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«Śũŭũ Ŷū Őŷŭŵűŷŭũž»

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«Śũŭũ Ŷū Őŷŭŵűŷŭũž» ŌŴũūũ 1 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž» «ɋɚɝɚ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ŋūŮŭŮŶűŮ ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ «ɋɚɝɚ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» («Ynglinga saga») — ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ «Ʉɪɭɝɚ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ» ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬ ɟɟ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɭ ɤɨɪɨ- ɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɝ1, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɯɜɚɬ (ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɦɨɠ- ɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ V – ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɨɣ IX ɜ.)2 ɢ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɪɧɨ-ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɚɝɢ3 ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ʉ. ɒɢɪɭ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɫɚɝɚɦ ɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ4, ɚ Ʌ. ɗɧɞɪɸɫ ɩɪɢɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɤ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ5. ɋɚɝɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧɨɦ ɫɜɨɞɚ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɝ «Ʉɪɭɝ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ» («Heimskringla»). Ɉɧɚ ɡɚɞɭɦɚɧɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɫɚɝɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɧɞɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɞɚ, ɞɚɸɳɚɹ «ɦɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ» ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ6. Ɍɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɟɣ «ɧɟ- ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɚ ɫɚɝɚ»7, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɜɧɟ 1 Cɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Halldór Hermannsson 1910. P. 68–70; Finnur Jónsson 1923. S. 697–698; Ellehøj 1965. S. 109–141. 2 Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson 1941. 3 ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɨ ɹɡɵɱɟ- ɫɤɨɣ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ (Orton 2005. P. 308). 4 Schier 1970. S. 6. ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ Ɇ. ɋɢɤɥɚɦɢɧɢ (Ciklamini 1975b. P. 88, note 7), ɱɬɨ ɋɢɝɭɪɞɭɪ ɇɨɪɞɚɥɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬ «ɋɚɝɭ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɤ ɫɚɝɚɦ ɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ (Sigurður Nordal 1953. S. 181), ɚ ɏɟɪɦɚɧɧ ɉɚɥɫɫɨɧ ɢ ɉ. ɗɞɜɚɪɞɫ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɚɝɨɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɦɢɮɵ ɢ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɵ (Hermann Pálsson, Edwards 1971. P. 15), ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ. ɇɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɋɢɝɭɪɞɭɪ ɇɨɪɞɚɥɶ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤ oltidssagaer («ɫɚɝɚɦ ɨ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ») ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɫɚɝɢ ɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ ɢ ɪɵɰɚɪɫɤɢɟ ɫɚɝɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ «ɋɚɝɚ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɜ «Ʉɪɭɝɟ ɡɟɦɧɨɦ» ɢ ɉɪɨɥɨɝ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɨɪɤɧɟɣɰɚɯ». ɏɟɪɦɚɧɧ ɉɚɥɫɫɨɧ ɢ ɉ. ɗɞɜɚɪɞɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ «ɋɚɝɭ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɤ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɭ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɝ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɹ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɟ ɫɚɝɢ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ «ɪɟɚɥɢɡɦɟ» ɫɚɝɚɦ ɨɛ ɢɫɥɚɧɞɰɚɯ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢ- ɦɟɪ, «ɋɚɝɚ ɨɛ Ɉɥɚɜɟ Ɍɪɸɝɝɜɚɫɨɧɟ» ɢ «ɋɚɝɚ ɨɛ Ɉɥɚɜɟ ɏɚɪɚɥɶɞɫɫɨɧɟ» ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɨ ɱɭɞɟɫɚɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɜɹɬɵɯ ɢɥɢ «ɋɚɝɚ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɵɦɢ ɦɢɮɚɦɢ ɢ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɦɢ. 5 Andrews 1963. P. 259. 6 Ciklamini 1975b. P. 90. ȿɳɟ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɬɚ ɠɟ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ Ⱥ. ə. Ƚɭɪɟɜɢɱɟɦ: Gurevich 1971. ɋɦ. Ƚɭɪɟɜɢɱ 1972. ɋ. 81, 78: «ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɦɢɮ ɢ ɢɞɟɹ ɫɭɞɶɛɵ ɞɚɸɬ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɫ- ɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɣ, ɪɨɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɭɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɨɬ ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɨɝɨɜ ɢɥɢ “ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ”»; «ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɯ ɯɨɞ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɚ: ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɂɧɝɜɢ, ɱɶɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɹɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ (ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ- ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ), ɢ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɪɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɜɪɚɠɞɚ, ɪɚɡɞɢɪɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɨɞ ɂɧɝ- ɥɢɧɝɨɜ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ, ɜɪɚɠɞɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɨɞ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɟɱɟɧɧɵɦ». 7 Ciklamini 1975b. P. 88, note 7. 64 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž» ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɝ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɚɝɚ, ɜɫɟ ɠɟ «ɋɚɝɚ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɫɚɝ ɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ, ɧɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɸ ɫɚɝ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɢɯ ɪɹɞɭ1. ɋɚɝɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢ- ɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, «ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ»; ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɢɝɞɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɢɫɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɨɣ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɵ ɨ ɡɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɰɚɦɢ ɢɡ Ⱥɡɢɢ — ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɛɨɝɚɦɢ ɜɨ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɫ Ɉɞɢɧɨɦ; ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ- ɫɹ ɨɛɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɢɡ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ — Ɉɞɢɧɟ, ɇɶɺɪɞɟ2, Ɏɪɟɣɪɟ (ɢɧɚɱɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɂɧɝɜɢ, ɨɬ ɤɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɲɥɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɢ)3, Ɏɶɺɥɶɧɢɪɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ., ɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɛ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶ- ɫɬɜɚɯ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɹɞɭ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞ Ⱦɨɫ- ɬɨɫɥɚɜɧɵɣ: «Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞ ɫɵɧ Ɉɥɚɜɚ ɛɵɥ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɦ ɜ ȼɟɫɬɮɨɥɶɞɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɬɰɚ. ȿɝɨ ɩɪɨɡɜɚɥɢ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɫɥɚɜɧɵɦ. ȼ ɟɝɨ ɱɟɫɬɶ Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜ ɢɡ ɏɜɢɧɢɪɚ ɫɥɨɠɢɥ ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ. Ɉɧ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɬɚɤ: “ɇɨ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟ,/ ɉɨɞ ɫɢɧɢɦ ɧɟɛɨɦ/ Ʌɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɧɟɬ/ ɉɪɨɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɧɹɡɸ,/ ɇɟɠɟɥɢ ɬɨ,/ Ʉɨɬɨɪɵɦ Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞɚ/ Ⱦɨɫɬɨ- ɫɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ/ ȼɟɥɢɱɚɸɬ”»4. Ⱦɜɭɦɹ ɝɥɚɜɚɦɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɜ ɫɚɝɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɪɚɬ Ɉɥɚɜɚ, ɨɬɰɚ Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞɚ, — ɏɚɥɶɜɞɚɧ. Ɉɧ-ɬɨ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɡɜɟɧɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɂɧɝɥɢɧ- ɝɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚɦɢ — ɩɨɬɨɦɤɚɦɢ ɏɚɪɚɥɶɞɚ ɉɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɜɨɥɨɫɨɝɨ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɚɝɟ «Ʉɪɭɝɚ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ» — «ɋɚɝɟ ɨ ɏɚɥɶɜɞɚɧɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɦ» («Hálfdanar saga svarta») — ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɟɳɢɯ ɫɧɚɯ, ɫɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɏɚɥɶɜ- ɞɚɧɭ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɧɟ Ɋɚɝɧɯɢɥɶɞ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɵɧɚ ɏɚɪɚɥɶɞɚ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ. ɋɚɦ ɠɟ Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞ — ɥɢɰɨ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɟ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧ- ɝɚɯ», ɢɡ ɉɪɨɥɨɝɚ ɤ «Ʉɪɭɝɭ ɡɟɦɧɨɦɭ» («Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜ Ɇɭɞɪɵɣ ɢɡ ɏɜɢɧɢɪɚ ɛɵɥ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚ ɏɚɪɚɥɶɞɚ ɉɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɜɨɥɨɫɨɝɨ. Ɉɧ ɫɨɱɢɧɢɥ ɩɟɫɧɶ ɨ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɟ Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞɟ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɦ. ɗɬɚ ɩɟɫɧɶ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ. Ɋɺɝɧ- ɜɚɥɶɞ ɛɵɥ ɫɵɧɨɦ Ɉɥɚɜɚ Ⱥɥɶɜɚ Ƚɟɣɪɫɬɚɞɢɪɚ, ɛɪɚɬɚ ɏɚɥɶɜɞɚɧɚ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɟɫɧɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɵ ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɤɨɜ Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ»5), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ «ɉɪɹɞɢ ɨɛ ɭɩɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚɯ» («Þáttr af Upplendinga konungum»: «...ɫɵɧɨɦ ɟɝɨ (Ɉɥɚɜɚ Ⱥɥɶɜɚ Ƚɟɣɪɫɬɚɞɢɪɚ. — Ɍ. Ⱦ.) ɛɵɥ Ɋɺɝɧɜɚɥɶɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɡɜɚɥɢ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɫɥɚɜɧɵɦ; ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɦ ɜ 1 Jørgensen 2009; Mundal 2009; Mundal 2010. 2 ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɚɫɨɜ, ɛɨɝɚ ɜɨɣɧɵ Ɉɞɢɧɚ, ɇɶɺɪɞ — ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɚɧɨɜ, ɛɨɝɨɜ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨ- ɞɢɹ; ɨɧ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɤ ɚɫɚɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɥɨɠɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɜɨɣɧɟ ɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɚɧɨɜ (Yngl, k. 4). Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɞɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ɇ. ɋɢɤɥɚɦɢɧɢ, «ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɥɨɜɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɸɤɚ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɚɥɶɹɧɫ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɬɟɫɧɨɟ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɲɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ, ɧɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ, ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ Ɉɞɢɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɚɧɨɜ, ɇɶɺɪɞ, ɚ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɵɧɨɜɟɣ Ɉɞɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ» (Ciklamini 1975b. P. 94) 3 «Ɏɪɟɣɪɚ ɡɜɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɂɧɝɜɢ. ɂɦɹ ɂɧɝɜɢ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɵɦ ɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɢɱɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɦɢ» (ɄɁ. ɋ. 16). 4 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. ɋ. 37. 5 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. ɋ. 9. ŋūŮŭŮŶűŮ 65 Ƚɪɟɧɥɚɧɞɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɬɰɚ; ɨ ɧɟɦ ɫɥɨɠɢɥ Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜ ɢɡ ɏɜɢɧɢɪɚ ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ, ɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɦ ɨ ɬɟɯ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɨɬ ɂɧɝɜɢ- Ɏɪɟɹ ɜ ɋɜɢɬɶɨɞ, ɢ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɦɢ»1). Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ» («Ynglingatal») ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ»2. ɂɡ 32-ɯ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɮ, ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɚɝɟ, 27 ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɷɦɵ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ3. ɂ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ» ɛɵɥ ɫɨɱɢ- ɧɟɧ Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜɨɦ, ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɵɦ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚ ɏɚɪɚɥɶɞɚ ɉɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɜɨɥɨɫɨɝɨ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ IX ɜ., ɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɟɬ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞ- ɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɷɦɵ. Ɍɚɤ, Ʉ. Ʉɪɚɝ4, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɹ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɋ. ɗɥɥɟɯɺɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ ɥɟɠɢɬ «*konunga ævi» («*ɀɢɡɧɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɨɜ») Ⱥɪɢ Ɇɭɞɪɨɝɨ5, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ» ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ «*konunga ævi» Ⱥɪɢ6, ɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ «ɉɪɹɞɶ ɨɛ ɭɩɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚɯ» (ɫɦ. ɫɯɟɦɭ 6). Ⱦɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ «ɉɟɪɟɱɧɹ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ», ɩɨ Ʉɪɚɝɭ, ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ 1120 ɝ. — ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ «*konunga ævi» Ⱥɪɢ7. ɑɟɬɵɪɟ ɜɢɫɵ, ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ, ɜɡɹɬɵ ɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɷɦɵ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɠɚɧɪɚ, ɱɬɨ ɢ «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ», — ɢɡ ɝɟɧɟɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɜɚɥɟɛɧɨɣ ɩɟɫɧɢ «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɏɚɥɟɣɝɨɜ» («Háleygjatal») ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɚ ɤɨɧɰɚ X ɜ. ɗɣɜɢɧɞɚ ɉɨɝɭɛɢɬɟ- ɥɹ ɋɤɚɥɶɞɨɜ8 (ɝɥ. 8 ɢ 23), ɚ ɨɞɧɚ — ɢɡ «Ⱦɪɚɩɵ ɨ Ɋɚɝɧɚɪɟ» («Ragnarsdrápa») — ɳɢɬɨɜɨɣ ɞɪɚɩɵ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ IX ɜ. Ȼɪɚɝɢ ɋɬɚɪɨɝɨ9 (ɝɥ. 5). Ʉ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ «ɋɚɝɭ ɨ ɋɤɶɺɥɶɞɭɧɝɚɯ» («SkjÄldunga saga»)10, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɜ ɝɥ. 29 ɫɚɝɢ11, ɢ «ɉɪɹɞɶ ɨɛ ɭɩɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɭɧɝɚɯ». ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɤ ɭɫɬɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ12. 1 Fas. B. II. S. 106. 2 ɋɦ.: Åkerlund 1939; Turville-Petre 1982. 3 Ɉ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚɯ ɧɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ «Ynglingatal» ɫɦ.: Åkerlund 1939. S. 45–79. 4 Krag 1991. 5 Ellehøj 1965. 6 ɋ. ɗɥɥɟɯɺɣ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ «ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ» ɢ «ɉɟɪɟɱɧɟ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ» ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ «ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɢ» ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɞɟ Ⱥɪɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɱɟɪɩɚɥ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚ- ɰɢɸ ɢɡ ɩɨɷɦɵ Ɍɶɨɞɨɥɶɜɚ (Ibidem). 7 ɉɨ Ʉɪɚɝɭ, «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ» — ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɢɫɬɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ XII ɜ. ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɨɥɟɣ. ɗɬɭ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɥ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɉ. ɋɨɣɟɪ (Sawyer 1992). ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɥɚ, ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɣ ɫ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ Ʉɪɚɝɚ, Ƚ. ɋɬɟɣɧɫɥɚɧɧ (Steinsland 1991). Ɋɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɭɛɟɞɢ- ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ʉɪɚɝɚ ɫɦ.: Fidjestøl 1994; Sapp 2002; Sundqvist 2002; Hägerdal 2004; Sundqvist 2009; McKinnell 2009. P. 124–125, note 4. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ- ɰɢɸ Ʉɪɚɝɚ ɫɦ.: Krag 2009. 8 ɋɦ.: Ström 1981; ɨ ɝɟɧɟɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɜɚɥɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɟɫɧɹɯ ɫɦ.: Ƚɭɪɟɜɢɱ, Ɇɚɬɸɲɢɧɚ 2000. ɋ. 423–428. 9 Ɉ ɳɢɬɨɜɨɣ ɞɪɚɩɟ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɧɟɝɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ ɫɦ.: Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. ɋ. 430–432. 10 Ɉ ɧɟɣ ɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɫɦ. ɜ ɉɪɢɥɨɠ. III. 11 ÍF. XXVI. 57. 12 Ɉɛ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɋɧɨɪɪɢ ɋɬɭɪɥɭɫɨɧɨɦ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɫɦ.: Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ 2003. ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɨɛ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» ɫɦ.: Beyschlag 1950. S. 21–111. ɋɦ. ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɒ. ȼɸɪɬ, ɱɬɨ 66 «ŚũŬũ ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž» ŚŞŎŕʼn 6 őźŻŷƀŶűųű «ŚũŬű ŷŪ őŶŬŴűŶŬũž» Ÿŷ Ś. ŦŴŴŮžƉƇ ű œ. œŹũŬż ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɤɚɥɶɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢ- ɤɢ «ɋɚɝɢ ɨɛ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɚɯ» — «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɂɧɝɥɢɧɝɨɜ» ɢ «ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɏɚɥɟɣɝɨɜ» — ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɵ (ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɢɯ ɧɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ) ɧɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɚɦ ɫɨ- ɛɵɬɢɣ ɢɯ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɰɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɡɠɟ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
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    SCRIPTA ISLANDICA ISLÄNDSKA SÄLLSKAPETS ÅRSBOK 66/2015 REDIGERAD AV LASSE MÅRTENSSON OCH VETURLIÐI ÓSKARSSON under medverkan av Pernille Hermann (Århus) Else Mundal (Bergen) Guðrún Nordal (Reykjavík) Heimir Pálsson (Uppsala) Henrik Williams (Uppsala) UPPSALA, SWEDEN Publicerad med stöd från Vetenskapsrådet. © Författarna och Scripta Islandica 2015 ISSN 0582-3234 Sättning: Ord och sats Marco Bianchi urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-260648 http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-260648 Innehåll LISE GJEDSSØ BERTELSEN, Sigurd Fafnersbane sagnet som fortalt på Ramsundsristningen . 5 ANNE-SOFIE GRÄSLUND, Kvinnorepresentationen på de sen vikinga- tida runstenarna med utgångspunkt i Sigurdsristningarna ....... 33 TERRY GUNNELL, Pantheon? What Pantheon? Concepts of a Family of Gods in Pre-Christian Scandinavian Religions ............. 55 TOMMY KUUSELA, ”Den som rider på Freyfaxi ska dö”. Freyfaxis död och rituell nedstörtning av hästar för stup ................ 77 LARS LÖNNROTH, Sigurður Nordals brev till Nanna .............. 101 JAN ALEXANDER VAN NAHL, The Skilled Narrator. Myth and Scholar- ship in the Prose Edda .................................. 123 WILLIAM SAYERS, Generational Models for the Friendship of Egill and Arinbjǫrn (Egils saga Skallagrímssonar) ................ 143 OLOF SUNDQVIST, The Pre-Christian Cult of Dead Royalty in Old Norse Sources: Medieval Speculations or Ancient Traditions? ... 177 Recensioner LARS LÖNNROTH, rec. av Minni and Muninn: Memory in Medieval Nordic Culture, red. Pernille Herrmann, Stephen A. Mitchell & Agnes S. Arnórsdóttir . 213 OLOF SUNDQVIST, rec. av Mikael Males: Mytologi i skaldedikt, skaldedikt i prosa. En synkron analys av mytologiska referenser i medeltida norröna handskrifter .......................... 219 PER-AXEL WIKTORSSON, rec. av The Power of the Book. Medial Approaches to Medieval Nordic Legal Manuscripts, red. Lena Rohrbach ............................................ 225 KIRSTEN WOLF, rev.
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  • Economy, Magic and the Politics of Religious Change in Pre-Modern
    1 Economy, magic and the politics of religious change in pre-modern Scandinavia Hugh Atkinson Department of Scandinavian Studies University College London Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD 28th May 2020 I, Hugh Atkinson, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that these sources have been acknowledged in the thesis. 2 Abstract This dissertation undertook to investigate the social and religious dynamic at play in processes of religious conversion within two cultures, the Sámi and the Scandinavian (Norse). More specifically, it examined some particular forces bearing upon this process, forces originating from within the cultures in question, working, it is argued, to dispute, disrupt and thereby counteract the pressures placed upon these indigenous communities by the missionary campaigns each was subjected to. The two spheres of dispute or ambivalence towards the abandonment of indigenous religion and the adoption of the religion of the colonial institution (the Church) which were examined were: economic activity perceived as unsustainable without the 'safety net' of having recourse to appeal to supernatural powers to intervene when the economic affairs of the community suffered crisis; and the inheritance of ancestral tradition. Within the indigenous religious tradition of the Sámi communities selected as comparanda for the purposes of the study, ancestral tradition was embodied, articulated and transmitted by particular supernatural entities, personal guardian spirits. Intervention in economic affairs fell within the remit of these spirits, along with others, which may be characterized as guardian spirits of localities, and guardian spirits of particular groups of game animals (such as wild reindeer, fish).
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  • Snorri Sturluson Skáldskaparmál 2
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