Codex Frisianus» ɜɦɟɫɬɨ Ásaland ɱɢɬɚɟɦ Asialand. ȼɢɞɢɦɨ, ɩɢɫɟɰ ɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɥ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɟ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ «Ⱥɡɢɟɣ», ɤɚɤɨ- ɜɚɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ. ɋɜɹɡɶ ɷɬɚ ɧɚɦɟɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɫɨ- ɱɢɧɟɧɢɢ Ⱥɪɢ Ɇɭɞɪɨɝɨ, ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɵ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 9). ȼɵɛɨɪ Ⱥɡɢɢ Ⱥ. ɏɨɣɫɥɟɪ (Heusler 1908. S. 39) ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨɦ Ⱥɪɢ ɫ ɯɪɨɧɢ- ɤɨɣ Ɏɪɟɞɟɝɚɪɚ «Ɉ ɞɟɹɧɢɹɯ ɮɪɚɧɤɨɜ» (ɩɟɪɜ. ɩɨɥ. VII ɜ.), ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɵɯɨɞɰɵ

80 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»

ɢɡ Ɍɪɨɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɧɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɣ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɬ Ⱥɡɢɸ. Ⱥɪɢ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɏɨɣɫ- ɥɟɪɚ, ɦɨɝ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ áss ɢ Asia ɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɂɧɝɜɢ ɫɬɚɥ ɭ Ⱥɪɢ «ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɦ ɬɸɪɤɨɜ» (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 30). ɍ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɨɬɨ- ɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ «ɚɫɨɜ» ɢ «Ⱥɡɢɢ» ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ: «[Ɂɟɦɥɹ] ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɤ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɭ ɨɬ Ɍɚ- ɧɚɤɜɢɫɥɚ ɡɜɚɥɚɫɶ Ⱥɫɚɥɚɧɞɨɦ, ɢɥɢ Ⱥɫɚɯɟɣɦɨɦ». ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠ- ɞɭ «ɚɫɚɦɢ» ɢ «Ⱥɡɢɟɣ» ɧɟɬ. «ɗɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ “Ⱥɫɵ” ɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɤ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɨ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɬɨ ɞɭɯɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɞɭɲɚɯ ɜ ɬɟɥɟ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɛɟɫɩɚɦɹɬɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ) ɢ ɨ ɞɭɲɚɯ ɭɦɟɪɲɢɯ» (Ɇɟɥɟɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ 1980ɚ. ɋ. 120). Ʉɪɨɦɟ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ», ɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɚɫɨɜ ɢɡ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɩɢ- ɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧɨɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ «Ʉɪɭɝɚ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ» «Ɇɥɚɞɲɚɹ ɗɞɞɚ» (ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 30). 22 Ⱥɫɚɯɟɣɦ (Ásaheimr) — «ɀɢɥɢɳɟ, ɨɛɢɬɚɥɢɳɟ, ɦɢɪ ɚɫɨɜ». ɉɚɪɚ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɨɜ «Ⱥɫɚ- ɥɚɧɞ, ɢɥɢ Ⱥɫɚɯɟɣɦ» ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ ɩɚɪɭ «ȼɚɧɚɥɚɧɞ, ɢɥɢ ȼɚɧɚɯɟɣɦ» (ɫɦ. ɜɵɲɟ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɚɝɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɦ. 19). 23 Ⱥɫɝɚɪɞ (Ásgarðr). ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ «ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ» Ⱥɫɚɥɚɧɞɚ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ, ɤɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ Ɋ. Ʉɥɢɡɛɢ ɢ Ƚɭɞɛɪɚɧɞɭɪ ȼɢɝɮɭɫɫɨɧ, ɜ ɭɡɤɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɨɜ ɦɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨ- ɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ garð-, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ «ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɶ, ɬɜɟɪɞɵɧɸ, ɰɢɬɚɞɟɥɶ»: Ásgarðr — Ⱥɫɝɚɪɞ, ɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɝɨɜ, Miðgarðr — «ɫɪɟ- ɞɢɧɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ», ɦɢɪ ɥɸɞɟɣ, Útgarðr — ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɦɢɪ, ɝɞɟ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɧɵ (IED. P. 192; ɫɪ.: Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ 1977ɚ. ɋ. 199, ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. 2). Ⱥ. ə. Ƚɭɪɟɜɢɱ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɫɯɟɦɚ ɦɢɪɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɪɢɫɨɜɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɰɟɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ ɨɛɠɢɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ, ɨɝɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸ- ɳɟɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɯɚɨɫɚ. Ɇɢɪ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɦɵɫɥɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɠɢɥɢɳɟ, ɞɨɦ, ɭɫɚɞɶɛɚ (heimr). ɗɬɨ “ɫɪɟ- ɞɢɧɧɵɣ ɞɜɨɪ” (miðgarðr), ɢ ɬɚɤɨɜ ɠɟ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɢ ɦɢɪ ɚɫɨɜ (ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɨɝɨɜ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɨɜ) — ásgarðr. ɗɬɨɬ “ɋɪɟɞɢɧɧɵɣ ɞɜɨɪ” ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɨɛɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ “ɦɢɪ ɡɚ ɨɝɪɚɞɨɣ” (útgarðr), ɨɛɢɬɚɥɢɳɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɞɟɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥ» (Ƚɭɪɟɜɢɱ 1994. ɋ. 148; ɫɪ.: Ƚɭɪɟɜɢɱ 1984. ɋ. 60–61; Hastrup 1985. P. 60, 147–151, 239). ȿɫɥɢ ɜ miðgarðr ɢ útgarðr ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɹ garð- ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɟ- ɧɢɸ ɤɨɪɧɹ heim- ɜ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɯ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɨɜ (ɬɢɩɚ Ásaheimr, Vanaheimr — ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 19), ɬɨ ɜ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɟ Ásgarðr ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱ- ɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ Ásgarðr ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɨɜ ɹɜɥɹ- ɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɦɨɞɟɥɶ X-garðr ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɦ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɩɨ ɧɟɣ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛ- ɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ (ɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɩɨ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ», ɥɢɛɨ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɫ Ɍɪɨɟɣ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ Ɇɚɥɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɩɨ «Ɇɥɚɞɲɟɣ ɗɞɞɟ»). ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɩɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ X-garðr ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ: ɇɨɜɝɨɪɨɞɚ (Hólmgarðr) ɢ Ʉɢɟɜɚ (Kænugarðr) — ɫɬɨɥɢɰ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ɋɭɫɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɹ (Miklagarðr) — ɫɬɨɥɢɰɵ ȼɢ- ɡɚɧɬɢɢ. ȼɩɨɥɧɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ «ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ» (höfuðborg) Ⱥɫɚɥɚɧɞɚ ɜ «ɭɱɟɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ» ɬɨɠɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ. «ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢ- ɜɨɫɬɶ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ⱥɫɝɚɪɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ Ⱦɨɧɚ (Ɍɚɧɚɢɫɚ) ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɦɢɪɚ, ɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɟ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɭɸ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɣ ɫ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɦɢ ɢɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟ- ɧɢɹɦɢ. ɇɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɚɹ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɡɚɩɢɫɹɯ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ XIII ɜɟɤɟ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɹɯ

œŷŵŵŮŶŻũŹűŲ 81

ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɩɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɧɨ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɹɡɵɱɟ- ɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɨɜ» (Ƚɭɪɟɜɢɱ 1984. ɋ. 63–64). 24 ɏɺɜɞɢɧɝ (höfðingi) — 1) ɝɥɚɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ, 2) ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶ, ɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨ- ɜɟɤ (WAP. S. 295; IED. P. 306). Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ «ɯɺɜɞɢɧɝ» ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɬɚɪɨɣ (ɪɨɞɨɜɨɣ) ɡɧɚɬɢ — ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɥɹɜɲɢɯ ɨɩɨɥɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɮɸɥɶɤɨɜ (ɫɦ.: ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ. ɋ. 94–95). 25 Óɞɢɧ (ɞɚ. Wodan, ɞɜɧ. Wodan; ɜ ɞɢɫɥ. ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ w ɨɬɩɚɞɚɟɬ, ɨɬɤɭɞɚ Óðinn) — ɜɟɪ- ɯɨɜɧɨɟ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɧɬɟɨɧɚ ɛɨɝɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɚɫɨɜ. ȼ «ȼɢɞɟɧɢɢ Ƚɸɥɶɜɢ» («Ɇɥɚɞɲɚɹ ɗɞɞɚ») ɨɛ Ɉɞɢɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ: «Óɞɢɧ ɡɧɚɬɧɟɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɚɫɨɜ, ɨɧ ɜɟɪɲɢɬ ɜɫɟɦ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ, ɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɛɨɝɢ, ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɟɦɭ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ, ɤɚɤ ɞɟɬɢ ɨɬɰɭ» (ɋ. 39). Óɞɢɧ — ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɦɭɞɪɨɫɬɢ, ɦɚɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɪɨɱɟɫɬɜ, ɞɨɛɵɬɱɢɤ ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɚ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ ɢ ɪɭɧ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɨɞɚ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɜ, ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɛɢɬɜɵ ɢ ɩɨɛɟɞɵ (ɫɦ.: Ɇɟɥɟɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ, Ƚɭɪɟɜɢɱ 1980). ȼ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, Ɉɞɢɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ (Ⱥɫɚɥɚɧɞɚ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ — ɜ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ», ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 21; Ɍɸɪɤɥɚɧɞɚ — ɜ ɉɪɨɥɨɝɟ «Ɇɥɚɞɲɟɣ ɗɞɞɵ», ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 30). ɋɪ. ɨɬɝɨɥɨɫɤɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨ Ȼɨɫɢ ɢ ɏɟɪɪɚɭɞɟ» — ɫɚɝɟ ɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ XIV ɜ.: Óɞɢɧ ɜ ɧɟɣ — «ɤɨɧɭɧɝ ɜ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ «ɜɵɲɟɥ ɢɡ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɟ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɟ ɪɨɞɵ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ» (Fornaldarsögur. 1954. B. III. Bls. 283). ȼ «Ɍɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɟ» ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ XIII ɜ. ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧ ɟɝɨ ɫɨ- ɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ: ɜ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɨ-ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɷɡɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ƚɪɟɰɢɢ ɢ Ɋɢɦɚ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɚ Ɉɥɚɜ Ɍɨɪɞɚɪɫɨɧ (ɩɥɟɦɹɧ- ɧɢɤ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧɚ) ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɢɪɚ «Óɞɢɧ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɢɡ Ⱥɡɢɢ» (TGT 1927. S. 39). Ɍ. ɍɢɥɥɫ ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚ- ɟɬ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɵ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɭ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ (Wills 2006. P. 1054). ɇɟɛɟɡɵɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ȼ. Ȼɷɬɤɟ (Baetke 1973. S. 216–224), ɱɬɨ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜ- ɫɤɢɣ ɷɜɝɟɦɟɪɢɡɦ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɬ- ɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɢ ɤ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ, ɧɢ ɤ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ; ɨɧ ɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɜɝɟɦɟɪɢɡɦɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ (ɨɛ ɷɜɝɟɦɟɪɢɡɦɟ ɫɦ.: von See 1986; Weber 1994), ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟ ɛɨɝɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɚ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ (ɤɨɧɭɧɝɢ) ɜɨɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɛɨɝɚɦ (ɫɪ.: Beck 2000). Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɞɟɥɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɢɫɬɢ- ɚɧ XIII ɜ. «Ɉɞɢɧ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɚɫɵ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɛɨɝɢ ɢɥɢ, ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɧɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɟ ɛɨɝɢ», ɯɨɬɹ ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ «ɠɢɜɨɣ ɨɬɤɥɢɤ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ» (Ƚɭɪɟɜɢɱ 1972. ɋ. 75). Ƀ. ɉ. ɒɺɞɬ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɭɦɚ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟ- ɧɢɹ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ ɦɢɪɚ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟ- ɧɢɸ, ɛɨɝɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧ- ɫɤɢɣ Ȼɨɝ, ɚ ɜɫɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɢ ɷɜɝɟɦɟɪɢɡɦɚ ɧɟɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɵ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɯɪɢ- ɫɬɢɚɧɫɬɜɚ — ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ȼɨɝɨɦ ɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɚ. ȼ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɦɨɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɡɚɬɹɠɧɚɹ ɞɢɫ- ɤɭɫɫɢɹ ɨ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ (Schjødt 2009). ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ Ⱦɠ. Ʌɢɧɞɨɭ: ɨɧ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ Ɉɞɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɝɚ, ɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɤɨɟɝɨ ɜɨɠɞɹ, ɠɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɨɜ ɞɨ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ, ɜɥɚɞɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɦɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɫ- ɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɟɝɨ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɜ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬ- ɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɨɣ «ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ», ɫɚɚɦɫɤɢɦ ɲɚɦɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ. ɗɜɝɟɦɟɪɢɡɦ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ Ʌɢɧɞɨɭ, ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɫɟɛɟ ɞɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ

82 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»

ɦɢɪ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɪ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɲɚɦɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ Ɉɞɢɧɚ ɜɨɫ- ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɱɟɫɬɜɚ (Lindow 2003). 26 ɋɪ. ɜ «ȼɢɞɟɧɢɢ Ƚɸɥɶɜɢ»: «Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɫɩɪɨɫɢɥ Ƚɚɧɝɥɟɪɢ: “ȼ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɠɟ ɚɫɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɟ- ɪɢɬɶ ɥɸɞɹɦ?” ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ: “ȿɫɬɶ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɫɨɜ”» (Ɇɥɚɞ- ɲɚɹ ɗɞɞɚ. ɋ. 39). 27 Ⱦɢɢ (diar, ɦɧ. ɱ.) — ɫɥɨɜɨ ɤɟɥɶɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɨɬ dia «ɛɨɝ»). ɋɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɜɢɫɟ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɚ Ʉɨɪɦɚɤɚ ɢ ɜ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ». ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɜɢɫɭ Ʉɨɪɦɚɤɚ ɜ «Ɇɥɚɞɲɟɣ ɗɞɞɟ», ɝɞɟ ɬɨɥɤɭɟɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɝɨɜ (ɋ. 162). ȼ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧɚ ɞɢɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɚ- ɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɠɪɟɰɨɜ. Ɋ. Ʉɥɢɡɛɢ ɢ Ƚɭɞɛɪɚɧɞɭɪ ȼɢɝɮɭɫɫɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚ- ɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɧɵɦ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ», ɝɞɟ ɞɢɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱ- ɧɵ ɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɦ ɝɨɞɢ (goði «ɠɪɟɰ», ɨɬ goð «ɛɨɝ») (IED. P. 100). 28 Ⱦɪɨɬɬɢɧ (dróttinn). Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɩɨɥɢɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɧɨ. Ɉɧɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ «ɯɨɡɹɢɧ, ɜɥɚɞɟɥɟɰ», ɨɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨ- ɧɭɧɝɚ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 43), ɨɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɪɟɰɚ (ɤɚɤ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹ- ɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ) ɢ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɝɚ (IED. P. 107). 29 ɉ. Ⱥ. Ɇɭɧɤ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɱɶ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨɛ ɍɪɚɥɟ (Munch 1874. S. 223–224), ɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɡɚ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɵ (Storm 1873. S. 7; Heusler 1908. S. 53–54; Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson — in: ÍF. XXVI. 14, not 1; Hollander 1964. P. 8, ch. 5, note 1). Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɫɟ- ɜɟɪɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɸɝɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɭ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ, — «ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞ». Ɉɲɢɛɨɱ- ɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ɉ. ɉɪɢɰɚɤɭ (Pritsak 1981. P. 245) ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɧɵɣ ɯɪɟɛɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ — ɉɪɢɜɨɥɠɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵ- ɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɬɹɧɭɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ (running north-east), ɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɬɹɧɭɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɫ ɸɝɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ (running south-west). 30 Ɍɸɪɤɥɚɧɞ (Tyrkland) — «Ɂɟɦɥɹ ɬɸɪɤɨɜ». Ɍɨɩɨɧɢɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ Ɇɚɥɭɸ Ⱥɡɢɸ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ (Metzenthin 1941. S. 110–111). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, Ɍɸɪɤɥɚɧɞ ɢ ɬɸɪɤɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɭɱɟɧɨɣ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɟ ɨ ɡɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɟɜɟɪɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɰɚɦɢ ɢɡ Ⱥɡɢɢ (ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɏ. Ȼɟɤ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ — ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɢ- ɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ — ɨ ɬɸɪɤɫɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɞɵɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ: Beck 1994). Ⱦɥɹ ɚɜɬɨ- ɪɨɜ ɫɚɝ ɤɨɧɰɚ XII — ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XIII ɜ. ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɝɟɧɟɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɜɚɥɟɛ- ɧɵɟ ɩɟɫɧɢ IX–X ɜɜ., ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɝɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚɦɢ. (Ɍɚɤ, «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ» ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ 30 ɩɪɟɞɤɨɜ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɭɧ- ɝɚ Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɛɨɝɚ Ɏɪɟɣɪɚ; «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɏɚɥɟɣɝɨɜ» — 27 ɩɪɟɞɤɨɜ ɯɥɚɞɢɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɪɥɚ ɏɚɤɨɧɚ Ɇɨɝɭɱɟɝɨ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɛɨɝɚ Ɉɞɢɧɚ.) ɇɚ ɞɨɥɸ «ɢɫ- ɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɨɜ» XII–XIII ɜɜ. «ɜɵɩɚɥɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ» ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ «ɭɱɟɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ», ɬ. ɟ. ɧɚɣɬɢ ɞɨɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɭɸ ɪɨɞɢɧɭ ɛɨɝɨɜ, ɫɨɱɢɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɥɟ- ɝɟɧɞɭ ɩɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɶ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɜɨɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. ȼɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ Ⱥɪɢ Ɇɭɞɪɵɦ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 9 ɢ 21), «ɫɞɟɥɚɜɲɢɦ» ɂɧɝɜɢ «ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɦ ɬɸɪɤɨɜ» («I. Yngvi Tyrkjakonungr. II. NjÄrðr Svíakonungr. III. Freyr...» — Íslendingabók. Bls. 27; ɫɦ.: Beck 1994), ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧ ɜ ɉɪɨɥɨɝɟ «Ɇɥɚɞɲɟɣ ɗɞɞɵ» ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɪɨɞɢɧɨɣ ɛɨɝɨɜ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ Ɍɸɪɤɥɚɧɞ: «ȼɛɥɢɡɢ ɫɟɪɟɞɢ- ɧɵ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɝɪɚɞ, ɫɧɢɫɤɚɜɲɢɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɚɣɲɭɸ ɫɥɚɜɭ. Ɉɧ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɬɨɝɞɚ Ɍɪɨɹ, ɚ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ Ɍɭɪɤɨɜ (Tyrkland)… Ɉɞɢɧɭ ɢ ɠɟɧɟ ɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɪɨɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɢ

œŷŵŵŮŶŻũŹűŲ 83

ɨɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɥɨ ɟɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɹ ɩɪɟɜɨɡɧɟɫɭɬ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɱɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟ ɢɦɟɧ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɜɨɡɧɚɦɟɪɢɥɫɹ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɭɬɶ, ɨɫɬɚ- ɜɢɜ ɋɬɪɚɧɭ Ɍɭɪɤɨɜ (Tyrkland)» (Ɇɥɚɞɲɚɹ ɗɞɞɚ. ɋ. 12, 13). Ɍɪɨɹ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɨɠɞɟ- ɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Ɍɸɪɤɥɚɧɞ, ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɦ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɢɡ ɮɪɚɧɤɫɤɢɯ, ɫɚɤɫɨɧɫɤɢɯ, ɧɨɪɦɚɧɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɚ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XIII ɜ. — ɢ ɢɡ ɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɣ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨ ɬɪɨɹɧɰɚɯ», ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɲɟɣ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɵɧɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ — ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ (V ɢɥɢ IV ɜ. ɧ. ɷ.) ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ «De excidio Troiae historia» («ɉɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ Ɍɪɨɢ», ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, I ɜ. ɧ. ɷ.), ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ Ⱦɚɪɟɬɭ Ɏɪɢɝɢɣɫɤɨɦɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ «Ɇɥɚɞɲɟɣ ɗɞɞɵ» — ɜ «ȼɢɞɟɧɢɢ Ƚɸɥɶɜɢ», ɝɞɟ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬ- ɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɟ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɦɢɪɚ, Ɍɪɨɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɫ Ɍɸɪɤɥɚɧɞɨɦ, ɚ ɫ Ⱥɫɝɚɪɞɨɦ: «ȼɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɬɟɦ ɨɧɢ (Óɞɢɧ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɛɪɚɬɶɹ. — Ɍ. Ⱦ.) ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɥɢ ɫɟɛɟ ɝɪɚɞ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɥɢ ɟɝɨ Ⱥɫɝɚɪɞ, ɚ ɦɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɟɝɨ Ɍɪɨɹ» (Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. ɋ. 26). ȼ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ (ɜ «Ʉɪɭɝɟ ɡɟɦɧɨɦ», ɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ») ɫɚɦ Ⱥɫɝɚɪɞ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɬɩɪɚɜ- ɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɜ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɢ Ɉɞɢɧɚ (ɫɦ. ɝɥ. 2 ɢ ɤɨɦɦ. 23), ɧɨ ɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɬɝɨɥɨɫɤɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ: «Ɍɚɦ (ɜ Ɍɸɪɤɥɚɧɞɟ. — Ɍ. Ⱦ.) ɭ Ɉɞɢɧɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ» (ɝɥ. 5), «Ɉɧ (ɋɜɟɣɝɞɢɪ. — Ɍ. Ⱦ.) ɩɨɛɵɜɚɥ ɜ Ɍɸɪɤɥɚɧɞɟ ɢ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɥ ɬɚɦ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɱɟɣ» (ɝɥ. 12). Ⱥ. ɏɨɣɫɥɟɪ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɨɜɩɚɞɟ- ɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɥ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧɭ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɬɜɟ ɉɪɨɥɨɝɚ «Ɇɥɚɞɲɟɣ ɗɞɞɵ», ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɜ (ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɥ ɏ. Ʉɥɢɧɝɟɧɛɟɪɝ), ɱɬɨ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɦɨɝ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɸɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ («ɋɚɝɭ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧ- ɝɚɯ»), ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɦɨɝ ɫɨɡ- ɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɚɧɨɜ, ɤɨ- ɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɥ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧ- ɫɬɜɚ. ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɭ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɢɦɟɥɨ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ʉɥɢɧɝɟɧɛɟɪɝɚ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ: Óɞɢɧ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɚɫɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɟɞɹɦɢ ɫɤɢɮɫɤɢɯ ɜɚɧɨɜ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɧɚ ȼɚɧɚɤɜɢɫɥɟ– Ⱦɨɧɟ (Klingenberg 1994). 31 Ⱥ. ɏɨɣɫɥɟɪ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɢɦɥɹɧɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɮɪɚɧɤɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɯ: ɜ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɟ Ɏɪɟɞɟɝɚɪɚ «Ɉ ɞɟɹɧɢɹɯ ɮɪɚɧɤɨɜ» ɢ ɜ «Liber Historiae Francorum». ɉɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɸ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ Ɏɪɟɞɟɝɚɪɚ; ɧɨ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɏɨɣɫɥɟɪ, ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɟɟ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɞɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɞɨɲɥɢ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɨɬɝɨɥɨɫɤɢ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ «Liber Historiae Francorum» ɥɢɛɨ ɭɫɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵ ɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɪɢɦɥɹɧɚɯ (Heusler 1908. S. 52). ɏɨɣɫɥɟɪ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ ɢɡ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨ ɪɢɦɥɹɧɚɯ» (Ibidem. S. 54), ɱɬɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ (Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson // ÍF. XXVI. 14, not 2), ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɝɚ ɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɨɤ. 1200 ɝ. (Schier 1970. S. 119). Ȼɶɹɪɧɢ Ⱥɞɚɥɶɛɶɹɪɧɚɪɫɨɧ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ «ɉɟɪɟɱɧɹ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ», Óɞɢɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ Ɍɸɪɤɥɚɧɞɟ (Ɇɚ- ɥɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ) ɝɞɟ-ɬɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 100 ɝ. ɞɨ ɧ. ɷ. (ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɡɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɜɟɤɨɜ ɞɨ Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ), ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ «ɪɢɦɫɤɢɟ ɯɺɜɞɢɧɝɢ… ɩɨɞ- ɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɫɟɛɟ ɜɫɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ». ɗɬɭ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢ Ⱦɠ. Ʌɢɧɞɨɭ: ɨɧ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɟɧ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɜ ɂɫɥɚɧɞɢɢ ɢɡ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨ ɪɢɦɥɹɧɚɯ» ɢ «ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɣ ɫɚɝɢ». Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɫɨɜ ɢɡ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɸ ɢɦɟɥɚ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶ ɜ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɟɦ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɰɟɜ ɢɡ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ ɜ ɂɫɥɚɧɞɢɸ, ɨɩɹɬɶ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ —

84 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»

ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɦɢɮɨɦ — ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɬɟɫɧɟ- ɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ: ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɏɚɪɚɥɶɞɚ ɉɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɜɨɥɨɫɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɠɞɟɣ, ɤɚɤ Ƚɧɟɣ ɉɨɦɩɟɣ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ, Ɇɚɪɤ Ʌɢɰɢɧɢɣ Ʉɪɚɫɫ ɢ Ƚɚɣ ɘɥɢɣ ɐɟɡɚɪɶ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɜ ɂɫɥɚɧɞɢɢ, ɞɚ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɣ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧɚ (Lindow 2003. P. 97). 32 ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɢɪɚ — Norðrhálfa. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ- ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ — ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɫɜɟɬɚ — ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɣɤɭɦɟɧɵ. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɨɜ Austrhálfa «ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ», Vestr(h)álfa «Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ», Suðr(h)álfa «ɘɠɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ» ɢ Norðr(h)álfa «ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ» [Metzenthin 1941. S. 8–9, 76, 117; IED. P. 35, 457, 603, 700]. ɋɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɧɢɦ ɦɢɪɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɵ ɧɚ -vegr / vegir (vegar) «ɩɭɬɶ, ɞɨɪɨɝɚ (ɜ ɟɞ. ɢ ɦɧ. ɱ.)» (Austrvegr, Vestrvegir, Suðrvegar, Nóregr < *Norðrvegr), ɧɚ -lÄnd «ɡɟɦɥɢ (ɦɧ. ɱ. ɨɬ land «ɡɟɦɥɹ»)» (AustrlÄnd, VestrlÄnd, SuðrlÄnd ɢ NorðrlÄnd), ɢ ɧɚ -ríki «ɤɨ- ɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ» (Austrríki ɢ Suðrríki). ɋɦ. ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ: Ⱦɠɚɤɫɨɧ 1994ɛ. 33 ȼɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫ- ɫɤɚɡ ɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɚɫɨɜ ɢɡ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɣ ɋɟɜɟɪ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɞ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɫɬɨ- ɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɚ Ȼ. ɋɚɥɢɧɨɦ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ (Salin 1904), ɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ (ɫɦ., ɧɚ- ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Lindow 1984), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɀ. Ⱦɸɦɟɡɢɥɹ, ɫɨ- ɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɟɬ ɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɚɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɢ ɜ ɭɫɬɶɟ Ɍɚɧɚɢɫɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɭɦɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɬɨ ɩɟɪɟ- ɫɟɥɟɧɢɢ, ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɟɳɟ, ɢ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɬɨɪɝɨ- ɜɨɦ ɩɭɬɢ ɢɡ Ʉɪɵɦɚ ɜ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɸ, ɚ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɨɜ Áss ɢ Asia (Dumézil 1962. S. 26–27). ɗ. Ɏɨɥɤɫ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɬɹ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɤɨɦɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɵ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɛɨɝɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɭɦɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɜɲɟɣ ɜ ɞɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɳɭɬɢɦɨɟ ɜ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫ- ɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɱɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɭɸ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɣ (Faulkes 1984. P. 123). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜ 2000 ɝ. ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɢɣ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤ Ɍɭɪ ɏɟɣɟɪɞɚɥ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɥ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɤɢ ɜ Ⱥɡɨɜɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ Óɞɢɧ ɛɵɥ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɢɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɢɡ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɝɨ Ⱥɡɨɜɚ ɝɞɟ-ɬɨ ɜ I ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ. ɷ. (Heyerdahl, Lillieström 2001). ɋɪɟ- ɞɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɏɟɣɟɪɞɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ Áss ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɤɨɪɧɟɦ Os- ɜ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɟɬɢɧɰɟɜ (ɫɦ. ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɸ: Hovdhaugen, Keller, Mundal, Stalsberg, Steinsland 2002). Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɫɬɨғɢɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ Ⱥ. Ⱥɥɟɦɚɧɢ (Alemany 2000) ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɷɬɧɨɧɢɦɚ *as- ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɫɤɚɧ- ɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ Áss ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ, — ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɢɯ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ-ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧɚ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɧɢ ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ, ɧɢ ɭ Ⱥɫɝɚɪɞɚ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɢɮɚ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ Ⱥɫɝɚɪɞ (ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɭɠɟ ɨɛ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɫ- ɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ «ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɟ» ɟɝɨ ɤ Ⱥɡɨɜɭ, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭ- ɬɨɦɭ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɇɚɤɫɭ Ɏɚɫɦɟɪɭ, ɜ XVII ɜɟɤɟ) ɨɛɪɟɱɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɭ. ɉɨ- ɩɵɬɤɭ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɶ «ɦɨɬɢɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɩɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɪɨɞɢɧɵ» ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚ- ɜɨɜ «ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ ɨ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɲɟɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɭɧɧɨɜ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɬɨɜ) ɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ

œŷŵŵŮŶŻũŹűŲ 85

ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ (Ƚɟɪɭɥɵ)», ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɦɨɝ «ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɜɢɤɢɧɝɨɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɶ ɢ ɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɸ», ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɥɚ ȿ. Ⱥ. Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ (Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ 2008ɚ). Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɬɟɡɢɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨ- ɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɋɤɢɮɢɢ / ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ, ɷɬɢ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɷɯɨɦ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɥɢɲɶ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ — Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɢɧɚ (354–430 ɝɝ.), Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ (ɨɤ. 540–604 ɝɝ.), ɂɫɢɞɨɪɚ ɋɟɜɢɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ (ɨɤ. 560– 636 ɝɝ.), Ƚɨɧɨɪɢɹ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɨɞɭɧɫɤɨɝɨ (ɩɟɪɜ. ɩɨɥ. XII ɜ.), ɉɟɬɪɚ Ʉɨɦɟɫɬɨɪɚ (†1178 ɢɥɢ 1198 ɝ.), ȼɢɧɫɟɧɬɚ ɢɡ Ȼɨɜɟ (1190–1264 ɝɝ.), — ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢ ɩɥɨɞ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭ- ɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɢɫɥɚɧɞɰɟɜ — ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. 34 Ƚɚɪɞɚɪɢɤɢ (Garðaríki) — ɞɪɟɜɧɟɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ (ɫɦ. ɗɬɧɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ). Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ «ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ ɜ Ƚɚɪɞɚɪɢɤɢ» ɢɡ Ⱥɫɝɚɪɞɚ, ɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɜ Ⱥɫɚɥɚɧɞɟ ɤ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɭ ɨɬ Ɍɚɧɚɢɫɚ, ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɫɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɦ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɜɵɲɟ (ɫɦ. ɝɥ. 1 «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɢ ɤɨɦɦ. 7) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɭɲɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɢ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ Ⱥɡɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɫ- ɬɨɱɧɨɣ, ɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ — ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɫɥɚɧɞɰɚ ɨɛ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɚɝ, ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɂɫɥɚɧɞɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵ: ɢɯ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɥɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ. ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɢ ɧɚ- ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɚ- ɫɭ (ɬ. ɟ. ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ «ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ», ɬɨɱɧɟɟ «ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ», ɢ ɜ «ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ» ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ). ȼ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ ɦɢɪɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɫɥɚɧɞɰɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ: ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, «ɛɥɢɠɧɢɣ» (proximate), ɷɝɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɫɬɪɨɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɫɜɟɬɚ, «ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ»; ɡɚɬɟɦ «ɞɚɥɶɧɢɣ» (ultimate), ɫɨɰɢɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɰɟɥɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, «ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ» (ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɗ. ɏɚɭɝɟɧɚ: Haugen 1957). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɪɟɜɧɟɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ «ɯɨɪɨ- ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ» (ɢɥɢ «ɝɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ») ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧ- ɫɬɜɟ, ɫ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦɢ, ɞɜɭɦɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦɢ «ɤɚɪɬɵ ɩɭɬɢ», ɤ (ɩɨɤɚ ɟɳɟ ɦɟɧ- ɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ) «ɤɚɪɬɟ-ɨɛɨɡɪɟɧɢɸ», ɤ «ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ» ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɨɬɥɢ- ɱɚɟɬ ɧɟɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ-ɱɭɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɟ- ɩɟɧɶ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ- ɧɨɫɬɢ (ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɫɦ.: ɉɨɞɨɫɢɧɨɜ 1978; cɪ.: Ⱦɠɚɤɫɨɧ, ɉɨɞɨɫɢɧɨɜ 2000. ɋ. 114). ɏɨɬɹ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɭ- ɩɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɫɚɝɚɯ, ɜɡɚɢ- ɦɨɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɡ Ⱥɫɝɚɪɞɚ (ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ) ɧɚ ɡɚ- ɩɚɞ ɜ Ƚɚɪɞɚɪɢɤɢ (ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɶ) ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɧɚ ɸɝ ɜ ɋɚɤɫɥɚɧɞ (ɋɚɤɫɨɧɢɸ) ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦɨ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ, ɬɚɤ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, «ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ», ɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ — ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧ- ɰɢɩɚɦ «ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣ» ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ Ⱦɚɧɢɹ, ɋɚɤɫɨɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɰɟɧ- ɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɤ ɸɝɭ ɨɬ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ (ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɫɦ.: Ⱦɠɚɤɫɨɧ 1994ɛ; Ⱦɠɚɤɫɨɧ 1997ɚ; ɫɪ.: ɤɨɦɦ. 37 ɤ § 7.2 ɜ Ƚɥɚɜɟ 7; ɤɨɦɦ. 5 ɤ ɦɨɬɢɜɭ 1 ɜ Ƚɥɚ- ɜɟ 11; ɤɨɦɦ. 11 ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠ. XIV).

86 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»

35 ɋɚɤɫɥɚɧɞ (Saksland) — «Ɂɟɦɥɹ ɫɚɤɫɨɜ». Ɂɟɦɥɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɫɚɤɫɨɜ, ɋɚɤɫɨɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚ- ɝɚɥɚɫɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɡɨɜɶɹɦɢ Ɋɟɣɧɚ ɢ ɗɥɶɛɵ. ɋɚɤɫɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ I ɬɵɫɹɱɟ- ɥɟɬɢɹ ɧ. ɷ. ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ, ɩɨɬɟɫɧɢɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɟ- ɦɟɧɚ (ɫɦ.: ɇɚɪɨɞɵ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. Ɍ. I. ɋ. 747). 36 Ɉɞɢɧɫɟɣ (Óðinsey) — ɛɭɤɜ. «Ɉɫɬɪɨɜ Ɉɞɢɧɚ» — ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɧɨɟ Óðinsvé — «ɋɜɹɬɢɥɢ- ɳɟ Ɉɞɢɧɚ». ɋɨɜɪ. ɝ. Ɉɞɟɧɫɟ ɧɚ ɨ. Ɏɸɧ (Ⱦɚɧɢɹ). 37 ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ, — ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɨɡ. Ɇɟɥɚɪɟɧ (ɧɚ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ), ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɟɜ — ɨɞ- ɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ. ȼ «Ʉɪɭɝɟ ɡɟɦɧɨɦ» ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɷɬɧɨɧɢɦɚ svíar «ɫɜɟɢ». 1) Svíþjóð (ɨɬ svíar ɢ þjóð «ɧɚɪɨɞ») — ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ — ɜɨɡɧɢɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ — ɋɜɟɚ- ɥɚɧɞɚ, ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ Ȭɬɚɥɚɧɞɭ — «Ɂɟɦɥɟ ɺɬɨɜ», ɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɫɬɚɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ- ɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɦɢ (WAP. S 629; IED. P. 613). 2) Svíaveldi (Ɋ. ɩ. ɨɬ svíar + veldi «ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ, ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚ») — ɋɜɢɚɜɟɥɶɞɢ — «Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɜɟɟɜ», ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɋɜɟɚɥɚɧɞ, Ȭɬɚɥɚɧɞ ɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɗɥɚɧɞ ɢ Ƚɨɬɥɚɧɞ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ Ȭɬɚɥɚɧɞɚ ɫɜɟɣɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɪɨɥɹɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɩɪɢ Ɉɥɚɜɟ ɒɺɬɤɨɧɭɧɝɟ (ɨɤ. 995–1022). Ɍɨɩɨɧɢɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ Dana-veldi (Ⱦɚɧɢɹ), Noregs-veldi (ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɹ), Skota-veldi (ɒɨɬɥɚɧɞɢɹ) (IED. P. 612, 692). ɋɦ. ɝɥ. 32 ɢ 41 «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ». 3) Svíaríki (Ɋ. ɩ. ɨɬ svíar + ríki «ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɢɦ- ɩɟɪɢɹ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ») — ɋɜɢɚɪɢɤɢ — «Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɟɟɜ». Ɍɨɩɨɧɢɦ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɤ Svíaveldi. ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɜ «Ʉɪɭɝɟ ɡɟɦɧɨɦ» ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ (ɫɦ. ɝɥ. 32 «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ»). ɂɡ Svíaríki ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦ. ɲɜ. Sverige «ɒɜɟɰɢɹ». 38 Ɇɚɧɧɯɟɣɦ (Mannheimr) — «ɀɢɥɢɳɟ, ɨɛɢɬɚɥɢɳɟ, ɦɢɪ ɥɸɞɟɣ». Ƚɨɞɯɟɣɦ (Goðheimr) — «ɀɢɥɢɳɟ, ɨɛɢɬɚɥɢɳɟ, ɦɢɪ ɛɨɝɨɜ». Ɍɨɩɨɧɢɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ, ɱɬɨ ɢ Vanaheimr ɢ Ásaheimr (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 19 ɢ 21). Goðheimr ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ; Mannheimr ɞɨ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɵ (Metzenthin 1941. S. 35, 68). ɉɚɪɚ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɨɜ Ɇɚɧɧɯɟɣɦ — Ƚɨɞɯɟɣɦ ɥɢɲɧɢɣ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ɨɬ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ (ɜɵɲɟ — ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 9 — ɲɥɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɬɚɤ ɫɬɪɨɢɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɚɹ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ, ɬ. ɟ. ɋɜɟɚɥɚɧɞ, ɩɨ- ɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɢɦɹ ɨɬ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ). 39 Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɥɸɞɢ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɹɥɢɫɶ Ɉɞɢɧɭ ɤɚɤ ɯɨɡɹɢɧɭ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ «ɪɚɹ». ɋɪ. ɜ «Ɇɥɚɞɲɟɣ ɗɞɞɟ» (ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɧ Ɉɞɢɧɚ): «ɂ ɟɳɟ ɡɨɜɭɬ ɟɝɨ Ɉɬɰɨɦ ɉɚɜɲɢɯ, ɢɛɨ ɜɫɟ, ɤɬɨ ɩɚɥ ɜ ɛɨɸ, — ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɵɧɨ- ɜɶɹ. ɂɦ ɨɬɜɟɥ ɨɧ ȼɚɥɶɝɚɥɥɭ ɢ ȼɢɧɝɨɥɶɜ, ɢ ɡɨɜɭɬ ɢɯ ɷɣɧɯɟɪɢɹɦɢ» (Ɇɥɚɞɲɚɹ ɗɞɞɚ. ɋ. 39–40). ȼɚɥɶɝɚɥɥɚ (ɞɢɫɥ. Valhöll) — «ɑɟɪɬɨɝ ɭɛɢɬɵɯ» — ɠɢɥɢɳɟ ɩɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɛɨɸ ɯɪɚɛɪɵɯ ɜɨɢɧɨɜ ɷɣɧɯɟɪɢɟɜ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ Ɉɞɢɧɭ. ȼɢɧɝɨɥɶɜ (ɞɢɫɥ. Vingólf) — «Ɉɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɛɥɚɠɟɧɫɬɜɚ» — ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ȼɚɥɶɝɚɥɥɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɟ ɬɭɞɚ ɜɨɢɧɵ ɩɢɪɭɸɬ, ɩɶɸɬ ɧɟɢɫɫɹɤɚɟɦɨɟ ɦɟɞɨɜɨɟ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ ɤɨɡɵ ɏɟɣɞɪɭɧ ɢ ɟɞɹɬ ɧɟɢɫɫɹ- ɤɚɸɳɟɟ ɦɹɫɨ ɜɟɩɪɹ ɋɷɯɪɢɦɧɢɪɚ (ɫɦ.: Ɇɟɥɟɬɢɧɫɤɢɣ, Ƚɭɪɟɜɢɱ 1980. ɋ. 212). 40 ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ Ⱥɫɝɚɪɞ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ Ƚɨɞɯɟɣɦɟ (Óɞɢɧ «ɫɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɜ Ƚɨɞɯɟɣɦ», ɢ ɫɜɟɢ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ, «ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɜɟɪɧɭɥɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɣ Ⱥɫɝɚɪɞ»), ɧɨ Ⱥɫɝɚɪɞ — ɷɬɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɨɞ Ⱥɫɚɥɚɧɞɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɤ ɜɨɫɬɨɤɭ ɨɬ Ɍɚɧɚ- ɤɜɢɫɥɚ (ɫɦ. ɝɥ. 2 ɢ ɤɨɦɦ. 23), ɚ Ƚɨɞɯɟɣɦ — ɬɨ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ (ɫɦ. ɝɥ. 8 ɢ ɤɨɦɦ. 38). ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ, Ⱥɫɝɚɪɞ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ, ɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ Ⱥɫɚɥɚɧɞɨɦ ɥɢɛɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ. 41 ȼ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ — ɬ. ɟ. ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɦ.: Finnur Jónsson 1934. S. 185; Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɋ. Ⱦ. (ɋȼ. 1973. Ɍ. 36. ɋ. 260, ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. ɤ ɝɥ. 12).

œŷŵŵŮŶŻũŹűŲ 87

42 ɍ Ʉɚɦɧɹ (At Steini) — ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɚɞɶɛɵ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ. ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ (ÍF. XXVI. 93; ÍF. XXVII. 76) ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɗɣɫɬɥɚɧɞɟ (ɫɦ. ɝɥ. 32 ɫɚɝɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɦ. 53). ȼɢɞɢɦɨ, ɨɬɬɚɥɤɢ- ɜɚɹɫɶ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ, ɏ. Ɋ. ɗɥɥɢɫ Ⱦɷɜɢɞɫɨɧ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚ- ɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɝɥ. 12 «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» (ɝɢɛɟɥɶ ɋɜɟɣɝɞɢɪɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɚɦɧɹ), ɬɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɗɣɫɬɥɚɧɞɟ (Ellis Davidson 1976. P. 20). 43 Ʉɨɧɭɧɝ (konungr) — «ɤɨɪɨɥɶ». Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ — ɨɛɳɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɟɪɦɚɧ- ɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɝɨ (ɞɚ. cynig, ɚɧɝɥ. king; ɞɜɧ. kuning, ɧɟɦ. König; ɞɲɜ. konunger, kununger, ɲɜ. kung, konung; ɞɞɚɬɫɤ. kunung, konung, ɞɚɬɫɤ., ɧɨɪɜ. konge; ɮɢɧɫɤ. kuningas), — ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɬ konr «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ» (IED. P. 350–351; Bøe 1964). ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ», «ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɱɟɣ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɦ» ɛɵɥ Ⱦɸɝɝɜɢ, ɫɵɧ Ⱦɨɦɚɪɚ, ɫɵɧɚ Ⱦɨɦɚɥɶɞɢ, «ɚ ɞɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ “ɞɪɨɬɬɢɧɵ”, ɚ ɠɟɧɵ ɢɯ — “ɞɪɨɬɬɧɢɧɝɢ”» («en áðr váru þeir dróttnar kallaðir, en konur þeira dróttningar» — ÍF. XXVI. 34). ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɤ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɢɦ ɩɨɷɦɟ Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜɚ Ⱦɸɝɝɜɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ konungmann, ɚ Ⱦɨɦɚɥɶɞɢ — dróttinn Svía. ɍ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ dróttinn, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ «ɤɨɪɨɥɶ» (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 28). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɚ ɨɛɨ- ɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɤɨɪɧɹ: ɞɢɫɥ., ɫɨɜɪ. ɢɫɥ. dróttning, ɲɜ. drotning, ɞɚɬɫɤ., ɧɨɪɜ. dronning. 44 Ⱥɭɫɬɪɜɟɝ (Austrvegr) — «ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ». ɋɦ. ɗɬɧɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ. 45 əɪɥ (jarl) — ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ: ɜɵɫɲɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɹɞɨɜɨɣ ɡɧɚɬɢ; ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ — ɜɵɫɲɢɣ ɢɡ ɜɚɫɫɚɥɨɜ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɝɟ-ɮɸɥɶɤɟ (ɫɦ.: Ƚɭɪɟɜɢɱ 1957) . 46 ɋɦ. ɝɥ. 30 «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ»: «Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚɦɢ — ɭ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɵ, ɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɬ ɦɨɝ ɫ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɦ, ɤɬɨ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɫɩɚɥ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɤɨɩɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɵɲɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɭ ɨɱɚɝɚ» (ÍF. XXVI. 60; ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ Ɇ. ɂ. ɋɬɟɛɥɢɧ-Ʉɚɦɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ: ɄɁ. ɋ. 28). 47 ɇɶɹɪɞɟɣ — ɫɨɜɪɟɦ. ɨ. ɇɷɪɺɣ (Nærøy) ɤ ɡɚɩɚɞɭ ɨɬ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ. 48 ɋɥɨɜɚ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ («…ɜɨɟɜɚɥ ɜ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɜɟɝɟ… ɩɨɜɟɥ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɨ ɜ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ…») ɞɟɦɨɧ- ɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ Austrvegr ɦɨɝ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ. 49 Ʌɨɜɭɧɞ — ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɨ, ɢ ɧɟ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɥ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ (ɫɦ.: Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson // ÍF. XXVI. 392). 50 ɂɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ — ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧ- ɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɨɜ, ɚ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɢ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɂɧɝɜɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɗɣɫɬɥɚɧɞ — ɨɬɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɚɤɰɢɹ, ɬ. ɟ., ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɷɫɬɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɬɪɚ- ɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ, ɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɡɛɨɟɦ ɧɚɪɚɜɧɟ ɫɨ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɥɢ ɡɚɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɣɞɵ. 51 Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ ɂɧɝɜɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɫɟ Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜɚ, ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɟ (ɫɦ.: Finnur Jónsson 1934. S. 191). ɂɧɝɜɚɪ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ, ɤɥɚɞɟɬ ɤɨ- ɧɟɰ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɞɚɬɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɢɤɢɧɝɚɦɢ ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ, ɢ ɫ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɷɤɫ- ɩɚɧɫɢɹ ɭɩɫɚɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɣ. Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɪɚ ɫ ɞɚɬɱɚɧɚɦɢ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɫɚɝɢ, ɞɚɟɬ ɂɧɝɜɚɪɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ (ɫɦ.: Beyschlag 1950. S. 76). Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɦɧ. ɱ. ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ Austrvegr — Austrvegir (Ⱥɭɫɬɪɜɟɝɢɪ) «ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ» — ɫɦ. ɗɬɧɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ. 52 ɗɣɫɬɥɚɧɞ (Eistland) — «Ɂɟɦɥɹ ɷɣɫɬɨɜ». ɋɦ. ɗɬɧɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ.

88 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»

53 ȼɢɞɢɦɨ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɤɟɧɧɢɧɝɚ lagar hjarta (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 62) ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɥ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɛɢɬɜɵ ɂɧɝɜɚɪɚ ɫ ɷɫɬɚɦɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɋɤɚɧ- ɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ at Steini «ɍ Ʉɚɦɧɹ» (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 42). ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ȼ. Ɉɤɟɪɥɭɧɞɚ, ɬɚ- ɤɨɣ ɷɫɬɨɧɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ (Åkerlund 1939. S. 105). Ʉ. Ɏ. Ɍɢɚɧɞɟɪ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɚɯ 12 ɢ 32 «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨɛ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ «ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ» «ɜ ɗɫɬɥɹɧɞɢɢ», ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ at Steini (ɱɬɨ ɢɡ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɫɚɝɢ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ). Ɉɧ ɭɫɦɚɬ- ɪɢɜɚɥ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝ. Ɋɟɜɟɥɹ — «Ʉɨ- ɥɵɜɚɧɶ», — ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɞɲɢɦ «ɢɡ ɮɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ Kalevan», ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɮɢɧ- ɫɤɢɦ «kallio = “ɫɤɚɥɚ, ɝɨɪɚ”» (Ɍɢɚɧɞɟɪ 1906. ɋ. 23). 54 ɗɣɫɬɵ (eistr, ɜ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ «Jöfraskinna»: æstr) — ɷɫɬɵ. ɋɦ. ɗɬɧɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ. 55 ȼ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ «Jöfraskinna» ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ «ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɜɨɣɫɤɨɦ» ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. 56 ɉɨ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ȼ. ɇɟɪɦɚɧɚ, ɂɧɝɜɚɪ ɭɦɟɪ ɨɤ. 600 ɝ. ɢɥɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ VII ɜ. (Nerman 1914. S. 11). Ɂɧɚɟɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚ ɢ ɥɚɬɢɧɨɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ «ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ» (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠ. I). 57 ɉɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɨɬɵɫɤɚɬɶ ɦɨɝɢɥɭ ɂɧɝɜɚɪɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɞɚɥɢ (ɫɦ.: Nerman 1929. S. 13). 58 Ⱥɞɚɥɶɫɸɫɥɚ (Aðalsýsla). ɋɦ. ɗɬɧɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ. 59 Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜ ɢɡ ɏɜɢɧɢɪɚ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, — ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɢɣ ɫɤɚɥɶɞ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ IX ɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ «ɉɟɪɟɱɧɹ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ», ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞ- ɥɟɠɚɳɚɹ ɟɦɭ ɳɢɬɨɜɚɹ ɞɪɚɩɚ ɫ ɧɟɹɫɧɵɦ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ «ɏɚɭɫɬɥɺɧɝ» (ɫɦ.: ɋɬɟɛɥɢɧ- Ʉɚɦɟɧɫɤɢɣ 1979ɛ. ɋ. 116, 117, 133, 134). ȼ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɩɨɪɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ» ɧɟɫɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɥɟɞɵ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ (ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦ.: ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ Ƚɥɚɜɟ). ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɏɢɧɧɭɪɭ Ƀɨɭɧɫɫɨɧɭ, ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɡɞɟɫɶ 25-ɸ ɫɬɪɨɮɭ «ɉɟɪɟɱɧɹ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ» (Skj AI. 12). 60 ɋɸɫɥɚ (Sýsla) — ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɨ. ɋɚɚɪɟɦɚɚ ɗɣɫɸɫɥɚ (Eysýsla) (ɫɦ. ɗɬɧɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ). Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɫɚɝɢ, ɂɧ- ɝɜɚɪ ɩɨɝɢɛ ɢ ɩɨɯɨɪɨɧɟɧ ɜ Ⱥɞɚɥɶɫɸɫɥɟ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɥ ɢɫ- ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɨɦ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ ɋɸɫɥɚ (ɫɦ.: Finnur Jónsson 1934. S. 191). Ɉɲɢɛɤɭ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɭ ɪɹɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɜ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢ Ɏɢɧɧɭɪ Ƀɨɭɧɫɫɨɧ (ɫɦ.: SUGNL. 1893–1901. XXIII. B. IV. S. 18). ȼ «ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɗɫ- ɬɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɋɋɊ» ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɂɧɝɜɚɪɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ Ʌɹɷɧɟɦɚɚ (Ɍ. I. ɋ. 137), ɬ. ɟ. ɬɨɠɟ Ⱥɞɚɥɶɫɸɫɥɚ. ɋɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɪɨɞ ɋɸɫɥɵ (Sýslu kind), ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɢɱɟ- ɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɮɟ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɨ. ɋɚɚɪɟɦɚɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɷɫɬɨɜ. 61 ɋɜɟɬɥɨɥɢɤɨɝɨ — ɬ. ɟ. ɂɧɝɜɚɪɚ. ȼ «ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ» (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠ. I) ɂɧɝɜɚɪ ɧɚ- ɡɜɚɧ canutus («ɫɟɞɨɜɥɚɫɵɣ»). ɗ. Ɉ. Ȼɪɢɦ (Brim 1895) ɫɱɢɬɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɵ ljóshömum (ɨɬ ljóshamr «ɫɜɟɬɥɨɤɨɠɢɣ, ɫɜɟɬɥɨɥɢɤɢɣ») ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɜɢɫɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɚ ljóshörum (ɨɬ ljóshærðr «ɫɜɟɬɥɨɜɨɥɨɫɵɣ»). 62 ɋɟɪɞɰɟ ɜɨɥɧ (lagar hjarta) — ɤɟɧɧɢɧɝ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ «ɤɚɦɧɹ» ɢɥɢ «ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ». ɋɧɨɪɪɢ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɟɥ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ — «ɤɚɦɟɧɶ» — ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɥ ɦɟ- ɫɬɨ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɂɧɝɜɚɪɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ at Steini «ɍ Ʉɚɦɧɹ» (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 42 ɢ 53), ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɤɚɥɶɞ ɢɦɟɥ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, «ɨɫɬɪɨɜ», ɬ. ɟ. ɜɫɟ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɗɣɫɸɫɥɭ (ɫɦ.: Schück 1910. S. 144; Åkerlund 1939. S. 105; Finnur Jónsson // SUGNL. 1893–1901. XXIII. B. IV. S. 19). 63 Ⱥɭɫɬɦɚɪ (Austmarr) — «ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ». ɋɦ. ɗɬɧɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ. 64 Ƚɸɦɢɪ — ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɧ; ɩɟɫɧɶ Ƚɸɦɢɪɚ — ɲɭɦ ɦɨɪɹ. Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɟ ɢɦɹ Gýmir ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ M:NHDȞȩȢ (ɫɦ.: IED. P. 222).

œŷŵŵŮŶŻũŹűŲ 89

65 Ɇɧɨɣ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɢɫɵ. ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨ- ɜɚɧɧɵɟ Ɉ. Ⱥ. ɋɦɢɪɧɢɰɤɨɣ ɜ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢ «Ʉɪɭɝɚ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ», ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɚ (ɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɚɹ), ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɫɟ ɮɚɤ- ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɚ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɹɯ ɹ ɛɭɞɭ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ: ɂ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, Ɋɚɡɛɢɥɚ ɜ ɛɨɸ ɂɧɝɜɚɪ ɤɨɧɭɧɝ əɫɧɨɥɢɤɨɝɨ. ɀɟɪɬɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɥ ɂ ɨɤɟɚɧ Ɇɭɠɟɣ ɋɸɫɥɵ, Ɇɟɪɬɜɨɝɨ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɗɫɬɨɜ ɪɚɬɶ ɉɟɫɧɟɣ Ƚɸɦɢɪɚ Ɋɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɤɚɦɧɟɦ ɍɫɥɚɠɞɚɟɬ. (ɄɁ. ɋ. 29) 66 Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ lausafé ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɤɨɬ ɢ ɧɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ (IED. P. 375). 67 ɇɟ ɹɫɧɨ, ɫɬɨɹɬ ɥɢ ɡɚ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɚɝɨɣ ɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɗɣɫɬɥɚɧɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɨɜ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɉɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɤɭ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ VII ɜ., ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɬɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ Ʌɚɬɜɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɤ ɛɪɨɧ- ɡɨɜɨɦɭ ɜɟɤɭ (Ƚɪɚɭɞɨɧɢɫ 1967), ɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɷɫɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬ- ɪɨɜɨɜ ɋɚɚɪɟɦɚɚ (ɗɣɫɸɫɥɵ ɜɢɫ ɢ ɫɚɝ) ɢ Ɇɭɯɭ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨ II–I ɬɵ- ɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɹɯ ɞɨ ɧ. ɷ. ɨɫɬɪɨɜɢɬɹɧɟ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ (Ʉɭɫɬɢɧ 1965. ɋ. 14). ɋɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɪɟɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɠɢ- ɬɟɥɹɦ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɚɜɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɨɥɢɬɭ, ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɨɦɭ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɦɭ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɦɭ ɜɟɤɭ, ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ ɥɚɞɟɣ. ɋɚɦɚɹ ɞɪɟɜ- ɧɹɹ ɢɡ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɚɞɟɣ — ɤɨɪɚɛɥɶ ɢɡ ɇɢɞɚɦɚ — ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɭɛɟɠɭ III ɢ IV ɜɜ. (Shetelig 1930). ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɬɢɤɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɛɥɢɡɤɨɟ ɤ ɨɩɢɫɵ- ɜɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɚɝɟ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚɦɢ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ VI ɜ. ɧɚ ɨ. Ɍɸɬɟɪɫɚɚɪɢ ɜ Ɏɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɥɢɜɟ ɢ ɨ. Ɋɢɟɤɤɚɥɚ ɜ Ʌɚɞɨɠɫɤɨɦ ɨɡɟɪɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɋɨɪɬɚɜɚ- ɥɵ (ɫɦ.: Kivikoski 1967. P. 89–90). 68 Ʌɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ ɗɧɭɧɞɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɚɝɚɦ, ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɵ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɜɟɝ (ɩɨ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɭ- ɬɢ) ɝɪɚɛɢɬɶ (at herja — ÍF. XXVI. 54, 214; XXVIII. 83; í hernað — ÍF. XXVI. 134, 287; XXVII. 71. 82; í víking — ÍF. XXVI. 213; Fask. 370) ɢ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ (fá sér fjár — ÍF. XXVI. 287; XXVII. 50). ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɫɦ.: Ⱦɠɚɤɫɨɧ 1981. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɟ- ɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ — ɧɟ ɜɢɤɢɧɝɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɧɚɠɢɜɵ, ɚ ɦɟɫɬɶ ɨɬɰɚ ɡɚ ɫɵɧɚ. 69 Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɟɡɞɨɤ ɜɢɤɢɧɝɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟ- ɪɟɨɬɢɩɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɲɟ, ɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ «Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɟɪ- ɰɚɥɭ» (ɤɨɧɟɰ XIII ɜ.), ɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɚɩɪɟɥɹ (KS. 36–37). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɚɝɚɯ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨ- ɧɭɧɝ, ɹɪɥ ɢɥɢ ɫɵɧ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚ ɫɧɚɪɹɠɚɥ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɨ ɩɨ ɜɟɫɧɟ (at vari — ÍF. XXVI. 338; er varaði — ÍF. XXVII. 9), ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɬɨɦ (um sumarit — ÍF. XXVI. 213–214, 228; XXVII. 71. 83–84) ɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɨ, ɨɫɟɧɶɸ (um haustit — ÍF. XXVI. 288) ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɭ (ɫɦ.: Ⱦɠɚɤɫɨɧ 1981). ɇɚɞɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɧɚ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢ- ɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɟɬ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɤ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɦɭ.

90 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»

70 ɗɧɭɧɞ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ȼ. ɇɟɪɦɚɧɭ, ɭɦɟɪ ɨɤ. 640 ɝ. (Nerman 1914. S. 15). ɉɨɥɚɝɚɸ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɧɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɨ- ɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ 600 ɝɨɞɨɦ — ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ ɂɧɝɜɚɪɚ, ɨɬɰɚ ɗɧɭɧɞɚ (Nerman 1929. S. 15; Beyschlag 1950. S. 76), ɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɪɚɡɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɯɨɞɚɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ Ȼɚɥ- ɬɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɝɪɚɛɟɠɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɠɢ- ɬɟɥɹɦɢ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɉɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɤɢ (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 50), ɢ ɧɚɱɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɫ ɪɚɡ- ɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɦɨɪɟɩɥɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ — ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɭɞ- ɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ V — ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ VIII ɜ. (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 67). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨ ɫɤɚɧɞɢ- ɧɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɉɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɤɟ ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 78. 71 ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɏɢɧɧɭɪɭ Ƀɨɭɧɫɫɨɧɭ, ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɡɞɟɫɶ 26-ɸ ɫɬɪɨɮɭ «ɉɟɪɟɱɧɹ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ» ɫɤɚɥɶɞɚ Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜɚ (Skj AI. 12–13). 72 Ɉɛɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɗɧɭɧɞɚ ɧɟ ɬɟɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɜɢɫɟ (ɏɢɦɢɧɮɶɺɥɥɶ), ɚ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ (Himinheiðr), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɜ «ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ» (Himinheithy — ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠ. I). 73 ɗɣɫɬɨɜ ɜɪɚɝ (Eistra dolgi; ɜ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɹɯ «Codex Frisianus» ɢ «Jöfraskinna» — Eistrar; ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ — Eista) — ɗɧɭɧɞ. ɋɦ. ɜɵɲɟ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɚɝɢ ɨ ɦɟɫɬɢ ɗɧɭɧɞɚ ɷɫɬɚɦ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɬɰɚ. 74 ȼ «ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ» (ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɥɨɠ. I) ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɗɧɭɧɞ ɛɵɥ ɭɛɢɬ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɛɪɚ- ɬɨɦ ɋɢɝɭɪɞɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɨɞ hrisungr («ɜɬɚɣɧɟ ɪɨɠ- ɞɟɧɧɵɣ») ɜɢɫɵ Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜɚ. 75 ɍɛɢɣɰɚ ɏɺɝɧɢ — ɬ. ɟ. ɗɧɭɧɞ. Ʉɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɏɺɝɧɢ — ɧɟ ɹɫɧɨ. 76 ɉɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ Ɉ. Ⱥ. ɋɦɢɪɧɢɰɤɨɣ ɡɜɭɱɢɬ ɬɚɤ: Ɂɧɚɸ, ɫɬɚɥ ɗɫɬɨɜ ɜɪɚɝ ɉɪɟɝɪɚɞɨɣ ɗɧɭɧɞɭ Ƚɨɪɟɦ ɋɺɪɥɢ. Ƚɪɚɞ ɤɚɦɧɟɣ ɂ ɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɍ ɏɢɦɢɧɮɶɺɥɥɹ, Ʉɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɪɭɞɚ ɂ ɛɵɥ ɜ ɝɨɪɚɯ Ʉɧɹɠɢɣ ɬɪɭɩ ȼ ɩɪɚɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɠɟɧ Ɍɹɠɤɨ ɞɚɜɢɬ. (ɄɁ. ɋ. 30) 77 ɂɜɚɪ ɒɢɪɨɤɢɟ Ɉɛɴɹɬɢɹ (ɨɤ. 650 — ɨɤ. 700? ɝɝ.) — ɫɵɧ ɏɚɥɶɜɞɚɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɫɨ- ɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɪɨɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ «Ʉɧɢɝɭ ɫ ɉɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ», ɩɪɢɧɚɞ- ɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɋɤɶɺɥɶɞɭɧɝɨɜ (Flat. I. 26–27). Ȼɪɚɬ ɏɚɥɶɜɞɚɧɚ — Ƚɭɞɪɺɞ, ɤɨɧɭɧɝ ɢɡ ɋɤɨɧɟ, ɦɭɠ Ⱥɫɵ, ɞɨɱɟɪɢ ɂɧɝɶɹɥɶɞɚ Ʉɨɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ. Ⱥɫɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɢɧɨɜɧɢɰɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɛɪɚɬɶɟɜ Ƚɭɞɪɺɞɚ ɢ ɏɚɥɶɜɞɚɧɚ, ɨɬɰɚ ɂɜɚɪɚ (ɫɦ. ɝɥ. 39 ɢ 40 «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɢ ɤɨɦɦ. 79). 78 Ⱥɭɫɬɪɪɢɤɢ (Austrríki) — «ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ» (ɫɦ. ɗɬɧɨɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɪɚ- ɜɨɱɧɢɤ) — ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɫɧɹɟɬ. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɵ ɫ ɤɨɪɧɟɦ aust- ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɩɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɢ Austrríki. «ɋɚɝɚ ɨ ɏɟɪɜɺɪ ɢ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɟ ɏɟɣɞɪɟɤɟ» (ɨɤ. 1250 ɝ.) ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɂɜɚɪɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɢ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɋɜɢɚɜɟɥɶɞɢ ɢ Ⱦɚɧɚɜɟɥɶɞɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ «Ʉɭɪɥɚɧɞ, ɋɚɤɫɥɚɧɞ ɢ ɗɣɫɬɥɚɧɞ ɢ ɜɫɺ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɪɢ- ɤɢ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ Ƚɚɪɞɚɪɢɤɢ. Ɉɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɦ ɋɚɤɫɥɚɧɞɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɜɨɟɜɚɥ ɱɚɫɬɶ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɢ; ɬɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɇɨɪɬɭɦɛɪɚɥɚɧɞ» (Herv. 67). ȼɨ «Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɟ ɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚɯ» ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɂɜɚɪ ɩɨɲɟɥ ɫ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɦ ɜɨɣɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɋɚɞɛɚɪɞɚ, ɤɨ-

œŷŵŵŮŶŻũŹűŲ 91

ɧɭɧɝɚ Ƚɚɪɞɚɪɢɤɢ: «ɨɧ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɬɨ ɜɨɣɫɤɨ ɜ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɪɢɤɢ», ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ «ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɤ ɜ Ʉɢɪɶɹɥɚɛɨɬɧɚɪ» (ɬ. ɟ. «Ʉɚɪɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɥɢɜɵ»), ɝɞɟ «ɧɚɱɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚ Ɋɚɞɛɚɪɞɚ», ɢ ɬɚɦ ɩɨɝɢɛɚɟɬ (Sögubrot af fornkonungum. S. 9–10). Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɚɝɚɯ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ Austrríki ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɩɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦɥɹɦ, ɨɧ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ Garðaríki — ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ Ɋɭɫɢ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɬɚ- ɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢ ɜ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ». Ɋɹɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬɧɟɫɫɹ ɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɹɦ ɫɚɝ ɨ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ȼɨɫ- ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɉɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɤɟ ɫ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɟɦ. Ɍɚɤ, Ɍ. Ⱦ. Ʉɟɧɞɪɢɤ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɒɜɟ- ɰɢɹ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɥɚ ɞɚɧɶ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɤɭɪɲɟɣ ɜ VII ɜ. ɢ ɱɬɨ ɂɜɚɪ ɒɢɪɨɤɢɟ Ɉɛɴɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɜɟɤɚ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɩɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ (Kendrick 1930. P. 190). Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ Ⱦɠ. ȼɟɪɧɚɞɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɘɠ- ɧɨɣ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɤɭɪɲɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ VII ɜ. ɢ ɱɬɨ Ʌɢɜɨɧɢɹ ɢ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɂɜɚɪɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ VIII ɜ. (Vernadsky 1943. P. 266; Vernadsky 1959. P. 176). ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, Ȼ. ɇɟɪɦɚɧ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɜɲɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɢɹ ɲɜɟɞɨɜ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɉɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɤɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 600 ɝ. (ɫɦ. ɤɨɦɦ. 70), ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɂɜɚɪɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɤɚ ɏɚɪɚɥɶɞɚ ɋɢɧɟɡɭɛɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɬɨ- ɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ VII ɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ VIII ɜ. (Nerman 1929. S. 15). ɇɚ ɜɨɥɧɟ ɫɤɟɩ- ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɚɝɚɦ, ɫɦɟɧɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɟ, Ƚ. Ⱦɠɨɭɧɡ ɜ ɫɨ- ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɚɝ ɨ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɉɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɤɟ ɭɜɢɞɟɥ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ «ɜ ɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ... ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨ, ɚ ɜ ɯɭɞɲɟɦ... ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ» (Jones 1968b. P. 241–242). Ɉɧ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɥ, ɱɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨ ɋɤɶɺɥɶɞɭɧɝɚɯ» ɢ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɭɜɟɧ- ɱɚɥɢ ɂɜɚɪɚ ɥɚɜɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ Ƚɚɥɶɮɪɢɞ Ɇɨɧɦɭɬɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɩɢ- ɫɚɥ ɛɪɢɬɬɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɨɪɨɥɸ Ⱥɪɬɭɪɭ ɩɨɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɂɪɥɚɧɞɢɢ, ɂɫɥɚɧɞɢɢ, Ƚɨɬɥɚɧɞɚ, Ɉɪɤ- ɧɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɨɜ, ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ ɢ Ⱦɚɧɢɢ (Ƚɚɥɶɮɪɢɞ Ɇɨɧɦɭɬɫɤɢɣ. Ƚɥ. 153, 154), ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵ ɩɨɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ, ɚ ɜɨɬ ɋɚɤɫɨɧ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤ ɂɜɚɪɚ, ɤɚɤ ɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɨ, ɧɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɜɨɜɫɟ (Jones 1968b. P. 52). Ƚ. Ⱦɠɨɭɧɡ ɫɩɪɚ- ɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ, ɪɢɫɭɸ- ɳɢɦ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɥɚɬɵɲɟɣ, ɥɢɬɨɜɰɟɜ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɉɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɤɢ: ɨɧɨ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɢɦɟɥɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ, ɧɢ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɲɜɟɞɚɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɵɝɨɞɭ (Ibidem. P. 244). ɏ. Ɋ. ɗɥɥɢɫ Ⱦɷɜɢɞɫɨɧ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɢ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɶɸ, ɨɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɟɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɉɪɢ- ɛɚɥɬɢɤɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚ ɂɜɚɪɚ, ɧɨ ɨ ɡɚɜɨɟɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɟɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ (Ellis Davidson 1976. P. 20). ɉɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ɍ. ɇɭɧɷɧɚ, ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨ- ɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: «ɏɨɬɹ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɚɹ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ ɂɜɚɪɚ ɢ ɤɚ- ɠɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɣ, ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɛɟɪɟɝɚɯ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɠɢɥ ɂɜɚɪ» (Noonan 1986. P. 327). 79 ɂɧɝɶɹɥɶɞ Ʉɨɜɚɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɱɶ Ⱥɫɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ», ɫɨɠɝɥɢ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ, ɨɩɚɫɚɹɫɶ ɦɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɜɨɣɫɤɨɦ ɂɜɚɪɚ ɒɢɪɨɤɢɟ Ɉɛɴɹɬɢɹ (ɫɦ. ɝɥ. 39 ɢ 40 «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɢ ɤɨɦɦ. 77). ɉɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ, ɂɧɝɶɹɥɶɞ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɦ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɧɢɠɟ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɦ. 80). ɋɪ. ɜ «ɋɚɝɟ ɨ ɏɟɪɜɺɪ ɢ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɟ ɏɟɣɞɪɟɤɟ»: «ɂɜɚɪ ɒɢɪɨɤɢɟ Ɉɛɴɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɜɨɣɫɤɨɦ ɜ ɋɜɢɚɜɟɥɶɞɢ, ɤɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɚ- ɝɚɯ, ɚ ɤɨɧɭɧɝ ɂɧɝɶɹɥɶɞ Ʉɨɜɚɪɧɵɣ ɢɫɩɭɝɚɥɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɢ ɫɠɟɝ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɯɭɬɨɪɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɨɜɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ɋɷɧɢɧɝɟ» (Herv. 67).

92 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž»

80 ɍɩɩɫɚɥɚɜɟɥɶɞɢ (Uppsalaveldi) — ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦ Uppsalaauðr «ɍɩɩɫɚɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɭɞɟɥ», ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥ. 10 «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ», ɝɞɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɜɨɡɧɢɤ ɩɪɢ Ɏɪɟɣɪɟ. ȼ ɝɥ. 77 «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ Ɉɥɚɜɟ ɋɜɹɬɨɦ» ɩɨɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ «ɬɚɤ ɫɜɟɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚ» (ÍF. XXVII. 110). ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ- ɥɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɋ. Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ «ɍɩɩɫɚɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɭɞɟɥ» ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɦ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ Ƚɨɬɥɚɧɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨ- ɪɨɧɵ (ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɞɨɦɟɧɨɦ). ɇɟ ɹɫɧɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤ «ɍɩɩɫɚɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɭɞɟɥ». Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɢɡ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɜɲɢɯ ɍɩɫɚɥɶɫɤɨɦɭ ɯɪɚɦɭ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɯɪɢ- ɫɬɢɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɪɚɦɨɜ ɜ ɞɪɭ- ɝɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ (Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ 1977. ɋ. 111).